CHAPTER 1: ASSIGNMENT

• Types:
1.
2. By whom
 individual students
 Groups
 Class
3. Extent of coverage or scope
 Topic
 Paragraph
 Chapter or lesson
 Unit
4. Approach or method of compliance
 Problem-solving
 Projects to be undertaken
 Exercises to be performed
 Practicum or demonstration
 Direction
• Characteristics:  Discrimination
1. Definiteness  Individualization
2. Clearness  Exposition
3. Interest
4. Preparation

LIBRARY- collection of graphic materials organized for use

•
• Sections
1. General Circulation Section
2. Reserved
3. Reference
4. Periodicals
5. Asian
6. Filipiniana
• Catalogue:
1. Title card
2. Author card
3. Subject card
4. Cross Reference
 See Reference- refers to one subject heading to another
 See Also Reference- refers to other subject heading for addt’l info
• OPAC- online access catalog
• System of classification:
1. Dewey Decimal Classification- Melvil Dewey
2. Library of Congress- J.C.M Hanson and Charles Martel

NOTETAKING

•
• Types:
1. Taking notes in class/listening
 2. Taking notes from studying/reading
• Shorthand- shortcuts; abbreviations

2. PARR Method: Prepare-Abbreviate-

Revise-Review
• Methods: • Formats:
1. In books 1. Indent
2. Summary notes 2. abbreviated
3. Sprays • Reading strategies:
4. Visual and pattern notes 1. Be selective and systematic (your
5. Linear notes purpose for reading)
•
2. Identify the purpose and function
• Other systems:
(read title, introduction)
1. Cornell Method- two columns (one
3. Identify how information is
for key words, the other for notes),
organized (simple to complex,
one row at the bottom for summary
general to specific, etc)
 Six steps: Record, Reduce,
4. Include your thought
Recite, Reflect, Review,
• Most effective way to review: RECITE
Recapitulate (summarize at
bottom row

TEST- behavior sample which yields a quantified measure

• Classifications
1. According to Purpose:
 Achievement
• Progress/teacher made- measure the extent of what you’ve learned inside the
classroom
• Standardized- pre-tested, analyzed, revised
 Proficiency- looks forward; defining a student’s language proficiency
 Aptitude- or prognostic test- measures probable performance in a foreign language
 Diagnostic- achievement and proficiency
2. According to Form:
 Objective
 Essay
• Time allotment:
1. Long essay- 15mins
2. Short essay- 3mins
3. Multiple choice- 15-45secs
4. Problem solving- 1-2mins
5. True-False- 30sec
• Elimination: method to use when there are confusing choices
•
• Non-objective test:
1. State- main points; briefly
2. Summarize- condense main points
3. List/enumerate- outline form
4. Outline- stressing arrangement/classification
5. Explain- interpret, give reasons, analyze
6. Discuss- examine, analyze, give pro and con, be complete, give details
7. Describe- characterize, sketch or relate in sequence or story form
8. Define- concise, clear meaning, no details
9. Illustrate- figures, pictures, diagram graphics
10. Interpret- translate, own perception
 11. Evaluate- appraise problem, cite strong and wak points
12. Criticize- own judgement
13. Prove- give facts, evidence
14. Relate- connect
•
• Two fold task of a test: understand what the test-maker wants, communicate what you know
• Skills: thinking and communication skills
• Good essay requires:
1. Mastery of subject
2. Ability to organize answer in paragraph form

FACT/OPINION

• Facts:
1.
2. Universally established
3. Historically established
4. Scientifically established
5. Present status of a person, place, or thing
6. Actions that will take place
7. Actions that are taking place
8. Actions that have taken place
9. Actions that took place
•
• Opinion:
1. Personal judgment- sole personal taste of preference
2. Personal commentary- opinion given by newspaper/magazine columnists
3. Collective judgment- given by an editorial of a newspaper
4. Statement of Propaganda
 Name-calling
 Glittering generalities- virtue words

 Transfer- carries over authority to respected people
 Testimonials- using of artists, popular people
 Plain Folks- using of the public/masses
 Card Stacking- all advantages; disregards disadvantages
 Bandwagon- “everybody’s doing it”
 Repetition

INFERENCE- is an assumption or prediction that something is likely or probable; a conclusion that is a

product of reasoning

• Induction- attempts to arrive at a conclusion based on observation or particular instances;

conclusion is only likely or probable; details to conclusion
1. Inferring assumptions
 Many of the employees of STC are discontented because of their low salary.
 Fidel is one of STCs employees with low salary
Therefore, Fidel is discontented.
2. Inferring predictions
 With the price of gasoline again increased by oil compnies, increase in transport is
likely to follow.
• Deduction- attempts to guarantee sound relationships between statement; conclusion is only true if
previous statements are true; conclusion to details
1. Inferring assumptions
 The Santoses are liars
Marian is a Santos.
Therefore, Marian is a liar.
2. Inferring predictions
 All my high school friends will be successful in their chosen career.
Gladys is my high school friend.
Therefore, Gladys will be successful in her chosen career.

Chapter 2: READING

• Benefits:
1.
2. Keeps us well-informed
3. Source of inspiration
4. Form of recreation
5. Form of therapy
•
• Purposes:
1. To locate information

 Scanning- specific information
 Skip-search- disregard what you’re not looking for
2.
3. To get a Bird’s eye view
 Skimming- getting the general idea
• Previewing- getting the general idea
• Overviewing- closer look at chapter or sections; subtitles, and paragraphs
• Surveying- rundown from first section/chapter/paragraph to last
4. To understand thoroughly

 To get literal meaning

• To get connotative meaning ○ Regression- backward/left-right

• Speed reading- reading at an increase rate movements
without reducing comprehension ○ Techniques:
○ Fixation- vertical mark made when 1. Indenting- not reading from
eyes stop and film continues to the first word to the last
move
2. Columnar reading- limited less fixation and regression
distance for eyes to travel; 3. Proper phrasing- reading n
clusters
 **other techniques include: chunking, elimination of sub-vocalization

• Reading Comprehension- communication between author and reader

1. Levels:
1. Literal- reading the lines
2. Inferential- reading between the lines
3. Critical- reading beyond the lines
○ Skills:
1.
2. Subject matter- understanding of topic
3. Generalizations- essentials
4. Detail
5. Drawing conclusion
6. Finding significance
7. Making application
8. Tone and attitude
9. Vocabulary in context
10. Communication techniques

READING A NEWSPAPER

• Types:
1.
2. Broadsheet- national
3. Tabloid- local or community
•
• Parts:

○ According to Sections- Section I, II, II; News Section, Entertainment Section, etc
○ According to Paging System- Front Page, Editorial Page, Sports Page, etc
○ Parts in A Page
 Front Page
1. Masthead- name of newspaper; also called nameplate
2. Folio- publishing details, # of sections and pages, volume#, price, and year
founded
3. Edition- under masthead; morning, afternoon, or evening edition, city or
special edition
4. Ears- spaces or boxes at both sides of name plate; for ads, weather report, or
titles of insiders
5. Headlines-
a. Umbrella- headline running on top of nameplate; skyline
b. Major story headline- major new story; banner or streamer; biggest &
boldest
c. Side bar headline- title of side story of a major new story
d. Teaser- kicker; comes before any headlines; gives addt’l info
e. Deck or jump headline- appearing between any headline and its story
6. Byline- name of writer
7. Dateline- date and place of origin of news
8. Lead- summary; first-second paragraph
9. Major News Story- main headline/banner story
 10. Side bar- a side story of one story
11. Cut- picture
12. Cut line- caption of cut
 Inside pages- deck, kicker, byline, dateline, lead, sidebar, cut, cutline
 Editorial page
1. Editorial- newspaper’s opinion
2. Editorial cartoon- newspaper’s interpretation of it opinion on an issue,
presented in caricature
3. Editorial box- editorial board is listed
4. Columns- titles of regular spaces of columnists
5. Column articles- articles of opinions, explanations, interpretations of
columnists
○ Scanning a Newspaper- know the part of page and skip-search
○ Skimming a Newspaper
 Preview- title, name, publishing details; editorial box
 Overview- sections, their titles and editors; title of columns and columnists
 Survey- headlines, headline story, subject of editorial, column articles, business,
politics, and other news
○ Reading thoroughly

READING A MAGAZINE

• Types
○ According to quality of paper used and articles carried
1. Pulp Magazine- poor quality paper
2. Slick Magazine- expensive paper
3. Quality Magazine- quality paper and quality Magazine
○ According to Target readers- for men, women, children, chefs, doctors, etc
○ According to subject concentration- shopping malls, -, fashion designing
• Parts of a Magazine
1. Front cover
2. Inside pages
3. Back cover
• Scanning and skimming and reading through a magazine- similar to the newspaper

Chapter3: WRITING

• Process:
○ Finding a topic
○ Writing draft
○ Rewriting final copy
• Basic stages:
○ Pre-writing- ideas
○ Writing- draft (introduction, body, conclusion)
○ Post writing- edit
• Free-writing- allows flow of words
• Clustering/Mapping- clustering- non-linear activity that generates ideas; mapping- how we lay out
ideas visually to find connections
• Brainstorming
• Journal writing- written record of thoughts
• Purposes:
○
○ Summarizing
 ○ Arguing/persuading
○ Narrating
○ Evaluating
○ Analyzing
○ Responding
○ Examining/Investigating
•
• Point of Views:
○ First person- detective and private eye novels
○ Second person- literary works
○ Third person Omniscient- invisible, all-knowing,, all-seeing narrator
○ Third person limited- main character and in past tense
○ Third person subjective multiple viewpoint- changes in point of view; can have two or more
narrators
○ Mixed points of view- switch from first to third person
• Outline- formal system used to organize a paper

○ How:
1.
2. Identify topic
3. Identify main categories
4. Create first category
5. Create subcategories

○ Kinds:
1.
2. Topic- short phrases
3. Sentence- full sentences
• 2. Chronological order
• Rough or Scratch outline 3. Classification
• Methods of Organizing Essay: 4. Increasing
○ Organization- continuous process importance
 Principles of organization: 5. Cause and effect
1. 6. Comparison and
contrast

PARAGRAPH-is a unit of organization and development; supports thesis statement

• Functions: (paragraphs that)

1. Analyze- subdivides subject and analyzes each sub-topic
2. Compare and contrast- uses transitional devices (on the other hand)
3. Define- expository paragraph
4. Makes a claim- provides a historical explanation
5. Show results
6. Use analogy- comparison of similar ideas
• Common problems when making thesis statement:
 1. TS consists of empty observation, rather than making an assertion
2. TS is underdeveloped and vague, needs to be specific
3. TS exceeds the scope of essay; too broad
4. TS is too detailed or wordy
5. TS introduces several unrelated points
• Good thesis statements:
1. Analytical
2. Expository
3. Argumentative
• Paragraph and; - sentences related to a controlling idea which is the topic sentence
○ Introduction: establishes a frame of reference (topic, perspective); invites the reader to
continue reading
○ Conclusion- summary paragraph

PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

• Description
• Narration
• Exposition- illustration & example- supports topic sentence by avoiding vague and general stateent
• Definition
○ Formal- precise and clear definition; extended explanation
○ Informal- how reader wants to define
○ Etymological def’n- meaning of a term by breaking down the words that make it up
• Description of process
• Comparison and contrast
• Classification
• Casual analysis
• Qualities of a good paragraph:
○ Unity
○ Coherence- paragraph unity and sentence cohesion

 Repetition
 Synonymy
 Antonymy
 Pro-forms- pronoun, pro-verb, etc
 Collocation- commonly paired
 Enumeration
 Parallelism

  Transitions- conjunctions
1. Identity- sameness: that is, in other words
2. Opposition- contrast: but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, whereas,
etc
3. Addition- continuation: and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition,
besides. Etc
4. Cause and effect: therefore, so, consequently, thus, hence, because, since,
for, etc
5. Indefinites- logical connection of an unspecified type: in fact, indeed, now
6. Concession- willingness to consider other side: admittedly, true, naturally
7. Exemplification- indicates shift from general to specific idea: for example,
after all, even, that is,
 Pronouns- this, that, these, those, etc
 Sentence pattern- repeated or parallel sentence patterns
○ Emphasis- woks when words stand out, uses contrast with surrounding text, use is a surprise
 Emphasis for focus- singles out elements by making them more important than
others
 Emphasis for intensity- intensifies meaning
1. Examples- italics, underline, bold, size, punctuation, UPPERCASE, color,
COMBINATIONS
○ Order
• Transitions- connect paragraphs into a unified whole
○ Transitional devices:
 To add- and, again, and then, beside, finally, further, not, too, next, etc
 To compare- whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, where, up against, etc
 To prove- because, for, since, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, obviously, evidently
 To show exception- yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course,
sometimes
 To show time- immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later,
formerly
 To repeat- in brief, as I have said, as I gave noted
 To emphasize- definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case,
absolutely, positively
 To show sequence- first, second, third, and so forth, A, B, C
 To give an example- for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, to
illustrate
 To summarize or conclude- in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, as I have
said, hence
• Major connectors- help organize main parts of paragraph
• Minor connectors- provide coherence to by connecting sentences within each of the main parts of
the paragraph
• Paragraph order
○ Climax
○ Familiar to unfamiliar and vice versa
○ General to particular and vice versa
○ Narration
○ Chronology
○ Grinding it out
• Post writing
○ Revising- reconsidering, reorganizing
 ARRR method- adding, rearranging, removing, replacing
 ARMS- add, remove, move around, substitute
  Two principles: communicate information that appeared in previous sentences; build
knowledge
○ Editing- rewording things, polishing work
 Usual errors:
1. Grammar-
○ serious: sentence fragment, verb (tense, form), agreement (subject-
verb, noun-pronoun, singular-plural), comma fault
○ less serious: parallelism, word order, choice, forms, article
2. Mechanics: punctuation, capitalization, spelling
○ Proof reading
○ Writer’s block- phenomenon involving temporary loss of ability to begin or continue writing,
usually due to lack inspiration or creativity
 Free-writing
 Chunking
 Brainstorming etc