Vol36no3 Full

MARCH 2014 Vol. 36 No.
Decorative& Architectural Concrete

21 ACI Unveils New Logo and Always advancing Tagline
Work quickly. Work simply. Work accurately.

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CI_7_13
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DO YOU NEED
LOOK NO FURTHER THAN ICC-ES

The leader in evaluating building products for code compliance to foster safe and sustainable design and construction. ICC-ES Evaluation Reports are the most widely accepted and trusted in the nation. ICC-ES is dedicated to the highest levels of customer service, quality and technical excellence. ICC-ES is a subsidiary of ICC, the publisher of the IBC, IRC, IgCC and other I-Codes.
As long as a product has an ICC-ES Evaluation Report, well accept it.

ALAN NAPOLI, C.B.O. Building Official - City of Gladstone, MO
Subsidiary of ICC
1.800.423.6587 x42237 es@icc-es.org | www.icc-es.org

13-08129
Get Certied
Since 1980, ACI has tested over 400,000 concrete technicians, inspectors, supervisors, and craftsmen in 18 different certication programs. When you have a need for qualied concrete professionals specify ACI Certication.
Visit www. ACI Certication.org for:

Descriptions of ACI Certication Programs Includes program requirements and reference/ resource materials. Schedule of Upcoming/Testing Sessions Search by program and/or state. Directory of Certied Individuals Conrm an individuals certication and date of expiration.
CCRL LAB TOUr

The Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory offers performance examinations for the ACI Concrete Strength Testing Technician and ACI Aggregate Testing Technician Level 1 certication programs.
Upcoming tour locations are:

March 2014 Florida Kentucky Michigan Ohio - Central Ohio - Southern Puerto Rico April 2014 Georgia Michigan Northern Ohio Central Ohio Southern Ohio Pennsylvania Puerto Rico South Carolina West Virginia
To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to arrange for performance testing, contact Jan Prowell at +1.240.436.4800.
MARCH 2014 Concrete international
MARCH 2014 Vol. 36 No. 3

DECORATIVE & ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
21 34 39 43 46 64 25 48 37 55 59 79
ACI Unveils New Logo and Always advancing Tagline
Ofcial rollout held at World of Concrete

2013 APA Awards Decorative Concrete Council Award Winners for 2014 The Nevada Living Learning Community
A special edition of ACI Committee 124s Notable Concrete by J. Michael Welton

A Swedish Home with Concrete Gables
Best Practices in Decorative Concrete
Trowel-Finished Integrally Colored Concrete
ALSO FEATURING ACI Names 26 New Fellows
Members to be awarded at the spring convention

Stability of Circular Bridge Column Reinforcing Bar Cages
Experimental and analytical investigation by J. Camilo Builes-Mejia, Ahmad M. Itani, and Hassan Sedarat by Koji Sakai and Julie K. Buffenbarger
Microsphere-Based Admixture for Durable Concrete Concrete Sustainability Forum VI
A replacement for conventional air entrainment by Mark A. Bury, Frank Ong, Emmanuel Attiogbe, Charles Nmai, and James Smith
Concrete Q&A
Crack Width Determination
40
Concrete international MARCH 2014
March
Concrete international
PublisHeR John C. Glumb, CAE (John.Glumb@concrete.org) EditoR-in-CHief Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP (Rex.Donahey@concrete.org) engineeRing editoR W. Agata Pyc (Agata.Pyc@concrete.org) MAnAging EditoR Keith A. Tosolt (Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org) EditoRiAl AssistAnt Lacey J. Stachel (Lacey.Stachel@concrete.org) AdveRtising Keith Price Network Media Partners, Inc. (kprice@networkmediapartners.com) PUBLISHING SERVICES MAnAgeR Barry M. Bergin EditoRs Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor), Kaitlyn J. Hinman, Ashley A. Poirier Kelli R. Slayden GRApHiC DesigneRs Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer), Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay, Aimee M. Kahaian EditoRiAl AssistAnt Tiesha Elam
46
departments
7 Presidents Memo 10 Industry Focus 11 News 16 Education Seminars 18 Letters to the Editor 20 On the Move 42 Whats New, Whats Coming
To help launch the rst signicant update of the ACI logo in 50 years, a team of decorative concrete artisans placed a replica of the new logo and tagline in a pervious concrete slab. The new logo was ofcially rolled out at World of Concrete 2014 in Las Vegas, NV. Color-matched glass aggregate and polyaspartic gel color was used in the slab to highlight ACIs refreshed brand identity. For more, see the article on p. 21.
66 Products & Practice 68 Product Showcase 70 Calls for Papers 72 Meetings 73 ACI Committee Document Abstracts 74 Public Discussion 75 Spanish Translation Synopses 76 Bookshelf 77 Membership Application 78 Bulletin Board 78 Advertisers Index
AmeRiCAn ConCRete Institute

http://www.concrete.org Tel. +1.248.848.3700 Fax. +1.248.848.3150
Copyright 2014 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the headquarters ofce: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: +1.248.848.3700. Facsimile (FAX): +1.248.848.3701. Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $164 per year (U.S. and possessions); $173 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $27.00 for nonmembers, $20.00 for ACI members, both prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. Permission is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA. 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the express permission of the American Concrete Institute is prohib ited. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
IN
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American Concrete Institute

Board of Direction
Neal S. Anderson Khaled W. Awad Roger J. Becker Dean A. Browning Jeffrey W. Coleman Robert J. Frosch Anne M. Ellis
PRESIDENT
DIRECTORS
James R. Harris Cecil L. Jones Cary S. Kopczynski Steven H. Kosmatka Kevin A. MacDonald David M. Suchorski
Honest Form
any modern designers strive to use a given material in its most appropriate and honest formthey avoid changing the nature of the material. Taken to an extreme, an honest installation of concrete could include features that might otherwise be considered imperfections. For example, an honest form of the material could be a building faade with a gray matte nish, formwork marks, bar shadowing, and honeycombing. Alternatively, since concrete can be produced in a nearly innite number of shapes, textures, and colors, an honest installation could include a concrete slab-on-ground made to look like stone tiles. Although the latter case means the concrete has been made to look like some other material, the nature of the materialthe material we know as concreteis respected. In this months CI, we celebrate the full spectrum of concrete being used in its most appropriate form: At the recent World of Concrete, a celebration of ACIs new logo and tagline demonstrated that the terms decorative and pervious dont have to be exclusive terms (p. 21); The Nevada Living Learning Center features many functional and decorative uses of concrete, including a cast stone veneer on the lower level and colorful concrete pavers in its multi-use plaza (p. 43); Summerhouse Lagn was recently recognized as a complete piece of architecture, which is also referenced well into its landscape. And that reference is largely through its maintenance-free concrete exterior faade (p. 46); The winners of competitions sponsored by the Architectural Precast Association (p. 34) and the Decorative Concrete Council (p. 39) demonstrate the variety and beauty enabled by concrete; and The Decorative Concrete Council provides the third in its series of Best Practices in Decorative Concrete (p. 64). Rex C. Donahey
Florian G. Barth Kenneth C. Hover James K. Wight
PAST PRESIDENT BOARD MEMbERS
William E. Rushing Jr. Sharon L. Wood
VICE PRESIDENTS
EXECUTIvE VICE PRESIDENT

Ronald Burg
TECHNICAL ACTIvITIES COMMITTEE

Ronald J. Janowiak Daniel W. Falconer JoAnn P. Browning Chiara F. Ferraris Catherine E. French Fred R. Goodwin Trey Hamilton Ronald J. Janowiak Kevin A. MacDonald Antonio Nanni Jan Olek Michael M. Sprinkel Pericles C. Stivaros Andrew W. Taylor Eldon G. Tipping
SECRETARY CHAIR
EDUCATIONAL ACTIvITIES COMMITTEE

Thomas O. Malerk Michael L. Tholen Cesar Constantino Alejandro Duran-Herrera Frances T. Griffith Mary Beth Hueste Kimberly E. Kurtis John J. Myers William D. Palmer Jr. Lawrence L. Sutter Lawrence H. Taber Ronald Vaughn David W. Whitmore
STAFF LIAISON CHAIR
CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS COMMITTEE

George R. Wargo John W. Nehasil Khaled W. Awad Roger J. Becker Heather J. Brown Cesar A. Constantino Alejandro Duran-Herrera J. Mitchell Englestead Brian Green Charles S. Hanskat Joe Hug Thomas O. Malerk Ed T. McGuire Thomas L. Rozsits Vinicio Suarez David M. Suchorski Eldon Tipping Janet White
STAFF LIAISON CHAIR
ACI STAFF
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org) Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org) Certication and chapters:
John W. Nehasil, Managing Director (John.Nehasil@concrete.org)
Professional development: Sales and membership:
Michael L. Tholen, Managing Director (Mike.Tholen@concrete.org) Diane L. Baloh, Director (Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)
Customer and member support:

Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager (Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org)
Engineering:
Daniel W. Falconer, Managing Director (Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org)
Strategic Development Council/ Marketing, sales, and industry relations:

Douglas J. Sordyl, Managing Director (Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)
Event services:
Lauren E. Mentz, Manager (Lauren.Mentz@concrete.org)
Sustainability:
Finance and administration:
Donna G. Halstead, Managing Director (Donna.Halstead@concrete.org)
Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director (Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)
Website strategy and content:

Christopher J. Darnell, Director (Chris.Darnell@concrete.org)
SUSTAINING MEMbERS
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members. To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI website at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.
New Mexico Museum of Art - Photo Credit, Chris Corrie
Presidents
Memo
I
ACIs Accomplishments
n April of 2013, I began my term as ACI President with great aspirations as outlined in my Presidential objectives. These objectives reected the aspirations of our membership and staff: Go Global, Be Relevant, and Celebrate Our Legacy. There is a risk when one puts objectives on the table, but I did so with condence in the amazing community known as ACI. Anne M. Ellis, Collectively, we undertook an ACI President ambitious work plan. As I complete my term as the 90th President of the American Concrete Institute, I do so with great pride in our accomplishments: New communications platforms. A new website, translatable into 70 languages, was launched with an improved committee work area and content directed at specic industry sectors: educators, engineers, contractors, and students. Our expanded social media presence is key to engaging with a global and often younger community. New brand and identity design. Our new logo is reective of our heritage as well as our contemporary, diverse, and dynamic membership and activities. New strategic plan. The collective vision of our future is outcome-focused and grounded in quantitative and qualitative measures of progress so we dont lose sight of our desired outcomes and commitments to the ACI community. New administrative committees. The Education, Technical, and Certication Committee will address products, services, and tools such as Apps and social media developed outside the purview of a single committee, and/ or by nonvolunteers. The International Project Awards Committee will celebrate excellence in concrete construction by overseeing the Institutes international project awards and gala. This program will leverage our ACI chapters awards programs. The Codes & Standards Advisory Committee will be considered by the Board at the Spring 2014 Meeting. The intent is to advise the Board on strategic advocacy opportunities and procedures required for the adoption of ACI codes and standards in the United States and around the world. Further globalized discussions. To ensure great ideas are heard across geographic boundaries, we merged Board committees and broadened their membership from those outside the United States as our technical committees did long ago, and we launched global Chapter Roundtables. Other signicant accomplishments include the upcoming Tribute to the Fellowship Founders to heighten awareness of the ACI Foundations work, the beginning of the TAC review of the completely reorganized ACI 318-14, and the launch of an educational program on adhesive anchor installation. It has been an amazing year thanks to the ACI leadership, membership, and staff who play an integral part in everything we do. But if we are to live up to our tagline Always advancing, there are many challenges and opportunities to address. Consider: How do we satisfy the publics expectation that information be free, yet protect and grow our revenue? How can we be relevant globally, especially if: our products and services are not mandated by building code or project specication? others are developing similar products and services and/or engaged in online concrete knowledge sharing? we continue to operate in U.S. customary units and concrete cylinder strength in a world of SI units and concrete cube strength? the demand for knowledge far exceeds the capacity of volunteers to deliver? Consider the challenge in India to upskill over 100 million concrete eld technicians. What does the twenty-rst century membership and chapter model look like? I exit my role, condent in the ACI leaders to follow: Bill Rushing, Sharon Wood, and Mike Schneider. Our Board of Direction and Board and Technical Committees are enthusiastically engaged. Our Institute is well-supported by staffmany industry leaders in their own rightwellprepared for the challenges ahead and who welcome more responsibility and accountability. We have the right people to do today what we must to be relevant tomorrow. Thank you to the ACI membership for the privilege of serving as your President. There are so many magical moments imprinted upon my heart by our chapters, partners, and allied organizations visited in Colombia, India, Mexico, Guatemala, Japan, Panama, New Zealand, Australia, Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, South Dakota, and elsewhere. And I thank my wonderfully supportive and understanding family, especially my husband Marc, whose energy, enthusiasm, and respect for our efforts have contributed to such an amazing experience. Anne M. Ellis
are the foundation of our success.

To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members, Concrete International includes a 1/3-page member prole and a listing of all Sustaining Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive the 1/3-page prole section on a rotating basis. ACS Manufacturing Corporation Advanced Construction Technology Services American Society of Concrete Contractors Ash Grove Cement Company Ashford Formula Baker Concrete Construction, Inc. Barrier-1 Inc. BASF Corporation BCS Buzzi Unicem USA Cantera Concrete Company CECO Concrete Construction ChrYso, Inc. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute CTLGroup Dayton Superior Ductilcrete Slab Systems, LLC The Euclid Chemical Co. Fibercon International, Inc. Future Tech Consultants W.R. Grace & Co. Headwaters Resources, Inc. Holcim (US) Inc. Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC Kleinfelder Kretetek Lafarge North America Lithko Contracting, Inc. Meadow Burke W. R. Meadows, Inc. Metromont Corporation MTL Municipal Testing North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC Oztec Industries, Inc. Pacic Structures Penetron International Ltd. PGESCo Portland Cement Association Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Schmitt Technical Services, Inc. Sika Corp. S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc. STRUCTURAL Structural Services, Inc. Triad Engineering, Inc. TWC Concrete Services Wacker Neuson Westroc, Inc. With a culture that thrives on challenges and takes pride in the success of its co-workers and clients, Baker has become an industry leader that goes beyond the expected. Whether its a power-generation project, or one of the nations premier stadiums, Bakers professional teams bring the same drive, enthusiasm, and innovative spirit to every project. Headquartered in Ohio and with 11 office locations that support work throughout the United States and beyond, Baker offers a full spectrum of concrete construction and related services, from preconstruction through completion. Baker is in the business of creating structures and relationships that are built to last. In addition to superior workmanship delivered with an eye toward safety, quality, and efficiency, Baker offers clients a partnership based on integrity and trust. Delivering the highest caliber of performance, diverse expertise, and extensive capabilities, Bakers clients can expect more with every project. To learn more about Baker, please visit their website at www.bakerconcrete.com.
To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our website at www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers
For over a century, The Euclid Chemical Company has served the global building market as a worldwide quality supplier of specialty products and technical support services for the concrete and masonry construction industry. The Euclid Chemical Company designs and manufactures concrete and masonry admixtures, concrete bers, curing and sealing compounds, structural grouts, epoxy adhesives, oor hardeners and toppings, joint llers, industrial and architectural coatings, decorative colors/stains/ stamps, and a comprehensive selection of restoration materials. The company strives to bring innovative technologies and products to the concrete market with industry-leading customer service, understanding the critical impact that sustainable design and green building has on the world. It is part of the companys vision to provide sustainable product systems that achieve social and environmental objectives while providing economic balance. Along with superior products, The Euclid Chemical Company provides a wide range of technical support services including research and development, laboratory services, specication assistance, training programs, and design and installation consultation for contractors, architects, engineers and owners. To learn more about Euclid Chemical, please visit their website at www.euclidchemical.com or call +1.800.321.7628.
PENETRON is the leading provider of crystalline technology solutions for optimal concrete performance. This technology combats the inherent weaknesses of concrete by reducing concrete permeability. The resulting treated concrete is highly durable, waterproof, and resistant to aggressive climatic, chemical, and corrosive environments. Constant innovation PENETRON collaborates with architects, engineers, general contractors, and concrete suppliers to optimize product performance. Recently developed enhancements include the soluble bag for PENETRON ADMIXfor easier mixing and portion control to ensure quality and correct dosageand admix Tracera non-toxic bright-green tracer in our PENETRON ADMIX to ensure an authentic admix. Commitment to quality Founded in the late 1970s, the PENETRON system has been proven over the decades on countless major projects worldwide. Their products are manufactured at PENETRON facilities around the world on state-of-the-art equipment. Their production teams meet the highest industry standards of quality and process control (ISO 9001:2004 & 14001 certied). The PENETRON system of products is available in every country across the globe through a network of qualied PENETRON applicators and distributors. For more information, please visit their website at www.penetron.com or call: +1.631.941.9700.
Structural Services, Inc. was established in 1988 to provide a full range of concrete consulting services for on-ground, suspended oor and pavement construction. For over 25 years, their rm has pioneered the development of new placing, nishing, and monitoring procedures which make construction of superior onground and suspended slabs both possible and practical. As a consultant in the area of concrete construction, the SSI Team works with owners, designers, general contractors, concrete contractors, and ready mix and materials suppliers throughout the world. Dening excellence, overcoming obstacles, and delivering solutions is the SSI credo. Consulting Services: Preconstruction, construction, post construction, educational seminars, forensic/expert witness assignments, and concrete colleges. SSI Team Rick Smith, President Pat Harrison, Vice President Jerry Holland, Vice President Eldon Tipping, Vice Chairman Bob Simonelli, Partner Wayne Walker, Partner Associates: Denny Bartz, Joel Burgess and Blaine Nye Tressie Escamilla, Office Mgr. Jodi Trevino, Admin. Assistant For more information about Structural Services, Inc., please visit their website at www.ssiteam.com.
Industry
Focus
German Companies Develop 3-D Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
SGL Group-the Carbon Co. (Wiesbaden, Germany) and V. Fraas Solutions in Textile GmbH (Helmbrechts, Germany) have developed 3-D carbon ber reinforcement. Using the carbon ber grids as reinforcement, it was possible to produce concrete faade panels only 26 mm (1 in.) thick. V. Fraas Solutions in Textile GmbH developed a production plant, in which the new 3-D textile reinforcement based on SGLs SIGRAFIL C carbon bers can be manufactured in large dimensions. The faade panels were installed on a new factory building for Alphabeton AG in Bron, Switzerland, in which precast concrete elements will be produced. Alphabeton AG are specialists in concrete products manufactured from high-performance and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Michael W. Folonis Architects was honored with the 2013 Merit Award from the American Institute of Architects California Council. This rm has received 10 other awards for this project. The facility is slated for LEED Gold Certication, is a 50,000 ft2 (15,000 m2) housing community for outpatient, oncology treatment, academic, and medical office facilities for UCLA medical students and faculty. The massing of the building consists of two great rectangular volumes in a combination of board-formed and cast-in-place concrete, fronted with glass, louvers, and light shelves. The two individual volumes are joined by a glass box creating an atrium with natural light.
CNCG Announces New Member, Pankow Builders
The Citadel National Construction Group (CNCG) announced a new member: Pankow Builders, headquartered in Pasadena, CA. Established in 1996, CNCG is comprised of eight respected construction companies in 15 U.S. geographical markets that offer expertise such as general construction, construction management, program management, architecture, engineering, and site and feasibility services. Other CNCG members include Choate Construction, IMC Construction, Krusinski Construction Company, Lease Crutcher Lewis, Rogers-OBrien Construction, Saunders Construction, and Gromatzky Dupree & Associates.
Gateway Safety won the Head Protection category in Occupational and Health & Safety magazines product of the year contest for its Serpent safety helmet. The winners were selected by a panel of three judges. Serpent is available in both vented and unvented versions. It features a rotating ratchet adjustment system; an eight-point, six-strap suspension for a better t and impact resistance; and a soft cloth brow pad.
Gateway Safety Wins Merit Award for Serpent Safety Helmet
Concrete Fiber Solutions Launched
Autodesk Acquisitions Expand Infrastructure and Construction Portfolio

Autodesk announced three acquisitions from Bestech Systems, Savoy Computing, Ltd., and Get The Point, LLC, which will extend Autodesks infrastructure and construction solutions portfolio. The assets include: Bestech Systems Sam, a suite of software modules for loading analysis and design of small and medium bridge spans; Savoy Computings AutoTrack, a suite of software for road, light rail, airport, parking, and intersection analysis and design; and Get The Points software, which automatically creates construction layout points for BIM and CAD models within Autodesks Revit, AutoCAD, and Navis Works Software (currently Autodesk Point Layout).
Mike McPhee and investors launched Concrete Fiber Solutions (CFS), LLC, located in Buffalo Grove, IL. CFS specializes in slit-sheet steel reinforcing bers that meet ASTM International and ANSI/SDI standards. CFS offers two reinforcing steel bers: CFS 100-2, an ASTM A820 Type II ber designed for heavy industrial work; and CFS 150-5, an ASTM A820 Type V ber designed for commercial, light industrial work. The CFS 100-2 bers are 1.0 in. (25 mm) long and have an aspect ratio of 43. The CFS 150-5 bers are 1.5 in. (38 mm) long and have an aspect ratio of 38. McPhee is an ACI member and serves on ACI Committees 302, Construction of Concrete Floors, and 360, Design of Slabs on Ground.
Lanxess AG Relocates Headquarters to Cologne, Germany
UCLA Facility Honored with AIA California Council Merit Award
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Outpatient Surgery and Medical Building designed by
Lanxess AG has moved its headquarters from Leverkusen, Germany, to the Lanxess Tower in Cologne, Germany. The specialty chemicals company united all of the management functions in one facility for the rst time. The 22-story tower features a conference oor with 13 meeting rooms and a communication center to accommodate approximately 400 people. Also, the tower contains a restaurant/cafeteria and underground parking lot for employees.
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News
ACI President Ellis, Other ACI Members Named to Inuencers List
ACI President Anne M. Ellis was recognized by Concrete Construction magazine as one of The Five Most Inuential People in the Concrete Industry for 2014 at an award event held during World of Concrete in Las Vegas, NV. Ellis is Vice President, Government Initiatives, with AECOM, Springeld, VA. Others receiving recognition for leading the industry and pushing us to change, according to Concrete Construction staff, included: Bill Klorman, CEO, Klorman Construction Co., Woodland Hills, CA; Bill Phelan, Senior Vice President of Marketing and Technical Services, The Euclid Chemical Co., East Brunswick, NJ; Bruce Suprenant, American Society of Concrete Contractors, St. Louis, MO; and Bob Weatherton, President, The Pump Store, Claremont, CA.
MIT Research in Concrete Gets Funding Boost
The MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub), a research center based in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has received $10 million in funding from its industry partners to support research by interdisciplinary investigators from several MIT departments. The funding enables the CSHub to continue work that began with its launch in 2009 and brings to $20 million the total investment by its industry partners, the Portland Cement Association (PCA) and the Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC) Research & Education Foundation. The Concrete Sustainability Hub is an exceptional collaboration that allows our students, staff, and faculty to have a direct impact on a major industry and to contribute to addressing important societal challenges, said Ian A. Waitz, Dean of the MIT School of Engineering. Collaborations that allow us to work hand-in-hand with industry sponsors to tackle such problems, as is the case with the CSHub, have a special attraction for us. The CSHub addresses the sustainability and environmental implications of the production and use of concrete. In its second 5-year phase, the CSHub will build on work started in its rst phase and translate results into engineering practice. PCA President and CEO Gregory Scott stated, Breakthroughs in concrete science and engineering hold the promise that concrete can be part of the solution of contributing to sustainable development and reducing the carbon footprint of our built environment.
Anne M. Ellis, ACI President, was recognized as one of The Five Most Influential People in the Concrete Industry during World of Concrete by Bill Palmer, Editor in Chief, Concrete Construction
Work planned for the CSHubs next 5-year phase includes additional experiments on optimizing concrete durability while minimizing its carbon footprint, and integrating life cycle analysis/life cycle cost analysis thinking into building design.
Executive Director Named for CPAA
The Board of Directors of the Concrete Polishing Association of America (CPAA) has announced that Creative Association Management (CAM), a subsidiary of the American Concrete Institute (ACI), will provide association management services for CPAA and direct its future growth. CAM manages the operations of several associations in the concrete industry, including the American Shotcrete Association, the International Concrete Repair Institute, and the Post-Tensioning Institute. Roy Bowman, Chairman of the CPAA Board of Directors, said that the resources and expertise available from CAM will help develop the association further. With CAMs management and the passion and energy of the CPAA
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News
members, we are now poised to make an even greater impact, Bowman said. Nathaniel Mohler is the new Executive Director for CPAA and he brings a background in the areas of continuing education and certication to the position. Since February 2012, Mohler has been an Engineer in ACIs Professional Nathaniel Mohler, CPAA Development department, helping Executive Director to create and deliver educational products for concrete professionals. He has also assisted in the roll-out of new ACI certication programs, most recently the Adhesive Anchor Installer Program. Prior to ACI, Mohler spent nearly 4 years as a Concrete Engineer with the Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, where he developed online and classroom educational programs. He received his BS in materials science and engineering-ceramics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. I am excited for this opportunity to work with the dedicated members of the Concrete Polishing Association of America. I share in their passion for raising the quality of craftsmanship within the industry through education and certication, Mohler said. The address of the management offices for CPAA is 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.
CAER and ACAA to Host Ash Utilization Workshop
The Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) and the American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) will host a workshop on coal ash use on April 29-30, 2014, in Lexington, KY. The workshop will offer a comprehensive overview of coal combustion products (CCP) from the point of generation to inclusion in buildings, agriculture, infrastructure, and environmental remediation projects.
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News
The event is targeted at those who wish to increase their knowledge of the materials and opportunities for recycling. Generators, marketers, consultants, public officials, and students will nd this workshop valuable in understanding the scope of CCP use and issues related to recycling. Expert speakers from the CAER and industry will make presentations. The rst Ash Utilization Workshop was held in 2012. According to ACAA Executive Director Thomas Adams, the response of the attendees at the rst event convinced us that we needed to offer this event again in 2014. The World of Coal Ash (WOCA), the agship event for our industry, is held every other year. Some people were not able to attend WOCA to get this information and did not want to wait for the next WOCA. The workshop has a less formal structure than is possible at WOCA allowing for an examination of issues between speakers and attendees. It also provides the very latest updates on CCP recycling. For more information on the 2014 Ash Utilization Workshop, visit www. caer.uky.edu/ash2014/home.shtml. conduct of each inspection. In October of that year, Gerber presented the PTI Board of Directors with the rst PTI Plant Certication Summary and Annual Report. From this report, it was determined that the program offered considerable benet to the industry. Not only did it recognize the certied plants for adherence to industry standards of quality, but it also identied areas of growth and improvement for the industry as a whole. The program officially launched in 1989 after receiving authorization from the PTI Board of Directors. Companies with plants that were among the rst to participate in the program include AMSYSCO, Inc.; Continental Concrete Structures, Inc.; DYWIDAG Systems International, Inc.; PTE Systems International, LLC; Suncoast Post-Tension; and VSL. In the 25 years since its origin, the program has grown in size and credibility. Conducting as many as 140 inspections in a given year, Charles R. Adams & Associates has served as the programs independent inspection agency since 2005. With over 90 years of combined experience in the post-tensioning industry, agency employees Charles R. Adams, Charles Skarbrevik, and Rick D. Cooler conduct thorough and objective evaluations of plants applying for or maintaining PTI certication. The guidelines for plant certication are continually evaluated by members of PTIs CRT-20: Unbonded Tendon Plant Certication Subcommittee to ensure that unbonded post-tensioning tendons are being produced to the highest industry standard. In 2013, the PTI Plant Certication program received ANSI accreditation, providing architects, designers, speciers, contractors, owners, and manufacturers with an additional degree of condence in the products produced by PTI Certied plants.
Triple Protection Against Corrosion

Increase Corrosion Resistance
Use in areas susceptible to corrosion and chloride
Repel Water
Prevent unsightly appearance to concrete
Reduce Chloride Permeability
PTI Celebrates 25 Years of Plant Certication
This year, the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) is marking the 25th anniversary of its American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-accredited PTI Plant Certication program. In 1988, Loris Gerber of Loris L. Gerber, Inc., conducted eight in-depth inspections of plants producing unbonded singlestrand tendons. The inspections covered nine basic categories: prestressing steel; anchor castings; wedges and couplings; sheathing; corrosion preventive coating; fabricating line; storage and shipping; record keeping; and stressing equipment. Each category was further divided into specic segments of activity, which were universally used in the
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13
News
The fact that the Plant Certication program is entering its 25th year says a great deal about the continuity of the program, said Ted Neff, PTI Executive Director. The 55 plants that are currently certied, the CRT-20: Unbonded Tendon Plant Certication Subcommittee, and PTI staff played a pivotal role in reaching this milestone. Visit www.post-tensioning.org for more on PTI Plant Certication and a listing of the plants currently certied. The 2014 PTI Convention will be held May 4-6, 2014, at the Norfolk Waterside Marriott in Norfolk, VA.
Charles Pankow Foundation Update
Deadline to Enter Holcim Awards Competition
The 4th International Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction competition is open for registration until March 24, 2014, for projects in architecture, building and civil engineering, landscape and urban design, materials, products, and construction technologies that contribute to the ve target issues for sustainable construction. Prize money totalling $2 million USD is available in two categories: Holcim Awards (main category) for projects at an advanced stage of design with high probability of execution where construction/production did not start before July 1, 2013; and The Next Generation (young professionals and students category) is for visionary projects and bold ideas of authors not older than 30 years of age. Construction/ production must not have started before July 1, 2013. Entry in the competition is free. Details and a guide on how to enter can be found at www.holcimawards/overview.
Available Online
Under the menu for Publications at www.concrete.org, document errata can be searched by document number or keywords. Call ACI Member Services at +1.248.848.3700 for more information.
Errata for ACI Publications
The Charles Pankow Foundation (CPF) has modied its Vision and Mission Statements to reect a more end-goalfocused and strategically based Research Grant Program, as approved by the CPF Board of Directors. The Vision Statement is To provide the AEC industry with a better way to design and build. The Mission Statement is now To be a catalyst to advance innovation in the design and construction of buildings. According to the CPF, The word catalyst is used to imply the Foundations intent to bring both leadership and resources to the process of advancing innovation. Buildings will always be in the DNA of the Foundation. Any future project approved by the Foundation will have to prove to be a benet to the design and construction of buildings. It is likely that the current research focus of the Foundation will be on larger, more impactful concepts that may benet the design and construction of all types of structures. The Charles Pankow Foundation has begun the process of updating the Design Management Guide. In 2011, the Charles Pankow Foundation, in conjunction with the Design Build Institute of America (DBIA), published the Design Management Guide (DMG v1.0). DMG v1.0 was always intended to be a living document and CPF is leading an industry-wide effort to identify chapters to be updated and additional information to be added. The goal is to publish the Design Management Guide v2.0 by the fall of 2014 to coincide with the DBIA Fall Conference and Expo in November. Two research products are available for downloading at no cost at the CPF website: Effect of Hoop Reinforcement Spacing on the Cyclic Response of Large Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Frame Beams, Research Grant Agreement #02-10 (University of California, Berkeley; Marios Panagiotou, Tea Visnjic, Grigorios Antonellis, Panagiotis Galanis, and Jack P. Moehle); and The Impact of High-Strength Reinforcing Steel on Current Design Practice, Research Grant Agreement #01-13 (University of Washington; Kelsey R. Price, Engineer, and David Fields, Principal, Magnusson Klemencic Associates; Laura N. Lowes, Associate Professor, University of Washington). Visit www.pankowfoundation.org and click under the Research Grants tab. The ACI Egypt Chapter is a co-sponsor of two upcoming technical meetings: Eighth Alexandria International Conference on Structural & Geotechnical Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt,
Upcoming Conferences in Egypt
14
News
April 14-16, 2014, www.eng.alexu. edu.eg/aicsge/index.html; and International Workshop on Advanced Composites for Engineering Applications 2014Sustainable Structures and Smart Materials, May 5-6, 2014, Cairo, Egypt, www. guc.edu.eg/Research/ACEA2014/. viewpoint, Norway; and Hoover Dam Bypass, United States. The jurys selections for the 2014 edition of the awards were presented to the public on February 10, 2014, during the inaugural session of the b Congress and Exhibition in Mumbai, India.
2014 b Awards for Outstanding Concrete Structures
The fdration internationale du bton (b) awards for Outstanding Concrete Structures are selected every 4 years at the b Congress, to encourage international recognition of structures that demonstrate the versatility of concrete as a structural medium. The award consists of a bronze plaque to be displayed on the structure and certicates presented to the main parties responsible for the work. The jury for the 2014 awards convened in Tel Aviv, Israel, in April 2013 in conjunction with the b symposium. The jury took into account criteria various design aspects including aesthetics and design detailing, construction practice and quality of work, environmental aspects of the design and its construction, durability and sustainability, and signicance of the contribution made by the entry to the development and improvement of concrete construction. The entries were judged in two categories, Buildings and Civil Engineering Structures. Five award winners were selected: Egg Graben Bridge, Austria; Bella Sky Hotel, Denmark; Trnez Bridge, France; Park City Musashi Kosugi, Japan; and Centro Ovale, Switzerland. In addition, six projects were singled out for special mention: Shenzhen Vanke Center, China; Pedestrian bridge Albstadt-Lautlingen, Germany; Natural draught cooling towers, India; Sustainable UHPFRC Bridge, Netherlands; Trollstigen
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OPTIPOZZ finishes effortlessly, giving a creamy texture and improving trowelability. A mix design containing OPTIPOZZ produces less bleed water so slabs may be finished sooner.
OPTIPOZZ: the flashcalcined high reactivity metakaolin for high performance concrete and cement based products. From a world leader in functional mineral technology for over 60 years Burgess. Contact Burgess by phone at (478) 552-2544, toll free at 800-841-8999. Or visit the Burgess web site at www.OPTIPOZZ.com.
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15
Spring 2014 ACI Educational Seminars

seminars at-a-glance
Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
One-day seminar for designers, speciers, architects, engineers, contractors, building owners, and government agencies. Participants will learn about setting expectations for serviceability; sustainability; engineering considerations, loads, soil support systems, and low-shrinkage concrete mixtures with good nishability; minimizing problems with curling, shrinkage, joints, and surface tolerances; placing and nishing equipment; thickness design; designing for shrinkage, joints, details, and reinforcing; curing; surface treatments including polishing; requirements for plans and specications; preconstruction meetings; and problem recognition and remediation. Complimentary publications include: ACI 302.1R-04, ACI 302.2R-06, ACI 360R-10, industry-related articles, and seminar lecture notes.
For more information on ACI seminars, visit www.concreteseminars.com
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction

This one-day seminar is for contractors, design engineers, speciers, government agencies, and material suppliers. This seminar will provide attendees with solutions to many of the most common problems encountered in concrete construction, including: placing reinforcement, preventing most cracks, making functional construction joints, vibrating concrete properly, detecting delaminations, and identifying causes of deteriorating concrete. Complimentary publications include: ACI 301, ACI 302.1R, ACI 303R, ACI 303.1, ACI 308R, ACI309.2R, and seminar lecture notes.
Custom seminars
ACI can bring a customized seminar to your company or organization. Topics can include any topic from our public seminars or almost any other concrete-related topic you require. ACI staff will work with you to customize the presentation to t your specic needs and nd the right experts in the concrete industry to bring that topic to you. For more information and pricing, please contact Eva Korzeniewski at EMK@concrete.org.
Masonry Structural Design

This one-day seminar is for engineers, architects, speciers, public agencies, and anyone else involved in the designing andspecifying of masonry structures. Attendees will learn to design and specify masonry structures using the 2013 edition of Building Code Requirements and Specication for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5 and TMS 602/ ACI 530.1/ASCE 6). Discussion and comparisons of masonry provisions in earlier Codes and the International Building Code will also be presented. Practical design examples of typical masonry building elements will be reviewed as part ofthis informative seminar.
NOTE: ACI is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed by the faculty. If it is necessary to substitute an instructor, an individual with similar qualications will be used.
CONTINUING EDUcATION CReDIT
Seminar attendees will receive 0.75 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) worth 7.5 Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for each day of the seminar. Professional engineers can convert CEUs to PDHs to fulfill their continuing education requirements. ACIis a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects and several state licensing boards.
seminar dates and locations

Please check seminar location and date Concrete Slabs-on-Ground (SLA4)
FLS CAS LAS ARS ORS TXS NJS Jacksonville, FLApril 3, 2014 San Diego, CAApril 10, 2014 New Orleans, LAApril 17, 2014 Little Rock, ARApril 24, 2014 Portland, ORMay 1, 2014 Dallas, TXMay 8, 2014 New Brunswick, NJMay 22, 2014
For additional dates and locations or more information on ACI seminars, visit www.concreteseminars.com Dates are subject to change.
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction (TRO4)

FLS OHS IAS MNS COS INS NYS PAS KSS Miami, FLApril 10, 2014 Cincinnatti, OHApril 22, 2014 Des Moines, IAApril 29, 2014 Minneapolis, MNMay 6, 2014 Denver, COMay 13, 2014 Indianapolis, INMay 20, 2014 Albany, NYMay 27, 2014 Pittsburgh, PAJune 3, 2014 Kansas City, KSJune 10, 2014
Masonry Structural Design (MSN4)

VAS ILS TNS NCS MDS GAS Richmond, VAApril 2, 2014 Chicago, ILApril 9, 2014 Nashville, TNApril 30, 2014 Charlotte, NCMay 14, 2014 Baltimore, MDMay 21, 2014 Atlanta, GAJune 4, 2014
refund policy
Substitutions are accepted at any time. If your substitute qualies at a different registration fee, a credit or surcharge may apply. If you cannot attend the seminar, please notify the ACI Seminar Registrar at +1.248.848.3815 immediately. If you notify us 7 or more working days before the seminar, we will refund your registration fee. If you notify us that you cannot attend within 3 to 6 working days before the seminar, we will issue you an ACI credit for the full amount of your registration fee that you may redeem for any future ACI seminar, product, or service. If you notify us that you cannot attend less than 3 working days before the seminar date, we will issue you an ACI credit minus a $75 administrative fee. Conrmed participants who do not attend are liable for the entire fee unless we are notied in advance of the seminar date that you cannot attend. If ACI cancels a seminar due to insufcient enrollment, your registration fee will be refunded. ACI is not responsible for any incidental or consequential damages such as nonrefundable airfare.
fees and sign-up
One-day seminar $597 $457 $125
Nonmember Registration Fee ACI National Member Registration Fee Full-Time Student
Registrations from nonmembers (except government agencies within the U.S.) must be accompanied by full payment or charged to VISA, MasterCard, or American Express. To qualify for the discounted ACI National Members Seminar Fee, please provide your ACI Member number next to your name. Discounted student seminar fee is only for full-time students. Include current proof of enrollment with your registration. Name Title Company Address 2 Phone Fax Address 1 City, State, Zip E-mail ACI Member No.:
Registration Fee:
Payment I am paying by check (payable to ACI) Please charge to my ACI member account
Current ACI national members only. Registration from all others must be accompanied by full payment, charged to a credit card, or reserved by government or company purchase order (ACI federal ID# is 38-0296490). All payments must be in U.S. funds and issued from a U.S. bank.
Register today web: www.concreteseminars.com mail: American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 fax: +1.248.848.3801 (24 hours a day) phone: Member Services +1.248.848.3815 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET I have a disability and may require accommodation in order to fully participate in the seminar.
Please charge to: (circle one)
VISA
MasterCard
American Express
Signature:______________________________________________________________ Expiration Date:_________________________________________________________ Account Number:________________________________________________________
Letters
In Freyssinets Own Words
The Story of Eugne Freyssinet by Kenneth W. Shushkewich (CI, V. 35, No. 10, Oct. 2013, pp. 47-52) was an excellent presentation of Freyssinets achievements and gives a broad overview of his talent and art. I would like to point out that in the references of Freyssinets own writing, two very personal accounts are missing: 13. Freyssinet, E., Souvenirs, Cent Ans de Bton Arm: 1849-1949, ditions Science et Industrie, Paris, France, Supplment Travaux, No 194bis, 1949, pp. 51-60; and 14. Freyssinet, E., Eugne Freyssinet par lui-mme, Travaux, No. 375, Apr. 1966, pp. 311-326. Freyssinet also gave a talk on May 21, 1954, at the meeting for the 50th anniversary of the Chambre Syndicale des Constructeurs en Ciment Arm de France et de lUnion Franaise. The entire text has been published in the June 1954 issue of Travaux under the title Naissance du Bton Prcontraint et Vues dAvenir by Eugne Freyssinet, Inspecteur Gnral Honoraire des Ponts et Chausses. Shushkewichs compilation provides an extensive view of Freyssinets professional achievements. But consider these expressions of Freyssinets personality in his own words: He begins in Reference 14, Jai vcu si longtemps en loup solitaire que des faits indispensables pour saisir la signication de ma vie et de mon uvre ne sont connus que de moi (I lived during so long a time as a sole wolf that important facts of my life and work are known from myself alone). Jai pens couper les ailes certains canards en racontant moi-mme quelles inuences mont form, quelles personnes mont aid et ce que je souhaiterais faire encore avant de disparatre (I thought I could cut the wings of some tittle-tattles [gossips] by telling myself which inuences have shaped my life, which persons have helped me, and what I still wish to do before departing). Pour raliser ces ides (e.g.prcontrainte), il ma fallu de la patience, de la persvrance, une probit technique totale (To realize these ideas required patience, resolute steadiness, an uncompromising integrity in technical matters). He concludes: Ma chance, ma trs grande chance a t dtre, tout enfant, pris par une passion vhmente. Jai aim cet art de construire, que jai conu, comme le faisaient mes aeux artisans (My luck, I was very fortunate that, already as a child, I was seized by a vehement passion. I appreciated [loved] this art of building which I understood as did my ancestor craftsmen). These are valuable words for engineers entering the profession. Gilbert H. Bguin, Grandson, Switzerland Authors response Gilbert H. Bguin is thanked for his interest and for
citing additional references. To put these references in perspective, readers may be interested to know that the entire April and May 1966 issues of Travaux (in French) were dedicated to papers by Eugne Freyssinet and his disciples and followers and, better still, the papers of these two issues have been translated into English as a 622-page document.15 The 1954 and 1949 papers,16,17 of Eugne Freyssinet (cited as References 13 and 14 by Bguin) are featured at the very beginning of this publication, while details of Freyssinets study of creep18 (never before published), and an 1933 paper on new ideas and methods are given as two appendices. For completeness, it should be mentioned that there is also an English summary of Reference 10.20 Today, Freyssinet is not as well-known as he should be because he did not write about his work. Many of his writings, including those referenced herein,16,17,20 are speeches he made that were transcribed by others. Reference 10 is a book that he did write and publish in 1936 (the rst book ever on prestressed concrete!). Later, he did start to write a detailed book and got as far as a draft for three chapters. One of these chapters has been included in Reference 2. As a nal note, a 156-page document that includes the prestressing patents of Freyssinet has been placed with the online version of the paper on the Concrete International website. (Note: this 156-page PDF contains all the patents in the correct order and supersedes the previous PDF that was posted.) References
15. Leroy, J.-C.; Marmillot, A.; and Provost, R., eds., A Half-Century of French Prestressing Technology, Travaux, No. 375-376, Apr.-May 1966, 622 pp. (special English edition). 16. Freyssinet, E., Eugne Freyssinet by Himself, Travaux, No. 375376, Apr.-May 1966, pp. 3-18. (These are extracts from a lecture given by Eugne Freyssinet on May 21, 1954. The complete text is given in French as Naissance du bton prcontraint et vues davenir, which was published in the June 1954 issue of Travaux, pp. 463-474D, and in English as The Birth of Prestressing in the Cement and Concrete Association publication No. 59.) 17. Freyssinet, E., A General Introduction to the Idea of Prestressing (1949), Travaux, No. 375-376, Apr.-May 1966, pp. 19-49. (These are extracts from a lecture given by Eugne Freyssinet on Nov. 17, 1949, to a joint meeting of the British and French Civil Engineering Societies. The complete text is given in English as Prestressed Concrete: Principles and Applications, Journal of the Institute of Civil Engineers, V. 33, Nov. 1949, pp. 331-380.) 18. Freyssinet, E., The Relations between the Strains and Constitution of Cements and Colloidal Structured Materials (1926-1929), Travaux, No. 375-376, Apr.-May 1966, pp. 570-606.
18
Submission guidelines: Letters to the Editor
Letters
Discussion is welcomed for all material published in Concrete International. Comments must be conned to the scope of the article or department under discussion, limited to no more than 500 words and two illustrations, and received within 3 months of the relevant issues publication date. Send to: Rex C. Donahey, Editor-in-Chief, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; e-mail: rex.donahey@concrete.org.
19. Freyssinet, E., New Ideas and Methods, (Nov. 1, 1932), Travaux, No. 375-376, Apr.-May 1966, pp. 607-622. (This rst appeared in Science et Industrie, Jan. 1933.) 20. Freyssinet, E., A Revolution in the Technique of the Utilisation of Concrete, Institution of Structural Engineers, London, UK, May 1936, pp. 242-262. (The English adaptation is by T.J. Gueritte, who read the paper for the author at the meeting on Mar. 19, 1936.)
Kenneth W. Shushkewich, San Francisco, CA
Clarication on Two-Way Slabs
Two-Way Slab Parking Structures by Hassan Aoude, William D. Cook, and Denis Mitchell (CI, V. 35, No. 12, Dec. 2013, pp. 47-54) is an interesting and informative article, and I appreciate the effort put into it. However, there has been another signicant design change in the period reviewed by the authors. The shear provision changes are probably more important, but the exural design requirements have also changed signicantly. If one compares the 1963 ACI Code requirements for M0, the total static design
moment, with the 1971 and later requirements, one nds that the M0 values have increased signicantly, especially in the cases with small ratios of column width to span, c/l. At c/l = 0.1, the 1971 requirement will be 11 to 24% higher, depending on whether the 1963 design was based on working stress methods or strength methods. Smaller c/l values lead to even larger differences. It would have been helpful for the initial paragraph to specically say that these are beam-less slabs because the meaning of the words two-way slab have changed considerably over the decades covered by the code review. In the terminology of the time of the earlier slabs, they were at plates. William L. Gamble, FACI, Urbana, IL Authors response We thank William Gamble for the valuable comments, and hope that readers will benet. Hassan Aoude, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
On the
Move
Jean Randolph was promoted to Manager of CTLGroups Petrography Laboratory. Her responsibilities include managing daily operations, marketing of the laboratory, and working in close collaboration with the rms Materials Consulting Practice and Laboratory. Randolph has 30 years of experience as a concrete petrographer and has performed thousands of petrographic and microscopical analyses of concrete and concrete materials. Her experiences in concrete evaluation range from building components to infrastructure systems. Previously, she was President of Construction Petrographics, Inc., which she founded in 1989. She received her BS in geological sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. She is a member of the Society of Concrete Petrographers and has presented case studies and trends in concrete petrography at ACI chapter meetings. Denise Senior joins Meadow Burke as Marketing and New Products Manager. Her responsibilities include developing sales and marketing capabilities with new product innovation and development. Previously, she was at Global Contract Services Company, where she was active with new business sales, marketing strategies, and brand product extension introductions and launches. Stego Industries promoted Mark Prosser to Regional Director serving the Northeast United States. He will direct Stego sales operations in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and the New England states. Prosser joined Stego in 2005 and recently served as Regional Sales Manager. Stego Industries serves the construction industry in below-slab moisture vapor protection.
Randolph Mujumdar Hooten
R. Douglas Hooton, FACI, Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Toronto, Canada, was awarded the Frank E. Richart Award by ASTM International. He was recognized for his contributions to ASTM Committee C09, Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. He received his bachelors and masters degrees in civil engineering from the University of Toronto, and his PhD from McMaster University. He serves on several ACI and ASTM committees and is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society, the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and the Engineering Institute of Canada. He is also a member of the Association of Professional Engineers, Ontario; the Canadian Standards Association; the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering; the Transportation Research Board; and RILEM. Hooton has authored more than 200 technical articles and won numerous awards, including the ACI Robert E. Philleo and Arthur R. Anderson Awards. The Asian American Chamber of Commerce recognized Timothy Haahs, President and CEO of Timothy Haahs & Associates, Inc., during the Philadelphia, PA, Minority Enterprise Development Week, which honors the achievements of minority enterprises. Regional conferences are organized by the U.S. Department of Commerces Minority Business Development Agency in collaboration with the U.S. Business Administration Office of Government Contracting and Business Development. Some of his accomplishments include being featured on the Korean Broadcasting System and his appointment to the Board of Directors of the National Institute of Building Sciences. Haahs was also selected to work with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacic to develop its Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap. Ralph Haas was honored with the 2013 Roy W. Crum Distinguished Service Award by the Transportation Research Board. He is the Norman W. McLeod Engineering Professor and Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo. Haahs was recognized for research contributions in pavement engineering and management and in civil infrastructure.
Honors and Awards
Vilas Mujumdar, FACI, was named a distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), which is the societys highest accolade. He was honored for his 50 years of service in the civil engineering profession. The award recognizes his development of innovative precast concrete systems and providing leadership for seminal contributions to interdisciplinary systems approach to reduce earthquake hazard risk. His professional experience includes senior executive management and high level positions in the private sector, state and federal government agencies, and nonprot organizations. He has written two books, several manuscripts and reports, and more than 70 technical papers. Vilas received a PhD in public administration/policy on seismic risk, a bachelors and masters degree in civil engineering, and an MBA. He is a member of several ACI committees. 20
ACI Unveils New Logo and Always advancing Tagline

Official rollout held at World of Concrete
o mark the rst signicant update of its logo in 50 years, ACI celebrated the milestone at World of Concrete (WOC) in Las Vegas, NV, with two public events on January 21. In the morning, ACI President Anne M. Ellis was on hand to kick off the reveal of a decorative pervious concrete slab featuring the new logo and tagline constructed in the WOC outdoor Gold Lot. Later that day, Ellis was the keynote speaker of the Logo Launch and Reception at the ACI booth in the South Hall of the Las Vegas Convention Center. The rst major update since 1964, the new logo reects the heritage of the 110-year-old American Concrete Institute brand and its increasingly global reach with a more modern, vibrant, and professional image. This refreshed identity signies the next step forward in the evolution of the ACI brand and serves as the foundation for consistent design and messaging across all ACI communications. In addition to the logo, the tagline Always advancing highlights the Institutes commitment to advancing concrete knowledge, technology, construction, and quality, as well as collaboration and professional growth.
Decorative Pervious Slab
A team of concrete craftsmen and artisans placed a 15 by 8 ft (4.5 by 2.4 m) replica of ACIs new logo in a pervious concrete slab during the weekend before WOC began. Using color-matched glass aggregate and polyaspartic gel color, the slab team brought a creative focus to the refreshed logo and Always advancing tagline. The decorative pervious slab team included: David Mitchell, Bunyan Industries; John Bazella, Cas Bazella, and Justin Bazella, J. Bazella Concrete Construction; Jim Miller, C2 Products; Lonnie Gray, Oldcastle Materials; Stan Nielsen, Heritage Glass; and Hanley Wood, World of Concrete and Concrete Construction magazine. At the unveiling of the logo slab in the WOC Gold Lot, ACI President Ellis said, Today, I am honored to be part of
the team who is taking the bold step to graphically depict the American Concrete Institute of today, a dynamic and global organization comprised of great diversitydiversity in craft, knowledge, and action. We are so honored by the artisan efforts that are displayed in front of us today, Ellis continued. When I saw the ACI logo on paper, I really was thrilled with the energy and enthusiasm it communicates. Its eye-catching, forward looking, and it conveys our tagline Always advancing. Ellis complimented the construction team on their work: When I heard about this project, I was very much looking forward to what I would see today, but this far exceeded any expectations I had. Youve introduced a whole new third dimension in such a beautiful and masterful way, and we couldnt be more thrilled. David Mitchell, Project Leader for the decorative logo slab construction, thanked ACI President Ellis and commented: As we pull the blanket off this great piece of artwork, its an opportunity to show the state-of-the-art of pervious pavement. We consider pervious pavement as still advancing, and this concept of Always advancing certainly applies to pervious pavement. The real challenges of pervious pavement are to make it tougher and have it drain well. Mitchell mentioned that the mixture used for the slab was considerably lighter than usual pervious mixtures, with reduced cementitious materials content, higher water content, and a high macrober content. It also contained y ash, silica fume, and a hydration stabilizer. In particular, we want to point out the durability and the absolutely beautiful aspects of the decorative compo-
Close-up of the ACI logo pervious slab

21
nents that have been used on this slab, Mitchell said. The layout and design that have been used are consistent with the proportions and color scheme of the ACI logo. Some of the more durable aspects of this pavement and its aesthetically pleasing features are well on display. After WOC, the slab was loaded on a truck and transported to the Bunyan Industries facilities in Las Vegas as a showpiece. Alan Sparkman, Executive Director, Tennessee Concrete Association, was in attendance and remarked, Rendering
the new ACI logo in pervious concrete is a literal fulllment of the new ACI tagline Always advancing and the use of recycled glass for the color highlights the ever-increasing importance of making sustainable material choices as we create infrastructure for the future.
Logo Launch and Reception
From left, John Bazella, J. Bazella Concrete Construction; ACI President Anne M. Ellis; and David Mitchell, Bunyan Industries, at the logo slab event
The Logo Launch and Reception
Ron Burg, ACI Executive Vice President, welcomed the WOC attendees and ACI members who gathered at the ACI booth and introduced ACI President Anne M. Ellis for a presentation on the new logo. For the rst time in 50 years, ACI is putting forward a new, refreshed image of the American Concrete Institute, she began. The new logo ties into our heritage. We very much wanted to respect the heritage in our new logo, but we also wanted to capture the energy and the technical and global diversity of this ne organization in the production of our new logo. To the heritage red, green, and blue of our previous logos, weve added a new color, orange, for a new millennium, Ellis pointed out. Additionally, we have tried to respect the globe with the oval shape, because we are no longer an organization with aspirations to be internationalwe are global, with members in 129 countries. The new tagline Always advancing emphasizes that collectively, we are an Institute that people come to and bring their ideas for acceptance and validation after a very robust consensus process, Ellis said. This is where people bring great ideas; always advancing. Ellis concluded: Our members come to ACI for professional development, to show that they, individually, are always advancing. What we do every day, outside of our good work at ACI, in our careers, is advancing the industry, solving problems for our clients, and building magnicent infrastructure. Our tagline honors that in our members collectively and individually. ACI is well served by this bright and updated image, said Kari Yuers, FACI, Chair of the ACI International Advisory Committee and President and CEO of Kryton International, Inc. The new look and feel of the ACI brand denitely communicates the progressive nature of the Institute.
ACI LOGOS THROUGH THE YEARS
1944
1959
1964
(100-year anniversary)
2004
2005
2014
The new ACI logo incorporates the red, green, and blue hues of past logos, with a vibrant new color
22
Construction of the decorative ACI logo pervious slab at World of Concrete
The crew stamped the outlines of the new ACI logo and tagline into the fresh concrete. The pattern was then inlaid with colored glass, bonded with clear resin
The project team, from left: Nathan Mitchell, Bunyan Industries; Lonnie Gray, Oldcastle Materials; Justin Bazella, Bazella Concrete; David Mitchell, Bunyan Industries; Cas and John Bazella, Bazella Concrete; and James A. Miller, C2 Products
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Thank you,
Convention Exhibitors!
Spring 2014
Listed as of 2/4/14.
For a complete listing of exhibitors, visit www.aciconvention.org!
March 23-27, 2014 Grand Sierra Resort
Reno, NV
ACI Names 26 New Fellows

Members to be awarded at the spring convention
CI will recognize 26 members who have been honored with the rank of Fellow of the American Concrete Institute (FACI) at the ACI Spring 2014 Convention in Reno, NV. The new Fellows will be introduced during the Opening Session and Awards Program on March 23. The spring convention is scheduled for March 23-27, at the Grand Sierra Resort. More information on the convention can be found at www.aciconvention.org. As stated in the ACI bylaws, a Fellow is an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the production or use of concrete materials, products, and structures in the areas of education, research, development, design, construction, or management. The Fellows Nomination Committee selects those to be considered for the award, and then forwards its recommendations to the Board of Direction for nal action at each fall meeting of the Board. Nominations may come from the committee itself, from local chapters, from the International Advisory Committee, or by petition signed by at least ve current ACI members. The ACI Board of Direction approved the nominations of this latest group of honorees at the ACI Fall 2013 Convention in Phoenix, AZ. Including the new honorees, 762 members have attained the rank of FACI, rst established by the Institute in 1973. ACIs new Fellows are: Adeola K. Adediran is a Technical Specialist for Bechtel Power Corporation, Frederick, MD. She is also a Blast Engineer. She is a licensed professional engineer in Texas, Washington, and California, and a licensed structural engineer in California. She has authored several technical papers. She was nominated as the 2005 Tricities Engineer of the Year by the Society of Women Engineers East Washington State Branch. She is also a 1992 International Fellow of the American Association of University Women. She is the current Chair of ACI Subcommittee 349-B, Nuclear Structures-Design, and the incoming Chair of ACI Committee 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures. Adediran is also Vice Chair of the ACI 349/359/370 Task Group and a member of
Adediran Baweja
ACI Committees 355, Anchorage to Concrete, and 370, Blast and Impact Load Effects. Adediran received her doctorate degree in nonlinear dynamics from the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Daksh Baweja is Director of Engineered Material Solutions, Wahroonga, NSW, Australia, a specialist consultancy that provides strategic advice in areas relating to civil engineering materials. He is also Director of BG&E Materials Technology and Associate Professor of civil engineering at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia. He has worked with government, research, and commercial organizations prior to setting up his consultancy and commencing at UTS from 2009. Baweja is a Past President of the Concrete Institute of Australia and is a Fellow of Engineers Australia. He was a member of the Green Building Council of Australia Concrete Expert Reference Panel that reviewed the recently published Green Star Mat-4 Concrete Materials credit. He received an award for sustained and outstanding contributions to concrete technology from the CANMET/ ACI International Conferences in 2007 during the 9th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology. Baweja also received Life Membership of the Concrete Institute of Australia in 2013. His research interests include the concrete materials eld. He received his masters and PhD degrees in civil engineering from the University of Sydney.
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Belanger Castles Daczko Gajda
Gibbons
Alain Belanger has worked for National Concrete Accessories, Toronto, ON, Canadaa major manufacturer of concrete form hardwarefor 31 years. He is currently Sales Supervisor, Ontario, and works closely with distributors in Ontario. He is an active member of Construction Specications Canada and the Toronto Construction Association. Belanger was awarded the Concrete Industry Distinguished Service Award in 2009. Belanger has been the Secretary/Treasurer of the ACI Ontario Chapter since 1987, and was rewarded at the chapter level with the Ontario Chapter Volunteer of the Year Award in 2000. He is on the organizing committee of the Ontario Concrete Awards, of which the Chapter is the main nancial contributor. He received the 2009 ACI Chapter Activities Award. He has been a member of the organizing committee as the Treasurer of ACI Conventions on two separate occasions and most recently as the Co-Chair of the ACI Fall 2012 Convention. Belanger is a member of the Chapter Activities Committee; the Convention Committee; ACI Committee 120, History of Concrete; the International Project Award Committee; and a past member of the Membership Committee. Belanger received his diploma in civil engineering technology from Dawson College, Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1975. Bryan R. Castles is a Principal and Senior Materials Engineer for Western Technologies, Inc., in Phoenix, AZ, where he has been employed for over 17 years. He has over 30 years of construction quality control, construction materials testing, and construction inspection experience. He is Chair of ACI Committee E702, Designing Concrete Structures; Chair of Subcommittees 211-K, Appendix 4 High Density (Heavyweight), and 214-A, Document Preparation; and Secretary of ACI Committee 214, Evaluation of Results of Tests Used to Determine the Strength of Concrete. He is a member of ACI Committees 211, Proportioning Concrete Mixtures, and 221, Aggregates. He also serves as a manuscript reviewer for ACI. An active member of the ACI Arizona Chapter for more than 15 years, Castles has served as a Director, Officer, and President and is currently a member of the Arizona Chapters certication subcommittee, where he serves as Trainer and Examiner for 26
several ACI certication programs. He strongly supports Arizona State Universitys Student Chapter, where he regularly speaks to students and serves as a technical advisor for ACI student competitions. In 2011, the Arizona Chapter recognized him for his contributions to the ongoing success of the chapter by bestowing honorary chapter membership. He recently served as Treasurer for ACIs Fall 2013 Convention in Phoenix, AZ. His research interests include statistical methods for evaluation of test data, mitigation of alkali-aggregate reaction, developments in concrete mixture proportioning, and aireld and highway concrete paving. Castles received his BS in civil engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, in 1983, and is a licensed professional engineer in Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada. Joseph A. Daczko is a Product Manager with the admixtures systems group of BASF Construction Chemicals, Cleveland, OH. He has over 20 years of experience in the development and application of concrete construction materials. Daczko has published numerous technical papers and is the sole author of a book on SCC titled Self-Consolidating Concrete: Applying What We Know, which was published in 2012. He is a member and former Chair of ACI Committee 237, Self-Consolidating Concrete. He is also a member of ACI Committees 211, Proportioning Concrete Mixtures, and 238, Workability of Fresh Concrete, and ACI Subcommittee 211-N, Proportioning with Ground Limestone and Mineral Fillers. Daczko is a member of ASTM International and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). In 2007, he was awarded ACIs Delmar Bloem Award for his leadership of ACI Committee 237. He received his BA from John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, in 1992. John Gajda is a Senior Principal Engineer at CTLGroup, Skokie, IL. His expertise is thermal properties of concrete and mass concrete. He is Chair of ACI Committee 207, Mass Concrete, and ACI Subcommittee 301-D, Lightweight and Massive Concrete. He is also a member of ACI Committee 301,
Specications for Concrete. In 2009, he was named by Concrete Construction magazine as one of ve individuals who signicantly inuenced the concrete industry in 2008. Gajdas research interests include thermal properties of concrete, early-age cracking, and mass concrete. For the past 20 years, he has worked on over 400 mass concrete projects around the world, including many high-prole projects in North America, working to reduce the cost of construction, optimize concrete mixtures, and manage concrete temperatures and temperature differences to help ensure durable concrete with a long service life. Much of this work involves designing concrete mixtures that contain signicant quantities of y ash and/or slag cement. Gajda received his BS in ceramic engineering in May 1990 and his MS in material science engineering in December 1990 from Iowa State University, Ames, IA. His MS work focused on mechanical properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete at elevated temperatures. Gajda is a licensed professional engineer in 22 U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. Jack Gibbons is Vice President of Technical Services with Ductilcrete Slab Systems, Gilberts, IL, a design/build rm specializing in slab-on-ground construction. He has over 30 years of experience in concrete construction and materials. He began his career with Master Builders (now BASF). He later served as Director of Technical Services for The Euclid Chemical Company. He went on to 12 years at Central Ready Mixed to manage the companys cement lab and QC department. While at Central, he helped develop a series of high-performance concrete mixtures for low-shrinkage slabs, rapid-cycle post-tensioning, self-consolidating concrete (SCC), and high-strength concrete. He then transferred to Centrals parent rm, Prairie Materials, in Chicago, where he participated in the development of low heat mass concrete mixtures and ultra-high-strength 16K psi SCC mixtures developed for the 100-story Trump Tower. A longtime member of ACI and regular speaker at World of Concrete, Gibbons was designated a concrete Inuencer by Concrete Construction magazine in 2011. In 2012, the Minnesota Concrete Council gave him the Richard Stehly Industry Advancement Award. He is a member of ACI Committees 302, Construction of Concrete Floors; 309, Consolidation of Concrete; 329, Performance Criteria for Ready Mixed Concrete; 360, Design of Slabs on Ground; 362, Parking Structures; and the Construction Liaison Committee. He is Past President of ACIs Wisconsin Chapter. He has also written for Concrete Construction, Structure, and Concrete International magazines. Thomas M. Greene is a Regional Technical Service Manager for W.R. Grace, based in Houston, TX. He has held that position for 10 years, and has held technical positions in the cement and concrete industry for over 30 years. He is Chair of ACI Committee E701, Materials for
Concrete Construction, and a member of ACI Committees C610, Field Technician Certication; 121, Quality Assurance Systems for Concrete; 214, Evaluation of Results of Tests Used to Determine the Strength of Concrete; 225, Hydraulic Cements; 232, Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete; 233, Ground Slag in Concrete; 301, Specications for Concrete; and ACI Subcommittee C601-B, Concrete Quality Technical Manager. He has been recognized for his work in leadership roles in four different ACI chapters, including President of the Arkansas Chapter and Co-Founder of the Mid-America Chapter in Memphis, TN. He is also a member of ASTM International. His research interests include thermal effects of admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials in concrete, the use of admixtures to improve sustainability, and development of quality systems for concrete. Frances T. Griffith is the Administrator for the Center for Training Transportation Professionals, Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. She has held this position for the past 15 years. She is a 1998 recipient of the Peter D. Courtois Concrete Construction Scholarship for undergraduate study in
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27
Greene Griffith Hale
Kang
Lewis
concrete construction. Griffith is Chair of ACI Committee C630, Construction Inspector Certication, and Secretary of ACI Committee C631, Concrete Transportation Construction Inspector Certication. She is also a member of the ACI Educational Activities and Student and Young Professionals Activities Committees, and ACI Committees C601, New Certication Programs; C610, Field Technician Certication; C620, Laboratory Technician Certication; E905, Training Programs; S801, Student Activities; and 118, Use of Computers. She is a past member of the Certication Programs Committee. She is also a member of ASTM International. Her research interests include certication and materials testing. She received her BS and MS in civil engineering from the University of Arkansas in 1998 and 2010, respectively. W. Micah Hale is a Professor of civil engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. He is currently Chair of ACI Committee 363, HighStrength Concrete, and is member of ACI Committees 233, Ground Slag in Concrete, and 239, Ultra-High Performance Concrete, and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). His research interests include concrete materials, mixture proportioning, and structural concrete. He received his PhD from the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, in 2002. Thomas Kang is an Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering at Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Before September 2011, he was an Assistant Professor at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. He is Vice Chair of ACI Committee S805, Collegiate Concrete Council, and is a past Secretary of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures. He is a member of the ACI International Advisory Committee; ACI Committees 335, Composite and Hybrid Structures; and 369, Seismic Repair and Rehabilitation; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 352, 28
Joints and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures, and 423, Prestressed Concrete. Kang has served as a Task Group Chair for the Headed Reinforcement Applications in Beam-Column Joints and Connections and a member of the Editorial Subcommittee for both the Slab-Column Connection and Beam-Column Connection Reports within Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352; as a Task Group Leader for the Slab-Column Connections within ACI Committee 369; and a member of the Task Group on Sustainability within Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423. He received the ACI Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper in 2009. He is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). He has authored or co-authored over 50 international journal papers, including over 15 papers published in the ACI Structural Journal. His research interests include the design, repair, and materials of structural concrete, with more of a focus on the design of reinforced, prestressed, and post-tensioned concrete structures. Kang received his BS in architectural engineering from Seoul National University in 1998; his MS in civil engineering from Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, in 2000; and his PhD in structural/earthquake engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, in 2004. He is a licensed professional engineer in California. Robert C. Lewis is the Technical Marketing Manager for Elkem Silicon Materials, based in Europe. He has worked at Elkem for over 28 years, after rst completing 8 years in the technical department of Tarmac (Readymix) in the UK. He frequently gives talks and presentations across the globe for Elkem and has been involved in many of the major construction projects in India, Dubai, and Hong Kong. He is currently Chair of ACI Committee 234, Silica Fume in Concrete. He is also a member of the International Advisory Committee, including the International Conferences and Conventions Committee, and ACI Committees 211, Proportioning Concrete Mixtures; 552, Cementitious Grouting; and Joint ACI-TMS Committee 216, Fire Resistance and Fire Protection of Structures. He has previously served on the ACI Marketing Committee and as an ad-hoc member of ACI Committee 308, Curing Concrete. He has
Mota Mutsuyoshi
authored and co-authored numerous papers, including chapters in the Advanced Concrete Technology Diploma course handbook (for the UK Institute of Concrete Technology) and the fourth edition of F. M. Leas Chemistry of Cement and Concrete. He was elected as a member of the Concrete Society UK in 1993 and became a Fellow in 1999. In 2000, he was elected as a member of the Institute of Concrete Technology UK. His research interests include silica fume, high-performance concrete, and high-durability mixture design. He received his diploma in applied biology from South Bank Polytechnic, London, UK, in 1978, before moving into concrete and gaining certication in concrete practice and concrete technology from the City and Guilds of London Institute in 1979. Miguel Mota has been the Vice President of Engineering at the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI), Williamstown, NJ, since July 2013. Prior to that, he was the Atlantic Regional Manager for CRSI since 2008. He joined CRSI from the Portland Cement Association (PCA), where he was the Regional Engineer for the Northeast since 2001. Mota also serves as a Director of the Concrete Industry Board, New York City, an ACI Chapter. Mota is the current Chair of ACI Committee 314, Simplied Design of Concrete Buildings, and is a member of ACI Committees 349, Concrete Nuclear Structures; 375, Performance-Based Design of Concrete Buildings for Wind Loads; 435, Deection of Concrete Building Structures; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 421, Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs. He has lectured on a variety of graduate topics on reinforced concrete design at several universities, including Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; Manhattan College, Bronx, NY; Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ; and Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA. Mota presented a paper on his doctoral dissertation at the 15th World Conference in Earthquake Engineering in Lisbon, Portugal (2012). He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and serves on ASCE 7-16, Committee on Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Mota received the ASTM International Alan H. Yorkdale Memorial Award in 2007 for his paper Diagonal Tension Strength of Partially Grouted Concrete Masonry Assemblages
concerning clay, shale, concrete, or sand-lime masonry published in the English language and presented by ASTM International Committee C-12 and C-15. He has recently completed a 5-year tenure on the Editorial Board of STRUCTURE magazine. Motas research interests include dynamic analysis, shake-table testing, and seismic design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures. Mota received his bachelors and masters degrees in civil engineering from the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, in 1989 and 1992, respectively, and his PhD from Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, in 2011. He is a licensed professional engineer in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and a Vice President at Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
The New Fellows
As approved by the ACI Board of Direction at the ACI Fall 2013 Convention in Phoenix, AZ, the 26 members elevated to the rank of Fellow of the American Concrete Institute are: Adeola K. Adediran, Frederick, MD Daksh Baweja, Wahroonga, NSW, Australia Alain Belanger, Toronto, ON, Canada Bryan R. Castles, Phoenix, AZ Joseph A. Daczko, Cleveland, OH John Gajda, Skokie, IL Jack Gibbons, Gilberts, IL Thomas M. Greene, Houston, TX Frances T. Griffith, Fayetteville, AR W. Micah Hale, Fayetteville, AR Thomas Kang, Seoul, Republic of Korea Robert C. Lewis, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom Miguel Mota, Williamstown, NJ Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi, Saitama, Japan Matthew Offenberg, Canton, GA Oon-Soo Ooi, Vancouver, BC, Canada Jan R. Prusinski, Hurst, TX Jorge L. Quiros Jr., Panama City, Panama Lawrence R. Roberts, Acton, MA Anton K. Schindler, Auburn, AL Halil Sezen, Columbus, OH Matthew R. Sherman, Waltham, MA Amy M.R. Trygestad, New Prague, MN Gustavo Tumialan, Waltham, MA Victor Hugo Villarreal, Dallas, TX Patrick Watson, Chapel Hill, NC 29
Offenberg Ooi
Prusinski Quiros Roberts
He has been a member of ACI Committee 440, FiberReinforced Polymer Reinforcement, since 1991, and is a member of the International Partnerships & Publications Committee as a Japan Concrete Institute (JCI) representative. He has been Chair of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Committee 324, Prestressed Concrete Structures for the Future Problems and Solutions (2001-2006), JCI Committee on Concrete Journal (2008-2010), JCI Committee on Education of Concrete Engineers (2010-2011), Japan Prestressed Concrete Institute (JPCI) Committee on High Strength Concrete (2006-2008), JPCI Committee on Recommendation for Performance Verication of CorrosionProtective Prestressing Steel for External Cables of PC Box Girder (2010-2012), and a Secretary General of International Committee on Concrete Model Code for Asia (1994-1997). He is currently Chair of b Commission-9 TG9.14, Cable Supported Structures. Mutsuyoshi has been awarded the JSCE Yoshida Prize (the highest prize for research in concrete engineering in Japan) for Excellent Paper in 1986, 1993, 1995, and 1996; the JPCI Prize for Excellent Paper in 1994 and for Technical Development in 2002; and JCI Meritorious Deed Prize in 2009. He has served as a President of the Japan Reinforcing Bar Joints Institute (2009-2011), a Director of JCI (2004-2006, 2008-2010) and JPCI (at present). His research interests include seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures, prestressed concrete bridges, and an application of ber-reinforced polymer to structures. He received his doctoral engineering degree from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1984. He is a professional engineer in Japan and an Executive Professional Civil Engineer (JSCE). Matthew Offenberg is a Technical Service Manager for W.R. Grace, Canton, GA. He has served for over 15 years as a civil engineer within the concrete industry, publishing over 10 technical papers and articles during his career, and maintaining a technical blog on pervious concrete with readers in over 100 countries. In 2007, he won the ACI Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper for his article on pervious concrete construction techniques. In 2008, he received the ACI Young Member Award for Professional Achievement. In 2012, he was awarded the ACI Delmar L. Bloem Distinguished Service Award. He 30
served for 8 years as the Chair of ACI Committee 522, Pervious Concrete. Offenberg currently serves as the Co-Chair of ACI Subcommittee 130-B, Production/ Transport/Construction (Sustainability of Concrete). He is also a member of ASTM International. Offenberg is an internationally acclaimed pervious concrete expert and is invited to speak across the United States and around the world on sustainable paving technology. He received his BS and MS in civil engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1995 and 1996, respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer in Florida and Arizona. Oon-Soo Ooi is an Associate and Senior Materials Engineer for Golder Associates Ltd. in Vancouver, BC, Canada. He has practiced as a Consulting Engineer for 26 years, specializing in concrete technology and structural rehabilitation. Ooi contributes to the advancement of engineering design, materials testing, and construction standards for concrete materials by actively participating in various technical committees of ACI, ASTM International, and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), and publishing technical papers. He is a member of ACI Committees 121, Quality Assurance Systems for Concrete; 207, Mass Concrete; 230, Soil Cement; 515, Protective Systems for Concrete; and 522, Pervious Concrete. He is also a member of ASTM International Committees C01, Cement; C27, Precast Concrete; C09-45, Roller-Compacted Concrete; C09-46, Shotcrete; and C09-49, Pervious Concrete. He also actively serves on a number of CSA technical committees on concrete design and repair standards. Ooi has served as a Director of the ACI British Columbia Chapter since 2004 and was the Chapter President from 2009 to 2011. He received his B.Sc.E in 1985 and M.Sc.E. in 1988 from the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada. He is a licensed professional engineer in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Jan R. Prusinski is the Executive Director of the Cement Council of Texas. He was formerly the Founding Executive Director of the Slag Cement Association (SCA), the Program Manager for soil-cement and roller-compacted
concrete pavements for the Portland Cement Association (PCA), Coal Ash Product/Market Developer and Lead Engineer for Houston Lighting & Power Co., and a Structural Engineer for Bechtel Power Corp. He is a past Chair and current member of ACI Committee 230, Soil Cement, and a member of ACI Committees 232, Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete; 233, Ground Slag in Concrete; 327, Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavements; and 330, Concrete Parking Lots and Site Paving. Prusinski has initiated, managed, and authored papers for numerous research projects on soil stabilization with various cementitious materials, roller-compacted concrete design and construction, full-depth reclamation of roads with cement, the use of slag cement and y ash in concrete, and life-cycle inventory/assessment. He also holds a patent for recycled precast thermoplastic polymer concrete products. He, and the organizations he has led, has helped promote and expand use of concrete pavements, stabilization of pavement bases and subgrades, and supplementary cementitious materials in concrete infrastructure in Texas and across the United States. Prusinski received his BS in civil engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, in 1980, and his MBA from the University of Houston, C.T. Bauer College of Business, in 1987. He is a licensed professional engineer in Texas and is a LEED-Accredited Professional. Jorge L. Quiros Jr. has been Managing Director of TGC Industrial, Inc., in the Republic of Panama for the past 10 years providing leadership in the technical development of the Concrete Industry in Panama. In addition, as a member of the Board of Directors of the Panama Construction Chamber (CAPAC) he has led various technical and educational committees promoting construction material innovation and through technical committees of the Panamanian Society of Engineers and Architects (SPIA) focused on concrete and cement production quality control to assure public safety. He has served as guest lecturer, speaker, and instructor promoting concrete construction best practice in many Panamanian private and public institutions and organizations. From the time of his service in Shell Oil Company based out of New Orleans, LA, in the 1980s, Quiros has been a member of ACI Committee 357, Offshore and Marine Concrete Structures. He also serves on ACI Committees 304, Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete; 305, Hot Weather Concreting; and 332, Residential Concrete Work, and has participated by invitation in ACI Subcommitte 318-WA, International Workshop of Concrete in the Americas and Beyond. In the past, he also served as a member of the International Committee (now the International Advisory Committee). He has recently been elected Founding President of the ACI Panama Chapter in formation and is currently an Instructor for the ACI Concrete Inspector Certication (Spanish) review course. He is also a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and ASTM International, serving on Committee C09. Quiros received his BS (Magna Cum Laude) and MS in civil engineering from the University of Illinois, ChampaignUrbana, IL, in 1976 and 1977, respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer in Louisiana and Texas (both inactive) and the Republic of Panama. Lawrence R. Roberts is the Manager of Roberts Consulting Group LLC, Acton, MA. He has been involved in research and development, technical service, marketing, and consultation in cement and concrete for over 47 years. He is currently a member of ACI Committees 212, Chemical Admixtures; 225, Hydraulic Cements; and 308, Curing Concrete. In the past, he has served on the Concrete Research Council, the Scholarship Council, and the Strategic Development Council. Roberts is also a member of ASTM International Committees C01 and C09, where he has served as Chair of a number of subcommittees, including C09.23, Chemical Admixtures; C01.28, Sulfate Content; and C01.99, Cement Research. His research interests include the development of cement additives and concrete admixtures, including
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Schindler Sezen
Sherman Trygestad Tumialan
technical services supporting their application, with a special focus on interaction between materials. Roberts received his BS in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 1972, and his MS in chemistry from Northeastern University, Boston, MA, in 1977. Anton K. Schindler is a Professor, the Associate Department Chair, and the Director of the Highway Research Center at Auburn University, Auburn, AL, where he teaches courses in engineering mechanics, structural design, and concrete materials in the Civil Engineering Department. He has served on the faculty for the past 12 years and has twice been selected by students as the departments Outstanding Faculty Member. He also received the College of Engineerings Walker Merit Teaching Award in 2012. He was the recipient of the Southeastern Concrete Alliance Network Quality Award for Concrete Pavement Construction in 2004 from the Southeastern Concrete Alliance Network (SCAN) that covered the seven southeast states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. He received the 2013 Erskine Award from the Expanded Shale, Clay, and Slate Institute (ESCSI) for his contributions to the use of lightweight aggregate in concrete. Schindler also received ACIs Wason Medal for Materials Research in 2006 and 2011. He is Chair of ACI Committee 231, Properties of Concrete at Early Ages, and Secretary of ACI Committee 237, SelfConsolidating Concrete. He is also a member of ACI Committee 209, Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete, and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Technical Committee AFN20, Properties of Concrete. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and ASTM International. His research interests include nondestructive testing, concrete properties, early-age behavior of concrete structures, self-consolidating concrete, and concrete performance modeling. Schindler received his BSE from the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, in 1993, and his MSE and PhD from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, in 1999 and 2002, respectively. He is a licensed professional engineer in Alabama. 32
Halil Sezen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, where he has been a faculty member since 2002. He is a member of ACI Committee 369, Seismic Repair and Rehabilitation; Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 441, Reinforced Concrete Columns, and 445, Shear and Torsion; and a past member of ACI Committee 562, Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. He has served on the ACI Committee on Awards for Papers, and ACI Construction Practice Award Committee. He is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). Sezens research and interests include design and behavior of reinforced concrete structures, and earthquake engineering. He received his BS from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; his MS from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. He is a licensed professional engineer in Ohio. Matthew R. Sherman is a Principal with Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH), Waltham, MA. Sherman has 20 years of experience in consulting and heavy construction and has inspected, constructed, evaluated, and repaired concrete structures throughout the United States. His specialties include concrete materials evaluation, nondestructive testing, corrosion mitigation, and concrete repair. At SGH, he has led major projects, such as repairing leakage in the Big Dig tunnels in Boston, restoring the University of Notre Dames football stadium, designing overlay repairs at multiple projects nationwide, and investigating statewide aggregate problems in Kentucky and Massachusetts. He has authored over 15 technical papers and published research reports and has presented widely on concrete materials, durability, and testing. Sherman is Chair of the ACI Membership Committee and a member of ACI Committee 201, Durability of Concrete, and the ACI Marketing Committee. He is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He received his BS in civil engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1991, and his MS in civil
Villarreal Watson
engineering (structural) from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, in 1993. Amy M.R. Trygestad is President of Chase Engineering in New Prague, MN. Her 18 years of experience has touched many facets of the structural engineering and construction industry, including engineering consulting, program management, concrete construction and strategic marketing, and technical enhancement of concrete design and construction. She previously worked for the Portland Cement Association (PCA) as the Building and Special Structures Regional Engineering Manager for the Central United States. She is Chair of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete, and a member of ACI Committees 132, Responsibility in Concrete Construction; 347, Formwork for Concrete; 362, Parking Structures; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 421, Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs. She is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and serves as the concrete industry representative on the Editorial Board for STRUCTURE magazine, the official structural engineering publication of ASCEs Structural Engineering Institute (SEI), in conjunction with the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA) and the American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC). She has also authored or co-authored numerous technical articles, reports, and publications. Trygestad received her bachelors and masters degrees in civil engineering from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, in 1991 and 2000, respectively. She is a licensed professional engineer in Minnesota. Gustavo Tumialan is a Senior Project Manager with Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc. (SGH), Waltham, MA. He works on projects involving evaluation and rehabilitation of structures. He is Chair of ACI Subcommittee 440-M, FRP-Repair of Masonry Structures, and Secretary of ACI Committee 437, Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures. He is also a member of ACI Committees 440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites, and 562, Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings. Tumialan is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
and the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI). He has authored over 50 technical publications on investigation, evaluation, and repair of structures. Tumialan received his BS in civil engineering from the Ponticia Universidad Catlica del Peru, Lima, Peru, in 1994, and his MS and PhD in civil engineering from Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO (formerly University of MissouriRolla) in 1998 and 2001, respectively. His research interests include assessment of the condition of structures, investigation of the performance of structures and concrete materials, design of repairs and modications to existing structures, in-place load testing, and strengthening of structures with ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems. Victor Hugo Villarreal is the Technical Services Manager for TXI Operations, Dallas, TX. He has been in the concrete industry for 26 years. Villarreal received the ACI Construction Award in 2010. He is a member of ACI Committee 329, Performance Criteria for Ready Mixed Concrete. He is a Board member of the ACI Northeast Texas Chapter and was the Convention Chair of the Dallas ACI 2012 Spring Convention, Fundraising Chair for the ACI 2001 Fall Convention, and President of the ACI Northeast Texas Chapter in 2008. Villarreal is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He has authored or coauthored several papers featured in ACI publications. His research interests include internal curing, highstrength/high-performance concrete, and high-volume y ash concrete. Villarreal received his BS in civil engineering from the Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len, Monterrey, Mexico, in 1986, and his MBA in corporate nance from the University of North Texas, Denton, TX, in 1994. He is a licensed engineer in Mexico. Patrick Watson is a consultant based in Chapel Hill, NC, where he owns Concrete Methods and Materials Consulting, LLC. He is a member of ACI Committees E706, Concrete Repair Education; 302, Construction of Concrete Floors; 308, Curing Concrete; 364, Rehabilitation; and 546, Repair of Concrete. He is a past member of ACI Committee 515, Protective Systems for Concrete. He is the author of industry articles and Institute documents and is a frequent speaker for industry groups and a regular speaker at ACI and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) events. He has been part of Vision 2020 since its inception. Watson has mentored new members at ACI for many years. He has taught concrete repair for several North American university and university extension programs. He is the recipient of awards from ACI, ICRI, and CSI chapter groups. He is also a Fellow of ICRI. Watson has served for 43 years in the construction industry and considers himself semi-retired.
33
2013 APA Awards
he Architectural Precast Association (APA) announced the winners of its 2013 APA Awards for Design & Manufacturing Excellence. The awards recognize outstanding design and production projects using architectural precast concrete. For more information, visit www.archprecast.org.
The APA Awards include 15 projects receiving top honors:
Building Green
American University School of International Service
American University School of International Service, Washington, DC The jury noted this project for the use of strong, simple detailing of the concrete elements. The building exterior elevates global connections with the pattern of the perforated decorative band inspired by Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion map of the world. Project credits: Design, Quinn Evan Architect, Washington, DC, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi, Inc., Woodbridge, VA. Buffalo Federal Courthouse, Buffalo, NY This project has a bold and asymmetrical curvilinear form featuring precast concrete and glass. The entire structure is wrapped in a tted glass exterior wall suspended in front of the precast panels with vertical ns, creating a textured contrast between the glass and concrete. Project credits: Design, Kohn Pederson Fox, New York, NY, and Manufacturer, Modern Mosaic Ltd., Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.
Commercial
Buffalo Federal Courthouse
Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, MO A creative combination of precast concrete nishes and color was used in this project. There is a strong denition of horizontal lines and a functional piercing precast shear wall creates a strong entry icon and an opportunity for building signage. Interior spaces capture the exterior light in an effective way. Project credits: Design, George Butler and Associates, Lenexa, KS, and Manufacturer, Omega Concrete Systems, Inc., Kansas City, KS.
34
National GatewayOfce Buildings I & II, Arlington, VA A strong building base was created using precast concrete. Also, good asymmetrical balance was achieved, expressing the denition of the entry element and uniting the two buildings masses. The color and material create an effective contrast with the use of precast concrete and a glass curtain wall. Project credits: Design, Davis Carter, Scott Design, McLean, VA, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi, Inc., Woodbridge, VA. National Public Radio Headquarters, Washington, DC This project features creative juxtaposition and layering of mass elements. The jury also noted an effective detailing of precast concrete, an expressive and well-recognized point of entry, and a good combination of precast concrete and glass curtain wall. Project credits: Hickok Cole Architects, Washington, DC, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi Inc., Woodbridge, VA. Reagan Place, Dallas, TX A strong denition of base and entry elements and exquisite detailing of the precast concrete dene this project. The textures, materials, and colors and the classically composed faades relate directly to historic buildings on the site. Project credits: Design, Good Fulton & Ferrell Architects, Dallas, TX, and Manufacturer, Advanced Cast Stone, Inc., Fort Worth, TX.
Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.
National GatewayOffice Buildings I & II
National Public Radio Headquarters
Reagan Place
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Educational/Spiritual
Micron Business and Economics Building, Boise, ID This project features good composition, balance, and proportion. Creative precast detailing produces an interesting presentation with the use of shadows and shadings. The jury noted the buildings three-dimensional faade. Project credits: Design, Hummel Architects, Boise, ID, and Manufacturer, Northwest Precast, Boise, ID.
Cultural Mission of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Fairfax, VA A highlight of this project is a strong entry element using a precast concrete surround. The exterior combines primarily two earthen colors of precast and a clear glazing system. The jury took particular note of the detailing and layering of the curvilinear, ying precast concrete faade. Project credits: Design, Davis, Carter, Scott Design, McLean, VA, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi, Inc., Woodbridge, VA. Texas State University Undergraduate Academic Center, San Marcos, TX This project is highly compatible with the natural surroundings and the campus built environment due to its pleasing color combinations. It is sited well on difficult topography. Project credits: Design, Morris Architects, Houston, TX, and Manufacturer, Advanced Cast Stone, Inc., Fort Worth, TX.
Hospitality/Entertainment
Dallas Country Club, Dallas, TX This project features impressive detailing with the precast concrete, presentation of an interior replace with
Micron Business and Economics Building
Cultural Mission of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia
Texas State University Undergraduate Academic Center
36
wood surround, and the interior hallways use of stone and concrete elements. Project credits: Design, MAI Design Group & Image Design, Englewood, CO, and Manufacturer, Advanced Cast Stone, Inc., Fort Worth, TX. LA Sports Museum and Hall of Fame, Natchitoches, LA An imaginative application of precast concrete was used to create an organic interior space. Sculpted out of 1100 digitally milled stone panels, the shaped surfaces seamlessly integrate all building systems. The building also features effective use of articial and natural light. Project credits: Design, Trahan Architects, APAC, Baton Rouge, LA, and Manufacturer, Advanced Cast Stone, Inc., Fort Worth, TX.
Medical/Government
Franklin Square Hospital, Baltimore, MD This project features a bold and simple expression for the arrival point to the building. Effective use of contrasting materials create lightness and capture light. The project ts in well with the campus architecture. Project credits: Design, Wilmot-Sanz, Gaithersburg, MD, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi, Inc., Woodbridge, VA.
Residential
Archstone Square 673, Washington, DC The color combinations featured in this project are interesting and unusual. The texture and 3-D effect of the faade demonstrate an imaginative use of precast concrete. Project credits: Design, Davis, Carter, Scott Design, McLean, VA, and Manufacturer, Arban & Carosi, Inc., Woodbridge, VA.
Dallas Country Club
Franklin Square Hospital
LA Sports Museum and Hall of Fame
Archstone Square 673

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Garner Veterans Memorial
Trim/Landscape
USC Cinematic Arts Building 5
Garner Veterans Memorial, Garner, NC This project features a layer of texture that protects its smooth inner panels. Precast concrete panels were designed to simulate the areas indigenous red clay. Reection and awareness of the past is stimulated with the architecture. Project credits: Design, Thomas Sayre and Fred Belledin, Clearscapes, Raleigh, NC, and Manufacturer, Lucas Concrete Products, Inc., Charlotte, NC.
USC Cinematic Arts Building 5, Los Angeles, CA This project features a strong building base using micro-detailing and color contrasts. The softness and color contrast of the landscape create a quality composition. Project credits: Design, Urban Design Group, Dallas, TX, and Manufacturer, Architectural Facades Unlimited, Inc., Gilroy, CA.
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In addition, the program includes courses on the following topics: Cracking Reinforcement Shoring Slabs Cementitious materials Cold Weather Concrete Foundations Admixtures Core Testing Aggregates Repair Shotcrete
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Decorative Concrete Council Award Winners for 2014
he Decorative Concrete Council, a specialty council of the American Society of Concrete Contractors, St. Louis, MO, has announced the winners of its Sixth Annual Decorative Concrete Awards competition. The winners were recognized at a ceremony at World of Concrete, Las Vegas, NV, on January 22, 2014. The Turowski Pool Deck by Tom Ralston Concrete, Santa Cruz, CA, won the WOW! Award for Best Overall Project. Cast-in-place stamped concrete, countertops, decorative and structural walls, re bowls, a large re pit, and a swimming pool were part of this challenging residential landscape, built into a hillside adjacent to the owners home. Other winners were: Cast-In-Place Stamped, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Unique Concrete, West Milford, NJ, for Livingston Residence Second place, Edwards Concrete Co., Winter Garden, FL, for Florida Turnpike Centers Cast-In-Place Stamped, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Greystone Masonry, Inc., Stafford, VA, for Harmonious Oasis Second place, Salzano Custom Concrete, Centreville, VA, for Barry Residence Graphics, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Jeffco Concrete Contractors, Inc., Tuscaloosa, AL, for Big Sandy Elementary School Graphics, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Hyde Concrete, Annapolis, MD, for Kapnos Polished, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Creative Construction by Design, Danville, IL, for Kennekuk County Park Environmental Education Center Second place, Burgess Concrete Construction, Inc., Moline, MI, for Gordon Food Service
Polished, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Mark Beamish Waterproong, Anaheim, CA, for Nike at The Grove Second place, Artistic Concrete Surfaces, Olathe, KS, for Bill Snyder Family Stadium
The Turowski Pool Deck won the WOW! Award for Best Overall Project
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The Reserve won first place in Cast-In-Place Special Finishes, Over 5000 Square Feet category
Wasserman Building, University of California, Los Angeles, won first place in the Vertical Application, Over 5000 Square Feet category
Cast-In-Place Special Finishes, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Tom Ralston Concrete, Santa Cruz, CA, for Pott Hardscape Second place, Angus McMillan Concrete Ltd., Hastings, NZ, for William Nelson Skate Park Vertical Application, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Morley Construction Co., Santa Monica, CA, for Wasserman Building, UCLA Second place, T.B. Penick & Sons, Inc., San Diego, CA, for Mesa Math & Science Building Vertical Application, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Flex-C-Ment, Picayune, MS, for Tennessee Concrete AssociationNet Zero Building Second place, Angus McMillan Concrete Ltd., Hastings, NZ, for Penguin PoolNational Aquarium Concrete Artistry, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Concrete Innovations, LLC, Sandwich, IL, for FR2 Concrete Artistry, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Progressive Hardscapes, Phoenix, AZ, for Tucson Streetcar Station Second place, Tom Ralston Concrete, Santa Cruz, CA, for Cowells Garden Countertops First place, Hyde Concrete, Annapolis, MD, for Maine Cottage Second place, Architectural Concrete Interiors LLC, Phoenix, AZ, for Staab Kitchen; and Adams Trucking & Supply, Barboursville, WV, for Morrison Ballroom Bar
Highway 101 won first place in the Multiple Applications, Over 5000 Square Feet category
Overlays Under 1/4 in., Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Sundek of Washington, Chantilly, VA, for Dunn Loring Metro Second place, Sun Surfaces of Orlando, Ocoee, FL, for Bithlo Splash Pad Overlays Under 1/4 in., Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for Brentwood Dental Second place, Stephens & Smith Construction, Inc., Lincoln, NE, for Anonymous project Overlays 1/4 to 2 in., Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for Charlotte Rescue Mission Second place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for Godsey Chattanooga Cast-In-Place Special Finishes, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Trademark Concrete Systems, Inc., Ventura, CA, for The Reserve Second place, Ruttura & Sons Construction Co., Inc., West Babylon, NY, for Long Island Residence 40
Multiple Applications, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, T.B. Penick & Sons, Inc., San Diego, CA, for Highway 101 Second place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for Godsey Chattanooga Multiple Applications, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Tom Ralston Concrete, Santa Cruz, CA, for Turowski Pool Deck Second place, Honestone, Tuggerah, NSW, Australia, for Burnett Residence Stained, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Patterned Concrete of Cincinnati, Faireld, OH, for Eden Park Pump Station Second place, Nobel Concrete, Inc., Jenison, MI, for Reinhart Residence Stained, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Hyde Concrete, Annapolis, MD, for Ft. Stanton Recreation Center Second place, Sundek of Washington, Chantilly, VA, for McCullough Residence Epoxy-Polyaspartic Flooring, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for LP Field Fun Zones Epoxy-Polyaspartic Flooring, Under 5000 Square Feet First place, Concrete Mystique Engraving, Nashville, TN, for Godsey Chattanooga Second place, Sundek of Washington, Chantilly, VA, for Tutti Frutti Restaurant Architectural Concrete, Over 5000 Square Feet First place, Ruttura & Sons Construction Co., Inc., West Babylon, NY, for Long Island Residence Second place, T.B. Penick & Sons, Inc., San Diego, CA, for San Diego Airport Honorable Mention T.B. Penick & Sons, Inc., San Diego, CA, for Sellers Keever
Colorado Hardscapes, Denver, CO, for Jessica Ridgeway Memorial Park The entries were judged by Heather Brown, Middle Tennessee State University; Bill Palmer, Hanley Wood; Chris Sullivan, ChemSystems, Inc.; and John Strieder, Concrete Dcor magazine. The Decorative Concrete Council
comprises contractors, manufacturers, and suppliers of decorative concrete products. The Council is dedicated to improving the technical and business expertise of the contractors that pursue this specialty market. For more information, visit www. ascconline.org/DecorativeConcrete Council/Overview.aspx.
1/2 island
at Wor ld
WINN
of Con crete 2 013!
ER
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Whats
New
Guide to Formed Concrete Surfaces ACI 347.3R-13
This guide assists the project owner, design team, contractor, formwork and concrete suppliers, and all other parties in reaching a more specic understanding of how to produce a more clearly dened as-cast concrete surface. All other parties should understand the procedures, processes, and costs for producing dened surfaces of formed concrete. The guide also discusses all phases of construction relating to concrete surfaces from planning, description of work, and construction through acceptance of a concrete surface. Available in hard copy or digital format. Order Code: 347313.CI Pages: 17 Price: $56.50 (ACI members $34.00)
Whats
Coming
Spring 2014
Specication for Carbon and Glass FiberReinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening of Concrete and Masonry StructuresACI 440.8-13 Symposium Honoring James O. Jirsas Contributions in Structural Concrete: A Time to ReectSP-296 Seismic Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings - New DevelopmentSP-297
Code Requirements for Load Testing of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 437-13) and CommentaryACI 437-13
This code provides requirements for test load magnitudes, test protocols, and acceptance criteria for conducting a load test as a means of evaluating the safety and serviceability of concrete structural members and systems for existing buildings as provided for by ACI 562-13. A load test may be conducted as part of a structural evaluation to determine whether an existing building requires repair and rehabilitation, or to verify the adequacy of repair and rehabilitation measures applied to an existing building, or both. This code contains provisions for both a cyclic load test and a monotonic load test procedure. Available in hard copy or digital format. Order Code: 43713.CI Pages: 21 Price: $60.50 (ACI members $37.00)
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In todays fastpaced world, who has time to wait? You dont!
Specication for ShotcreteACI 506.2-13
This specication contains the construction requirements for the application of shotcrete. Both wet- and dry-mixture shotcrete are addressed, as well as ber-reinforced shotcrete. The minimum standard for materials, properties, testing, and application are covered. The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this specication should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI certications or equivalent. Available in hard copy or digital format. Order Code: 506213.CI Pages: 12 Price: $49.50 (ACI members $30.00)
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Take advantage of this member benet to get the information you need at www.concreteinternational.com or www.concrete.org
42
The Nevada Living Learning Community

A special edition of ACI Committee 124s Notable Concrete
he Nevada Living Learning Community of the University of Nevada, Reno, is a new ve-story, 124,200 ft2 (11,540 m2) residence hall located on College Drive at North Virginia Street. It houses 320 students in several Living Learning Communities, which provide educational and social opportunities to students who share an interest in academic and professional issues. According to the
University, students cultivate the skills and abilities needed to succeed (through) close interaction with faculty and experiential connections to the University curriculum, (helping) all participants develop leadership and community service values. The building represents a new type of student housing that integrates smart classrooms and spaces for study
The Nevada Living Learning Community of the University of Nevada, Reno (photo courtesy of West Coast Contractors)
43
(photo courtesy of Collaborative Design Studio)
groups and faculty advising (about 10,000 ft2) with student suites and faculty residences. Student suites are designed as modules clustered around common lounges and study spaces. Incorporating green principles throughout, the building was designed to create hubs for social and intellectual interaction, enhancing residential life and academic rigor. The Nevada Living Learning Community is also notable as an exceptional concrete building that features many types of concrete: precast hollow-core plank for oors and roofs, concrete oor topping slabs, concrete masonry bearing and shear walls, and reinforced concrete foundations. Cast stone clads the rst story to create a distinctive base. Tying the Nevada Living Learning Community into neighboring residence halls is a new half-acre plaza (0.2 ha) surfaced with concrete pavers. Previously a parking lot and emergency vehicle turnaround, the design by the Collaborative Design Studio transformed the site into a pedestrian-friendly backyard that serves as a social hub for students hosting organized and spontaneous events. The plaza includes an area for a portable stage, benches for sitting and studying, and grassy areas for lounging and recreational activities. Scott Meek and Son Concrete Company of Reno installed 9400 ft2 (870 m2) of colorful 3 in. (76 mm) concrete pavers, plus related concrete site work. 44
Concrete plank allow reduced oor-to-oor heights and building volume, enhancing economy and sustainability. The plank and concrete masonry walls provide superior sound insulation, which is very important in a dormitory. Use of recycled material in the concrete helped the Nevada Living Learning Community receive LEED Silver certication. Design began in May 2008 and was completed in October 2010. Construction began in January 2011 and was completed in June 2012. LEED Silver certication was awarded in March 2013.
Project Data
124,000 ft2 (11,520 m2) of 8 in. (200 mm) thick precast plank 124,000 ft2 (11,520 m2) of 3 in. (76 mm) thick concrete topping (1150 yd3 [880 m3]) 1825 yd3 (1395 m3) of cast-in-place reinforced concrete 4500 ft2 (420 m2) of 4 in. (101 mm) thick cast stone units 68,000 lightweight concrete masonry units (two-thirds 12 in. [304 mm], one-third 8 in. [200 mm]), 2500 psi (17.2 MPa) design compressive strength 5800 sacks of Type M mortar (for all masonry) Owner: University of Nevada, Reno (John Walsh, Senior Director of Planning & Construction) Architect: Collaborative Design Studio, Reno, NV Associate Architect: WTW Architects, Pittsburgh, PA
Project Credits
During construction (photo courtesy of Collaborative Design Studio)
Landscape Architect: Lumos & Associates, Reno, NV Civil Engineer: Wood Rodgers, Reno, NV Structural Engineer: Forbes Engineering, Reno, NV Mechanical Engineer: Ainsworth & Associates, Reno, NV Electrical Engineer: PK Electrical Engineering, Reno, NV General Contractor: West Coast Contractors of Nevada, Inc., Reno, NV Concrete Contractor: Tedesco Pacic Construction, Inc., Carson City, NV Masonry Contractor: A1 Masonry & Sandblasting, Las Vegas, NV Structural Precast Supplier: Kie-Con, Inc., Antioch, CA Concrete Masonry Products Supplier: Basalite Concrete Products, LLC, Reno, NV Cast Stone Supplier: Arriscraft International, Cambridge, ON, Canada Acknowledgments
Project submitted by Peter W. Grove, AIA, NCARB, Managing Partner, Collaborative Design Studio, Reno, NV. Additional information provided by Gary Indiano of Basalite and Allen Forbes of Forbes Engineering. Michael Paul of ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, wishes to thank Kevin L. Merkling, AIA, and Julie Collins of Collaborative Design Studio for responding to unending requests, with special thanks to Erik Fong, AIA, and the AIA Northern Nevada chapter for publicizing the call for submissions that prompted this article. Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Plaza with concrete pavers (photo courtesy of Collaborative Design Studio)
45
A Swedish Home with Concrete Gables

by J. Michael Welton
striking, concrete-gabled residence in Sweden won the international House of the Year Award 2013 from World Architecture News. Summerhouse Lagn, in Vstra Lagn, Sweden, was a project designed by the architecture rm of Tham & Videgrd. Bolle Tham and Martin Videgrd were the Chief Architects, with Anna Jacobson, Project Architect. The structural engineer was Sweco, Mathias Karlsson, Principal.
forest opens up out onto the bay. When approached from the north, the entrance to the bay presents itself as an opening between the buildings, giving direction toward the light and water. The outdoor space between the buildings is protected from rain by a pitched canopy of glass.
Exposed Concrete Combines with Nature

The terrace, interior oors, and faades are made of exposed, natural-colored cast-in-place concrete formed
Site Drives the Design
The setting for Summerhouse Lagn is the Stockholm archipelago, on an island with natural ground sloping gently down to the sea in the south. The building site is mostly open with a few trees and bushes. Unlike other projects Tham & Videgrd has worked on that were located on more isolated islands in the archipelago without car access from the mainland, this site was relatively easy to reach even for the heavy transport vehicles. The clients desire for a maintenance-free house served as the inspiration to design the house as an integral part of nature. In contrast to a more typical light wooden cottage, the weight and color scale of concrete connects Summerhouse Lagn to the granite bedrock of the island. The house comprises two building volumes that are placed side by side and form a line that claries their position in the landscape, just at the border where the
For its 2013 awards program, World Architecture News received 1379 entries from 72 countries. The judging panel comprised 317 international judges. Generally, the judging panel regarded Summerhouse Lagn as a complete piece of architecture, which is also referenced well into its landscape. Judge Aljosa Dekleva, Founding Partner of dekleva gregoric arhitekti, stated Its very smart especially with the roof space. Not only does it makes sense, but it makes a statement. The form of the roofs are also informing the interior space. Judge Carl Turner, Founding Director of Carl Turner Architects thought that It has a very strong visual impact. Its simple but sophisticated. Its actually deceptively simple as its a very clever building. Tanya Kalinina, Director at McAdam Architects, said: The interpretation is immaculate. Its just so smart.
All photos courtesy of Lindman Photography
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using plywood formwork. The interior is painted white with the woodwork in ash. A sauna, a detached block of cast-in-place concrete with a wooden interior, offers a secluded place near the beach and pier. The exterior character of the house is derived from a number of transverse gable roofs, which connect to each other, and, like boathouses in a line, form a pleated long faade. This provides a sequence of varied room heights for the interior and creates places in the otherwise completely open living room that stretches through the entire length of the main building. With a relatively shallow room depth and a continuous sliding glass partition out to the terrace, the space can be described as a niche in relation to the archipelago landscape outside. The small rooms are located along the north faade with access through a wall of sliding doors. They are
lit by openable skylights and form smaller, pitched ceiling spaces within the main roof volume.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
J. Michael Welton writes about architecture, art, and design for a number of national and international publications, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Dwell. He also edits and publishes a digital design magazine at www. architectsandartisans.com, where this article originally appeared.
47
Stability of Circular Bridge Column Reinforcing Bar Cages

Experimental and analytical investigation
by J. Camilo Builes-Mejia, Ahmad M. Itani, and Hassan Sedarat
ecent collapses of bridge column reinforcing bar cages have exposed the vulnerabilities of these intermediate structures to accidental loading or errors such as premature removal of guy cables (wire ropes) (Fig. 1). The investigation presented in this article was conducted to determine the behavior of reinforcing bar cages subjected to lateral loads, identify progressive collapse sequences, and propose and calibrate nonlinear computational models.
dinal bars placed at the corners of a square inscribed inside the hoops and tied at every intersection with every hoop; and Internal bracesbars fabricated to span the interior of the cage (along lines that are diagonal to the transverse and longitudinal sections) and tied at intersections with longitudinal bars and hoops.
Test Specimens
Background
In the United States, the fabrication of reinforcing bar cages is based on the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute document, Placing Reinforcing Bars.1 This document provides guidelines on cage assembly, bracing, and the type and placement of tie wire connections. In addition to the longitudinal bars and hoops required by the construction documents, bar cages generally require three extra components for safe assembly and handling: Template hoopscircular ties used to maintain the cross section of the cage along its length, typically placed on 3 m (10 ft) centers, and tied at every intersection with the longitudinal bars; Pick-up barsfour straight longituMARCH 2014 Concrete international
Two full-scale bar cages (Fig. 2), each 10.36 m (34 ft) tall and 1.12 m (44 in.) in diameter, were manufactured at a local fabrication shop. The longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios were 1% and 2% for Specimens I and II, respectively. Specimen I had two internal X-braces, each 2.84 m (112 in.) high and spaced at 3.2 m (126 in.) along the length of the cage. An X-brace was fabricated from four No. 8 bars, each bent in a skewed Z-shape, welded to inner rings at the bends, and welded to each other at the central crossing point (Fig. 2 and 3(a)). Specimen II had two internal square braces, each 2.93 m (115 in.) high and spaced at 3.2 m (126 in.) along the length of the cage. A square brace was fabricated from eight No. 8 bars, each bent in a skewed Z-shape
and welded to inner rings at the bends. Bars were also welded at eight crossing points (Fig. 2 and 3(b)). Braces and longitudinal bars were tied to hoops using 15 gauge (1.83 mm) soft-annealed steel wire. The tensile strength of the wire was 276 MPa (40 ksi). Five types of tie wire connections were used in the assembly of the specimens: quadruple-snap, doublesnap, wrap-and-saddle, column-tie, and strong-tie (Fig. 4). Table 1 shows the number of intersections and the number of each type of tie wire connection that was used in the specimens. In Specimen I, 72% of the intersections between longitudinal bars and hoops were tied, with 57% of
Fig. 1: Collapse of two reinforcing bar column cages in Bent 7 of the Carquinez Bridge, Solano, CA, due to premature guy cable removal
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1.12 1.03 1.24 0.76 template hoop inner ring 2.13 2.84 template hoop internal brace X braces No. 8 hoops @ 180 mm
7 5 6 4 3 2 1 8 9 10 11 12
1.12 1.03 1.07 0.76 template hoop inner ring 2.22 2.93 template hoop internal brace Square braces No. 8 hoops @ 90 mm
10 11 12 13 14 9 8 7 6 5 4
No. 11
2.13
inner ring
No. 11
3
1.96
inner ring template hoop
template hoop 10.36 3.20 2.13 template hoop inner ring 2.13 2.84 internal brace template hoop 1.07 inner ring
2 1
pick-up bars
24 17 18 23 22 21
10.36 3.20 2.22 template hoop inner ring 2.13 internal brace 2.93 template hoop 1.07 inner ring
pick-up bars
15 16
19 20
2.06 2.24
2.06 2.24
Specimen I
Specimen II
Fig. 2: Details and dimensions of test Specimen I with internal X-braces and Specimen II with internal square braces (Note: 1 m = 39 in.; 10 mm = 0.4 in.)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3: Details of internal braces: (a) X-brace used in Specimen I; and (b) square brace used in Specimen II
the connections made using the double-snap type connection. In Specimen II, 48% of the joints were tied, with 68% of these connections made using the quadruple-snap type connection. To achieve a xed connection at the bottom of the reinforcing bar cage, the longitudinal bars were attached to
couplers that were welded to a 38 mm (1.5 in.) steel plate (Fig. 5).
Test Setup
Specimens were instrumented to measure strains induced in longitudinal and diagonal bars. Two sets of strain gauges were attached to each longitu-
dinal barone at the bottom of the specimen (near the base plate) and the other above the upper end of the bottom internal brace. Strain gauges were also attached along the length of each diagonal bar of the bottom internal brace to capture the strain at the onset of buckling. Each test specimen was raised to the vertical and the base plate was anchored to a bracket adjacent to an exterior wall of the test facility. Specimens were loaded using two 53 kN (12,000 lbf) hydraulic winches located east and south of the cage. Each winch pulled a 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter guy cable (Fig. 6) attached at the intersection of a longitudinal bar and a hoop using a clevis installed 7 m (23 ft) above the base plate. The displacements at the cable attachment points were controlled using digital servocontrollers, and the applied load was
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measured with 89 kN (20,000 lbf) tension load cells. Displacement transducers (string pots) were installed at nearly equal intervals along the height of each specimen. Three displacement transducers were placed per point and measured displacement relative to xed reference points to the south, east, and south-east of the specimen (Fig. 6).
Test Results and Observations
The test results are summarized herein using plots of the resultant force imposed by the cables as a function of the lateral and total displacements, strains at critical locations, and displacements along the height of the cage.
Specimen I As seen in Fig. 7(a), the force-displacement response of Specimen I was linear up to a displacement of 0.98 m (39 in.) and a force of 14.7 kN (3300 lbf). At that displacement, buckling of a diagonal bar in the bottom internal brace resulted in a sudden drop in the load and a large displacement. Thereafter, the force increased to 14.2 kN (3190 lbf) at a displacement of 1.20 m (47 in.), when there was another sudden drop in the load. Strains recorded in one of the bottom internal brace bars indicated that buckling of a second bar caused the second drop in the force. Following that, lateral displacement was increased gradually up to 1.52 m (60 in.), when the cage collapsed. Figure 7(b) shows the resultant lateral displacement in the XY plane along the height of the specimen. The prole of the deformed shape shows a double curvature, even though the cage is a cantilever. This indicates that lateral response of the cage is dominated by the presence of the internal braces. At the zone where the braces are not
Fig. 5: Base details of the reinforcing bar cage. To provide a fixed connection, longitudinal bars are attached to couplers welded to a 38 mm (1.5 in.) steel plate Fig. 4: Tie wire connections used in the test specimens: (a) quadruple-snap; (b) double-snap; (c) wrap-and-saddle; (d) column-tie; and (e) strong-tie
Table 1:
Tie wire connections used in Specimens I and II

Number of intersections between longitudinal bars and hoops Specimen I
197 290 150 42 14 15 708
Type of tie wire connections

None Double-snap Quadruple-snap Wrap-and-saddle Column tie Strong tie Total
Specimen II
1464 269 919 114 14 28 2808 Fig. 6: Test setup for Specimen II. Guy cables (13 mm [0.5 in.] diameter) transferring the test load are attached to the cage at 7 m (23 ft) above the base plate
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present, the lateral displacement is dominated by shearing effects because the tie wire connections dont provide any signicant moment connections at the intersections of the longitudinal bars and hoops.
0 0.25 Total displacement (XYZ resultant), m 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.52 15.58
Specimen II The measured resultant forceresultant displacement relationship for Specimen II is shown in Fig. 8(a). The response of the reinforcing bar cage is linear up to a displacement of
Lateral displacement (XY resultant), m 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.53
3,500 3,000 2,500 Resultant force, lbf 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
368 13.35 298 11.13 Distance from base, in. Resultant force, kN 8.90
North Y
0.25
1.78 9.4 7.6 6.2 4.5
6.68 4.45 2.23 0 60
178 122
5 6
66
7 8 9
Total displacement (XYZ resultant), m (in.) 0.0 North 0.21 (8.3) 4 3 2 0.38 (15.4) 1 Y 0.76 (30.0) 12 1.10 (43.4) 11 10 1.47 (57.7) X
3.1 1.7
(a)
10
20 30 40 50 Total displacement (XYZ resultant), in.
(b)
10
20 30 40 50 60 Lateral displacement (XY resultant), in.
70
Fig. 7: Specimen I experimental results: (a) total (XYZ) displacement; and (b) lateral displacement in XY plane
Total displacement (XYZ resultant), m 8,000 7,000 6,000 Resultant force, lbf 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
X Y
0.25 0.50 0.76 1.02 1.27
1.52 1.78 2.03 2.28 35.60 31.15 26.70 Resultant force, kN 22.25 17.80 13.35 8.90 4.45 80 0 90 Distance from base, in.
368 289 232 173 118
0.25
Lateral displacement (XY resultant), m 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.53
1.78 9.3 7.4 5.9 4.4
North
North
9 8 7 6 5
10 11 12
3 2 1
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13 14 15 16 17 21
24 23 22
18 19 20
(a)
Total displacement (XYZ resultant), m (in.) 0.0 0.36 (14.3) 0.72 (28.2) Y 1.07 (42.3) 1.44 (56.6) 1.84 (72.4)
Distance from base, m

Resultant force, kN
Distance from base, m
242
0.84 m (33 in.), where a small drop in the force was observed. Unlike Specimen I, the force continued to increase with increased displacement up to 1.60 m (63 in.). At a force equal to 32 kN (7190 lbf), a sudden drop in the applied force was noticed, followed by a slight increase in the displacement and a sudden force drop. A series of small drops in the force with small increases in displacement were associated with buckling of the diagonal bars in the bottom square brace. The absence of large drops in the force is apparently due to the redundancy of the square brace. After 1.80 m (71 in.) displacement, the force increased sporadically with displace(XYZ resultant) ment, followed by subsequent drops until the nal collapse of the specimen. The measured lateral displacement in the XY plane along the height of the cage is shown in Fig. 8(b). The lateral response also showed a double curvature, but this was not as pronounced as for Specimen I. This can be attributed to the presence of more longitudinal bars with more tie wire connections to the template hoops (increased shear stiffness between the internal braces).
3.0 1.6
Analytical Investigation
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 Total displacement (XYZ resultant), in.
(b)
20
40 60 80 Lateral displacement (XY resultant), in.
100
Fig. 8: Specimen II experimental results: (a) total (XYZ) displacement; and (b) lateral displacement in XY plane
Total (XYZ) resultant displacement, m 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 Total (XYZ) resultant displacement, m 8,000 7,000 6,000 Resultant force, lbf 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
X Y
3,500 3,000 2,500 Resultant force, lbf 2,000 1,500 1,000 500
0.25
Experimental Analytical
1.52 15.58 13.35 11.13 Resultant force, kN 8.90
0.25 0.50 0.76 1.02 1.27 Experimental Analytical
1.52 1.78 2.03 2.28 35.60 31.15 26.70 22.25 17.80 13.35 8.90 4.45 0 90
Analytical models of the two test specimens were developed using the ADINA nite element program.2 Displacement control was applied at two nodes 90 degrees apart and located at 7 m (23 ft) from the base of the cage. Equal incremental displacement was applied along both directions of the two guy cables. The solution to the static equilibrium equations at each time step was obtained using Full Newton procedure with line search.2 Comparison between analytical and experimental results The analytical results and the experimental data for Specimens I and II show good agreement for displacements up to 1.25 m (50 in.) for Specimen I and 1.78 m (70 in.) for Specimen II (Fig. 9).
North Y
6.68 4.45 2.23 0 60
North
(a)
10
20 30 40 50 Total (XYZ) resultant displacement, in.
(b)
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Total (XYZ) resultant displacement, in.
Fig. 9: Experimental and analytical total (XYZ) displacement results: (a) Specimen I; and (b) Specimen II
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For Specimen I, the drops in force at 1.00 m (39.4 in.) and 1.22 m (48 in.) displacement in the analytical model were caused by the buckling of two of the bottom internal brace bars (similar to the experimental observations). For Specimen II, the analytical model was slightly stiffer than the test specimen, and the sudden changes in the stiffness observed in the tests were not captured well by the analytical model. However, the maximum force captured by the model was within 5% of the maximum force observed during the test. Also, while the reduction in stiffness at 1.85 m (74 in.) of displacement was captured by the analytical model, the model did not show the increase in force after the drop. As with the model for Specimen I, the model for
Lateral displacement, m 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.52
Specimen II exhibited buckling of some of the bars in the bottom internal brace, similar to the observed test behavior. Static analyses under accidental loading Analytical evaluations were conducted to determine the responses of models representing the two specimens to static accidental lateral loading. The bar cages were modeled without any lateral support system (without guy cables) to determine their inherent lateral stiffness. An incrementally increasing distributed load was applied to half of the cage cross section over the top 1.22 m (48 in.) of the column, to represent an accidental load of a crane at the top of the reinforcing bar cage. Figure 10 shows the lateral response of the Specimen II model. An elastic lateral behavior was observed up to 1.27 m (50 in.) of lateral displacement and 28.5 kN (6410 lbf) of lateral force. Therefore, the elastic lateral stiffness of Specimen II under accidental loading is equal to 22.44 N/mm (128 lbf/in.). The maximum lateral load obtained from the pushover analysis was 31.6 kN (7100 lbf). A series of analyses were also conducted on models with square braces but with various cage heights, diameters, longitudinal reinforcing ratios, and transverse reinforcing ratios. Regression analysis of the analytical results was used to determine the lateral stiffness of the reinforcing bar cage.3 Based on this parametric analysis, the lateral stiffness K of circular reinforcing bar cages is given by (in lbf/in.) (1)
8,000 7,000 6,000 Lateral force, lbf 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
0.25
0.51
1.78
2.03 35.60 31.15 26.70 22.25 17.80 13.35 8.90 4.45 Lateral force, kN
10
20
30 40 50 Lateral displacement, in.
60
70
0 80
Fig. 10: Lateral response of Specimen II under accidental loading
where is the longitudinal reinforcing ratio, and H and D are the height and the diameter of the cage, respectively. Dynamic analyses under accidental loading Frequency analyses were conducted on the calibrated computational model of Specimen II to determine its dynamic properties, mode shapes, and natural periods. Figure 11 shows the three mode shapes obtained from the analyses. The prole of the deformed shape shows a double curvature for the rst and second modes. These two modes are not symmetrical due to the unsymmetrical tie wire connections of the cage. Mode 3 is a torsional mode. The rst, second, and third periods of Specimen II were equal to 2.13, 1.90, and 1.33 seconds, respectively. An accidental contact of a crane at the top of a bridge column reinforcing bar cage could be described as an abrupt excitation. Usually this type of loading is idealized by simple shapes, such as a rectangular pulse. Analytical investigations were conducted to determine the dynamic response of Specimen II model when subjected to a rectangular pulse. The special Newmarks case, constant average acceleration scheme,4 was used in the time integration of the governing dynamic equations with parameters
Fig. 11: Mode shapes of Specimen II obtained from the analyses: first mode (left), second mode (middle); and third mode (right)
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2 1.5 Static displacement

1
2.0 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Pulse duration 1.25 Natural period 1.5 1.75 2
0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, seconds 7 X-displacement Y-displacement Static X-displacement 8 9 10
(a)

1
(b)
Displacement
Fig. 13: Shock spectrum of bridge column reinforcing bar cages

1
(c)
Fig. 12: Reinforcing bar cage lateral displacement time histories for various pulse durations: (a) td Tn = 18; (b) td Tn = 1; and (c) td Tn = 2 (Note: td Tn is pulse duration to natural period ratio)
and equal to 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. Damping, which is believed to be provided mostly by the deformation of the tie wire connections in cages, was assumed equal to 5%. Presuming the same damping for both modes and using the equations dened in Reference 4, the coefficients of the Rayleigh damping matrix, a0 and a1, are equal to 0.1559 seconds1 and 0.0160 seconds, respectively. The dynamic analysis of a system under a rectangular pulse force can be divided into two phases: the forced vibration phase and the free vibration phase, as detailed in Reference 4. During the rst phase, the system is subjected to a step force. After the force ends, the structure experiences free vibration. Lateral displacement time histories for various pulse durations are plotted in Fig. 12. The ratios of pulse duration to natural period (td /Tn) included in the plot are 1/8, 1, and 2. Similar to the response of a single degree-offreedom system, the response of cage varies by changing the duration of the pulse. During the application of the force, the reinforcing bar cage oscillates about the static displacement with decay of motion due to damping. After the end
of the pulse, the cage oscillates freely about the initial position also with decay of motion due to the damping of the system. The number of peaks during the forced vibration phase depends on the duration of the pulsethe number of peaks increases with the duration of the pulse. For a short-duration rectangular pulse, the maximum response is lower than the static response. The pulse is too short to generate a response larger than the static response, as shown in Fig. 12(a). When the duration of the pulse is equal to or longer than the period of the cage, peaks of about twice the static response develop during the forced vibration phase, as shown in Fig. 12(b) and (c). The overall maximum lateral displacement of the reinforcing bar cage over the static displacement is plotted against the ratio of the pulse duration to the natural period in Fig. 13. This type of plot is called a shock spectrum and shows the dynamic magnication factor as a function of the pulse duration to natural period ratio. Clearly, the dynamic magnication factor depends only on the ratio of the pulse duration to the natural period of the cage. For ratios larger than 0.50, the overall maximum is less than 1.7 times the static displacement. For ratios of the pulse duration to the natural period less than 0.25, the overall maximum varies approximately linearly. The maximum value of the shock spectrum occurs at a ratio equal to 0.50, where the maximum dynamic displacement is equal to 1.7 times the static displacement.
Displacement
Summary and Conclusions
Experimental and analytical investigations were conducted on the lateral behavior of bridge column reinforcing bar cages. Two full-scale cages were tested until failure to determine the response to lateral displacement. Using the
Maximum dynamic Maximum static displacement displacement
Displacement
53
results from the experimental study, nonlinear static and dynamic nite element analyses were conducted on computational models of the cages. The following conclusions are based on the experimental and analytical investigations: Internal braces have a signicant effect on the lateral behavior and failure modes of bridge column reinforcing bar cages. Once a diagonal bar in an internal brace buckles, lateral strength and stiffness decrease; The elastic stiffness of bridge column reinforcing bar cages is proportional to the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and inversely proportional to the height-to-diameter ratio; and The dynamic response of bridge column reinforcing bar cages under a rectangular pulse force varies by changing the duration of the pulse. However, the maximum dynamic magnication factor equal to 1.7 occurs when the cage is subjected to a rectangular pulse force with duration equal to half of the cages fundamental period. Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for funding the research and to Saad El-Azazy, John Drury, and Ajay Sehgal of Caltrans for providing valuable information throughout the project.
4. Chopra, A.K., Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, third edition, Prentice Hall, 2006, 912 pp. Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
J. Camilo Builes-Mejia is a Graduate Student Research Assistant in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV.
Ahmad M. Itani is Professor and Chair of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno. His research interests include the behavior of highway bridges under gravity and seismic loading.
References
1. Placing Reinforcing Bars, eighth edition, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, IL, 2008, 254 pp. 2. ADINA 8.6.4, ADINA R&D, Inc., Watertown, MA, 2010. 3. Builes-Mejia, C.J.; Itani, A.M.; and Sedarat, H., Stability of Bridge Column Rebar Cages during Construction, Report No. CA10-1098, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, Nov. 2010, 256 pp.
Hassan Sedarat is a Senior Analyst with SC Solutions, Sunnyvale, CA. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. His research interests include the seismic analysis of complex structures.
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Concrete Sustainability Forum VI

by Koji Sakai and Julie K. Buffenbarger
he ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum VI took place in Phoenix, AZ, on October 19, 2013, in conjunction with the ACI Fall 2013 Convention. Preceding forums were held in St. Louis, MO, in 20081; New Orleans, LA, in 20092; Pittsburgh, PA, in 20103; Cincinnati, OH, in 20114; and Toronto, ON, Canada, in 20125, in which there were very interesting discussions: While deterministic-based methods dictate todays landscape, probabilistic- and risk-based methods need to be introduced; A critical piece in ensuring resilient infrastructure is to educate the owners on the importance of durable structures; Carbon emissions are growing exponentially, yet there has been no resultant change to building codes in large, developing countries; We need to see, quantitatively, what happens economically, environmentally, and socially if we change the safety factor; and, There is no signicance in saving a few weeks on the construction schedule of a building which is designed to last 100 years. It is obvious that all these discussions stem from the lack of adequate sustainable technologies and systems. Therefore, the concrete industry must be encouraged to develop innovative technologies and reliable systems.
Forum VI comprised two parts: Part 1 featured presentations on low- and negative-carbon concrete, sustainable cement, sustainable concrete structures, standards, Product Category Rules (PCRs) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), and sustainability standardization in Korea; and Part 2 was a panel discussion in which the speakers interacted with onsite and online participants.
Part 1
Low-carbon, high-performance concrete Koji Sakai, Professor at Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan, presented a new approach for the development of low-carbon, highperformance concrete. There are several methodologies for low-carbon concrete including: efficient raw material use and alternative raw materials and fuel use in cement
Moderators and speakers for the ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum VI, October 19, 2013. From left: Takayuki Higuchi, Dong-Uk Choi, Harald S. Mller, Julie K. Buffenbarger, Koji Sakai, Laurent Barcelo, and Takafumi Noguchi
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manufacture, use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to replace portland cement, reductions of portland cement by using high-range water-reducing admixtures in concrete mixtures, and the use of high-performance concretes. The most efficient method for the drastic reduction of CO2, however, is the replacement of portland cement with large amount of SCMs. In Japan, 80% CO2 reduction in portland cement was obtained using blast furnace slag in the construction of the tower foundation for the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Kobe and Awaji-shima, Japan, which is the worlds longest suspension bridge. However, many cracks with widths of 0.05 to 0.5 mm (0.002 to 0.02 in.) in 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) intervals occurred due to large autogenous shrinkage, low crack resistance, and slow early-strength development. The cracks were repaired, but to prevent recurrence of this issue, the combination of portland cement replacement with y ash and slag cement was evaluated. It was found that portland cement replacement with 20% y ash and 20% slag cement was the most effective concrete mixture combination. The developed concrete mixture showed excellent performance including 45% reduction in CO2 emissions, increased long-term strength, adequate early strength development, high resistance to cracking, and excellent durability. This low-carbon, high-performance concrete was used for a slab-wall structure. Negative-carbon concrete Takayuki Higuchi, Group Leader at Cement and Special Cement Additives Research Laboratory, Denki Kagau Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (DENKA), Tokyo, Japan, introduced a negative-carbon concrete, which was the result of the collaboration between the Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc., and KAJIMA Corporation. CO2-SUICOM (Storage Under Infrastructure by Concrete Materials) was developed in which coal ash and a special additive, -C2S, were used and cured in the exhaust gas from a coal power station. The reaction model between -C2S (-2CaOSiO2) and CO2 is: -2CaOSiO2 + 2CO2 2CaCO3 + SiO2 (gel) where -C2S is made from Ca(OH)2 and SiO2 in a rotary kiln. The CO2 emission of -C2S is one-fourth that of portland cement. The -C2S can theoretically absorb 400~500 kg (880 to 1100 lb) of CO2. The carbonation increases the volume of -C2S to 1.75 times. It contributes to the decrease of pore volume in concrete and therefore the increase of concrete strength. CO2 contents xed in concrete by curing with a chamber, in which the CO2 concentration of exhaust gas was 15~20%, were measured. It was found that the CO2 emissions from materials were 90.6 kg/m3 (5.7 lb/ft3) and the CO2 xation by curing in the exhaust gas chambers was 104.5 kg/m3 (6.5 lb/ft3). This means that the total amount of CO2 is below zero. This negative-carbon concrete was applied for paving blocks. The compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and 56
efflorescence were tested. The results were satisfactory. This concrete is now commercially available. Sustainable cement manufacturing Laurent Barcelo, Manager of Strategic Projects for Lafarge Canada, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada, described the importance of CO2 reduction from the cement industry and outlined the International Energy Agency (IEA)-World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) cement technology roadmap.6 There are three traditional levers to reduce CO2: energy efficiency in manufacture, use of alternative fuels (including biomass), and clinker substitution (either via cement or directly in the concrete mixture). The best available technology in cement manufacturing uses a ve-stage preheater with precalciner process enhancing the energy efficiency by 58% over the older wet process. In Germany, more than 37% of fuel is alternative fuel and biomass has been used successfully in cement manufacture. However, there is a large disparity regionally, and the ability to use alternative fuels and biomass provides signicant opportunity for global improvement. Barcelo explained that clinker substitution by SCMs is a powerful tool in reducing the CO2 footprint of concrete. The roadmap anticipates that 56% of the total reduction in CO2 emissions will come from carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies. These technologies are far from mature and anticipated costs for implementation are high. To avoid unrealistic CCS costs, we must look for a clinker that leverages all the current advantages, including locally abundant and economic raw materials, high levels of easy reactivity to complement SCMs, increased durability for steel protection, and a much lower CaO content to signicantly reduce CO2 emissions. Of course, this clinker should be suitable for production in existing plants. The BCSAF (Belite-calcium Sulfoaluminate-ferrite) clinker, developed by Lafarge (Aether) and others, may be one option. The Aether clinker realized a 30% CO2 reduction in comparison with ordinary portland cement clinker (PCC). However, some challenges regarding cost and properties exist. The Lafarge pilot production runs have shown that material can be produced using existing manufacturing equipment. Durability studies are ongoing. Sustainable concrete structures with service life design and eco-efcient concrete Harald S. Mller, Professor at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, discussed approaches for increasing sustainability. Sustainability is realized by maximizing service life and minimizing environmental impacts. In order to increase the service life of a structure, adequate service life design (SLD), monitoring and structural inspection, and adequate rehabilitation work are necessary. It is also important to retain the structures aesthetic design. Regarding the enhancement of performance, the use of
building materials with increased strength and durability and materials with additional functionality are required. It is also important to improve resilience. To enhance the performance of a structure, ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is one option. Necessary measures to minimize the environmental impacts of structures should be considered: use of raw materials with reduced eco-impacts, development of concretes with reduced binder and/or cement clinker contents, and the development of environmentally friendly production and building techniques. The steps for SLD of structural systems are: 1) system analysis including description of the system, failure analysis, and fault tree analysis; 2) failure probability analysis; and 3) risk analysis. ISO environmental standardization for concrete sector Takafumi Noguchi, Professor at The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, explained ISO standardization on environmental issues for the concrete sector. The standards have been developed by ISO/TC71/SC8 (Environmental Management for Concrete and Concrete Structures), chaired by Koji Sakai, which comprises 13 participating and 11 observing countries. The sections of ISO 13315 developed and under development in the series are: Part 1General principles (ISO 13315-1, published in 2012); Part 2System boundary and inventory data (ISO 13315-2, FDIS stage); Part 3Constituents and concrete production (under preparation); Part 4Environmental design of concrete structures (NWIP); Part 5Execution of concrete structures (under preparation); Part 6Use of concrete structures; Part 7End-of-life phase including recycling of concrete structures (under preparation); and Part 8Labels and declaration (NWIP). (Note: FDIS is Final Draft International Standard and NWIP is New Work Item Proposal.) The concrete sector has been using the ISO 14000 series. However, this series was developed for industrial goods and services and its application to the concrete sectors activities, which have inherent differences, is difficult. Therefore, the ISO 13315 standard series has been created to provide common rules in evaluating the environmental impacts of concrete and concrete structures. PCRs and EPDs Julie K. Buffenbarger, Construction Specialist for Lafarge, Medina, OH, reviewed the market growth of sustainable construction and the development of EPDs which will become the new standardized measurement for environmental impacts of materials and services.
The sustainable construction market is projected to reach $145 billion in 2015. Much of its growth has come from the wide adoption of sustainable rating tools for buildings such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Most recently, initiatives such as Architecture 2030 ask for dramatic reduction in global fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the built environment by altering the way cities, communities, infrastructure, and buildings are planned, designed, and constructed. The ultimate goal is the design of carbon-neutral buildings by 2030. To achieve net-zero energy buildings, unbiased, scientic-based tools must be used to accurately quantify environmental impacts of building materials. EPDs provide the quantitative embodied impacts of the products. EPDs are supplied by manufacturers of products and services. The path to create an EPD includes: 1) establishing a PCR for data collection via ISO 14024; 2) conducting an LCA of manufacturing; 3) verifying the LCA; 4) preparing an EPD draft; 5) validating the EPD; and 6) registering the EPD. The question remains how easily this will be accomplished for concrete, as there are thousands of mixture designs and variability with materials procurement. Today, industry associations such as the Portland Cement Association (PCA) and the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) are carrying much of the burden by creating industry average EPDs for cement and concrete, which may be used in LEED v4 and other rating systems requesting EPDs. Buffenbarger also mentioned that the advent of building information modeling (BIM) enables environmental impact information to be readily integrated into the design process, allowing designers the ability to evaluate total building impact performance early in the design stage. Sustainability standardization in Korea Dong-Uk Choi, Professor at Hankyong National University, Ansung, South Korea, discussed the development of environmental standards for concrete in Korea. Korea was the 7th highest GHG-emitting country globally in 2011. Under GHG and Energy Target Management, 480 business enterprises that emit more than 60% of GHGs in Korea are under direct control by the government for GHG emission and energy consumption. Two main players at the industry level, the Korea Cement Industrial Association (KCIA) and the Architectural Institute of Korea (AIK), are creating standards to meet the new GHG and energy targets. New cement standards will permit use of up to 10% SCMs (5% at present). Other strategies include electric power generation using heat recirculation, alternative raw materials and fuels for cement kilns, use of more energy efficient equipment, and introduction of portland limestone powder cement.
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The new 2013 AIK Building Construction Standard Specication requires constructors to submit an Environmental Management Plan for Construction including: 1) increasing the reuse/recycling amount of construction and demolition wastes and industrial by-products; 2) environmental management on construction sites; 3) reduction of GHG emissions; 4) reduction of natural resources; and 5) water resource management. The former two are mandatory and the latter three are optional. The Korean Concrete Institute (KCI) and Korean Institute of Construction Technology (KICT) have completed drafting the following standards: Type III declaration on cement; Type III declaration on aggregates; and Type III declaration on ready-mixed concrete. Type III declarations provide consumers with the information on quantied life-cycle environmental performance of a product. Acting as Panel Moderator, Sakai presented the following discussion points: Is the industry going in the correct direction for the development of innovative low-carbon cement/concrete? What are the keys to accelerating SLD for a sustainable concrete structure? What are the essential benets to introducing EPDs in the concrete industry? What are the opinions of the industry on the development of an international environmental or sustainability standard for the concrete sector? Is the concrete sector taking proper action for sustainable development? What are the barriers to introducing new sustainable and resilient concretes in practice? Due to time limitations, a full discussion could not take place. However, it was concluded that: Many actions toward steadily increasing concrete sustainability have been taken in the last 5 years; Continuation of the development of new sustainable technologies and systems is imperative; and Practical sustainable construction applications should be promoted. We hope that the readers of this article consider the preceding questions and take action as members of the concrete industry for creating a sustainable society. Nearly 100 onsite registrants participated in the ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum VI, and 49 additional attendees participated through the webinar. It is the authors opinion that the ACI Concrete Sustainability Forum has played an important role in providing ideas and exposure to the development and adoption of innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and standards
for the concrete industry over the last 6 years. The seventh Sustainability Forum is being planned for Washington, DC, in the fall of 2014. As sustainability becomes more widespread and adopted, the usefulness of future Forums will be considered and evaluated in 2015. References
1. Sakai, K., and Sordyl, D., ACI St. Louis Workshop on Sustainability, Concrete International, V. 31, No. 2, Feb. 2009, pp. 34-38. 2. Sakai, K.; Buffenbarger, J.K.; and Stehly, R.D., Concrete Sustainability Forum, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 3, March 2010, pp. 56-59. 3. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., Concrete Sustainability Forum III, Concrete International, V. 33, No. 3, March 2011, pp. 37-40. 4. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., Concrete Sustainability Forum IV, Concrete International, V. 34, No. 3, March 2012, pp. 41-44. 5. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., Concrete Sustainability Forum V, Concrete International, V. 35, No. 4, April 2013, pp. 45-49. 6. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009: Carbon emissions reduction up to 2050, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and International Energy Agency (IEA), 2009, 36 pp. Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Part 2
Koji Sakai, FACI, is a Professor at Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan. He chairs ISO TC 71/SC 8, Environmental Management for Concrete and Concrete Structures; the Japan Concrete Institute Committee on Sustainability; and the Asian Concrete Foundation Sustainability Forum. He chaired b Commission 3, Environmental Aspects of Design and Construction, from 2002 to 2010. Sakai was a session co-moderator for the previous ve Concrete Sustainability Forums. Julie K. Buffenbarger, FACI, LEED AP , is a Construction Specialist with Lafarge, Medina, OH. She is also Chair of ACI Committee 130, Sustainability of Concrete. Buffenbarger was a session co-moderator for the previous four Concrete Sustainability Forums.
Summary
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Microsphere-Based Admixture for Durable Concrete

A replacement for conventional air entrainment
by Mark A. Bury, Frank Ong, Emmanuel Attiogbe, Charles Nmai, and James Smith
ir entrainment is the incorporation of air in the form of microscopic bubbles (typically smaller than 1 mm [0.04 in.]) during the mixing of either concrete or mortar.1 Since the 1930s, air entrainment, which is achieved through the use of an air-entraining admixture or agent (AEA), has been the state-of-the-art technology to improve the resistance of critically saturated concrete from deterioration due to cyclic freezing and thawing. Commercially available AEAs are added to concrete during batching, typically in liquid form, to purposely stabilize air voids in concrete during the mixing process. The air voids provide a means of relieving internal stresses in concrete that arise during the freezing and thawing of water within the paste fraction of concrete. Commonly used AEAs are manufactured from water-soluble salts of wood resins or rosins and synthetic detergents that were rst introduced in the mid-1980s. AEAs are formulated to meet the requirements of ASTM C260/C260M, Standard Specication for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete, and the durability of air-entrained concrete can be evaluated in the laboratory using ASTM C666/C666M, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing. ACI 318-112 provides recommendations on the total air content required for concrete that would be exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing based on exposure class and nominal maximum aggregate size. While air entrainment has a long history, it is also associated with a number of issues. This article introduces a new admixture system developed to address these issues and provide the highest levels of resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing.
The issues associated with air entrainment in concrete include: Control of air content Control of air content is necessary for consistent concrete performance, but its difficult to manage the numerous documented factors that can affect plastic air content and the quality of the air-void system in hardened concrete. These factors include the characteristics of the portland cement, aggregates, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, production procedures, ambient conditions, and construction practices. More details on these factors can be found in ACI 212.3R-103 and Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures.4 Effect of air entrainment on strength Air entrainment will lower the strength of concrete. As a rule of thumb, a 1% increase in air content may lead to a 3 to 5% decrease in compressive strength. Consequently, mixture proportioning adjustments, such as increased cement content or reduced water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), are required to compensate for the strength loss relative to a companion concrete mixture without entrained air. The true cost of air entrainment AEAs are typically used in very small dosages to achieve the desired air content and often cost less than pennies per yd3 of concrete. However, the true cost of air entrainment to a concrete producer also includes the expenses associated with quality control to ensure consistency between loads, mixture overdesign to compensate for potential strength loss due to higher-than-designed air content, and the expenses associated with concrete that doesnt meet the
Conventional Air Entrainment
59
specied air content (rejected loads or even removal/ replacement of hardened concrete that is subsequently determined to be noncompliant). An in-depth analysis would reveal that the actual cost of air entrainment to a concrete producer can be well over an order of magnitude greater than the initial AEA cost per yd3 of concrete, depending on resources employed, mixture proportions, and the producers business model.
A New Admixture
To address the noted challenges and issues that face concrete producers, contractors, and design professionals, BASF Corporation has developed a new, robust, patentpending admixture technology that provides resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing of concrete. Unlike AEAs that stabilize air voids in concrete during the mixing process, the new liquid admixture contains hollow microspheres (Fig. 1). These microspheres have a highly resilient, tough, exible shell and, similar to entrained air voids, provide stress relief zones during the expansion of freezing water
Fig. 1: Microspheres used in new concrete admixture that provides resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing
within concrete. The use of microspheres in concrete or mortar for protection against freezing and thawing is not new, but, as described later in this article, BASF Corporation has developed a patent-pending point-of-use system to make their application in concrete economically feasible. The main differences between the microsphere-based technology and conventional air-entrainment technology (using AEAs) are the volume space requirements and the inherent stability of the microspheres. Air contents in the range of 5 to 8% are typically specied for concrete mixtures that are expected to be exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing. In contrast, the recommended dosage of microspheres to provide equivalent performance is 1% by volume of concrete. ASTM C666/C666M freezing-and-thawing performance data for non-air-entrained concrete mixtures treated with varying dosages of the microsphere-based admixture are presented in Tables 1 and 2 for laboratory and eld trial mixtures, respectively. The data show that excellent freezing-and-thawing performance can be achieved with the microspheres at a dosage of 0.75% by volume of concrete. However, as stated earlier, the recommended dosage for the microsphere-based admixture is 1% by volume of concrete. Compared to conventional air entrainment, the microsphere-based admixture technology is very robust and unaffected by the various factors that negatively inuence air content in air-entrained concrete. In addition, air loss during transit to the jobsite or due to pumping are virtually nonissues with the microsphere-based technology, because its freezing-and-thawing performance is not dependent on the total air content of concrete. Consequently, the microsphere-based admixture eliminates the variability and collateral effects associated with conventional air entrainment in concrete. The difference in compressive strength between a reference air-entrained concrete mixture and a companion mixture treated with the microsphere-admixture technology can be up to about 30% (see Table 2). Therefore, key benets of the new technology could include enhanced
Table 1:
ASTM C666/C666M freezing-and-thawing data for microsphere-based admixture (lab trial)

Nominal proportions, lb/yd3 (kg/m3) Mixture Portland Fine Coarse number cement aggregate Aggregate Water
1 2 3 4 5
*
AEA* dosage, Microsphere-based fl oz/cwt admixture, % by Air Slump, in. (mL/100 kg) volume content, % (mm)
0.9 (60) 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.75 5.6 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 4.00 (100) 1.75 (45) 2.00 (50) 2.50 (65) 3.00 (75)
Durability factor, % at 300 cycles

97 98 99 94 95
517 (307)
1380 (819)
1882 (1116)
284 (168)
Air-entraining admixture
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Table 2:
ASTM C666/C666M freezing-and-thawing data for microsphere-based admixture (field trial)

Nominal proportions, lb/yd3 (kg/m3) Mixture Portland number* cement
1-C 2-C 1-D 2-D 3-D 560 (332) 60 (36) 273 (162)
Fly ash
MicrosphereAEA dosage, based fl oz/cwt admixture, Air Slump, in. Water (mL/100 kg) % by volume content, % (mm)
0.6 (39) 0.5 (33) 1.00 1.00 1.00 8.0 2.9 8.2 2.7 3.2 5.25 (135) 5.50 (140) 9.25 (235) 7.25 (185) 7.50 (190)
Durability factor, % at 300 cycles

97 97 102 98 100
Compressive strength, psi (MPa) 7-Day

4590 (31.7) 5070 (40.0) 3770 (26.0) 4610 (31.8) 4860 (33.5)
28-Day
6060 (41.8) 6530 (45.0) 5010 (34.6) 6380 (44.0) 6540 (45.1)
CCentral mixer; DDry batch Air-entraining admixture

*
Fig. 2: Field trial of microsphere-based admixture-treated concrete in Minnesota
economy and sustainability, as the admixture could facilitate greater replacement levels of portland cement with SCMs or permit reductions in portland cement content, with corresponding adjustment of aggregate contents for yield. Full-scale eld trials using ready-mixed concrete from both dry-batch and central-batch plants show that microspheretreated concrete is also easy to place and nish (Fig. 2).
Point-of-Use System for Onsite Production of Microsphere-Based Admixture
As stated earlier, the use of microspheres in concrete as an alternative to conventional air entrainment for protection against freezing and thawing is not new. The technology is commercialized in Europe in the form of dry microspheres, but logistical and handling issues limit its use to smallscale applications. To overcome these challenges, BASF has developed a patent-pending point-of-use system, as illustrated schematically in Fig. 3, for production of the liquid microsphere-based admixture onsite at concrete plants. The point-of-use system consists of a feed tank, production equipment that processes
Fig. 3: Point-of-use system for production of microsphere-based admixture
the liquid raw material, and a storage tank for the nished product. The feed tank is connected to the production equipment using a relatively simple plug-and-play attachment. With this point-of-use system, a liquid raw material consisting of the microspheres is shipped to a concrete producer just like any typical admixture purchase and stored in the feed tank. During operation, the point-of-use system automatically converts feed raw material into the liquid microsphere-based admixture, which is then stored
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in the nished products tank and, subsequently, dispensed into concrete mixtures as needed during batching. Similar to how other liquid admixtures are typically distributed, the dispensing unit for the microsphere-based admixture is also connected to the batching panel. For quality control purposes, two precision measuring devices on the machine carefully monitor the output to ensure a high-quality nished product. The point-of-use system can be customized to meet concrete production requirements. The BASF point-of-use system has been thoroughly tested and successfully used in actual concrete production at a number of concrete plants, with excellent results.
sufficient to provide protection to concrete exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing in service. Microspheres do not entrain air in concrete. Because they are extremely small in size, microspheres have been reported5 to have an equivalent spacing factor of about 0.0027 in. (0.07 mm). Therefore, a paradigm shift will be needed in the concrete industry, particularly, among design professionals and speciers, with respect to the requirements of air content for concrete containing microspheres.
Summary
Paradigm Shift Required
Within the concrete industry, it is generally accepted that a spacing factor equal to or less than 0.008 in. (0.20 mm) is required for concrete to achieve resistance to freezing and thawing. In Canada, the Canadian Standards Associations CSA A23.1, Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction, provides spacing factor requirements for concrete in addition to total air content. However, in the United States, a total air content is usually specied, with the implicit assumption that, if the air content is achieved, the resulting air-void system would be
BASF has developed a liquid microsphere-based admixture for protection of concrete exposed to freezing and thawing. A patent-pending, point-of-use system has also been developed to make the application of this admixture economically feasible. With the point-of-use system, logistical issues and costs associated with handling and transporting dry microspheres to concrete producers or to a jobsite are eliminated. In addition, dispensing of the liquid microspheres becomes as easy as dispensing any other liquid admixture. It has been proven through extensive freezing-and-thawing testing that, at a dosage of 1% by volume of concrete, the microsphere-based admixture will protect concrete exposed to cyclic freezing
Knowledge
Base
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Publish an article in Concrete International and help further the mission of ACI with your technical expertise. Were interested in case studies that will help our readers do their jobs. So if youve learned (even the hard way) how to design, construct, or repair a concrete structure better, faster, or more cost effectively, let usand the ACI membershipknow. Submission guidelines are at: www.concreteinternational.com/ pages/about_ci_submit.asp. For further information, contact Rex C. Donahey, Editor-in-Chief, at rex.donahey@concrete.org.
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and thawing under saturated conditions. The microspheres used in this liquid admixture are hollow and have a highly resilient, tough, exible shell. The microsphere-based admixture technology is very robust and unaffected by the various factors that negatively inuence air content in air-entrained concrete. As a result, the variability and collateral effects associated with conventional air entrainment in concrete are eliminated. The admixture will also facilitate reductions in portland cement contents and, if desired, greater replacement levels of portland cement with SCMs, thus allowing concrete producers to re-proportion their current air-entrained concrete mixtures for economy and sustainability. Finally, full-scale elds trials using ready mixed concrete from both dry-batch and central-batch plants show that microsphere-treated concrete is easy to place and nish. References:
1. ACI Concrete Terminology (ACI CT-13), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 76 pp. 2. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp. 3. ACI Committee 212, Report on Chemical Admixtures for Concrete (ACI 212.3R-10), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 61 pp. 4. Kosmatka, S.H., and Wilson, M.L., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th edition, EB001.15, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2011, 444 pp. 5. Sommer, H., Ein Neues Verfahren zur Erzielung der Frost-Tausalz-Bestndigkeit des Betons (A New Method of Making Concrete Resistant to Frost and De-Icing Salt), Betonwerk + Fertigteil-Technik, V. 44, No. 9, 1978, pp. 476-484. Note: Additional information on the ASTM and CSA standards discussed in this article can be found at www.astm.org, and www.csagroup.org, respectively. Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Mark A. Bury, FACI, is a Product Manager with BASF Corporation with 33 years of concrete experience. He received his Applied Science degree and his Bachelors degree in business administration from Baldwin Wallace College. He is a member of several ACI and ASTM Committees and immediate past Chair of ASTM Subcommittee C09.47, Self-Consolidating Concrete. Bury has a patent on a corrosion-inhibiting admixture for concrete and has published numerous papers on concrete and admixture technology.
ACI member Frank Ong is a Principal Scientist at BASF Corporation, Beachwood, OH, and has been part of the development group for 13 years. He received his MS and PhD in civil engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. His research interests include chemical admixtures, alkali-silica reaction, and the freezing-and-thawing durability of concrete.
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, FACI, is Head of Innovation Cluster Technologies, BASF Construction Chemicals, Global R&D, Cleveland, OH. He received his PhD in civil engineering from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, specializing in structural engineering and concrete materials. He was awarded the ACI Wason Medal for Materials Research in 1995. He is a member of several ACI Committees, a past member of the ACI Board of Direction, and a past Chair of the Technology Transfer Advisory Group of ACIs Strategic Development Council.
Charles K. Nmai, FACI and past member of the ACI Board of Direction, is Engineering Associate/Manager, Engineering Services, with BASF Construction Chemicals, Beachwood, OH. He is currently Chair of ASTM Subcommittee C09.23, Chemical Admixtures. In 2013, Nmai received the ACI Arthur R. Anderson Medal for outstanding contributions to the advancement of knowledge of concrete as a construction material in the areas of corrosion and chemical admixtures. He received his PhD in civil engineering from Purdue University.
James Smith has been a Development Scientist with BASF Corporation for over 8 years and has been involved in the construction chemicals industry for over 25 years. His expertise and interests are in admixture formulation, test method development, technology transfer, manufactured concrete products admixtures, and colorants for cementitious materials.
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Trowel-Finished Integrally Colored Concrete

Integrally colored, trowel-nished concrete atwork will have natural variations in color (Fig. 1). While the decorative concrete contractor can minimize these variations through careful control of such factors as the materials used in the concrete, the mixture proportions, weather conditions, nishing methods, and curing, the contractor must also manage the expectations of the owner. First, its imperative that the owner understands and accepts that colored concrete will never match the uniformity of an opaque painted surface. Second, its important to provide examples that allow the owner to see that integrally colored concrete will have some natural color marbling. For small projects, photos or site visits might be sufficient. For large projects, construction of a eld mock-up can provide an on-site standard for approval of the proposed work and evaluation of the nished product. The mock-up and the nal product should always use the same materials; placing and nishing tools; and materials and methods for nishing, curing, and sealing the atwork. The best practices for minimizing color variations in troweled, integrally colored concrete surfaces are related to: Type of nish A sweat nish involves minimal trowelingperhaps two passeswhile a burnished (hard-troweled) nish uses
Decorative Concrete
in
Best Practices
Fig. 1: Normal color variations seen in power trowel finished floors (photo courtesy of Decorative Concrete Resources, Saginaw, MI)
Fig. 2: Color differences caused by inconsistent finishing techniques (photo courtesy of Decorative Concrete Resources, Saginaw, MI)
This best practices note from the American Society of Concrete Contractors is presented for reader interest by the editors. The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the American Concrete Institute. Reader comment is invited.
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multiple passes with either hand tools or walk-behind power trowels. A sweat nish will more closely match the color of the delivered concrete than a burnished nish. Burnished nishes are also more likely to have dark areas (called trowel burn), especially when power trowels are used. Making fewer trowel passes, reducing the rotation speed of the power trowel, and using steel-reinforced plastic blades can help to reduce the likelihood of dark or burned areas. Tools Hand-held nishing trowels usually create a darker color than Fresno trowels because the large blade and long handle of the Fresno trowel limits the amount of pressure that the nisher can apply. Color variations can also result if a magnesium oat is used instead of a steel Fresno trowel. Timing The tinting strength of the pigment in integrally colored concrete is reduced by extra water. Troweling the surface early works bleed water into the surface, so early nishing can lighten the color or cause areas of bleached or blushed
color tones. Bleed water that appears following troweling and is left on the surface can leave a white puddle appearance, and water added at the surface by the nisher will also produce a lighter color shade. Technique Inconsistent troweling is the most common cause of color variations (Fig. 2). Controlling the applied pressure, even when edging, will result in a more uniform color. Varying the type of nishing tool, the troweling direction, or the number of trowel passes are common and correctable inconsistencies. Making a full-surface nal troweling pass can help to reduce local color variations. Members of the Decorative Concrete Council (DCC), a specialty council of the American Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC), will work with owners and architects to develop specications and establish methods for addressing technical requirements to meet desired nal appearance of their decorative concrete projects. For more information, visit www.ascconline.org or call the ASCC Decorative Concrete Hotline at (888) 483-5288.
ACI 562-13 NOW AVAILABLE!

A must-have document for structural concrete repairs.
Code Requirements for Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13) and Commentary Order Code: 56213.CI
$127.50 (ACI members $76.00)
www.concrete.org
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Products &
Practice
Hycrete Demonstrates Flooring Protection for Healthcare Applications
Hycrete, Inc., completed two projects using Hycrete V1000, a concrete admixture that blocks concrete pores and reduces relative humidity of concrete and moisture and vapor transfer. The Southern California Telemedicine Learning Center at the University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, used Hycrete V1000 to protect the slab-on-ground (in classroom, laboratory, and office spaces) and the auditorium and quad bridges. Prince William Hospital, located in Haymarket, VA, is completing a large expansion and the construction team selected Hycrete to protect the ooring on ve oors of the hospital. The elevated slabs are lightweight concrete on composite metal decks and the slab-on-ground is traditional concrete over a vapor retarder on compacted base. Hycrete, www.hycrete.com
Blastcrete RMX-5000
Blastcrete Equipment Company introduced the RMX5000 Mixer/Pump for refractory, shotcrete, and concrete repair. The mixer/pump is available with either a spiral mixer or a paddle mixer with a planetary gearbox. The spiral mixer is designed for conventional shotcrete applications and the paddle mixer provides torque that is necessary for more demanding applications such as refractory mixtures, where materials are more difficult to mix. The RMX-5000 has a pump pressure of 2200 psi (15 MPa) and can produce up 5 yd3 (4.5 m3) per hour. Also, it features a 1000 lb (453 kg) mixer capacity and a 1200 lb (544 kg) hopper capacity. RMX-5000 is available with either a water-cooled diesel engine or an electric motor. Blastcrete, www.blastcrete.com
Rhino Linings Corporation announced the Concrete Solutions Cool-It, a heat-reective concrete stain and sealer. It is designed to reduce the temperature of outdoor surfaces while providing a protective colored nish. It can be used for pool decks, sidewalks, patios, and benches. Cool-It has good color retention and is available in nine different colors. It can be applied by a brush, paint roller, or an airless sprayer. Applications include concrete, polymer concrete, asphalt, masonry walls, and previously painted surfaces. Rhino Linings, www.rhinolinings.com
Rhino Linings
Giatec Surf
Giatec Scientic offers Giatec Surf, a testing device that provides rapid and accurate measurement of the surface resistivity of concrete based on the four-probe (Wenner-Array) technique. The PC software generates the required reports according to the standard specications. Surf can be used to determine the chloride permeability of concrete in accordance with AASHTO TP 95. The measurement data can be used for durabilitybased quality control of concrete as well as the service life design of concrete structures. Giatec, www.giatec.ca
MSA V-Gard Green Hard Hat
Developed in Brazil by MSA Safety Works, the V-Gard Green hard hat is manufactured from high-density polyethylene sourced entirely from sugarcane ethanol and is 100% recyclable. It is marked with a recyclable label to remind and educate users to recycle the helmet at the end of its life cycle. The hat meets the companys performance standards and those dened by ANSI Z89.1 and CSA Z94.1 MSA, www.MSAsafety.com
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Products & Practice

Web Notes
ConcreteIdeas.com New Website Launch
ConcreteIdeas.com launched a new website that has a better design, improved navigation, and features that will help users browse more efficiently. It is an all-in-one website that acts as a source for concrete-related items. The website features a directory of local concrete companies and free articles. ConcreteIdeas.com, http://concreteideas.com
Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers who are responsible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this magazine, by the American Concrete Institute, or any of its staff. They are published here simply as a service to our readers.
Strong Man Building Products Corp., introduced VaporBlock, a vapor retarder that is designed to be used when there is contact with soil or granular ll under concrete slabs. The product is manufactured from highgrade raw materials that are consistent in quality. The product features high puncture resistance and tensile strength. Strong Man Building Products, www.strongman.com
Strong Man VaporBlock
Spider, a division of SafeWorks, LLC, provided suspended scaffolding and material hoisting solutions for glass curtain wall and glazing installation on two towers of the World Trade Center: One World Trade Center and Tower Four. Spider supplied 12 complete swingstages to access the towers faades. Standard 20 and 30 ft (6 and 9 m) modular platforms were powered by Spiders SC1000 traction hoists. Also, Modulo platforms enabled access to hard to reach areas. A custom modular outrigger beam monorail system was engineered to support the platforms. Four Beta Max Leo XXL VFD material hoists were used to lift more than 3000 massive glass panels into position. With hoists on each side of the building, installers were able to bring the large panels up at a rate of 40 to 80 ft (12 to 24 m) per minute and position for the installation. Spider, www.spiderstaging.com
Spider Provides Suspended Access Solutions to World Trade Center Towers
Book Notes
Surface Coating for Sustainable Protection and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures
Surface Coating for Sustainable Protection and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures is the result of a research study extending over 25 years to develop a cost-effective and efficient protective coating system for deteriorated concrete to prevent further damage and extend its service life. This book presents extensive test data to show that an acrylic rubber surface coating can provide long-term durable performance in terms of dampproong qualities, adequate vapor diffusion, breathability, bond to concrete substrate, and low permability to chlorides, moistures, and carbonation under extreme exposure conditions. The book contains reference gures showing practical applications of surface coatings and a history and background of the research. Kohbunsha Publishing Co., Tokyo, Japan, www.ko-bunsha.com
ICPI Tech Spec Bulletin: Construction of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement Systems
Products&Service Literature&Videos
The Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI) released its technical bulletin, Tech Spec 18: Construction of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement Systems, which summarizes permeable interlocking concrete pavement and provides guidance on construction practices. It is written for contractors, project inspectors, and design professionals to assist in understanding construction requirements for project specications. Tech Spec 18 can be accessed at www.icpi.org/ techspec18. ICPI, www.icpi.org
Holcim Mortamix Rainbow Custom Color Masonry Cement
Holcim Mortamix Rainbow Custom Color Masonry Cement is designed to be used in producing mortars for brick, block, stone masonry, and stucco. It can be applied to a wall or ceiling surface and can be custom blended to match, contrast, or complement the colors of specic masonry materials. The product is manufactured from portland cement, plasticizers, water retaining-materials, air-entraining additives, and pigments. Available in standard colors and custom colors, it can be formulated under laboratory conditions to match customer needs. Holcim, www.holcim.us
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Product
Showcase
Decorative Concrete Products
H & C Clear Liquid Hardener & Densier and Lithium Protective Finish
H & C Decorative Concrete Products offers Clear Liquid Hardener & Densier and Lithium Protective Finish. Both products are water-based, VOC-compliant, and environmentally friendly. Clear Liquid Hardener & Densifer is an amorphous colloidal silica solution designed to harden and densify new and existing concrete surfaces. It can be used to limit dusting on bare and porous concrete, resist blushing and yellowing, and increase the life expectancy of the concrete. The hardener can be used with H & C Lithium Protective Finish, a lithium fortied high-gloss nish designed to penetrate and protect polished concrete surfaces by increasing hardness, enhancing stain resistance, and providing reectivity when burnished. It chemically bonds to concrete and does not peel, ake, or fade. H & C, www.hc-concrete.com
Quikrete Concrete Dcor Products

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The Quikrete Companies introduced a variety of advanced-formula concrete dcor products: Etching Stains transform concrete into a marble-like appearance with warm earth tones and shading. Concrete is permanently stained in one step; Penetrating Concrete Stains provide a deep, rich color that is highlighted by natural variations in concrete and masonry surfaces. The matte nish product is water-based, polymer-bonded, UV-resistant, and does not peel; Translucent Concrete Stains provide a semi-transparent appearance that highlights the natural variations in concrete and masonry surfaces. The matte nish stain does not peel and is water-based, polymer-bonded, and UV-resistant; Epoxy Garage Floor Coating is a two-part advanced-formula water-based epoxy kit that delivers a high-gloss nish and superior adhesion that eliminates hot tire pickup; Epoxy High-Gloss Coating is a two-part, water-based epoxy kit that delivers high solids and a clear protective barrier that provides chemical resistance and durability; Masonry Waterproofer dampproofs porous concrete and masonry surfaces, delivers maximum adhesion, and also prevents mold and mildew formation; Acrylic Concrete Coating is a textured acrylic coating that provides a nonslip, new look nish to old, worn concrete surfaces; Concrete & Masonry Waterproong Sealer is a water-based, water-resistant silicone formulation designed to dampproof and seal without changing the surface appearance; and Concrete & Masonry High Gloss Sealer is a water-based, high-gloss, acrylic clear sealer designed to dampproof, seal, and enhance the surface color. Quikrete, www.quikrete.com
Product Showcase
SpecChem Crystal Shine
SpecChem Crystal Shine is a lacquer sealer developed for interior and exterior applications. It enhances the radiance of exposed aggregate and other concrete decorative surfaces, providing a protective nish for new or existing concrete. Crystal Shine will not yellow under UV exposure, seals concrete surfaces, and provides a glossy appearance and blush resistance in damp areas. It is USDA accepted and complies with federal AIM rule VOC requirements. SpecChem, www.specchemllc.com
Vexcon Chemicals, Inc.
Vexcon Chemicals, Inc., offers Certi-Vex AC Super Seal VOC and HG VOC. The solvent-based sealers are ready to use and are non-yellowing. Both products feature low VOCs and meet the air quality requirements in all U.S. states. The sealers can provide protection from water penetration and staining. Certi-Vex AC Super Seal HG VOC leaves a high-gloss clear protective coating and Certi-Vex AC leaves a clear hard protective coating. Both contain Vexcons breathable technology, which allows moisture vapor to pass through rather than becoming trapped. Vexon Chemicals, Inc., www.vexcon.com
PlastiForm CFS
PlastiForm Boards are the original atwork plastic concrete former. Boards are made of high-density polyethylene and have a lifetime guarantee. The plastic boards are extruded in one whole piece, which reduces chipping, cracking, and warping. Also, the boards can be bent into loose curves and tight radii, but will snap back to at boards that can be easily stored, transported, and used multiple times. Plastiform CFS, plastiformcfs.com
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Calls for
Papers
Industrial Chimneys and Cooling Towers
Meeting: International Conference on Industrial Chimneys and Cooling Towers (ICCT 2014), October 8-11, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic. ICCT 2014 is jointly organized by the International Association for Industrial Chimneys; the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures; and VGB PowerTech e.V., the Technical Association for Power and Heat Generation. Solicited: Conference topics will include recommendations and codes, thermodynamic theory and simulation results, wind and thermal actions, dynamic actions and earthquake excitation, structural design and construction methods, foundation and soil-structure interaction, quality management and quality control, lifetime assessment, and maintenance and repair. Requirements: Please submit a 300-word abstract according to the Template Abstract, together with the Abstract Identication Form, available at www.icct2014.org. Deadlines: Abstracts are due by March 15, 2014. Papers of 6 to 10 pages in length are due by June 30th, 2014. Send to: papers@icct2014.org. Meeting: Technical session on Decorative Concrete Innovations that Span the Globe at the ACI Fall 2014 Convention, October 26-30, 2014, Washington, DC; sponsored by ACI Committee 310, Decorative Concrete. Solicited: Speakers are invited to submit abstracts for 25-minute presentations on decorative nishes discussed in ACI 310R, Guide to Decorative Concrete. Anticipated topics include how to achieve a great polished concrete nish; the art of using multilayer stencils; the ins and outs of stamping and texturing; reactive stains, colored dyes, and integral color combinations that impress; and sealing and curing decorative concrete. Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job title, organization, mailing address, telephone number, and e-mail; and 3) abstracts of 100 words or less. In addition to a synopsis of the proposed topic(s), the abstract should outline the speakers qualications and work experience with the subject nishing technique. Abstracts should tell prospective attendees what they will Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/ presentations being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; fax: +1.248.848.3150; e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
learn during the program and how the topic relates to the materials and methods covered by ACI 310R. Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 17, 2014. Send to: Larry Rowland, Lehigh White Cement, +1.610.366.4645, lrowland@lehighcement.com.
Our World in Concrete & Structures
Decorative Concrete Innovations
Meeting: The 39th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures, August 20-22, 2014, Singapore; sponsored by CI-Premier Pte Ltd. Solicited: Topics of the conference will include design and analysis for buildings and structures; mixture design, quality control, and production; concrete plant equipment and machinery; repairs and rehabilitation; materials and composites; construction and safety; and application in roads, bridges, tall buildings, tunnels, underwater, and underground. Visit www.cipremier.com for more information. Requirements: Submit abstracts of 250 to 300 words by e-mail. Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 30, 2014. Send to: Peggy Teo, Manager, CI-Premier Pte Ltd., peggy@cipremier.com.
3-D Time-Dependent Numerical Analyses of Concrete Structures
Meeting: Technical session titled 3-D Time-Dependent Numerical Analyses of Concrete Structures at the ACI Spring 2015 Convention, April 12-15, 2015, Kansas City, MO; sponsored by ACI Committee 209, Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete, and ACI Subcommittee 209-D, Numerical Methods and 3-D Analyses. Solicited: The modeling of creep-sensitive concrete structures is a demanding and computationally intensive task. In particular, during design, a sequence of construction stages and load combinations has to be investigated by sophisticated time-dependent 3-D analysis techniques. It is essential for the long-term performance and reliability assessment of structures to accurately capture the timedependent deformability of concrete and, thus, the interaction of sequences in loading and changes in the structural system. During service life, different challenges associated with changes of use, potentially observed damage, and an increased availability of monitoring information have to be met for performance assessment. The aim of this technical session is to collect the most advanced formulations, models, and numerical methods to provide guidance for the future use of rate type models in both structural design and detailed analyses. A special publication is planned. Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job title, organization, mailing address, telephone
70
Calls for Papers

number, and e-mail; and 3) summary of presentation content. Deadline: Abstracts are due by April 4, 2014. Send to: Roman Wendner, BOKU Vienna, PeterJordanstr 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria; e-mail: roman.wendner@ boku.ac.at. concrete (cast-in-place, precast, post-tensioned, FRP , masonry, tilt-up, etc.) in all types of uses (buildings, monuments, pavement, silos, bridges, crypts, furniture, retaining walls, utility poles, tanks, sculptures, culverts, plazas, and whatever else has caught your attention). Signicance may be historical, aesthetic, sustainable, functional, structural, construction-related, unusual use or application, or simply personal affection. Requirements: 1) Name and location of submission; image (photograph, drawing, or sketch) that is not copyrighted; 2) brief description that establishes signicance and lists credits; and 3) submitters name, title, organization, city and state, telephone, and e-mail address. Location information should include zip code. Submit all information in electronic format: image as JPG or TIF le at least 1 MB (but no more than 4 MB); text in e-mail or as MS Word document (100 words maximum). Deadline: Submissions are due by July 1, 2014. Send to: Michael J. Paul, Built Form LLC, 304 Country Club Drive, Wilmington, DE 19803; e-mail: mjp@builtform2.com.
Notable Concrete in Washington, DC, and Vicinity
Document: Compendium of notable concrete in Washington, DC, and vicinity for publication at the ACI Fall 2014 Convention in Washington, DC, October 24-30, 2014; compiled by ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, and cosponsored by the ACI National Capital Chapter and the American Institute of Architects DC Chapter. This document will also be available as an electronic le on the ACI website and may be excerpted in Concrete International. Images submitted will be stored and available as electronic les on the ACI website and may be used in ACI educational and promotional materials. Exceptional images may merit placement on the cover of Concrete International. Solicited: Image and brief description of notable
Web Sessions
To bring you the latest information about concrete, ACI records select presentations from ACI Conventions and makes them available online and on-demand through a program called ACI Web Sessions. Each week, about 1 hour of new presentations will be posted to the ACI website. Best of all, these presentations can be viewed free of charge! Simply register and log in on the ACI website to view these presentations. You dont have to be an ACI member to take advantage of this program. Some of the presentations will also become part of the ACI Online CEU program, giving you the ability to earn Continuing Education Credits over the Internet. To view these presentations, go to the ACI website at www.concrete.org, click on Education in the top menu, and then select the Web Sessions button on the left side of the page.
71
Meetings
2014 March 19-21 22-25
ICRI 2014 Spring Convention, Reno, NV www.icri.org/Events/calendar.cfm ASA Spring 2014 Committee Meetings, Reno, NV www.shotcrete.org ICPI Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA www.icpi.org/node/3996 The Changing Future of Cement & Concrete: Threat or Opportunity, Leicestershire, United Kingdom http://ict.concrete.org.uk 3rd International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure, Pisa, Italy www.icti2014.org TMS Spring Meeting, Kansas City, MO www.masonrysociety.org/html/events/ meetings/index.htm Coal Combustion Products Utilization and Management: A Practical Workshop, Lexington, KY www.caer.uky.edu/ash2014/home. shtml
12-15
International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Boston, MA www.concretesustainability conference.org NACE China International Annual Conference & Expo, Beijing, China www.sinocorr.org/en/about aspx?TypeId=10599 D + D Conference and Exhibition, Cincinnati, OH www.durabilityanddesign.com/show
22-26
19-22
22
24-29
29-30
20-22
27
May 4-6
June 1-3
March/April 30-2
PTI Convention, Norfolk, VA www.post-tensioning.org/annual_ conference.php Concrete Coatings Conference, Philadelphia, PA http://events.nace.org/conferences/ ccc2014/index.asp Concrete Structures Durability and Environment, CODE14, Tlemcen, Algeria http://code.univ-tlemcen.dz
The Second International Conference on Advances in ChemicallyActivated Materials, Changsha, China http://cam2014.hnu.edu.cn
ACPA 2014 Convention, Indianapolis, IN http://convention.myacpa.org/indy2014
7-8
5-8
April 11-12
International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, Tamilnadu, India www.icamm.capeitech.org
11-13
The 3rd International Symposium on Design, Performance, and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Xiamen, China www.rilem.org/gene/main. php?base=600040#next_657
11-13
Concrete Innovation Conference, Oslo, Norway www.cic2014.com Bring on the Heat, Houston, TX http://events.nace.org/conferences/ BOTH2014/index.asp
Upcoming ACI Conventions

2014 March 23-27, Grand Sierra Resort, Reno, NV 2014 October 26-30, Hilton Washington, Washington, DC 2015 April 12-15, Marriott & Kansas City Convention Center, Kansas City, MO 2015 November 8-12, Sheraton, Denver, CO Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Telephone: +1.248.848.3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org
17-19
For additional information, contact:
See the events calendar at www.concreteinternational.com for more listings
72
ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
The following ACI documents will soon be available:
Residential Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 332-14) and Commentary
Reported by ACI Committee 332, Residential Concrete Work James R. Baty II, Chair; James A. Farny, Secretary; Gabriel Domingo Alcaraz, Brent D. Anderson, Robert B. Anderson, William L. Arent, Chuck S. Bajnai, Joseph Stephen Balik, Robert T. Bartley, Claude J. Bergeron, Kenneth B. Bondy, John Carr, Augusta Carroll, Michael A. Carter, Michael W. Cook, Jerry D. Coombs, Barry A. Descheneaux , Timothy J. Dickson, Kevin L. Doerr, Gary J. Ehrlich, Nader R. Elhajj, Jeff R. Filler, Robert L. Henry, Barry Herbert, Geoffrey Hichborn Sr., Bret Houck, Morris Huffman, Scott R. Humphreys, Said Iravani, Raj K. Jalla, James S. Jensen, Anthony I. Johnson, Ashok M. Kakade, Tarek S. Khan, Richard Stacy Kinchen, Lionel A. Lemay, Warren E. McPherson Jr., Brian D. Miller, Gary L. Mochizuki, Jereme Montgomery, T. George Muste, Anil K. Patnaik, Dale A. Phillips, Jorge L. Quiros Jr., J. Edward Sauter, Sylvester B. Schmidt, Robert E. Sculthorpe, Christopher R. Tull, Michael H. Weber, Mary J. Wilson, Douglas C. Wittler, Kevin D. Wolf, and Carla V. Yland; Glen E. Bollin, Ron E. Colvin, John M. Jaffee, Skip Reynolds, and Royce J. Rhoads, consulting members. Abstract: This code covers the design and construction of cast-in-place concrete for one- and two-family dwellings and multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses), and their accessory structures. Among the subjects covered are the design and construction requirements for plain and reinforced concrete footings; foundation walls; slabs-onground; and requirements for concrete, reinforcement, forms, and other related materials. The quality and testing of materials discussed in this document are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standards.
Brown Jr., Vicki L. Brown, John P. Busel, Raafat El-Hacha, Garth J. Fallis, Amir Z. Fam, Nabil F. Grace, Mark F. Green, Zareh B. Gregorian, Doug D. Gremel, Shawn P. Gross, H.R. Trey Hamilton III, Issam E. Harik, Kent A. Harries, Mark P. Henderson, Bohdan N. Horeczko, Michael W. Lee, Maria E. Lopez de Murphy, Ibrahim M. Mahfouz, Amir Mirmiran, John J. Myers, Antonio Nanni,* Ayman M. Okeil, Carlos E. Ospina, Renato Parretti, Max L. Porter, Andrea Prota, Hayder A. Rasheed, Sami H. Rizkalla, Rajan Sen, Rudolf Seracino, Pedro F. Silva, Khaled A. Soudki, Samuel A. Steere III, Jay Thomas, Houssam A. Toutanji, J. Gustavo Tumialan, Milan Vatovec, David White, and Sarah E. Witt; P.N. Balaguru, Craig A. Ballinger, Harald G.F. Budelmann, C.J. Burgoyne, Elliot P. Douglas, Rami M. Elhassan, David M. Gale, Russell Gentry, Arie Gerritse, Srinivasa L. Iyer, Koichi Kishitani, Howard S. Kliger, Kyuichi Maruyama, Antoine E. Naaman, Hajime Okamura, Mark A. Postma, Ferdinand S. Rostasy, Surendra P. Shah, Mohsen Shahawy, Yasuhisa Sonobe, Minoru Sugita, Luc R. Taerwe, Ralejs Tepfers, Taketo Uomoto, and Paul Zia, consulting members; David T. Biggs and Luis Ramos, subcommittee members.
*
Contributing authors Task group Chair
Abstract: This material specication covers the requirements for carbon and glass ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems made by the wet layup process. These systems are externally bonded to concrete or masonry structures and intended for the structural strengthening of them.
Read Ci
A ip-book version of the entire current issue of CI is available to ACI members by logging in at www.concreteinternational.com. Access the ip book by clicking on the cover image on the CI Web site home page.
Specication for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening of Concrete and Masonry Structures (ACI 440.8-13)
online cover-to-cover
Reported by ACI Committee 440, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement Carol K. Shield,* Chair; William J. Gold,* Secretary; Tarek Alkhrdaji, Charles E. Bakis,* Lawrence C. Bank, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Brahim Benmokrane, Luke A. Bisby, Gregg J. Blaszak,* Hakim Bouadi, Timothy E. Bradberry, Gordon L.
73
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACIs ANSI-approved standardization procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/Discussion. These are not yet official ACI standards.
Proposed Standard Specication for Installation of Epoxy Grouting between Foundations and Equipment Bases (ACI 351.X)
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved processing the subject document through ACIs Standardization Procedure in July 2013, as did the ACI Standards Board in January 2014. Therefore, this draft document is open for public discussion from February 1, 2014, until March 17, 2014. The document appears on the ACI website, www.concrete.org/Discussion. Pertinent discussion will be available on ACIs website and announced in a future issue of Concrete International if received no later than March 17, 2014. Comments should be e-mailed to discussion@concrete.org.
Public Discussion and Closure Residential Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 332-14) and Commentary
On July 22, 2013, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion and to process it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on August 1, 2013, and closed on September 17, 2013. The committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on December 24, 2013. The Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on January 21, 2014. The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs website.
ALWAYS OPEN!
Youll never have to wait for ACIs Online Bookstore to open. Our collection of over 400 standards, technical reports, special publications, and industry favorites is always openwaiting for you! Additionally, you can download many of ACIs publications immediately!
ACIs Online Bookstore its always open!
www.concrete.org
74
Sinopsis en espaol
Estabilidad de las jaulas de barras de refuerzo para columnas puente circulares Builes-Mejia, J. Camilo; Itani, Ahmad M.; y Sedarat, Hassan, Concrete International, V. 36, No. 3, marzo de 2014, pgs. 48-54 Este artculo, revisado por expertos, presenta una investigacin realizada para determinar el comportamiento de las jaulas de barras de refuerzo para columnas puente circulares sometidas a cargas laterales. Se realiz la prueba en dos jaulas a gran escala hasta su fallo para determinar la respuesta al desplazamiento lateral e identicar las secuencias progresivas hasta el colapso. Empleando los resultados obtenidos en este estudio experimental, se realizaron anlisis estticos y dinmicos, de elemento nito no lineales, sobre modelos informticos de las jaulas. Aditivo basado en microesferas para la obtencin de un hormign duradero Bury, Mark A.; Ong, Frank; Attiogbe, Emmanuel; Nmai, Charles; y Smith, James, Concrete International, V. 36, No. 3 3, marzo de 2014, pgs. 59-63 BASF ha desarrollado un aditivo lquido basado en microesferas. Con una dosis del 1% por volumen de hormign, este nuevo aditivo proteger al hormign expuesto a ciclos de congelacin y deshielo en condiciones de saturacin. Los ensayos de campo a gran escala utilizando hormign premezclado, tanto de plantas de lote seco, como de plantas de lote central, demuestran que el hormign tratado con microesferas es fcil de aplicar y proporciona un gran acabado. VI Foro sobre la sostenibilidad del hormign Sakai, Koji, y Buffenbarger, Julie K., Concrete International, V. 36, No. 3, marzo de 2014, pgs. 55-58 El VI Foro sobre la sostenibilidad del hormign se celebr junto con la Convencin ACI de otoo de 2013. Este Foro cont con presentaciones sobre el hormign bajo en carbono y de carbono negativo, cemento sostenible, estructuras de hormign sostenible, normas, Reglamentos de Categora de Producto (Product Category Rules, PCR) y Declaraciones Medioambientales de Producto (Environmental Product Declarations, EPD), as como la normalizacin en materia de sostenibilidad en Corea. A las presentaciones les sigui un resumen de los aspectos debatidos y las observaciones nales. Un hogar sueco con tejas de hormign Welton, J. Michael, Concrete International, V. 36, No. 3, marzo de 2014, pgs. 46-47 La residencia de verano de Lagn, en Vstra Lagn, Suecia, obtuvo el Premio anual a la vivienda internacional 2013 (House of the Year Award). El deseo del cliente de una estructura que no requiriera mantenimiento sirvi de inspiracin para crear el diseo de la casa como una parte integral de la naturaleza. La terraza, los suelos interiores y las fachadas del edicio estn hechos de hormign visto, moldeado in situ de color natural, formado mediante un molde de encofrado de madera contrachapada. El peso y escala de colores del hormign conecta la casa con el lecho grantico que compone el entorno de la isla.
75
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76
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78
Concrete
Q&A
Q. A.
Crack Width Determination

Can feeler-type gauges, such as gap tools or wire gauges, be used to measure crack widths in concrete members in lieu of traditional crack comparator cards or optical devices listed in ACI 224.1R-07?1 In my experience, feeler gauges can be better tools in low light conditions and where there is a lot of dust/debris on the concrete surface. several widths at reasonable distances along a crack path. For the novice and for eld observation, the plastic graduated transparent pocket card is typically appropriate to compare the actual crack width with the different graduated lines widths on the card. It is easy to use in the eld by moving the graduated transparent plastic card along the length of the crack, estimating the possible varying widths as you compare against the different widths of the graduated lines on the card and averaging the readings as a good practical value of the crack width for decision making. Remember, we are talking about measuring crack widths in the range of 0.005 to 0.05 in. (0.127 to 1.27 mm).; Feeler gauges have a plate-like at surface to measure minimal distances between two smooth surfaces. As you know, they are used effectively in the steel industry, in conditions where you have two parallel planes (usually smooth surface) facing each other. That is not the case with concrete cracks. Concrete cracks typically form an irregular random surface not readily accessible with a feeler gauge. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to get accurate readings with feeler gauges when measuring concrete cracking.; A feeler gauge is only good for measuring cracks that do not have any side spalls at the top, so you are measuring the crack width at the surface of the crack and not having to insert the feeler gauge into the crack at a great depth. Once you have to start inserting the gauge into the crack, there is a possibility of obtaining a narrower gap width, if you have a V-shaped crack.;
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent the ofcial position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee document represents the formal consensus of the committee and the Institute. We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published in this column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at +1.248.848.3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.
While evaluating a concrete structure, accurate determination of crack widths will help in identifying the possible causes and, if needed, repair methods for cracks. As stated in your question, ACI 224.1R-071 recommends two devices for measuring crack widths: a crack comparatora small, hand-held microscope with a scale on the lens closest to the surface being viewed1; and a clear card with lines of various widths. The document does not mention the option of using feeler-type gauges, however, so weve asked members of ACI Committee 224, Cracking, for their thoughts on the subject. Here are their comments: We never use them. You cannot readily measure crack width away from the surface, primarily because crack widths and surfaces tend to be so irregular. Crack widths also vary with length and depth. A at object, such as a feeler gauge, would get hung up on the irregularities. Maybe a wire would work to probe for depth, but I could see it getting deformed quickly and no longer being accurate. When it gets hung up on surface irregularities, it would underestimate measured crack widths. Given the surface of concrete, optical is easily best.; My experience with cracks is that they are not straight enough to t a feeler gauge into.; Ive never used a feeler gauge, as it seemed impractical to obtain decent results.; Wire thickness gauges are better than at pieces of material due to the typical irregularity of the fractured concrete within the crack, which can make it hard to read the crack width.; The only accurate measurement is [through] the use of a lighted magnifying microscope. But this is easy to use in the laboratory by a person with experience in reading
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Concrete Q&A
Since surface cracks typically ravel at their edges and exhibit a notched prole, my experience has been that a visual assessment of the crack is necessary. A feeler gauge will not give the user information about the width of the actual crack, but only the width of the notch at the surface. A crack comparator card generally has sufficient accuracy to determine crack widths for repairs since the recommended limit for epoxy injecting a crack is 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).2 In my experience, optical microscopes can be challenging to use even when evaluations are performed in direct sunlight because the models Ive used only allow light from one side of the scope. If you require this level of accuracy, I recommend using the optical microscope coupled with your own light source to ensure direct lighting.; and If you insist on using at pieces of metal to feel crack widths, the old-style feeler gauges used for manually adjusting carburetors on internal combustion engines work well. Take multiple readings at each general locationtaking 5 to 10 readings and averaging them is easy to do. As you can see from the provided comments, the majority of the respondents from ACI Committee 224 are skeptical of obtaining accurate crack widths with feeler gauges; however, the ultimate decision on using them is yours. References
1. ACI Committee 224, Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures (ACI 224.1R-07), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, 22 pp. 2. ACI Committee E706, Structural Crack Repair by Epoxy Injection (ACI RAP-1), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2003, 6 pp. Thanks to Jeff West, Chair of ACI Committee 224, Cracking, and members of the committee for providing the answer.
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