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Introduction Paper-Manufacturing - Paper are widely use all over the world. It is a writing material that used to be written or printed on. Paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. But the paper we use today is not from the ancient world, Modern Paper (the one we uses nowadays) was said originally came from China, for the purpose of paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. Manufacturing of paper spread through-out the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water-powered paper mills were built, until time came where all the country now uses paper. As you proceed below I shall give you more picture of paper manufacturing.

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Raw Materials Used Paper is made from cellulose, trees being the main source of cellulose fibre (or woodpulp). Besides woodpulp, paper can be made from other materials such as cotton, flax, esparto, straw hemp, manila and jute. Some pulp properties depend upon the process used to separate the fibres from the timber. The main processes are called mechanical and chemical.

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Equipment Pulper is a high performance machine in which disintegration operation is carried out. Deflaker is a machine composes of three discs: two static external ones and the other one is central disc which revolves at great speed. The movement of discs results to total individualism of the fibre. Refiner carrying out the refining process; based on two elements: stator and rotor, between which the pulp is made to pass. Cleaners where cleaning takes place. Head Box responsible for the output of pulp into forming table. Forming table- responsible for producing the sheet and reducing part of the water contained by the pulp. Calendar performs the calendering. Winding machine - winding process takes place. Cutter is a machine in which reels of paper are converted, by cutting, into a series of formats of sheet of a precise length and width.

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Description of Process

The manufacturing process of paper is divided into a series of operations which are set out below: Preparation of the pulp: Disintegration is a mechanical operation by which pulp presented in the form of sheets or pressed boxes and which needs to be broken down is placed in a water suspension. Deflaker - Total disintegration. Refinining- is the operation in the preparation of the pulp in which, through the action of mechanical work and in the presence of water, the structure of the fibres and their physical-chemical structure is changed. Mixture of different additives fiber alone is not enough to obtained the characteristic and properties suitable for each different use(magazines, paper work, toilet paper, etc). Therefore a nonfibrous product must be added to produce a suitable properties and which can be divided into two groups: 1.Additives are added in the manufacturing process in order to change the characteristics of the paper. 2. Auxiliaries, to facilitate work and help in the manufacturing process. Cleaning is a process by which undesired particles are removed during the manufacturing process or from the finished paper. Formation of the sheet- involves transforming a volume of the diluted pulp into a fine, wide and uniform laminate, with all the components perfectly distributed. Wet pressing continuation of the water elimination process which started on the forming table. Drying carried out in an area known as the drying section, in which the heat causes the water in the paper to evaporate leaving it dry. Coating- defined as the operation that consist in covering the surface of a paper or cardboard with a material in liquid form providing the sheet with a series of properties suitable for printing. Paper finishing Calendering to improve the gloss and printing properties of the paper. Winding process to cut and rewind the reel produced by the paper machine into reels with a smaller diameter and width. Cutting converts a reel into series of formats or sheets with the precise measurements required by a customer.