BONDING WS4 5 REVISION

12

This question compares the bonding, structure and properties of sodium and sodium oxide.
(a) Sodium, Na, is a metallic element.
Explain, with the aid of a labelled diagram, what is meant by the term metallic bonding.

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(b) Sodium reacts with oxygen to form sodium oxide, Na2O, which is an ionic compound.
(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen to form sodium oxide.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

State what is meant by the term ionic bond.

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(iii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in Na2O.

Show outer electrons only.

[2]

OCR 2009

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

10

2 5

The Periodic Table is a table of elements arranged in order of atomic number. The elements are
classified into blocks.
(a) (i)

State what is meant by the term atomic number.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

Complete the full electron configuration for a titanium atom.

1s2 .............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

Identify the seventh element in the fourth period.

State which block this element is in.
element ..................................................... block ..................................................... [1]

(b) The figure below shows the boiling points of four hydrides of Group 6 elements.
100

boiling point / C

H2O

0
H2Te
H2Se
H2S
100

(i)

Explain, with the aid of a diagram, the intermolecular forces in H2O that lead to the
relatively high boiling point of H2O.

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[3]
11
OCR 2009

(ii)

Suggest why H2S has a much lower boiling point than H2O.
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(c) The boiling points of some Group 7 elements are shown below.
Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

32

Chemists have developed models for bonding and structure which are used to explain different
properties.
(a) Ammonia, NH3, is a covalent compound.
(i)

Explain what is meant by a covalent bond.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in NH3.

Show outer electrons only.

[1]
(iii)

Name the shape of the ammonia molecule.

Explain, using your dot-and-cross diagram, why ammonia has this shape and has a
bond angle of 107.
shape: ................................................................................................................................
explanation: .......................................................................................................................
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OCR 2009

Bilal Hameed

Turn over

BONDING WS 5

6
(b) Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride, HCl, to form ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.
NH4Cl is an ionic compound containing NH4+ and Cl ions.
(i)

Complete the electron configuration of the Cl ion.

1s2 .............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in NH4+.

Show outer electrons only.

[1]
(iii)

State the shape of, and bond angle in, an NH4+ ion.
shape: ................................................................................................................................
bond angle: ................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv)

A student investigated the conductivity of ammonium chloride.

She noticed that when the ammonium chloride was solid it did not conduct electricity.
However, when ammonium chloride was dissolved in water, the resulting solution did
conduct electricity.
Explain these observations.
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OCR 2009

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

10

44

The table below shows the melting points and atomic radii of the elements in Period 3, Na to Cl.
element

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

melting point / C

98

639

660

1410

44

113

101

atomic radius / pm

186

160

143

118

110

102

99

1 pm = 1 1012 m
(a) (i)

Explain the difference in melting point for the elements Na and Mg.
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(ii)

Sulfur exists as S8 molecules and chlorine as Cl 2 molecules. Use this information to

explain the difference in their melting points.
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(b) Explain the decrease in the atomic radii across the period from Na to Cl.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
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[Total: 8]
OCR 2009

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

10

5 5

This question is about elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Lithium has a giant metallic structure and a boiling point of 1342 C.
Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, the structure and bonding in lithium and explain
why lithium has a high boiling point.

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(b) Fluorine is a gas at room temperature and has a very low boiling point of 188 C.
(i)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a fluorine molecule.

Show the outer electrons only.

[1]
(ii)

Explain why fluorine has a low boiling point.

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OCR 2010

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

Explain why BF3 has this shape.

11
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelt correctly.
(c) Fluorine reacts with lithium at room temperature
to form a white crystalline solid, lithium
12
fluoride. Lithium fluoride is a good conductor of electricity when molten but not when solid.
...........................................................................................................................................
(d) Fluorine
reacts with boron, B, to form the fluoride BF3.
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in lithium fluoride.
(i)...........................................................................................................................................
Suggest
equation
for this
reaction.
Show thean
outer
electrons
only.
12
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......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(d) Fluorine
reacts with boron, B, to form the fluoride BF3.

(ii)
Name
thean
shape
of, and
the bond angles in, a BF3 molecule.
(i)...........................................................................................................................................
Suggest
equation
forstate
this reaction.
Explain
why BF3 has this shape.
...........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[1]
12 angles
In
your the
answer,
you
usethe
appropriate
technical
terms
spelt correctly.
(ii)...........................................................................................................................................
Name
shape
of,should
and state
bond
in, a BF
3 molecule.
(d) Fluorine reacts with boron, B, to form the fluoride BF3.
...........................................................................................................................................
Explain why BF3 has this shape.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(i) Suggest an equation for this reaction.
(ii)...........................................................................................................................................
Explain
why lithium
electricity
when molten
but not
when solid.
...........................................................................................................................................
In your answer,
youfluoride
should conducts
use appropriate
technical
terms spelt
correctly.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(ii) Name the shape of, and state the bond angles in, a BF3 molecule.
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Explain why BF3 has this shape.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(e) Nitrogen can also form a fluoride, NF3, which has a permanent dipole.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelt correctly.
12
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Explain why
NF
has
a
permanent
dipole.
3
...........................................................................................................................................
(d) Fluorine
reacts with boron, B, to form the fluoride BF3.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(i) Suggest
an equation for this reaction.
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(ii) Name
the shape of, and state the bond angles in, a BF3 molecule.
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[4]
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Explain
why BF3 has this shape.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(e) Nitrogen
can also form a fluoride, NF3, which has a permanent dipole.
In
your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelt correctly.
...........................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
......................................................................................................................................
[4]
Explain
why NF3 has a permanent dipole.
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(e) ...................................................................................................................................................
Nitrogen can also form a fluoride, NF3, which has a permanent dipole.
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Explain why NF3 has a permanent dipole.
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[4]
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(e) Nitrogen
can also form a fluoride, NF3, which has a permanent dipole.
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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
OCR 2010
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Explain
why NF3 has a permanent dipole.
13
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(f) Describe
and explain the trend in atomic radii of the elements Li to F across Period 2 of the
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
Periodic
Table.
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In
your
answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
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Turn over [4]
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OCR 2010

(e) ...................................................................................................................................................
Nitrogen can also form a fluoride, NF3, which has a permanent dipole.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

OCR 2010

Explain why NF3 has a permanent dipole.

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OCR 2010

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

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6 3

This question is about different models of bonding and molecular shapes.

(a) Magnesium sulfide shows ionic bonding.
(i)

What is meant by the term ionic bonding?

...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in magnesium sulfide.

Show outer electron shells only.

[2]
(b) Dot-and-cross diagrams can be used to predict the shape of covalent molecules.
Fluorine has a covalent oxide called difluorine oxide, F2O. The oxygen atom is covalently
bonded to each fluorine atom.
(i)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of a molecule of F2O.

Show outer electron shells only.

[2]

OCR 2010

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

...........................................................................................................................................
7
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Predict the bond angle in an F O molecule. Explain your answer.

(ii)

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(c) Liquid ammonia, NH3, and water, H2O, both show hydrogen bonding.
(i) ...........................................................................................................................................
Draw a labelled diagram to show hydrogen bonding between two molecules of liquid
ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Liquid ammonia, NH3, and water, H2O, both show hydrogen bonding.
(i)

Draw a labelled diagram to show hydrogen bonding between two molecules of liquid
ammonia.
[3]

(ii)

Water has several anomalous properties as a result of its hydrogen bonding.

Describe and explain one anomalous property of water which results from hydrogen
bonding.
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...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii)

OCR 2010

...........................................................................................................................................
Water
has several anomalous properties as a result of its hydrogen bonding.
...........................................................................................................................................
Describe
and explain one anomalous property of water which results from hydrogen
bonding.
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
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[Total: 13]
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Turn over

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[Total: 13]
OCR 2010

Bilal Hameed

Turn over

BONDING WS 5

10

85

Chlorine, bromine and iodine are halogens commonly used in school and college experiments.
(a) Halogens have van der Waals forces between their molecules.
(i)

Describe how van der Waals forces arise.

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(ii)

State and explain the trend in the boiling points of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
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(b) The halogen astatine does not exist in large enough quantities to observe any of its
reactions.
Why would astatine be expected to react similarly to other halogens?
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............................................................................................................................................ [1]

OCR 2011

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

6
2

= ......................................................
g [2]
Chemists can use the Periodic Table to predict themass
behaviour
of elements.
(h) What
Sulfurishexafluoride,
exists
as non-polar
covalent
molecules
with an
(a)
the name of SF
the6,term
used
to describe
the repeating
patterns
in octahedral
the Periodicshape.
Table?
(i) Explain why a molecule of SF6 has an octahedral shape.
.............................................................................................................................................
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(b) Melting
points show a trend across a period.
...........................................................................................................................................
The table
below shows the melting points of three elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

(ii)

...........................................................................................................................................
element
aluminium
silicon
phosphorus
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
melting point / C
660
1410
44
Fluorine has a higher electronegativity than sulfur, yet SF6 molecules are non-polar.

Explain
the trend
in terms
bonding
and structure.
Explain
whatshown
is meant
by theofterm
electronegativity
and suggest why SF6 molecules are
non-polar.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelled correctly.
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[Total: 23]
OCR 2012...................................................................................................................................................
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OCR 2012

Bilal Hameed

BONDING WS 5

7
(c) Scientists use sketch graphs to show trends.
(i)

Draw a sketch graph to show the general trend in ionisation energy across Period 3.

ionisation
energy

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar
[1]

(ii)

Draw a sketch graph to show the general trend in atomic radius across Period 3.

atomic
radius

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar
[1]
[Total: 9]

OCR 2012

Bilal Hameed

Turn over

BONDING WS 5

11

10

(b) The hydrazine molecule, H2NNH2, is covalent.

Predict the HNH bond angle in a hydrazine molecule.
Explain your answer.
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(c) Like ammonia, hydrazine is a base that reacts with water to form negative and positive ions.
(i)

Write the formula of the negative ion that is formed when hydrazine reacts with water.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

Suggest the formula of a positive ion which might form when hydrazine reacts with water.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 5(d)

OCR 2012

Bilal Hameed

Turn over

BONDING WS 5