lntroduction To the Teacher

Successful Writing UpperJnfetmediafe consists ol19 units which cover a,ltypes ofcomposition writing (descriptions, nafiatives, transactional andother types ol letters, argumentative essays, anictes, reviews) required at FcE level. Each unitstarts wltha leadjn listening activity through whichthe basicplanfor the typeof writing the unitdealswith is introduced. Thisalsoserues as a brainstorming giving activity, the teacher the chance to elicituseful tanguage and ideas on thelopicunder discussion. Detailed theory andplans areprovided to be usedas a refe.ence bv students. A variety of models in whichthetheory is applied arefollowed by exercises lo ioprovestudents writing ski s, focusing on register andstyle. Theexercises aregraded, leading to theacquisition ofthose skills needed forstudents to be abt; to wrilesuccessfully at FCElevel. Topicidentification, revision boxesand studychecksections reintorce students knowledge andremind previously themof thestructures presented, thushelping themrevise thewriting areas covered ln the book TheTeacher's Bookprovides answers to theexerciss, plans, modeJ transcripts ofthe llstening exercises and use{ul teaching tips.At the backot the TeachelsBookare ma*ed modet compositions to helpteaahers mark student's compositions. Thebookis accompanied by a cassette withallthe listening exercises. Theunitscan either be presented in the ordertheyappear in the bookor teachers can select the unittheywantto present according to theirownjudgement andtheirstudents' needs. Thecourse canbe covered in approximately 30

Brainstorming Technique
Thebrainstorming technique canbe usedin a the unitspresented in thisbook. Thetchnique maybe applied each limethestudents comeacross a newtopic, whether in a model or a writing assignmenl. Thetechnique is usedas follows: theteacher invites students lo sayas many words or ideas as possible related to the topc and writes lhem on the board. Theteacher maychoose to guidethe studenrs further by having themtinkor categorise reJated terms, Students thenproceed withlhe exercise on theirown, Thistechnique aimsto stimulate students' knowledge aboutthe topic,thusdrawing togther ideasand essential vocabulary necessary for writing a successful composition. e.g. Discuss theadvantages anddisadvantages of tiving in thecountry. qulef nolsy,no flab,nice gatdens,lob of tees, not manycars,fewrospita/s,,o stress,few schoots, Brainstorming: not matrycinemas, no pollution, healtlry suftoundings, etc. yourbestfriend. e.g. Describe Brainstorming. T wites the following keywordson the boardand asksss to givehim/her as manvwordsas possible related to eachkevword.

tall, short, well-built, in his ea y twenties, teenaged, oval face, heckles, small nose, wary hah, curly hair, mole, musculaL thin, slim, blond, full lips, large

genercus, aggrcssive, easy going, shy, stubbom, optimistic, rc seved, fiendly, impatient, polite, cheeiu I

playstheguikL playsbasketbal, participates in motorrcces,goes to the Wm, read books,goesto

Conlenls
IJnit1 Itnit 2 lJnit3 Unit4 Unit' Unit 6 UnitT lJnit I Peope Descibing . . Describing Places/Buildings.................... DescbingObjects Festivals/Ceremonies/Celebrations Describing bingProcesses Directions/Desc WitingInstructions/Giving Naiiatives - Stories S talement s W itness . .. .......-..... Forma andInlormalletterc (Friendly)Letters'GivingNews....... a lnformal . iolc vingAdvice b Asking ....... c Letters oi Complaint .......... of Apology d Letters ... of Invitation e Letters f Un,t9 Letters ol Applicalion . . .. . . . . . .. . .... .. ... . . . . ... " " . " 5 10 ' 14 15 18 ' 19 .23 25 .. 30 . . 31 . 33 34 36 37 40 I

Transact onalLetters .

10 Unit Unit11 llnit 12 19 Unit

............... . Essays 'For andAgainst Essays .............Opinion Essays lo Probems Provid ngSolutions . Essays .......... Discursive . .

. .

44 52 58 ,',' 59

Unit14 t5 Un,t Unit16 Unit17

News Reports . .. good .................... andbadpoints Assessing Reports Survey Experiences Reporting . .. . . . .. " . "

62 65 68 70

Unit19

Beviews.......................... .

.. .

75

....................................... Assessment Composilion and Ertersiol' Section Keyto Revision

..

85 91

Unit I

||nil l-nescillittqpeom
| (Bet'oredoing the tisteningactivily, T can ask Ss to tett himlhet what infomation is neededin ordet to descrjbe a petson e.g. height, build, age, fucial t'eatutes,chancteL ctothes, etc. T can lnvlle Ss to suggest as many words as Height Build quite tall well-built

possiblerelatedto eachcategory e.g. height:tall, short,ot'avercgeheight,etc. ss thendo the listeningactivity'.)

a
@

rathershort thin mid thirtles

age FacialFeatures
Halr Clothes

ea y twenties ovalface curly

casual

E
Z

E @

a
E
@

muscular E teenaged n
btueeyes@ wavy vain moteI

highcheekbonesI
short brown

tl

E
fl short-tempered Z

@ goodiunoured Z Aclivities/Hobbies goingto discos n Personality E

tormal imaginative

watching oldfilms E

cooking Z

Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 4) (to be heardtwice) Sarly:Wow,Pam,this beachhouseis beautifut. I wish l'd cornesooner. Whata fantastic viewlyou areso luckymoving here. Pam: I know,and not just for the house.tve met thiswonderful man, andguess what...heasKeo me to marryhiml Sarly:Whal?Do I knowhim?Comeon. you must teilme eveMhingl Pam:His name s Pau,and we rnFtat the ma.i'1a, He'sfixingup hisyacht- it's a kindof a hobbyfor him.He toid me it helpshimio relax whenhe isn'l working. you know. He'sa writer, Saty: Howexcitingl Whatdoeshe looklike? Pam: Well, he's quite talt and very well-buill probabiy iromall thathardwo|kon hisyacht. Sarry: Tellme morel Parr: OKI He'sin his mid th rties.He'sgot a nice ovalfaceand gorgeous blueeyes.Hishairis short jeansand T-shirts and brown.He usually wears you know, casual clothes. Sarry: So,what'she like? Pam: He'scertainly good-hurnoured. Paulalways likesto sharea joke. He's qutteimaginative too. He'snever boring. Salry:Hesounds too goodto be Auel Pam: Well, I supposehe can be a bit shod, tempered occasionally. Youcanjudgefor yourself though.He's inviledbolh of us to dinnertonight. Hes going to cook paella,hts favourite Spanish dish.He'san excellent cook,you know. Sarry: I can'twaitto meethirnl

Paragraph plan 2nd paragraph: physicatdescription (tate sixties, of average heghl, neither fat nor thin, ptumpround face,wavywhitehair,sparkling blueeyes,casual, comlodable clothes,) 3rd paragraph: character (generous, description good-natured, patient,onty gets annoyedwhen pickherfavourite children quitestubborn.) ftowers, 4th paragraph:hobbies(spendsa lot of time looking padicipates ailerhergarden, in localflower shows, raises money for charity.) 5th paragraph: comments/feelings (pedectnexf doorneighbour, veryclose, fondof her.) Topicsentences and suggested alternatives hasbeenmy neighbour for sixyearc. ^,4avis Mavis movedto our neighbourhood stx years ago. younger - Physicaliy, Mavis tooks thanmostother women in thelrlatesixties, Lookingat Mavis,it ts difficu|lto believesne ls in her latesixties. Asfor herpersonality ... As far as her characler is concemed ... I\ravis always seems to be busydoing something, Mavisis a very busy person. Allinall,I\,4av s isthepedect nextdoor neighbour_ Mavisis the bestneighbour onecouldwishto nave. adiectives describingphysicalappearance: (o0 average(height), neither(tai) {noo thin, ptump round (face),wavy white (hair),sparklingbtue (eyes), casual comlortable (ctothes)

adjectives describing peFonalily: good_natured, patient, (hardly stubborn evergets)annoyed, (Aftet reading the text in Ex. 2, T asks the following ons. comprehensionquesti ) questionsand answers Suggesledcomprehension wliter known Mavis? a How long has the Mavis fot six years, ShelHe has known look like? b What does lvlavis She is of avemge height and is neither fat nor thin. She ls i, hel. /ale sinies. Her face is rcund and plump and she has sparkling blue eyes ancl wav/ white haiL She usua//y wears casual, comfonable clothes. c What annoysMavis? Childrcn picking her favouite roses ancl lilies. s good qualities? d Whai are l\ravis genercus and patienL good-naturcd, She is Mavrs spend most of he' lime? e How ooes Looking aftet het garden, patticipating in local llower shows or rcising money for chaity. I Do you thinkthe writerenjoyslivingnexl door to Mauis? Yes,very much.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 10

bushynhick/fairlthln/darkeyebtows deepevpufly/darkeyes complexron rosy/clear/Ialr/pale/spotly/dark nose broad/uptulned/hooked/crooked/thin chin double/spotty face thln/pufiy/clean-shaven/pale/oval/spotty lips rosy/lull/thin/pale rosy/hollodpuflY/sPottycheeks hair bushy/thick/fairlrhin/curly/dark broadshoulders 3 square 4 thrn
5 long 6 scar

5l

mu s c u la r 2 broad

Tapescript lor Ex. 5 (p. 6) (to be heard twice) 'A dangerous p4soner escaped lhis rrorning prison.He is believed to be at large from Spurswall pohce are warn ng the in the Waxertonarea and public not to approachhim as he is likelyto react violently. NevilleSlatter is 6 loot 3 inches tall and quite muscular with broad shoulders.He is 54 yearsold wiih a square jaw, a large nose and and unshaven thin lips. He has long untidybrown hairand is bald on top. He also has a scar on h s right cheek Should you see this man, or if you have pleasecontactyour ol his whereabouts, knowledge local policestation. . There is no descriptionof his personality because the public only have to be able to probablyfroma distance identfy him physically, as they have been warned not to approachh m

(Bet'oredoing Ex. 3, T should te// Ss thal some llems may apply to morc than one ot' the wotds in the table. After Ss have done Ex. 3, T explainshow ea y, s age.) mid,late arc used to hlk aboul someone e.g. John is 21 John is in his eatu twenties. John is 26 - John is in his mid twenties. John is 29 John is in his late tuventies. Then T gives va ous ages ard Ss make senterces as shown in the example, T can assign the rclative s description as w tten HW.) HEIGHT:of medium height,tall, just over six foot, short oveMeight, BUILD: slim, thin, muscular,well-built. longlegged, round shouldered skinny, AGE: middle'aged,teenaged,elderly,in his teons, in his midjorlies, in his lateforties tanned,pale,freckled wrinkled, COMPLEXION: FACE: round, oval, wrinkled, tanned, thin, pale, freckled HAIR: ginger,curly, blond, thick, balding,thin, wa\,y,straight,shoulderlength,short EYES:slanted,almond-shaped NOSE:thin, curved,crooked,freckled,straight LIPS:thin,full SPECIAL features: mole, scar, dimples, beard, moustache, longlegged, round-shouldered 6

(suggested answers) 1 David Keen was well built wlth iine wrinkles aroundh s eyeswhich showedwhenhe laughed. Willy is in his mid twenties.He has an ovaliace 2 and long curlyhairwhich he t es back in a ponytail.He has a big kitchenwhere he likesto cook for his triends. 3 Helen is dark-sknned with beautiful almondshaped eyes. She dyes her hair, which makes her look youngerthan she is. 4 [,4arcy'smother is an attractivewoman who usuallywearsher long blond hair in a bun.

7 truslworthy 7 1 persuasive 4 honest 8 outgoing 2 laclless 5 lussy 6 reserved 3 frank

8 (Beforcdoing Ex. 8, T shouldexptainthat some of

bn lse I lace

the adjectives can be negative or positive, dependingon how they arc used (e.9. ambhious, slry,teseNed,thick-skinned). f a/soremlndsSs to iustify the trcits mentionedin any chancter description they w te.) Aftet Ss havedone Ex. B, T can assgn the shottparagraph describing a rclative as wtittenHW. PositiveQualltles:patient, generous, ambitious, mature, interesting, friendly, lacttul,good-natured, thick-skinned, easy-going, hard-working, lair, shy, helplul, potite, reserved, out-going, cheedul. Negative pessimistic, Qualltles: mean. ambiiious, hostile, immature, impatienl, short-tempered, thickskinned, deceitful, shy,aggressive, reserved

D.) omlng I large ig the I react lqute ls oto F and b bald

L

Pete is a veryfairteacher; henevertreats anyof hls students as it theywerebetter thanthe rest. l'ry littlebrolheris veryshy; he oftenhidesin his roomiJhe knows people arecoming to the house. Troy is very helpful;he's atways willingto tenda helping hand. I\,4urray is quiteaggressive; he'llfight{rntilhe gets whathe wants. Bertis quitereserved; he rarely shows hisfeelings. Glenda is outgolng, andhasa greatabitity to make lriends. Bita is very polite; she alwaysspeakskindlyto people. Thelmais a cheedul person,alwaysbrightand smiling. 9 (Suggested answers) 1 He is humorous but has a tendencyto be immature. 2 Although he is kind-hearted, he can, on occasron, be absent-minded. 3 Sheis enthusiastic, as well as cooperative. 4 Sbe has a pleasant personatity; nevertheless, shecan be shyandunsociable, 5 In addltlonto beingwellbatanced, he atsohas a sensrtive nature. 6 In spiteof the fact that he hasa generous dis, posttto.. homtrme to timehecanbeaggressive. lO Jell Smith: productrve. decisive, cooperative, punctual MaryPelerson: dedicated, nervous, (ioo)sensitive E Tapescripl lor Ex. 10 (p. 7) (to be heardtwice) MB Pinglet Ah,I\rrBlack.I waswondering il you couldgive me youropinion of the iwo candidates up for promotlon to executive salesmanager. pringle, perconally, Mt BlackiYes,certainly, Ivtrs I lhinkJeffSmithwouldbe rnore appropriate for the position. He'sveryproductive. Oidyou knowthat hes managed to double our clientele overthe last fiveyears? Mrs Pringre: Really? Excellentl quite. Mr glack: IVm, He'sdeclslve too,which, I'm sureyou would agree,is an essential quatity for sucha position. He'svery good at usinghis own judgement to make decisions. From what I can gather, hes also coopetalive. He seemsro work verywellwiththe otheremployees. Mrs Pringre: I\rmmm. Butis hepunctilal, Mr Black? Youknowwhat lthinkof people punctual. whoaren't Mr BlacktOh yes,I\rrsPringle; he'snevertatefor Mrs Prirgre:Andwhatabouttheotherone?

t Your Dnarry ble to llance h him.

hnkles Dgneo. d face rpony'

D COOk

mono makes

l.

trhy n9

(Suggested answers) Janecan be veryborlng;she neverhas anlthing interesling to say. pesslmistic; Simonis rather he always expects the worst to happen. He tendsto be mean;he countseverylastpenny and hates spending money on anything. James isveryambitious; heplans to workhardand reach thetop of his profession before he is thirty. lvlybrother is verygenerous; he is atways willing io giveup histimeor money to helpotherpeople. Johnis verymature for his age;although he'sonty eleven, he thinks andspeaks likean adult. lMr Walker is an interesting man;he tellsthe most wonderful stories thatnever tailto fascinate me, Joanna can be quitehostile;whenshe losesher quiteunapproachable, temper shebecomes [,,1y sisler is very immature;she's thirty-two but generally behaves likea child. John is a really friendlyboy; he is atways smiling and lovesmeeting newpeople. Barbaratends to be impatlent; eveMhing hastobe doneimmediately or shegetsangry. l\rylalheris verytacttul;he always knowshow to get hrspointacross peopte. without otfending My grandiather is verygood-natured; he is never unkind or unJriendly. Georgeis rathershort-tempered; he often gets angryrcr no goodreason. Pamis verythick-skinned; her littlebrother says horrible things to herbutshenever getsupset. Hughis really easy-going; he always manages to staycalmin a crisis, Julieis sucha hard-working girl;her homework is always in on time. Sylvia wasa deceltful pretend child;shewould often lo be rllso herpa/ents wouldbuyherpresents.

definitely E M/ Ereck: Well, Mary Peterson's she'sbeenwithus for eightyearsnow dedicated; be nervous quilea shehasa lendencyto Sadly, on the have commented few ol her colleagues l'd customers to have in facing sheseems ditficulty to beenknown sensltive she's alsosayshe'stoo whencriticisedl burctintotears thal now,can Oh dear,we can'thave M's Pringre: we? lt seemsthat Smithwould be our best bet, you agree? wouldn't [,1rs Pringle. Mr Black:Oh,absolutely, ll . Although, aswell as, In spiteof lhe factthat,h addition full enthusiastic, dedicated, PositiveQualities: abilities, of cfeativedeas,genuineleadership suggestions, uses own has made nvaluable judgement, harddisplaysexcellent initiative, responsible, trustworthy working, conscientious, overbearing Negative Oualltles: This extract is taken from a letter of (therefore it is writtenin a recommendation formal style). of physical appearance Thereis no description onlydetaLls of recommendatjon because a letter qualities/ s character and job related a person qualifications. 12 (Before T asslgns Ex. 72 as written HW, helshe the meaningof the adiectiveslisted, erelainslelicits and asks Ss to think of examplesto iustity each chancter qualily. I a/so polnis out that the lettel should be written in a t'ormal sb/le that is: no no colloquialEnglish,no chatty abbreviations, useof sentences, but useof complex descriptions vocabulary.) useof advanced the passive, answers) l3 (suggested light details (clothes) descripUon - physical - characterdescription - hobbies/interests/activities HW ss use thei 14 (T can assignEx. 14 as wriften in notesto write the sameletter theh own wotds Thislettetshouldbe writtenin an informalst/le) shondark shoulders, tall,slim,broad Appearance:
hall

Tapescript lor Ex. 4 (p. 8) (to be heard twice) DearGlendaand Bill, Thanksso much for agreeingto let my bfother, Paolo, stay at your house while he attends his summer course.At leasl someonewill be keeping an eye on niml He ll be arrlvingai Gaiwickfrom M lan at 6 30 in the eveningon the 26lh of July, and as you haven't seen him since he was little Id better gve you a quick description.He's quite tall and slim with broad shoulders. His hair is very daft now ano he's had it cut quite shorl. Like most 17_year-olds today, he'll almost cedainlybe wearingblue jeans and a sweatshirt; he'll probablybe wearinghis red baseball cap as well. haveany problems ldoubt very much that you'11 wlth him, as he s quiie mature for his age and very helplul aroundthe house.Paolo'sgenerallyeasy_ going, but he's often shy aroundstfangers He startedgoing to the gym aboul six months ago and he's keen to continueworklng out whlle he's in England,so il would be gteal it you could help h,m to lind a good gym when ne arrives Thanks again tor helplng out, it's reallykind of you. l'll probably phone atter he's arrived, so hopefullyl'll speaklo you both then.

tl

Love, Pietro 15 1 aggressive 3 nattentive 5 varn 4 shy 2 loving 3 16 a Paragraph b - his wholebody wouldshakewiih laughter funny hefoundsomething whenever and stamphisfeet he wouldfrownangrily c The writer uses past tenses as the text is ftomthe pastwhothewriter someone describing is used in Thetuluretense seeagain. isunlikelyto whathis/her paragraph says asthewriter thefrnal wiLlalways be friend hisfathels feeingsfor Hewillalways fondof Archle. wasvery d Thewriter memories of him hishappychildhood treasure answers) 17 (suggested 5 1 spoilt 6 2 shy 7 3 sentimental/sensiuve/ emotional onal 4 reserued/unemot cheeky/rude stubborn cheerful/good' humoured

it

(red)baseball cap sweatshirt, bluejeans, Clothes: shy helpful, easy-golng, mature, Character: (working out at the)gym Hobbies/Activllles: 0 0

rice)

l8

enosnrs I keeprng in a16.30 Clm with now and yearoros ue leans E hisred probems andvery Iry easyx months

(Suggestedanswers) a Last Saturday I was standing n a corner by myselfat Suzie'sparty trying to decide whether or not tO leave and go home when I spolted Suziedragginga reluctantlookingm ddle-aged nan n my direction.'Darling,you haven't met yet, have you? He s a marvettous John l\,lcKay parnter, you know.' (d/ect speech, susperse) b lt wasoneollhose beauiifulsummer moningsthal make you doubt the importance of schoolwhen my besi frend G les and I were calledup to the headteachels office,'Ah,Jonesand Stevenson,' she sm ed. This rs [,4rSimmons;he'll be takng overfiom Mrs Pe*ins for the nexttwo weeks.l'd ' likeyou 1olake him downto yourclassroom (diect speech, weather desciption) c What?' cried my best friend, Denise. 'You've never heard of Tom Cruise?'I felt embarrassed atlout my apparenlignoranceand slowlyshook my head. We were queuing up at lhe local cinemawailing to watchwhat lthought would be just anothermediocreHollywoodfilm. However, Ittle did I know how wrong I was on that day,lwo yearcago. (direct speech, suspense) Model A s purelydescriptive Model B includesnafiativetechniques ParagraphOutline lst Paragraph: name ot the person,time you met her (WhitneyHouston,popuar slnger, tamousactress,successiul films) 2ncl Paragraph:physica description(gorgeous black hair, kifd brown eyes, beautitul smile, elegantclothes,perfectfigure) 3rd Paragraph: personality characteristics and jusilfication (warm, genefous, determined, strongwilled) 4th Paragraph: inlerests/activities (glamorous p Hol ywood parties, family-mtnded, relationsh with daughle0 Final Paragraph:comments/feelings about the person (incrediblewoman, exhaustingiite but still ooks fresh and beautiful fof lhe cameras)

Paragraph 2: physical appearance (h s/ner height,bu ld, age, factalfeatures, hatr,clothes) Paragraph 3: perconalitycharacleristicsand parient. {e.9. supporlive. easygoing. .uslificatro_ reserved. etc.) Paragraph 4: hobbies/ nterests (e.9. likes paintng, enloys going to the cinenra,etc.) Paragraph 5: comments/ieelings (like him/her. luckyto have him/heras a friend) Tenses to be used: PastSlmp/eto say when/where you met him/ner Pfesert Smp/e to describehim/her (Thiscompostion can be written in an informal style: chal1ydescription, colloquialEngish. abbreviations, etc.) Paragraph 1: name, iime/place you met the person (auntClaire,movedfrom Australia) Paragraph 2: physical appearance (height, bu ld, age,facialleatures, hair,clothes) Paragraph 3: personalitycharacteristicsand juslllicalion emphasising how these have influencedyou (e-9. frank, irustworthy,lussy, etc. includeexamplesof mannerism) Paragraph 4: hobbres inle'esrs {e.9.garderi-g charityorganisations) Paragraph 5: comments/leelings (admire her, respect,etc,) (lnforrnal style can be adopted, as well as narratrve techniques,) Paragraph l: name, where you heard/read about the percon Paragraph2: physicalappearance (height,born in ... , facalfeatures) Paragraph 3: personality characteristics and justification (e.9. determrned, honest,stLrbborn, elc,,include examples oi mannersm) Paragraph 4: hobbies/interests{alternatvety his/herachievements can be mentioned) Paragraph (e.9.impressed, 5: comments,4eelings admire,etc,) (Notethal this paragraph plan ditlersa littlefrom the one used in the previous compositons. Some information can be excluded (e.9. clothes, hobbes,etc.)dependng on whatwe knowabout this percon H s/Her achievernentscan be menlioned. Pasttenses shouldbe used.)

ly kindof

t9

. . .

I laughier ty tis feet e text is lhe wnter b usedin tal his/her $llalways 6 of him.

ude goood

20

(I shoa/d dlscuss the topics in c/ass before asstgning them as wriften HW.) Suggested paragraph plans 1 Paragraph1: name,lime/place you mel/sawthe person (..., school)

Unit 2

pl0ces/0|lildin$ t|nil 2- 0escrilil|u

I (Befor"eSs do the listening activily, f can asks Ss what int'ormationis needed in order to describe a place ol building (e.9. name, location, sighb, free'time activities, recommendations then Ss do the listening activify'.) Name: Location: Reasonfor visitingi Sightsi

Rome! ItalyE holidayE theLouvre E lte de ta cii6 Z

P a rs @ France@ busness fl

London E EnglandI

PaaceZ Chaillot iresainrLouisZ

Free-timeaclivlties:

shopping walking around lvlontmartre E Z boat tr p on theSeineZ clubblng E too expensiveE

SarryjYes, lspent some time walkingaround MontmartreThat's the area where many famous anisls and writers lived. leven had nry ponrait paintedby a slreetart st not a very flatleringone mindyou, but t's good for a laughl Jenny: lt soundslikeyou spent mosl ofthe time just walking around,lhen. Sarryj I didn't aciually. I took a boat trip on the Seine. ltwasa lovely day,so ljust re axedin thesun and watched the city go by. I spent some time sittingin caf6s,soakingup the aimosphere and eatinglots of cakesl Jenny:Wel,allcansay s, I wishI'd beentherel SarryjYou defintely oughl to go sometime.lt's the pedect place for a holiday.Look, maybe I can get you a discounton one of our packageho idays. Jenny: Ooh, that would be greatl 2 . Topic of each paragraph Paragraph2: sightsto see (St Paul'sCathedral, Bg Ben, Buckingham Paace, the Housesoi Parliament, the Nationa Gallery) Paragraph 3: things 10 do (Shopping: deparlment stores on Oxford street, Hafiods; Evening entrtainment: Southbank Thealre complex,theatresof CoventGarden,Soho and its caf6s) Paragraph 4: final feelings/recommendation place,truly modem city yet keeps (exceptional its traditional style) (T points aut to Ss that t e w ter has used a quotation to end his composition.)

Recommendations:ideaifor holidaymakers Z

trFTapescriptfor Ex. 1 (p. 11) (to be heard twice)

Jenny: Sallyl lt's been so long s nce I lastsaw you. Whefe have you been? Sarry.You woni believert. I was in Parislor two Jenny: Oh, you are lucky. The Frenchcapital?For two wholeweeks?Whatfor? Salry.The company l'm work ng for sent ne there to check on threeholels.We re planning10 include Pansrn our nextseason's summerholidaybrochure and I had to see which ot the hotels is the mosl approprate for accommodat ng our clients. Jenny: That soundswonderful. Sa/lyj We l, yes. lt was hard work but I had enough time 1ovrsitsome places. Jenny: But youve been to Paris beiore, haven'l you? Sallyi Yes, but this iime I had the chance to vtsit some other p aces apaatfrom the well-known ones lke the EifielTowerand NotreDame. Jenny: Whered d you go, then? Sarlyi I visted the Cha lot Palace,wherethere are several museums. The view of the city irom its terracewas splendid,and thefe's an amazng park full ol pools and fo!nlains. Jenny: Soundsreallyn ce. Whereelse did you go? Sarfy:I went to the ile de la Cit6 and the ile SaintLouis they're lwo small islandsin the mrddleof lLe rve' Sei_e.There a'e so.ne las( ndtilg oo parks and buildings.I even visited the dungeons wheretheyusedto keep prisoners beforeihey were executed.There'san incredibleatmospheredown Jenny: I can imag nel Did you see anylhingelse?

l0

Unit 2 (Suggestedan6wers) . Sights ol special interest: St Paul'sCathedfal, Big Ben, BuckinghamPalace,the Houses of Parliament, the National Gallery . Holidaymakerscan shop, go to caf6sand enjoy pertormances. theatrical . I d expectto find a descripiionlikethis in a travel magazne/tJrochure. Jungle: the rustlingof leaves hearng the screeching of parrots hearrg scent of wel earthand exoticflowers sme// warm most air toarch dellghtfullobreathe sme// Partol a story 1 Dominated by the Eifte Tower, Paris is well knownfor ils architecture. 2 Locatednearthe city cenlre,the swimmingpool is very popularwth city resdents. 3 Sheltered by trees on eitherside, the holel is a favourite with peoplewho want a qu et holiday. 4 H dden beyond a range of mountains, the town is best knownfor its wine industry.

v)

1 in 2 onTin 3 through above 5 lrom Paragraphplan

6to 8 nearlnexlto/beside/by 9 oul 10 Behind

arou11d famous portrait ring one timelust I on the r the sun g-and rtherel ,. lt s the can ger alays.

Paragraph 1: locaton oflhe office(big companyin huge skyscraper, city centre) Paragraph 2: overaI look ot the office lsoacious. bright,peaceful) Paragraph 3: particulardetails of the otfice (ong curtains,pale pink carpet, several potted plants, wooden desk, uxuriousblack leatherchairs,woodpanelledcupboard) Paragraph 4: final thoughis/leelingsabout the workingenvironment) otfice(pleasant l'd expectto find this descriplionas part ot a story or letter. Funfalr: the sound of loud musicplaying- hea ng shrieksol peopleon the I des hearing smell of fresh popcorn and candylloss - sme lghls are flashng slght peopleare busUing ever!ryvheresighf a breathtaking view sighi Partoi a lourist brochure Restauranl: delicioussmellof fine cooking sme// soft muslcand quiet conversation hearrg smilingwailer- s,9h1 cushionedchairs touch sai back on comlortable Partof a story MountainVillage: cold crisp air makesyour skin tingle- touch All you can hear is the sighingof the wind - healirg mountains slghl snow-covered thick greenforest- s,ghl Partoi a touristbrochure

6 1Tgoes through the list of phses wth Ss ard asks

them to idenw lhe senses used in each. Then, working in cbsed pairs, Ss match the phnses with the picfures, T checks answerslhe, asks Ss fo wrle shoft descipttons for each picture using the phrases.) A: snow-covered mountains(sight),whislleof co d (1ouch/hearing), wind fresh scent ol pines (smell), towering peaks (si9hl), soft snow (louch) B: crowded sLreers(sighl). colourlul shop signs (s gh0. tall bu ldings(sight). car ho'ns beeping (hearing), (sight) hurryingpassers-by (touch), crystal-clear water (s gh1), C: burningsand palm plants (sigh0, (sigh0, swaying trees exolic (hearing), shrill cries of lropical birds salty sea smell(srnel) D: glossy green peppers (s ght), acrid sme I of old tomaloes (smell), colourful stalls (s gh0, (hearing) cheerfully shoutingstallholders (Suggestedanswers) B: The crowded streets were iul ol hurrying passers-by. Colourtul shop signs on the tall buildings attractedour attenton. The sound ol car horns beeping filled the ar as traffc cloggedthe streeis. C: We stood on the burning sand, looking at the cryslal-clear water. Behind us there were swaying palm lrees filledwth ihe shrillcries of lropical birds, and the air had a sally sea smell. Dr In lhe marketlwas impressedby the colourlul stalls, and rny aitentronwas attracted by the cheertully shouting slallholders. I bought some glossy green peppers. under the scent of fresh produce was the acrid smell ol old tomaloes.

athedral,

|oppingl Harrods; Theatre bho and endation et keeps

ll

Unit 2 7 . malor motorway wider concrete bridge new block of llats new shopping centre b) part ol a travelbrochure/magazine article c) acuvities D (Switzerland) a) informal shotlfotms, colloquialEng ish e.g. I don t knowhust e and bustle b) part of a letter c) recomme_oalo_ g 1 beginning rhetoricalquestion/addressing the 2 endmg us ng a quotaton 3 beEnning -sng serses 1o desc.be thp weather 4 erdmg using directspeech 5 beginning creating mystery, antcpaton or suspense 6 end,,'rq describi.g feelinqs.eaclions 10 (Ex.fi canbe assigned as wtiftenHW aftet Ss have ptactised some beginning and endings in class.) (Suggestedanswers) a) I\,4ostof us have heard lhe saying 'an Englishman's home is his castle', but the first time I visileda real Eng ish castleit didn't seem likea homeat all. (r)egi nnjng, quotation ) As we leftthe castlemy friendshivered and said, '| don't know how peopleeverltvedin places ike thal. lhadtoagree, thoughlhad beenimpressed by the senseoJ historythe place gave me, ano the wonderthai a buiidingso old could stil give one a senseof the lifethal had been lved there. (endinq - dhect speech) b) Lookng for the ideal place to spend your surnmer holiday? lf you wafl sun, sandy beac-es. good lood and friend.ypeople. Crele is the answer. (beginning rheto cal question) Afteryour last swirnrn the warm, refreshing sea and your last delicrousmeal in a seaside l4 taverna,you will wish that your holidaywas just begrnnng and not al its end. Butthere'sno need you can aways come oack to ro worry beautilulCrete. (erdlrg use ot serses,) I I moving features: runsthrough,spreadingtrees static lealures: situatedat the end, To the left, as lar as the eye can see, Beyondthe house,on the omer s de 12

The authorleels some changeswere for the better and some were for the worse.

PS Tapescript for Ex. 7 (p. 14) (to be heard twice) A: ...And wth us lodayto talkabouther newbook s the aulhor GillianMary Hearn.Her latestbook, Ihe Paper Buttefly is set in her hometown of Lewes, in Sussex. Mrs Hearn, lhank you fof lo n ng us, I undersiandthal you went back to Lewesfor the l rst time ln over thidy years atter compleiingyour book. What was it ike for you? B: lt was quite a shock, actually.My book was set in the town as I remembered t, but a loi has changed snce I left. For a start, insteadoi the iields behindthe town whereI usedto play there is a huge supermarket, and what used to be a small road on the outskirts of Lewes has becomea major motorway. A: And what aboutthe housewhereyou grew up , did you go back 10 vislt it? [,4ostof your story takes placearound it. 8: Wel, I was plannlngto, because I wanted my children to see it but I discoveredthat it had been knocked down to make way for a new bLock of flats. A: Thal must have been rathef upsettingfor you. Did you feel that any of the changes were an mprovement to the town? B: Oh yesl I was very pleasedto see that the otd stone bndge over the river has been replaced wilh a wider concreteone - | rememberbe ng scared lo cross the old bridge in case it collapsed.Also, some of the old houses have been knockeddown and a new shoppingcefve has been built in their place,which has madethe town cenlrea much nicerarea. A: I see. Now,te I us a bit about your book ... (After Ss have done the listening activily I ass/gns the w ting paft ol this exercise as HW.) 8 B (venice) a) nfomal - shortforms,coloquia Engtish e.g. plannirg his ne)ftmove b) part of a story c) reference 10s ghls C (Paris) a) /ess formal- addresses the readerdifectly e.g. Take a tdp/ii you are an art lover you should/You can sample;varietyol adleclives e.g. spectacuar, lamous,delicious

I (

: , : , .

l3

P P P P ?

12

Unit 2

12 1D

2B

3 A

4 C

Paragraph2: detaits,descripton of the exterior oi place (red brick, marbe steps,bay windows. Paragraph 3: descriptionof the interior01 rne hoJse r^ighor.ate ce'lngs treautirLl anliques. huge crysta chandelie, Paragraph 4: concluso. . co.nrrenrs. feeings about the place (a lttte envous, will conlinueto enjoy memories and day-dreams) Tenses: presenttenses Style: informai/less formal Suggested paragraph ptan for Topic 2 Paragraph 1: introducton name and location of place,reasonsfor choosingthe pace (Hawal, Pacfic Ocean,sumrnerho iday resort) Paragraph 2: detaits of place, sights (tatl mountains,dense green vegetation,sandy beaches, sparklng blue sea,flowers) Paragraph3l activilies (sunbathing, piayinggoti, tradlUonal songsand dances,deliciousbuffeL/ Paragraph 4: lFe.ingsand com.ne.ts (dreanplaceto go on hollday,recommended) Tenses: pfesenttenses Style: lormalless fo.mar oepenoiag 01 the audtence it is addressed to Suggested paragraph ptan for Topic 3 Paragraph 1: tntroducton name, locaton, reason Io. choost4g rhe p.ace tlondon loo, London, schoolvsit) Paragraphs2, 3: detaitsof place and activites (sections, animals, cages,Iuniair) Paragraph 4: leeings recomrendal.on (-ice cneeryptace,recommended forlhe wholeiarnily) Tenses: past tenses Style: nlorma

he

ne

large,br ght kitchen(slghi) wooden Iable (touchIsig ht) long, soft sofa (touchls/9h1.) cold vrindy n ghls (hearingltouch) wooden bookcasesftoucrlstght soolhrngpale blue fslghl) colourfulflowers(sigry gentlyswayingin the cold hrceze(hearjnglsight) sweet,iuicy oranges(taste) peacef ul atmosphere (hearng) sounds of birds singing(healrgl warm sunllghl(touch) . The writer has used condittonals(woutd + Oare infinitive) becausehe/she s describingsomething relatedto the future. l3 had lgnored c (ignored) marbteta wo cali marbte) she hurried G (hurr ed) show to us G (showus) greek and egyptianP (Greekand Egyptjan) had studyng c (had been studying) quiet S^|VW(quite) were followedG (followed) /n admiraliongasped WO (gaspedin admiration) such G (so) as G (like) beforeWW (ago) jewellryS (jewellery) saw WW (took) lve WWS (leave) had followedc (followed) bus walt ng WO (waiUng bus) Paragraph l: Name, ocation,reasof for vtsrr Paragraph2: First mpressions/atmosphere Paragraph3: impression of the creek exhibits Paragraph4: impression ot the Egyptan exh bits Paragraph 5: I na thougnts tmpressions 14 ff shoa/d ask Ss to outtine the parcgrcph ptan fol each topic and decide or, fenses to be used and style to be adapted beforc they write any of lhem as HW) 1 Suggesled paragraph plan for Topic 1

an ast tm

m)
td

le ed nd e.

)ur
dy

de Lrst ed to

as ne

Paragraph 1: introduction - name and location of place, reasonsfor choosing the place (old mansion, Canterbury Road. lt makes my imagination run wild.)

t3

Unit3

- 0escribin! 0[hds l|nilS

I

is neededin order to describean obiect e g size' (BeforeSs do the,ster/ng activityfasks Ss whatinfarmation weight,age'etc'TaskssstothinkofVariousadiectives|nounsthat|iteachcategoryandwritesthemonth T cin atsi give nore adiectiveslnounsexplainingleliciting their meaning, then ss do the listening actNtly.) Size Weight Age

small rrght

n t l

tall averaqe square emeralds

E L-.j A E

medium-sized heaw

a a
Z
f]

C".q"n
carungs

LousXlV I

v cro'iar
oval Paintings black

Shape
Pattern/Decoration

reclangular A -l lghibrown n

E
Z E

Colour Origin
Material Special Characteristics PictureA is being described

darkbrown Z

n
n

cerman n manoganyfl

French grante

E E

English stone

ilt-

d".-er

label

Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 18) (to be heard twice)

'Good afternoonladiesand gentlemen and welcometo ollr chariiyauctionin aid oi the ch ldren'shospita ourfirsttemonthesta.dtoday]samedium.szedheavytab]e,datingbacklotheVictorianpeliod'|tissqu inshapewilhornatecarvingsundereachcornerandontheLegs'Thisrchdalkbrowntab|eWoU|dbeac additiontoanyone.shomelv|adeinEngandofihefirlestpolishedmahogany,thistab|ea|sohasaveryh drawer,This drawerslidesunderthe main body oi the table and cou d be usedfor storingcuuery,lettersor other oblects.so,therewehavet.Abeaulifulpece,don'tyouagree?Letsstartlhebiddingatel,500Right'tha p ece?No?Well' on thissuperb moreofiers 2 500 Arethereany t2,300. C2,000, yo; sLr, t1,700toyou madam, you sir'' row Thank the front stlck in gentleman the walking with it . go ng, go ng, gone and sold 10the

Opinion

Size/ Weight
iiny

Age

Shape

Colour

Patiern Origin

Material

Special Characteristics catuings initials

breathtaklng antique
healy

fLoral spherical p aln oft-white rectangular p nkish oval

Polish plalnum Finnish paper Oriental steel

Co be underlined) fairly old, initias A: dark blue, made of lambswool, J.P sewn on the inLng (a letler to the lost propertyofliceof a hote, policestation,etc ) a baloon siver, B: ffty metreslong, resembled tlashng orange lights all around the bottom (newsreport) C: long, stee , heavy,cold (story) black antique, Ch nese,iinestminiature D: beautiful, and whitepearls(catalogue/advertrsement)

4.

1 2 3 4

brown,paper silk expensve, long, datk green, French soft, grey, woollen

takenirom a letterto the lost propertyofficeof a bus company,wrtten by the owner oi the items 2nd paragraph detailed desciptons of ihe itemswhich have been losl 3rd paragraph nlormationaboul where and when the owner of the mssing items can be contacted

l4

Unit4

5
.9. size,

(T elicitslexplains the meaning of each word beforc Ss do the matching. If Ss have difficu y desc bing the objects, T can read aloud the suggested desciptions, ther Ss descrlbe fhe ob./ects.,4s an efiension T can ask Ss to f/nd plctules of oblecfs and describe them.) A leather,lightweight,rectangular,stamp in the cenlre,two straps,blue gold band, platinumsetting,large bue B 18-caral sapphire,smalldiamonds C round{aced, gold, Swiss, goid and silver braceet, date display Suggested descriptlons A lt's a lightweight travel accessory. tt's rectangularwilh a starnp in the centre. lt's gol lwo slraps. lt's blue and is made of teather. B This ring has got an l8-carat gotd band. lthas a platlnurn setting with a large btue sapphire. The sapphireis surrounded by smattdiamonds. C lt is an elegantround.faced gold Swiss watch. It s got a gold and sllver bracelet and a date display.

6 (T ask Ss to give the pang@ph plan lot each topic

belorc helshe assignseithet of the tlvo as written HW) 1 Suggested ParagraphPtan lst Paragraph: greetng, reasonfor writing (to lelllriend about a recently,bought item) 2nalParagraph:detaileddescription of ihe item 3rd Paragraph: closing remarks (e.9. friend shouidcome over soon to see the item) (Ss can use the infomation given in the kble of Ex.1 p. 18 in the Student'sBook and describe this item.) 2 Suggested ParagraphPlan lst Paragraph: reason for writing, time/ptace object lost (l am writingto inqurreabout ...) 2nd Paragraphidetaileddescription of the ttem (plusconlents) 3rd Paragraph: iniorrnationabout where and when you can be contacled(lrl the eventoi the uggage being found I can be contacled on ... from 6.00to 9.00 everyday.) (Ss can use Ex- 4 p. 19 in the Student's Book as a

bl. I square
I ClaSStC

y handy or olher l, thank

Unil 4- [e$il[i||g ]e$liv0ly0erc|n0l|hy0elelruli0Ils

Beasons for celebrating: fancy dress f] Time: lastSaturday @ birthday Z yesteraay !
12

house warmnq E hst Sunday

10

Guests:
Preparations:

20 tl
hats Z cakeA

paper plates andcups Z

m
a
E

n
a

flowers D cutlery Plastic jamtarts tl tood @ champagne battoons I

Aclual day:

singHappy Birthday A watchvideotapes playgames @ eatanddrink Z ailenjoyedthemselves A

Feelings

fice of a le rtems 5 ol the Ere and can be

t5

Unil4

Fn Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p 20) (to be heard twice) Gftndmat Kalet Look at thls photograph Sophe at her blrthdaypady what a lovely was so beautiful dresslOhl lshouldn'thavemissedit ljust shouldn'l' Kate: [/lum,that's OK. I know you wantedto be with bul l m sureyou'll make Ltnextyear us lastSaturday ior her sixthbirihday. Gtandma: That's for sure Let me see the other photos. Nce! The children all seem to be having lun. How many actuallycame in the end? Kate: Well, let me see Bobbieand his hvo sisiers, David'Tom' Sarah,Christie, Sallyand Mary;Steven, classmates are Sophie's All ofthem Suzieand Jenny. Ten, alltogether' s slslers exceptlor Bobbie Looklng atter that Grcndmai fen live_year'oldsl notto mentlonthe hard work, been manymust have preparations. Katei No, not really.I had bought paper platesand cups and plastc cuUeryso I didn't have io do any washingup afterwards.I bought some adorable hats for them as well. Id preparedall the food the day belore the party, but lhad the cake made oy ihe b,akerround the corner' He makes the most delicious cakes in the area The most exhaustng thing was blowlng up balloonsand decoratingthe house with streamersand banners After l had blown up thirty balloonsI finallycollapsed G/andma: I bet you did. Well,how drd thlngsgo on daY? the actuaL lt was tunl Once everybody had flnally Kalei dressed up in a ciown's co$ume George afiived, n the cake Sophiedidn't realisewho and brought singing 'Happy Birthday" starung unttl he he was the kids playedalew games was cut, cake Afterihe and then sat down to eat lor them sed we'd organ playrng went on nk, then and dr Grancimai lI sounds as if everybody enjoyed themselves. Katei Oh yesl They all had a good t me, and Sophie was very pleased. 2 Topic of each paragraph Paragraph 1: name, time, place of event, reason Day, Sunday closest for occasion (Remembrance thosewho remember to 11th, Brtain, to November I and ll) Wars in Wond while fighting died and ons carriedout (schools Paragraph2: preparat organisations rehearse for the parades, paper poppiesare sold tor the publiclo wear) Paragraph3: descriplionot the actual event (war veierans join the parades, they marcn or are rs, crowdscheer,remembrance plshed tn wheelcha Royal Albert Hall, hymns are at the held service made, poppies are dropped are speeches sung,

from the ceilingonto the audience) Paragraph 4: comments,linal thoughts (important event,feelingsof respectand pr de) . . A nationalevent is being described Presenttenseshave been used becausethis is a descripiionoi an annualevert . Ss answeraccordingly.

(A,san extensionI can ask Ss to close thei books and say as many words as possible related to the topic Bemembance DaY.) joyiul, colourful, wonderful'plentitul -lul luxurious joyous,glorious,marvellous, -ous traditional otiginal, magical, natronal, -al -|ng - excting, entertaning,strring, glttering, sparklng

4 1 memorialseruice
2 3 4 5 veteran natonalanthem commernorate wreath

6 7 I 9 10

Patade 21-gunsa ule silence two-minute traditonalcostlmes medals

51C

2A

3 D

4 B

Topic ol each paragraph

Paragraph 1r name, time, place, reason (Prom Nlght, May, hotel ballroom,celebratethe end of hioh school and the beginnng oi adulthood) (bookedhotel ballroom, P;agraph 2: preparations had tickets printed, arranged for food and to be supplied,decoratedhall, dress reireshments

Paragraph 3: actual day (parentstook pictures, had a delicateco6age on wrist,limo took her to the hotel, danced, ate, laughed, had fun, best lriend crownedPromQueen) Paragraph 4: feelings (t?ed bul happy, wonderful n ght)

beenusedas thlsis have (T points od thatpasttenses ) of an eventwhichthewritetaltended thedesctiption

6 MayDay

ls garlandsThemaypole are cut to rnake Flowers are pLrt aretiedto the top Floats up and streamers by loca Food s prepared fortheparade. decorated es for thespectators. baker

New Year's Eve Party invltationsare sent out and new outfiis are bought. Decorationsand banners are hung and boitles Asthe clock strikestwelve' food is prepared. of champagneare openedand a toasi is made

t0

nportant

. Present tensesare used because each pieceof writing describes an annual event.
a 1 spacious 2 sparkling 3 joJ,4ul b 1 Blinding 2 magical 3 spellboLrnd c 1 Vaditional 2 enthusiastic 3 dazzllng

e lhis s

the outskirts of the town. We watched the vast numbers of schools competing for pizes which were awardedfor the most impressive performance arld costumes, Outs de the stadium, we saw enthusiastic revellers all over the city dancingtheir way throughthe wortd's noisieststreetparty which lasteduntilthe end ol the carnival. It was definitely the best holidayt've everhao and I look foMard to berngatJleto go there again when l'm olderl ll is dlflerent becauseths rs a description ofan event as you experencedit, This model uses past tenses whereas the modelin the book usespresenltenses, (4s a, exterslon fasks Ss to close theh books and say as many wofts as they can remember related to the topic - Rio Camival.) I p (commas bookings dress fittings tnvitations misslng) correctWW (suilable) had everything WO (everything had) on G (in) All we WO (Weall) turnt S (turned) puledS (pulled) smooth G (smoothly) The fatherof SallyG (Sa y's lather) hoUyWW (warmly) come G (came) besideto G (nextto/beside) SallyP (Sally's) had taken G (had been taken) which it G (which) aP(4 drove G (had driven) Toplc of each paragraph Paragraph 1: event, place, time (wedding, rocal church,lastJuly) Paragraph 2: preparationsior ihe wedding (bookings, dress fittings, invrtations, flowers and food organised, receptionpJace fo!nd) Paragraph 3, 4: descrlpton of the event (bride came In a car, bride's falher led her to church, bridesmaids, mothercrying,reception) Paragraph 5: leelings aboutthe wedding{happy day) Past lenses have been Llsed because lhe event being described was a particularone which rooK place beforethe time of writing. f s a, e{ersbn fasks Ss to ctosetheirbooksand say as matrywons as possible telaEd to ke topjc a wedding.)

8 . 1 most spectacular/most lmpressrve (most

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t lence 6tumes extraofdrnary, elc.) grand,iively(splendid/magnificent, elc.) Brightlycoloured(brilliant, etc.) lively(interest ng, etc.) huge (enormous, etc.) numerous(countless, etc.) most spectacu/ar,most impressive (mosl amazrng, etc.) grand, lively, thritting (exciiing/exh laraiing/ ama2tng, elc,)

a
l littering,

Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: name, where, when, reason for ceiebrating Bio beforeLent) {Rio Carnivat, Paragraph 2: Preparations(costumes,oands practisemusic,dancersrehearse) Paragraph 3: aclual event (samba scnoots competein stadium,peopledance in streets) Paragraph 4: feelings, comments,finalthoughts (lun,everyoneJooks forwardto the event)

r (Prom
I end of

0
Dd and lI, dress prcturesi er to the I fr end ondedul

P'psenl te-ses have oeen -sed as rhis s a description oi an annualevent

(Suggesledanswers) (The narration ot' the event ca, be asslgred as written HW after T has elicited tom Ss that pasl tenses should be used as Ss will not be desc bing an annual event but an event they paiicipated in some lme ago.) Lasl yea., my familya.d I went to Fliooe Jdneiro01 holiday.We went fof the iast few days before rne forty-day fasting perod of Lent, at the end of Febrlary, lt was wonderfulbecausewewereableto go to the amazing Rio Carnival which aftracls holidaymakers from all over the world everyyear. It was obvious that people must have been preparing lor months beforehand because the costumeswere beautifully designedand decorated. l'd never seen people dancing as brillianfly as the samoaoancers. The main part of ihe carnivattook ptace in ihe Sambadrome, which is a huge, grand stad um on

ryPolers bats are by local

ifits are |ng and !, botlles |aOe,

tl

Unit 5

planfot eachtopic I O O asksSsto givetheparagrcph going justify ta use. then the tensesthey are and anyone ol the topicsas wriftenHW) assigns plan (lor all four topics) Paragraph 'l: name, reason trme, Paragraph Place, 2: preparatrons Paragraph event 3: ihe actual Paragtaph and leelings 4: finarlhoughts Paragraph to be used Tenses tenses,as these will be Topics 1, 3: Present thewriter d d notattend which oflestivals descriptions be events as Sswilldescr Topics2, 4: Pasltenses, sometimeago. whichtheyattended

gong until you get to a roundabout Take the first turningon the right at the roundaboutand you will tind yourseli on Grange Road, where l live [,1y houseis on the left hand side,opposte the church

:B 3 P re p a ra t io n1

2D

3A 4 C 5A 6F
7D

Instructions:1 B Operatlng 2E 3G
Examplesof lhe imPerative

Preparation:lill, make sure,check, pul Operating instructions: switch ofl, remove,place' close, lower, begin, remove, serve, put wal, release, swtch, pul A 1 grale,sprinkle 2 peel,boil B 1 bake 2 Fty, sizzle 3 slmmer 4 chop 3 gr ll 4 lvlelt,blend 5 beat

li]ecli0nsi lnslrucli0|ls/0iyin! ||nil 5- ll{illing

ltomsses 0esuibing
I 1 pickup 2 insed
3 Listen 4 Dial

5 Slice 6 Siir

5 put 6 remove

5.

for Ex, 1 (p. 24) (to be heardtwice) Tapescript

Excuseme, could you lell me how 10 use thls cardphoneplease?lve been irying to call my parents in Spain,but lcan'tgetthe phonetowolk Oh sure, no problem.Flrsi pick up the recerver and insert your card into the slol. See? Here, wiih the arrow on the left side pointingiorward OK, now what? Now lisienior the diallinglone. Can you hear it? while you Well, now dial your numbercarefully. you of unitsyoll the number can see are talking, up on the digitaldisplay areusingas itwiilshow After you've finishedyour call, put the receiver down and removeyour card from the machine

e' then,Meanwhi words:F rst,Next, Sequence Atter that are becauseinstructions Tenses: imperaiive given maklng a dish tor being is given in Each prece ol Inrormation chronologicalorder 1 insert 2 Enier
B 1 put

6A

3 push/press 4 press/push

5 Remove 6 collecl

2 lookthrough 3 Point 4 Hold

Howto usea cashcard In order10recoro B, Howto use a videocamera something

71

T
2 T 3 T

isn'tit? It'seasy, Thanks. A: lt is, indeed! 2 1 Turnleft 2 tlrning 3 past 4 lett 5 opposrte

5 6

to reachJennifer'sholse directions Suggested lrom lhe bus stalion. and youcomeoutoithe busstation Turnrightwhen on yourleftwh ch willtakeyou takethefirstturning and the Go paslthe supermarket into BriarRoad. turningfor DoverRoadon your righi and keep

7 8

makesyour descipuon F (useoi the senses moreinteresting) arenecessary) F (details of the interior n a lesslormalslylewhen (it wrtten can be F effecl the writerwantsto havea persuasve the reaoe4 on T in chronologica F (we mustgive instructions iollowed) easily they can be so order

t8

Unit 6 lhe first I lve. [,4y Topic 1 Poinls to consider: The recipe is divided into two sectrons: ingredients and preparation. The nlormationshould be given n chronological order using sequencewords. Each stage ts writtenon a new line.lmperative is used. (Ss can use Ex.5 p. 26 in the Studenl'sBook as an example.) Topic 2 Points to consider: lmperative is used. Eachstage s w'itten on a new line. Info'marion s given In chronological order ltnkedwith sequencewords. (Suggestedinstruclions) Operating Inshuctions: C.D. player Firstopen the batterycompartment on the bottom of the player and nseft four standard 1.5 volt batteries. The red power indicalorshoutdthen trghi up. Alternatively, the adaptorcan be used. Connecl it to the port on the left-handside. However, when the payer is not in use the adaplor shoutd be (T should discuss each topic belore Ss write any of

4C 7D

Tochange pressthe lenses, blackbutton attheoase of the lensandtwistthe lensoffclockwise. Boththe camera bodyandthelenses have a redspot. Alignthe red spoton the lenswiththe one on the camera body. Insedthe lens and twist ant-clockwise. The lens locksin place whenthe button clicks out. Topic3 Pointsto consider:T rerri-ds Ss of expressions usedto give inslructions (SeeEx. 2 p. 24 in the Student's Book).T also remindsSs ot how we begin/end a ldendly (Dear letter + yourfriend's firsl name Yours, your + firstname) and givesSs the planto useIn orderto writethe tetter. following Suggested Paragraph Plan Paragraph 1: reason for writing Paragraph 2: dkections on howto reach the house Paragraph 3: endthe letter

put wal,

oeal

Sce

stir
leanwh le, ctions are given in

|Jnil 6- llilrulires -Slorhs

t lB 2E 3 C 4 A s D
E Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 27) (to be heard twice) 'Don't go too far out to sea. lt looks as though there might be a storm,'the boat ownerwarned us as we set off on our fishingtrip. Rick and lwere both in high spiritsas we sarled away; there were a few grey clouds in the sky br,'lwe wefefartoo excited aboulourtripto payanyattention. Beforelong, though, we lound ourselvescaught n lhe m ddle of a terriblestorm.Huge drops of rain lashed agalnst the boat and the sky ftashed and roafeo aboveus. By now we were very far from the shore but we noticed a srnall island ahead o1 us. 'Look, Rickt' I shouted 'Head for the lsland.' Steeringfrantically towards t, we suddenlyheard a loud crash as the boat smashedinto a sharp rock. We were thrown violently lnlo the rolling waves and terrified, we r'eganto swrmtowardsthe istand. We managed to feach a stretch ot beacn ano dragged ourselves,exhausted,to the shelter of some trees. Thankfully,it was still light and the storm was beglnningto die down, so we gathered driftwoodand piled it up 1omake ourselves a fire. As we were sitting by the crackling flames, wonderingwhat to do next,we heardthe sound 01 a helicopter overhead.Jumping up and waving

Controls The controlsare on the ld of the playerfor ease of use, The function buttons are all soft louch. To aclivateone pressit ightly. Headphones The headphonesplug into the smallerol the two sockels on the righthand side. The second s tor loudspeakers. The headphone unitincludes avolume controland play,stop and skip buttons whichcan be used insleadoflhose on the playeritself. Operating Instructions: SLR Camera Batteries Turn the camera upside down. The baltery compadmenlis on the righthand side. To open t, push the carcr oown a-d shdeir lo rhe right. Insertthebatterywith itsterminals tacingdown then closethe lid.

col ecl 4 Hold

lescriPlion

ry)
6ive effect

rcnological d)

To open ihe cameras rear cover,slidethe carcnon the left-hand s de down. Insertthe film cartridgeon the left and pull the film out to the right until it crossesthe white line. Then shut the cover, and the lilm will be automalically wound on.

t9

Unit 6 madlywe yelled, Herewe arel Helpl Saveusl' Within minutes a Lifeboat appeared,and as we climbedinto it, rel evedto be fescuedbut still a ittle shaken by our experience, we saw the concerned tace oi the fish ng boat owner, 'Welcomeaboard. l'm glad you're sale but pleaselistento me next lime you want to go fishing!' 2 2nd paragraph - development (littleman gestures wilh battery,puzzLirg Scott) 3rd paragraph - development(Scottunderstands liitle man leaves) and g ves batteries, 4th paragraph - conclusion(Scott's'dream' turns oul to be true) . John eveniually found the iront door. He heard footslepsbehrndhim, pulledthe door open and dashed outside.What a relieJit was to see a policemanstandingtherel 7 then

6 A iwh e n 2 lmme d ia t e ly 5 Meafwhile 3 As soonas 6 At last

1 before 2 since Plot lineA 3 when 4 then

5 Alter 6 finally

l,

. The slory ls writtenin the 3rd pe6on. . 'bal of brilliant yellow Descriptivetechniques ight,' 'Strange ittleman ... wilh orangesk n, eic. Ime words: as, As soof as, atter,then, Suddeny, When, lmmediatey, When, before, Then Adjectives: asleep, exhausted, who e, new, yellow,bright,strange, brillranl, lttle, tal, orange, huge, blue,frightened, friendy,miniature, untidy, puzzled,litt e, unusual Adverbs: lighl, iast, completely, Suddenly, so, urgently, franlically, lmmediately, warmly Direct speech: 'Sleep tight, Scottie', 'Hello, l'm Scott.Who are you?', 'Whatdo you want?' The model usesa var ety ol adjectives and adverbs to keep the readels interest.

panicked. The passengers pilot plane. manaqed to controlthe t 4 l The The aeroplane startedfalling. The llight conlinued. l5 | The llighldhendanls cdlrredrhepassengers

F-.1

Plot line B

fr-l The car stopped.

t5 | Kevinwa ked away. t4 |The car sank n the mud. ls I Kevingot out of the car.

tr

Kevinwas drivingin the rain.

ta

Beginnings B (setsthescenedescribng weather, use of descrrptveadlectives and senses) Endings - A (ends the slory referringto feelings, use of descrptiveadlectives, use of directspeech)

(Suggestedplot lines) a . eav ng on plane10ra hollday . sudden storm/hijack ng aitempt . forced landlng . ong delay beforerescue . enorng b . vist to a castle . strangeincidentshappen . wrilerfeels scaredand leavesthe caslle . enotng . .

I t I I I

Beginnings 2 a, d, e Endlngs 1 c, d

3 a, c, f 2 d,e 3 a,b,c

boss givesdifficultassignment writer (empoyee) misunderstands/makes big mistake enotng

(weathedsufioundings, not very successful feelings/moods) 2 C - describingweather,referring to feelings question/referring 3 A ' rhetorical to feelings, rhetoricalquestron 1 B (Suggestedanswer for rewrite) . lt was such a dark night that John could hardly see his hand in front oi hisface. He lookedat his waich'12.45'. He suddenly shivered withfear.

8 (Suggestedlist of events)
. . . . . takesall his moneyto cas no begins winning gambIng continues losesa I his money ge$ sacKeo

a 5

l2 (

9 tr focuses Ss' aftention an the new vocabulary

presented in Exs. 8, 9, 10 and 11. Ss should memorise thesewords.T checksin the next lesson.)

20

Unit 6 tard and Big: enormous, massive, gigantic, huge (targe, vasl, etc,) Small: minrature, micfoscopic,tiny (minute,petite, etc.) Very: absolutely, entirety, thoroughly, extremety (completely, totally,elc.) Bad: hoffible,hornfytng, nasty,disgusting, terribte, unpleasant (revolting, tefiirying, aMut, etc.) Good/Nice: delightful,superb, terrific,wonderful, fabulous(excellenl, fantastic, etc.) (Suggestedanswers) A 1 massive 6 2 gigantic 7 3 enormous 8 4 thoroughly I 5 horrible 10 B 1 2 3 4 5 IO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 delightlul superb tiny terrific absolulely 13 t hootingcars - hearng loul smellingexhaustfumes sme// (cut) burning touch (head)throbbingwith pain rouch saltytaste ol btood taste po|ce car screeched hearlng sirenwailtng- hearng lighlsilashing- s/ght dark doorway- slght

huge liny huge drsgusling absolutely wonderful horrible extremeiy huge terrble

6 7 I I 10

2 ho1 touch shadyverandah slght purplemountains slght tragrantflowers srre// blazedwith colour- slght sharplysweetlemonade taste genflehum of cnckets, hea,ng lwttering of birds ,earmg soft; cool breezebrushedmy skin aoach smellof the rich earth- s/rel/ annoytng buzz - heating

franticay/urgen|y anglly/threateningty/suddeniy miserably Suddenly sarcastically irantically/huriedty/Ltrgeniy/netuously angrily/threateningly conlldently/paliently/catmiy

14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

crackle, rustte howl rattle twinkie roar rumble pound

I I 10 11 12 13 l4

wal creak crackle,flicker,roar bang hooi flicker flash

I I Walk Fun dash.st.oh.wander. rush {timp.,ace. march) LOOK gaze,peer,peep (stare, watch) Say hlss,murmur,yell,sigh, mutter,moan,shriek, whisper, exclam (shout, mumble, groan, scream, gasp) Smile/Laugh giggte,chuckte,grin (smirk,sneer) (Suggesledanswers) I stfolled 6 2 dashed/rushed 7 3 mlttered 8 4 sighed 9 5 whispered/hissed 10

Suggestedwords to be used in a story enti ed 'A Haunted House, leaves rustJe,wind/wolf howls, chains ratfle, fire roars, tftunder rumbles, heart pounds, cats wail, staircase/iloorboards creak, ftames fticker, door bangs,owls hool, candlesfllcker,lightningiJashes 15 (Suggestedanswers) . frlendsdecide10exploreold house . tutt moon and bats flying . open door into darknessand go inside . cat runs oul of anotherroom, scaringthem . one of ftiends disappears . suddenly a greenJaced wtch appears and shr eks; fiends lerrified . iriend takes off wilch,smask, taughing

shrieked gazed peered gfinned glggled/grinned

16 1 B

2 E

3 D

4 A

s c

1 2 (Suggested answers)
tlary 1 grinnrng, svolled 2 yelled, stared, rushed, muttered, sighed

Have you ever wished that your holidayswere move exciling?| cedalnlyhad qlrtil my experience on the firsi day of a photo safarihotidayI took with my friend Howardlasl June.

2l

The morningsLrnwas blazinaas we set out on ourfirst trip intothe jungle.A guide led Howardand me into what we hoped would be a day ot successf ul photography. We had been walkingthroughthe undergroMh for some lime when our guide suddenlv stopped in his lracks. Directlyin front of us was a narrow valey almost hidden bv creeoersand leaves, 'PhewlThai was close,'saidHoward.'l suppose we'll haveto turn back now,' As soon aq we had startedthe long walk back we heard a low orowlino sound coming from the trees in front us. We stood, frozen with iear. Meanwhilg, the gte!4q orew louder and llle]r the leaves parted te letteal twg ycly XllgllllsqklnS iiol!. The lions preparedto spring. Ilqmoment lhey eapt nlo the arr we threw ourselvesto the ground. The lions sailed over our heads, and plungedinto the narrowvalley. As we shakilymade our way back to the camp we couldn't believewhat a lucky escape we had had. Howard wiped the sweat from his forehead and said, 'Maybe it's time 10 go back to good oldfashionedbeach holidaysl' l7 1 G 2B 3 D 4t 5 F 6A 7 H 8C 9 E

Atter an hour's drive they reached a wooded mountainside. The man parkedthe car in a narrow road and ordered her to get out. The snow was deep and a cold wind was howling through the trees.'Walkl Tony is waitingJoryou,' he h ssed. Hesitanlly, she startedwa king towards the snowcoveredcabin, but, thinking of what was about to happen to her, she soon collapsed onto the icy snow, The man grabbed her, flung her over his shoulderand headed Jor the cabn. When he reachedthe place,he kickedthe door open, threw her on a bed and startedlookingfor Tony, only to find thal therewas no one thefe apaft from himsell and Sarah.Feelingratheruneasyhe went lowards the front door ol the cabin. Hands upl a man's voice said harshlyas he openedthe door. l8t 2 3 4 5 6 7 hit stared gasped looked realised had made had arrived 3 F 4 G 5H 6 A I I 10 11 12 13 14 rushed

za

pulled out read had explained did not sleep I | 10 J 11K

1D 2E

7 B 8 c

Tapescript for Ex, 17 (p. 34) (to be heard iwice) 'l hope Tony wonl notice the mrssing money, put the moneyin her thoughtSarahas she carefully wardrobe.li was reallyco d outs de and the central heatingwasn't on. Sarah dec ded to have a quick rest belore she leil town. She lay on her bed wrappedin a blanket.Soon she fell asleep,only to be woken up by the soundofthetronl door opening downstairs. Terriled, she went lor the window but before she managed io open ii a man dressed e_t'rely In black, weanng a rrash and ca'ryi^g a gun, enteredher room. Polntinglhe gun at her, he ordered her to g ve him the money, then tied her arms behind her back and dragged her out of the houseand into his car. While he was speeding down the street he nuhpred. 'You shouldnr have done |I. Tony rs very displeasedwith you.' She sad nothing bul fell sweat pouring down her back. She knew she shouldn't have laken the money, however much she needed it. She has wanted to slart a new lfe and Tony had plenly to spare. She had stupidly hoped she would havetime beloreTony found out, butthen how couldthis haveescapedhis attention? And Tony had a certainway of keating peoplewho belrayedhim.

t9

did WW (made) drlvedG (drove) hard G/ww (hardly) breaksWW (brakes) him WW (himsel0 the P (The) to G (to omltted) his eyes closedwO (closedhis eyes) lightedS (lit) neNoLrs G/WW (nervously) laying$ryV(V ng) (exhausted) G/ryVW exhausting helloP (HelLo)

Sory S (Sorry)
Its G/P (lt s)

20

10 2H

3A 4C

5F 6 B

7G I E

21

Startflashbacknarraton wiih A or G 1 F (Direclspeechcan be used to begin a story, thus makingthe story more excitng.)

2r
3 F (A combinalionof narrativeand descriptive technques makesthe storymoreinteresting,)

l'.t

Unit 7 4 F (Use of the senses while setting the scene arousesthe readers'interest.) ougn me 6 F (Evenisshould be in chronologicat order unless using flashbacknarration - or else the slory can't be lollowedby the feader.) 7T 8T

He checked the housenumber andthenranto the nearest telephone boxandcalled the police. I The policedidn't manage to arrest the burgtar because he had leftby the timetheygo to the . A burglary is describedI Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 37) (to be heardlwtce) Poticeman: Now,can you remember whattime it
Witress: Yes. lt was 9.00. I was on my way home from work when I saw a burglaropen a gardengate and go Intothe garden. Poricernan: And wherewere you when you saw ihe burglary? Witness:I was waikingdown Stamford street. When I reahsed whatwas happening, I hid ber'no a tee. Policema Do you rememberwhat the burglar lookedlike,what he was wearing? Wilr|ess: He was rathertalland thin but tcouldn'tsee his face as lt was dark. He was weaing a ong coal and a hat. Policerrar: And what exactly did you see,sir? Witness: The blrglar went through the garden lowafdsa side wndow. lhere were no lightson In the houseso I lhink he must have knowntherewas no one at home. He took something out of his pocket,broke the glass,unlockedthe window and climbedin. PoriceDan:So what dld you do then? Wllress: I checkedthe house number,ran ro rne nearesilelephonebox and telephonedthe police. Your men arived 10 minules later but the burglar musl havegot awayin the meantime. Poriceman:Thankyou, sirParagraph 1: t me, place,peopteinvolved(Monday pm,3rdfloorof ScopeLtd,two men evening, 11.15 runnrng) Paragraph 2: main evenls (descriptions of men, pursuedthe men, they got in a car, droveaway) Paragraph3: laterevents(bomb exploded,ftames coming out of the 3rd floor windows) Paragraph4: final results(called the policeand fire brigade) . . . The witnessstaiementts aboilt a bomb/arson attack. lt is writtenin the first person. Examplesol hypothesis: t musthavebeenaboul11.15 pm they must have been professionals

i about to b the rcy

22 (Suggestedplot lines) 1 apply for a job - get an appointment- go to the companypfemises receplionist greetsme ry,onryro warmy when I introduce myself lam led to m himself the manager'sotfice manager is also very I towards friendly - secrelary enters manager's office 'a mans and, ratherpuzzled,announcesanotherperson who has go1the same name as me. 2 strangerhad followedShe ta to her home from her ottice Sheilatried 10lose him gets back home and thinks she has lost h m doorbeI rings man at the door - introduceshimsell as one ol her schoolmates(creattng suspense and use of flashback naffalion are important elements nthsstory)

1 1K

3 Ann waits for Peter Peter comes - Ann suggests they havea drinkbeforegoingout as she b ngs the drinks,she trips overthe cal and splllsthedrinks ontoPetelstrousers - Ann offers to drylrousers- accidentally leaves ironon ihem and theyare bumt - Ann apologises - theystay in and havedinnerthere, sheordersChinese as she eats the food she spillssauceon Petels shirt - she bringsa clean cloth and a bowl of walerto washthe stainaway spillswateronto Peter's head Petergetsfed up and teaves

|JnilT - l{ihe$s Sloh|llem

(T can advise Ss to take notes while listening to the (Suggesledanswers) 1 At around9.00 last nlghl. 2 He was go ng home. 3 A burglar(openinga gardengale and going into the garden) 4 A long coat and a hat. 5 Throughlhe gardenlowardsa side window. 6 No, therewasn't. (There were no lightson in the nouseJ 7 He brokethe glassofthe side windou unlocked the windowand then climbedinto the house.

in a slory, 9.) bscriptive leresting.)

23

Unit7 3 (Suggesled answers) 2 Therewere no signs of a break-in so the back door must have been left unlocked. (1st is evidence, 2nd is hypothesis) 3 The kidnappersmust have got scaredbecause they let the v/ctim go beJorethe fansom was (1stts hypothesis,2n.J is evidence) 4 The securityguard didn'l tfy 10stop the robbery and disappeared atterwards, therefore,he must have been a memberoi the gang. (1st is evidence, 2nd is hypathesis) 5 The burglars must have been watching the house for days because they knew that the ownerswere away. (1stis hypothesis,2nd is evidence) 6 The thief rnust have been a store employee ltecause money was sto en from the hidden (1stis hypothesis,2nd is evidence) 7 (Suggestedstatement) lwas just about to cross the road at lhe zebra crossng on East Street when a red caT came speedingdown the road.As ltLrrned to watch,I saw a yelow car crossingthe junclion.The drivercan't have had time to brakeand collidedwth the yellow car The lighiswerered soihe accdenl wasdei nitey the red cals tault bul I don't thnk anyone was injuredalthoughboth carcwere lradlydarnaged. (T elicitsplan fran Ss. I a/soremlrds Ss to irclude trypothesis and evidencein theirstatements.) Suggesled Paragraph Plan 1 Paragraph 1: time. place (yesterday morningai around10,shoppng n supermarket) Paragraphs 2,3: eventslsbtryingto stea th ngs guard) bulgingpockets,I ca led the security Paragraph4: resut (the man was arrested) nor_i_g 2 Paragraph 1: rme. pace (Naonday 8.30,H lfordBank) Paragraphs 2, 3: events (l was in the queue. man pul ed out a gun,askedus to lie on the floor demandedto be givenmoney.cashieractivated alarm,po ice came,went afterthe thie0 Paragraph4: resut (th ef managedto escape) 3 Paragraph1: lime, pace (lasl nght corning home from work) Paragraphs 2,3: events (sb entered my ne ghbour s garden I hid behnd a tree,he tr ed Paragraph4: resut (manwas arrested) 6 1 speeding 2 crashed 3 direct on 7 passer-by 8 injured I damaged

5 collding 6 skrdded

(f ca, ask Ss to c/ose their boaks and say as many words as they can remember relate.l to cal acci.Jents,then encoutage Ss lo lrse these wo,.c1s to describe the accident illusttated in the diagram.)

4 (Suggesledanswers)
2 As soon as llurned the cornerI noliceda woman running down the stfeet. All of a sudden a policeman cameoutofa bu ldingand ranafterhef. 3 All of arsudden, the car skdded then crashed intothe one in front.Al the samelime I heardthe sound of glass breaking.Both drvers jumped 4 | smeltsomething burning whileI was watching TV. I decidedto invesligateldiscoveredthat rny oven was on iTe. When I saw a rnan with a gun I panickedand 5 mmediatelystarted scfeamng for help. Then the man ran awaydown ihe street.

5 (Suggesledanswe0
I was drvng along the 827 road on Tuesday eveningat about 7.00 when lsaw brghi green rlas'li_gighls drecrly abovFTe. My rd' enginF suddenlystopped,so got out at once and saw a huge, grey metalobject t must have been aboul 100 metresaway.ll cou d only have been a IJFO.ll spun aroundquicky and then dsappeared. The whole th ng must have only lasled a lew minutes, but when I looked at rny watch, that had stopped too. F nally,wher got back into my car,the eng ne startedup again,so I drove back home.

14

Unrt8

sserby ureo maged ry as many agram.)

Unil I - torlnol o|ld llllomrl lelhN

Tipslor WrltingLetlers lf youarewriting to a iriendof yours, or to yourtiroth;taEGi/cousin/nie;;:ffi
address him/herus ng Dear and his/her name (e.g Deat paul, nol Dear Ftiend;Dear Ann, aoI Dear Sister or Dear SisterAnn).ll you arc wnttngto an aunt/uncleof yours, you addresshlm/herusing Dear + kind of relation + name,e g. DearlJnclepeter, nol Dear Uncle.lf you arewritingto your mum, dad, grandpa or grandma,you write Dear + kind ol relation (e.9. Dear Mun, Deat Grandma, no| Dear Mum Sally,Dear Gnndma Susan). ln forma letters f you know the name ot the recipienlyou sign using yours sincerely and your lull name. lf you don't know the name of the rec pient,you sign us ng yours faithfully and your iull name. lT can make a ttunsparencylphotocopies ot' this table t'or students rct'erence.) Formal lelter when we know the name of lhe recipienl 3 Svvan St, Br ghlon 2nd August,1997 (youraddress) Folmal letler when you do not know the the recipient 4 MapleSt, Br ghton, England 5th ltlay, 1997 (youraddress) The l\,4anager, The ABC Hotel, 12,rue des Paqu s, Geneva, Switzerland (the rec pient'saddress) Dear Sir/lvadam, of

the zebra can't driver the yellow tely ls defin maged.

mornrng at lea things, luaro) sleo) y morning the queue, r activated o escape) ht. coming Personnel NIanager, SunCompany, 46 ChurchSi, (the recipent s address) DearI\,4r Smith,

Yours sincerely, C aireSimrnons

Semi-formallelter showing respect lor the recipienl with whom you are on lriendly terms 5 Hi[ St, Glasgow 17thlMarch, 1997 (youraddfess) DearGeorge,

Yoursfaithfully, AlisonTolley Informal lelter 37 ParkRoad Bristol 6th November, 1997 (youraddress)

e ne 1fie0 ed)

Dearl\rrll\,,lrs Smth,

Love/Begards/Best wishes/Yours, Sue

Love/Regards/Best w shes/Yours, lMoly

* Remember thai il is notnecessary to wr te addresses in the FCEExam.

25

UnnI
in eachsubunit.T checks secllots as theyare prcsented askSs lo memotisethe usefutLanguage fNofe: I shor//d in each modelandtryto replacett in thenert lesson.fls a/so advlsedto ask Ss to unde ine the usefullanguage with other similar exoressions.)

for LettersAskinglor Advice useful Language

Formal Opening I am wrting to ask il you could help me with / | would it if you could give me some adviceabout / Remarks appreciate
wntingto ask lor your advice/ lwould be gratelul f you could olfer your advice/ Cou d you possiblyoffer youradvice / lwonder f you couldhelpme wrtha ptootem,elc. lnformal I'm wfiling to ask for your adv ce / Can you give me your advce / l've got a problemand I need your advice,etc.

q
t

cl t

Closing I would apprecateit f you could give me your advrceas What do you think I shou d do? / Please your let me knowwhat you think I shoulddo. / Remarks soon as poss ble / | look iorwardto recelving advice/ lt would be of greathelp if you could adviseme, P easetell me what lo do, etc. etc.

for LettersGivingAdvice UsefulLanguage

Formal Opening Remarks / | am writingin Thankyou for your letterfequesung replyto your letleraskingfor adviceabout / | hope the followng adv ce will be of some help to you, etc. that / | would suggestthat / I stfonglyrecommend the besi course of act on is / | would adv se I believe you to / You should / You ought to / lf I were you l lnformal I just goi your letterand I think I can help you / | was sorryto hear about your problem.Here'swhat I think yol shoulddo, etc. should/ You Why don't you / YoLr ought to / lt would be a good idea to What you shoulddo is / How about / I think you should/ The best advice can g ve you rs,etc. Hope this has helped/ Let me know what happens,etc.

e
t cl
I

Suggeslions

Closing Remarks

I trust you wi I acceptlhis advice/ | hope this will tle of help / | would very much like to know if this was he pful, etc.

c
t

for Lettersof Complaint UsefulLanguage

Mitd Opening Bemarks / on I am wrilingto compain about / regardLng accountot / becauseoi / on the subiectol / | am wrilingto draw your attenton lo / | am writ ng to you in connection wth, etc, Strong I was appalledat / | want to express with / lfeel my strong dissaiistaction must protest/ complan about,etc.

cr
L

a
I insisiyou replacethe item at once / a fullrelund demand / lhopethatlwil nol be forcedtoiakefurtheraclon, etc

Closing Bemarks

youwillreplace I hope/assume / | lrustthe srtuatlon willbe resolved | hope the matier / wil improve / etc. ouramicably, I hopewe cansortth s mattef

CI I

?0

UsefulLanguage for Lettersof Apotogy

Opening Remarks
I am writingto apologisefor / I must apotogise tor / Pleaseaccept my sincerest apologes for / How can I apo ogrseenoughfor / | must apotogise profusely

I nope you wi I understand when I say that / Whatcan I say, exceptt,m sorry thal / l'm sofiy for / | owe you an aporogy/ | m so sofiy if I upsetyou in any way / I can t describehow sofiy I am and how guity I feet, etc. I hope you believeme when I say how sorry I am / | can t te I you how sorry I am / | beg you to lorgtveme tor /There rs no excuse tor...and I hopeyouI lorgNe rne,etc.

Closing Remarks

Onceagain, sincerest apolog es for / | hopeyou wrl accept my apologies/ | hope my apo ogiesw ll be/

UsefulLanguage for Lettersof Invitation

We would be honouredi you / | cordia y inviteyou i m writingto nvlteyou to / Id ove it i to / Your presence would be appreciated at / you are you cou d come io / We'reorganisng invted 1oattend,etc. a ...and wouldloveil if you coutd I about

rn nKyo

Closing Remarks

We would be gratefulif you could / pteaseinorcare whetheryou w I be able to attend.etc.

I id eat o

I hope you l be abteto make it / Hope you can come / Looklnglorwardto seeingyou then / Please et me know as soon as poss bte, etc.

y aboul / t advlce

UselulLanguage for LettersAcceptingan Invitation

I am wrilingto thank you tor the k nd nvitation / Thank Thanks ior the invitalion to ... , ... you for the k nd lnvitaton which I would be honoured soundslovely l'd love / to come to ... . Closing Remarks I look forwardto see ng you / We awaitthe eventwth greatanticipation, etc. See you then / We're reatlytooking

;*";l
h l leel I u - elc. llonc e/l that I will

I
Opening Bemarks Closing Bemarks

UsetulLanguage for LettersRefusing an Invilation

We thank you fof you recent nvitation io ... bul / | regrelto informyou that we wil be unableto accepl your kind nvitalion to ... , etc. I am sorryio missthe oppodunityof / Thankyou aga n 1orthe invtation/ | hope we will havetne opportunity to meet,etc.

Thankslor the invitaton,but / Thanks lor Invt ng me to . . , but l rr1 atraidI I hope we can get togethersome othertime / l'm reallysofiy we,l have

21

for Lettersot Application(for a iob) UsefulLanguage

ol/ ior the posl/job/posrtron lo apply / | amwriting *,th t"g"td ro youradvertisement r u-iilllowit--itrg
in, etc which I saw advertised to Fleference expeflence of / Two year I have oeen worKlngas Since/Fot / | have had experience For the last/past etc before . yearsago lwas employedas / | worked as any contactme regardrng / PIease a reply at your earliestconvenience I would appreciate any al glad an inteMew attend to be I would queriesyou may have/ | enclosemy CV and you in due course, from to you / | look lorwardto hearing convenient

for Lettelsof Application(for a course) useful Language

Opening Remarks to the like to appy for admission I woLrld for' etc beginning / | would like lo be considered

ihe in / I havetaken/passed ln / | am due lo take examinalions to I hold a certificate/degfee Beference

Closing Remarks

/ | have completedthe followingcourses/degree examinalion / | hold tie followingqualification course/ lry degtee is in English,etc irom / I look forwardto meetlng/hearing a reply at yoLlrearliestconvenience I would appreclate my ol fudier-details / I enclose you / Pleasecontactrne regafdingany queriesyou may,have me tor entry' etc you will consider that | hope qualificationa lo date / and ;ducation

Information lor LettersRequesting UsefulLanguage

I am writingto lnquireabout/inconnectionwilh, etc To introduce lirst request Couldyou possiby send / | would be grateiullf you could / Would it be possiblefor you to telvtosend about,etc some information me / | would appreciate I wanl Youto tell me / Can Youlet me Can you send/tellme / | wani to know,

I matter sendme/ Another To inlrocluce Couldyoualsoplease some on is / | wouldalsolike needlnlormalion further on, eic. nlormatron requests
Closing Bemarks it ii / | would appreciate I look fo&ard to receiving etc poss:ble me as soon as you cou d i'1forn_

Can you also find out / | also want to

Pleaselel me know/Sendrne the me soon, etcdeiails/Tell

tor LettersGivingInfolmation UsefulLanguage

Formal Opening Eemarks

lnlormal

lor iniormalion This is what llound out / Rernember asking to yourletter in reply I am writing yo! wanted?/ You the information you about/ In reply to to iniorm aboui/ | amwriting me to tell wanied You a lew things yourquery, elc.
aoout,elc. to you / I hope that I have been of some assistance / Pleaseinformme lf I can be oi any furtherasslslance all your questions / Pleasedo I hope I have answered to contactme if you requiteany further not hesitate iniormaton, etc.

Closlng Remarks

I hope this w ll help yorl / Let me kno\ ii you need any more help, elc

28

UntrI a) Layoutslor formattetters: A, D Layouisfor informal/friendly letters:B, E Note: LayoutC s used when wlting to someone we know tJulwhom we afe not very closeto. (semirormarl b) LayoutC for a ieacher LayoutBiorafriend LayoutA for a company rnanager whose name you don t know LayoulD for a company managerwhose name To the teachef: Tell your Ss to bear jn mind that wheneverwriting a letter they must deckje on these ttyo points: a) who is writing the tettet and b) who is gaing to lead the lefter. These[^to poinb are i npoftanr lor the correct planning and content of the lefter. (Teachet is advised to use the pause button after each lefter is heard) Letter 1 Informal G ving news and makingan nvitation = Dea. Jane, ll was love'v hearfro-nyo- again._ 'o Hope1o hearfrom you soon, Love Sally Letter 2 m Tapescript for Ex. 2 (p. 40) (to be heard twice) 1 DearJane, It was lovely to hear from you agaln. I recetvedyour tetterlhis morn ng, and lthought l d write back straightaway. t,vegoi so much to lett you; qu te a lol has happenedsince we ast mel. My new school is great and l,ve made a lol of ldendsalready.The teachersafe very friendly and helpful,so I don't feetat alt strangeor lonety here. Sometimes being the .new gf, is frlghtenng but everyone s been so kind. [,4ybiggest news ts wifnlng a compett on. I enleredone In a magazne and won a ho idayfor two in Ventce.What are you dolng rn July and hows your lalian? Let me know il you fancy a lree trip to Venlce, We couldcatch up on losttirneano nave a realy niceholiday together. Hope to hearirom you very soon. Sally 2 DearS r/Madam, I am wrtrng to comptan about the dreadiLrl seruice at the Golden coose. fasl iood reslaurant in StoneStreet. I took my two young children there ast Sundayas a specia treal and I was very upset by the servicewe received To begin wlth we waited al the countef for over fifteen m nutes Detoreour order was taken.They then gave us somethingcompletetydifferentto whar we nao orderedand the assistant got very angry when I pointedthts out. When we sat down, the table was llll of empty canons and dirty plates and, agan we waited another ten minutes before someone came to clearthe table. I was very disappointed and so were my two children,who had been lookingforwardto thetr meal. I feel very strongtythat somelhng shoutd be done lo make sure that custorners who are paytngrcf a servicereceivea ilfle courtesyand Yourslaithfully, Jean Edwards(l\,4rs)

= itionofll

---l
;

1ll

J ---l
3
'_l
2

;J
:

--l
___l
=

Complainlngabout the service at a fast-food restaurant DearSir/Madam, l'm wrilingto complainaboul ._.- I leel very stronglythal sth should be done ..., yours iathfully,Jean Edwards([rrs) Lelter 3 nforma/ Invitinga friendto an event Dearl\/ark,l'm wriUng io inviieyou ... - let me Know f you can come. Bestwishes,John Letter 4 Forrnal Applyingfof a job DearMr Evans, l'm writing to apptyfor ...- | enctose my CV and look fo&ard to meeting you ... youTs sincerely, CafolineEdwards(Ms)

::'I
__l

--.1

'-""'l

29

Unit 8 3 Dear lvlark, l'm w ting to nvile you io the barbecue we're havingal the rugby club next weekend. As ils s rheend o' lhe rugbyseason. we ve decided to celebrate this year by holding a barbecue.The club's an ideai place as theres plentyof roomouts de and we re go ng to put up a tent for refreshmentsThrs was the coach's idea he says if it rans we can cook the barbecue n the lentl Fach club rrembpr s i'1vrrFd lo bri.g a guesl, and knowing how much you love barbecues, lthoughtl'd askyoulojoin us as l'm willbe music and sureitwillbe a ot of fun.There dancinglateron, too. It starts at 7.30 on Saturday and you're welcometo spend the weekend at my place f Let me know if you can come. Besl wishes, a b c d e 4 1 Formal beginning - lelterof inviiaton lelteraccepiingan 2 lnformal- ending invltalion letterglv ng 3 Formal - beginnng information 4lnformal beginning - letrerol invitation 5Informal ending - etterof apology 6 Formal beg nning - letterof complaint letter askingforadvce 7 Formal - end ng lettergivingnews 8 lnformal- end ng letterexpressing I Formal - ending thanks letierexpressing 10 Intormal beginning regret rener expressLng 11 Inlormal- ending 12 Informal- ending

congratulations giving leiter advice

(fft||dly) llells telhrs0ivillg I ll|lomd

busy. Becausehe has been extremely He th nks it s a rea ly excitingplace. ll is veryhot and humid. He faintedwh le wailing in a queue. They are all very irierldly and have done lheir besi to make him feel at home. thaneverbeiore. i No.He hasmoreresponsibilities g He is happy (in his job) and enjoys the change

DearMr Evans, lam writing io apply for the post of PersonnelManageras advertisedin Mondays 'Daily Herald'. I studiedBusiness Ianagementat Bracknell Polytechnic, and also havea certitcale in [,{edia Studies.I have been working as a Department Ivanager ior a large store lor ihe past three years, and am responsible for the general lMydutes nclude runningof my depar1menl. stafftfainingand supervision and lthereforefee ihal I have ihe expefience requ?ed for the positionyou advertise. PLease contacr -ne regarding a1y queries you may have, I enclose my Cvand look foMard lo meetingyou shouldyou requireme to atlendan interview. Yourssincerely, CarolineEdwards(lMs)

lor Ex. 1 (p. 42) (lo be heardtwice) m Tapescript

Haveyou heardlfom Steve?
B i Oh yes, I got a letterfrom him yesterday.

Whafs he got to say? l'm sorry B : Here,let me readit to you. 'Dearlvlark, it's taken me so long 10 write to you, but lve been extremely busy.' A i Oh, excuses, excuses. B: 'l'm beginningto settlein, which meansthat l've finaly had a chanceto explorea bit. Hong Kong is a reallyexcitingplace. Last night lwent to a restaurantand t ed eating with chopstcks lor the t rst time. I think I made a fool of myselfl' Yes, I can imaginethal. Carryon. of noisethat goes on B: 'Thereis a constantbLrzz a I night,which makes it difficultto gel to sleep sometimes, but l'nr getting used 10 t. The weatheris very hot and hum d which can be a bil unp easant. A couple of days ago, I actualy 5 fainted while waiting in a queue. Fortunately, though. nosl build_gs and ca15 are air. condtioned.'

31
2 3 4 5 6 l 8

C F B A E D G H

formal letterexpressing regrei nformalletterexpressing thanks nformallettergivingadv ce informalletterrefusng an invtalion formalletteraskingfor iniormaton forma letterot application for a job informa letteraccepiingan rnviiation cong'at-lalions 'ornal letler expressing

30

Unit8 A: What else does he say? B: Well,let me see, 'My new colleagues are all very friendlyand have done their best to make me feelathome. Whenlfirsiarrved, lwas invited to an olfice luncheon and was personally introduced1o the who e staff. I have my own secretary, and a big private otfice with a spectacular viewof the harbour However, I have moreresponsbilities than everbeiorebut ior the time beingl'm happy, and HongKongis a nice change fiom cold, gloomy Londonl Anyr'vay, that's all my newsior now. Drop me a line ii you get the chance. l'd love to hear from you. Give everyone my regards.Bestwishes,steve.' A: Well, that's a nice letter, and l'm glad to hear he s do ng so well... Vsitt ng S (V siting) was G (hasbeen) wonderfully G (wonderful) I ke G (as) have riddenG (rode) a so are WO (are also) had G (have) oponunty s (oppodunty) airicaP (Afiica) excitedG (exciting) baloon S (balloon) teamsWW (herds/groups) absolutely was WO (wasabsolutely) nothingG (anlthing) w ll get G (geD 1 2 3 4 arrived/ haven'tseen / havespent have been / haven'thad / went flew / has gone / have been / got sold / haven'tmoved/ haven'tfnlshed / started 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 has taught/ teaches havelearnt found/lnd got up ted co lected have enjoyed thought I su table opportunity= chance have becomefarniliar= m geftingto know = gettingmuch better impfovlngconsiderably I hope to return= I hope ta come I look foMard to hearingfrom you soon = P/ease wnte back soon Yourssrncerely - loye 6 1 Paragraphplan Paragraph 1: reason lor wrtng (1o say what happenedlastweek) Paragraphs2,3: development (last minute .reeli_g called meetng wasaclualya q-rprige party- descrrption of the party) Final paragraph: closing remarks (was slrrprsed, gratefu hope you are well, wriie soon) 2 Paragraphplan Paragraph 1: reason for writing (to lett your Paragraphs2, 3: descriptionof the apartmenv you tsave o/ace5 see1.weather.plans Final paragraph:closjngremarks

Bptrng an
1

po ogy Dmplarnt ng for advice E news essing

essrng dions rg advrce

lns
sy.

e done the r

b.lslins lor/0ifin0 ldvhe

(T should explain that an agany aunt is someone wha answerspeople s lelters asking t'or advice in a magazne tnewspape4 A a b c d Aunt e Barbara, an agony aunt. lt is iniormal. To ask tor adv ce. Pat argues wth her daughterabout her friends, clothesand her going out.They can't agreeon anythingand now she's planningto eave home, e Pat begins the elter wlth: 'Dear Aunte Barbara, Pleasehelp me.'and ends wiih 'Whatcan I do? Yours,Pat.'

i the change

rrd twlce) tday.

pu, but l've

4 1 told
tansthat l've . Hong Kong t lwenttoa ropstrcks for I myselfl' flal goes on gei to sleep I to it. The t canoeao[ o. I actually Fortunately. us afe air. 2 arrved 3leamed/learnt 4 Sat 5 put 6 filled 7 waiched 8 kicked t has seen A vlsitto a iarm

Tapescriprfor Ex. 1A (p. 44) (to be heard lwice) A: Oh Jane,you wou dn'i believethe problemsl'm having with Sarah just now. Since she turned sixteen, all we do is argue. A: Really?Well don't worry, Pat. lt's just a stage shes goingthrough. A: Well, I even wrole lo an agony aunl lor adv ce. I didn't know whal etseto do. B: Did you? What did yo! tell her?

ielt obliged to wrileto inlotm= I iusthad to write P easeacceptmy sincere apologies for not wrting = Sorry for not writing

3l

UnitI A: Hold on, lve got a copy oi the letterhere Dear Auntie Babara, Pease help me l,{y sixteen and I can l agreeon anym ng year old daLrghter we argue aboul her friends, her clothes her going out. Now she s retusingto speak to me She goes to her father is she needs permisson to do somelhng and he usually says yes Io anythingshe wants, which makes me look ike lhe bad one. Now she's threateningto leave home. What can l do? Yours, Pat Thats t l m waitingfor the teply now. B: wel . I hope she can help you l hateto see you alLupset like this . . B a To give adv ce. b To talk to her daughter about her own teenageyearsand to explainto her husband that t is impodantfor him to suppon her' c The etterbegins Dear Pat, l'm sorry to hear willhelpyou ... and ends'l hopethisletter Earbara" Auntie Best ol luck, d li is Lnlormal and reasons (list c 5 Paragraph 2: suggestions wfiteto universiiie otficer see a careers careeTs, askingfor ProsPectuses) Paragraph3: closingremarks . ModelB Paragraph 1: thanks lor etter - expres unoer$anorng and reasons(choos Paragraph2: suggesUons plenty oi trult an it eat diet and stick to vegetables - exercse) Paragraph 3: suggestionsand reasons (lo baskelballteam give yourselflittlerewards) Paragraph4: closingremarks . (Suggesled answers) Model A Manythanksfor your etterrequesting the bestcourseof actionwould lle to I believe that you also stronglyrecommend I woLrld I would advtseYouto ... I hopethiswll be of help Model B I just got your letter and I think I can g ve yo ... someadvice do .. Heres whatlihinkYoushould Whydon'tyou ... You should... ... Howaboutlolnlng Lei me know what happens

&i

Tapescript for Ex. 18 (p. 44) (to be heard twice) Dear Pat, l'n sorry to hear you're havingproblemsbut I d you by tellingyou that most parents ike to reassLrre Inrougn go whalyou'F erperenci'19 I k-ow to ner you, finda wayol relating lwould lf lwere your leenage own ot some sharing How about problemswith her and lettingher know that she s not alone in the way she iee s right now? too, and Why don't you speak10 your hLlsband you n he suppons it s impodant to hlm that explain you're to do? irying what I hope this letterwill help you The felatLonshrp betweenmotherand daughtefis very special,but t does need a lot ol work on both sides Bestol lLlck, AuntieBarbara

lr

4 (suggested answers)
1 You shoud buy travellerscheques instead c takng cash. Also, make sure someone know where you're planningto be so they can get I louch with You,etc. 2 You should be very polite becausepeoplewrl good mannersalwaysimpressmy parents'Alsc elc t would be a qood idea to dresssrnartly, the bos you sure make 3 | would suggest that job good o a knows when You've done putiing ie\ in a something.You ought to start extra hoursto show that you are willng to wor hard,etc. 4 | strongly recomrnendthat you reduce yoL consumpiion oi meat, because it is high You oughlto stari eatingmorefres cholesterol. etc. vegetables, 5 lf I were you, l'd get the car checked out by mechanicbeforebuyingit, to makesurethat th you shoLrld askto takea te! engne is OK.Also, drive, etc driveto see what it's like to

The flrst plan (askingtor advce) was used for the first letter (Pat's letter) whereas the second plan (giving advice) was used ior the second lelter (AuntieBarbata'sletteo . Model A is a iormal lettef giving advice and B ls an lnlormallettefgiv ng advlce l\,4odel ModelA no ro' IFIIe'e'pressinq Paragraph 1: lLahl^ understandjng

32

Unit I
6 (isl ol iversilies

5 1 Paragraphplan
Paragraph 1: reasonfor writing(askadvice) Paragraph2: descripiion of problem(wantto go on a holidaybu you pd.emswon t tet yoL go) Final paragraph: closing remarks (write back soon with advice) 2 Paragraphplan

expfess Paragraph1: express sympathy(sorryyou Jaied Paragraph2: suggestion and reason(get some qualifcatons,find a betlerjob in future) Paragraph3: s-ggest'o. and.eason (see a cafeersadvisorto help you choosea course) Final paragraph: closing remarks (witt do everything to help) 3 Paragraphplan lbe to .. ou... Paragraph 1: reason for wnttng (askng ior advice) Paragraph 2: description of probtem (mum lreats me like a young child comptains about not spending t me at home, not interested in my lfe critlcises my cloihes Paragraph 3: closng remarks (how can I be lrends with my mother)

ride everyday to get to the beach.However, rne brochure said ihal the beach was only a ten mnute wak away.I demandthat I shoutdbe given alLrllrefund, or twillbeforced to taketegal aclion. IvlrsJoy Brown. Oh dear. Donl te me that the other lettersare also going lo be trom angry customers? B: I'm afrad they are, sir ... (Suggestedanswers) 1 e IVy2,yeaFolddaughtercul herselfon the toy even though you claim it s safefor chitdren over18 months. 2 g We were told therewould be a 20% discount rf we ordered before June. Nevertheless, when we received the b I we reallsed we nao been chargedthe full price_ 3 d The top rack oilhe d shwasherhas broKenIn spite ofthe fact that I haveonty used it three times. 4 b I i_for.red you o' my change or busrness address bul you still keep detvering equipmentto ihe wrong address. 5 a I received a etter saying my licence has expiredalthough tsent you a chequeto renewil a month ago. 6 f The shirts bright red collar had turned pink, despite the fact that the tabel statesthat t can be washedal h gh lemperatures without the colours fading. 7 c I booked a roorn with a private batnroom, However, I had to share a bathroom with olher guesls.

lruil anc

ra.os)

gve yo!

c.telhrs olColnIloinl
a hotel,guest c long,ten minute The clenl complained aboul the hotel,the crowded fesortand the lact that the beachwas lar awayfrom the hotel.She askedlor a futt relund. E Tapescriptfor Ex. 1 (p. 46) (to be heard twice) l: Good morningJanice.Has the post arrved yet? 8: Er...yes creenway,it has, but ... ^,4rLets have a look then. 'Dear Mr A: Ah, good. Greenway,I want to express my extreme dissatisfacton with the Caribbeanholiday I booked with your agency.I iust got back and I have to say it was the worst holidayI have ever h"d ro oegrnwitr I to,nd mysetf staying t. a huge multi-storey hote allhoughI had beenlotd thal I wouid be staying n a famiv-run guest house. What is more, the resort was crowded wth tourstsbut Jhad beentotdthat t was quiet and unspoit.Finally, I had to take a ong bus

m gel rr rplewtf y. etc he bos! job or in a lev

Paragraph1: reasonfor writing Paragraph2i complairt 1 with justifcatron(not seated until 9.00, although we had bookeo a tablefor 8.30) Paragraph 3: complaint2 wtth justiftcation (wrong startersbrought though order fepeated Paragraph 4: complaint3 with justrficaton (chocoate gateau was stale allhough menu claimeddesserts werefreshtyprepared that day) Paragraph5: closingremarks

. .

lt is a slrong letterof comptaint. Complaints weren'tseateduntil 9 0,clock water broughtwrong starters chocolategateauwas stale

high ir

out by i r thattlrl xe a les

33

Unit 8 Justilicallon had booked a table ior 8.30 had repeated order to check the waiter had heard co(eclly menu claimedalldessertswerefreshlyprepared thal day 6 t Althoug'' 2 Furthe.nore 3 However

Thelanguage is mlld.(e.9.I am writing to compla ..., I feel disappointed ... hopethat stepswill b taken .,., trust this matterwill receive immedr attention) plan 1 Paragraph

4 for G (about)
who G (which) took WW (purchased/bought) properlyit wofked WO (il worked prope y) come G icame) Also WW/G (However) it G (there) whileWW (during) havetaken G (look) tryed S (tried) hit S (heat)

(Tcan askSsto includethe pointsfromthelead in tableusingthei awn wotds.)

iPo
wrong WW (faulty) will resolveG (willbe resolved) faithlulyS (faithf ully) nancy P (Nancy)

Dear Mr Haynes, I am wrting to complainabout the two Alsatian dogs that you own. AlthoughI haverepealedly askedyou to prevent the dogs from leavingyour garden,you haveiarled io do so. As a result,mylront lawnhas beendug up twice overthe past threedays. Furthermore, theircontinual barkingisextremely disruptive, bolh to local residenls and mysell. Finaly, I feelthat thesedogs havea iendencyto be aggressive,as I have told you in the past. Nevertheless, they are allowedio roam the streets of our neighbourhood, wh ch I consider unacceptable. I hope that, having made my feelings clear to you, this mattercan be resolved, Yourssrncerely, WilliamPenton . This letter is a ratherstrong letterof complaint, and it is obv ous that the writer is very annoyed about his neighbouls dogs. (e.9. I consider unacceptable ... hope, havingmade my leelings clear ... maftercan be resolved)

(complain Paragraph 1: reason forwritins abo theholiday) Paragraph 2: complainl 1 withjustifcaiion (huq gue multi-storey hotel insteadof lamily-run house) (res Paragraph 3: compainl2 withjustification q crowded with tourists alihough itwassupposed bequiet andunspoilt) Paragraph4: compalnt 3 with justificati (beach an hoursbus rde awayalthough it w4 sLrpposed 1obe near the hotel) (demand Finalparagraph: closing remarks afq refund) plan 2 Paragraph

(complaln Paragraph 1: reason forwriting abo player) cassette Paragraphs 2, 3: complantwth jusiiiicat (rewnd button broken,damagescassette sounounclea4 Flnal paragraph: (dema cosing remarks repacemenl)

d.toiler$ ol loolosy

a Eecausehe didn't tum up lor h s date wlth Juli yesterday and wantsto apologise. b He was about 10 leavehls housewhen he got 1 phone call from his Aunt Tina saying that hi grandmotherhad fallen and hurt her leg. Dav had 10 drive her to the hospitalas she had n other way of gelUngthere. lt all happeneds quicklythal he d dn'l havetime to phoneJulie c 'Please lorgive me and have lunch with m tonight.Love,Oave' d Informal

34

Unit I 3 However wit ng to complan that steps wil be ecerve immedate E Tapescriptfor Ex. 1 (p. 49) (to be heard twice) A: 8: 4: 9r What's wrongJulie? Oh it s Dave.l'm reallyfed up with him. Why?What happened? Wel we d arrangedlo meet outsidethe cinema at I last night but he ddn't show up. I stood :herelor an hourl Deliyeryboy: I\,4iss Julie Gall? 8: Yes. blivery boyt fhese llowers are for you. g: Oh.thanks. l: i/hat a beautifulbouquetiWho are theytrom? !l -et s see ... There'sa lenerattached. lear Julie, Im writing to say how sorry l am for not :Jrning up yesterday.Pleasegive me a chance :. explainand apologise. 1was jusl about to leavemy house ast night rhen I got a phone call from my Aunt Tina. lt :urned out that my grandmotherhad iallen and rurl her leg and I had to drive her to the hospital as she had no other way of getting there. lt atl tappened so quickly that I didn't have trme to P ease forgiveme and have dinner with me ronrgnr. Love,Dave' A: ,Vel. that explainseveMhing. 9: Yes maybeI should give him a call. :gaf Mrs Brown, On behalf of Sunrse Travel,please accept my s -cere apologiesfor your d ssaUsfaction with your :albbean holidayin February. Due lo a computer error we were torced to :-ange your accommodation at the last minuteto Arral we had been led to believe was a hoiel of :cua ly high slandard.Sadly, it was not until later :ral we discoveredthe holel in question did not _1eet the requirements demandedof SunriseTravel aacommodaiion. As a long establshed travel company, we are r/el aware oi the upset that can be caused by croblems experiencedwhile on holiday. For this .easonwe would likelo offeryou a weekendfor two holel as compensation. 1 Pansal a toD.class Once again, our sincerest apologies for the lconvpn,encecaused.we look lorward10 heari'lg a To apologisefor the inconventence causeo ro lMrsBrownduring her holday. b The company was forced to change its accommodalionat the last minute due to a compulererror, c l\,{rs Brown s offereda weekendfor two in Paris as compensatron.

g lcomplain aboul rtr-srl{ caton (huge I iamry run guesl justdication (resorl a lvassupposed to wrth justification ay although t was tl tks {demand a tull

{ormal. (e.9. on behalf oi...,dueto ...,we look lorward to hearing...) Paragraph 1: reason for writing(apotogise for inconvenrence caused) Paragraph 2: reason for inconventence causeo (computer error, accommodalion changed) Paragraph3: promiseto make up tor rnconvenience (offer caused weekend for two n Paris) Paragraph 4: closing remarks.

3 Letter A
1 2 3 4 5 to apologise 6 dlsgraceful conduct 7 | realse 8 resolvethe matter I Due to my absence 10 However severely reprimanded rest assured this incident deteryou

Lelter B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 to say how sorry | am bad behaviour | know sort oul the problem BecauseI wasn'tthere but properlytold ofl be sure what happened put you off

g (compra n aooLn I wfih juslilcatol. r'rages casseres. 2

h s dale wilh Julie gse. JSeWhenne gol a E saying that h s turt her leg. Dav lai as she had nc I all happenedsc p to phoneJulie.

a LetterA is formal,letterB is inlormal b LetterA is wltten by the managerof a shop to apoogise for a shop assistant's rude behavour. Letter B is written by one friend, Joann-" lo another,Belinda, lo apologlsefor her son s bad c The final paragraphin Letter A expressesthe shop managels hope that the customerw tt go on usingthe storeand he offersa complimeniary gift in order 10 make up for the inconven ence caused. The ftnal paragraph rn Letter B expresses Joanne'shope that her friend will not be put otf golng round to theif house ano sne invitesher to dinnerto make up tor the problenr

Yours sincerely, JohnGreenway

35

I\rr Johnson wrole a letter to lvr Brown complainingabout a shop assisiani'srude towardshim, Belindawrote a letterto behaviour Joanneto complainabout her son's behavrour. (Suggestedanswers) Letter A i ii lor ... / apologies Pleaseacceptmy sincetest ... ior , I mustapologise I hope you will accept my apologiesand that thisincident... , etc.

Yes, it sounds like fun. I can 1 wait 1o see again. Now what am I going to wear ...?

2.

Ann and Davidare going lo readthis letter. are Bill and Laura'sfr ends. It is informal. . Paragraph 1: salutation, nvitationto house

party warming of new house( 2: description Paragraph

s deiached,3 small but cosy bedrooms,

Letter B
tl

lor . . for .../ | oweyou an apoiogy l'm sorry me whenI sayhowsorry I hopeyou believe ... . etc. I am aboutwhathappened

huge ktchen,big living back garden, terrace) to house ParagEph 3: d rections

Paragraph 4: closing temarks (We hope be ableto makeil. Lookingforwafdto seeing rnen) . Opening Remarks:We?ewritingto inviieyou Closinq Bemarks: We hope you'l be able makeit... Replacewilh: We re happylo invte you Lo We 'e orga_si'1g We'd love it f you could come to ... Hopeyou can come / Hopeto see you then / us know it you can make it ,.. 3a IvlodelA s a letteracceptingan invtation.1,4 B is a letterrefuslngan invitaiion. b They are both informal. Model A Paragraph 1: ihanks for invitation of invitation Paragraph2: acceptance Paragraph3: offeringhelp Paragraph 4: asking if they can bring 0augmer Paragraph5: closingremarks Model B

41

plan Paragraph lor ior writing{apologse Paragraph 1: reason notbeingableto work) (tamily cfiss) Paragraph 2: explanaton to make express regret/desire Finalparagraph: (extremely soffy,will work next up lor situation plan Paragraph for 1: reason ior writing(apoLogise Paragraph in cottage) whilestaying sthihathappened Paragraph 2: explanalion(phone rang on carpet) redwinespilled suddenly, desire to makeup lor express Finalparagraph: (willhave rugcleaned andwillpayforit) stuation

e.telhr$ ollnviloliol|
I a The letterhas beenwrtten to invitea coupleto a Chistmas party. 'DearJohn and Anr ...', Love,Judy and Richard and a salutation / wilh an introduction nformal(it is sent to friends)

lor Ex. 1 (p. 51) (to be heardlwice) Tapescript

Look,we got a letterfrom Richardand Judy. Bl Whatdoes it say? Al 'Dear John and Ann, I'm writingto inviieyou to our Christmaspa.iy on December 18ih. Were planning to have cocktails at about 8.30 and then at 10.00 a pre Christmasdinner. I hope that you'l both be able lo come. lt shouldbe greatfun. Lookingiorward to seeingyou. Love, tseen Ihemin OhlWe haven JudyanoBrchard. agesl

Paragraph l: ihanks for invitaiion Paragraph 2: refusal oi invitaton, givin reasons(John'smother'sbirthdayon the sam dav) Paragraph 3: lulurepld_s(panyon NewYea Eve) Paragraph4: closingremarKs

36

UnrtI

I to seether

rs letter. The\

Openlng Remarks Ar Thanksfor your lnvitation partyyou invrted B: The Christmas us to sounds lovely. Closing Remarks a r_a_ksagai. a_d seeyou on lhe 18th. B: Thanksfor the invitation, and hope the party goeswell.

3 4 5 6 7

a I d g b

(informal, givinginformation) (formal, apology) askingtor advice) {informal, (formal,congralulations) (formal,givingadvice)

6r

Paragraphplan (informal slyle) Paragraph'l: thanksfor inviiation Paragraphs 2,3: developmenl(Debbie is excited,lookingioMard to seeingeveryone, wi I be sureto bring some CDs) Final paragraph:closingremarks(letme know if you need anythng, see you on Friday)

house (semi liv ng room

b hope youl yol ro seerng

Replacewith: Ar Manythanksfor ihe invltation 3 Thankyou for the kind invitation A LookingioMards to seerngyou on ; m feallysorrywe'll haveto mlss t

plan (formalstyle) 2 Paragraph Paragraph 1: thanks {orinvtation Paragraphs (willbe out 2, 3: relusal wilhreason ol lhe counlry due to business matters - can1 reschedu e, bestwishes for theday) Finalparagraph: closing remarks (apologrse for not berng ableto attend celebralion)

a
you I( o Invfie fl be able t(

3: nraight along, roundabout, tum left, turn rght, _ one-way street, zebra/pedesirian -.ctron, :::ss ng trafiiclights

5 ' . lformal,acceptingan nvitation)

: ( nformal, askingfor inJormat on)

organsrng a you then / Le

l. teiler$olloolhdio||
Job advenised

itation.Mode

full timesaleassistant pad'tme sales assstant

Z E n A @ n A fl
A E

qualif Applicant's ications andtraining

tion n bring thei Applicant's qualilles and skills Applicanl's experience

twoA levels in art and maths twoA levels in maths andgeography sixmonths shop / localcorner sixmonths coftee shop / central responsible andVustworthy decsive and energetic

Applicant's additional information rtion, givin( and relerence

enclosedCV / available for inlerview encloseda photo / available for interview

3t

Unit I t Tapescrlpt tor Ex. 1 (p. 54) (to be heard twice) A: Listenlo this ad Laura What do you think? 'Fuil-time salesassistant requtred for high street 0epanmentstore.' B: That soundsgood. A: lthink lllapply. passme somepaper, wi you? Now. Hetto. Iwoutdri\ethe joo as ... B: You don t starta lenerofappticationlikethat.Let me show you. 'Dear Sir/l\,1adam, I am writing rn response to your advertisement in loday,s 'N,4anchestef Guardian'for a full time sales assislanl.' A: Great,what shall I write next? B: Well, you should tett them about any retevant qualificaUons and trainingthat you have. A: Howaboutthis, 'l havetwo A teveisin mamsano geography. For the tast stx months I have workedas a Saturday salesassislanlin my local corner shop.' B: Yes that's fine. Now, you shoutdsay something about your qualities and sk lls. A: Hmm ... How about 'l am a very responsible and trustworlhy employee as my presenr Doss entrusts me with the lask of closing the shop and depositingthe day's moneyln the safe.'? B: Yes, that sounds really good! Now write a few thrngsto end the letter. A: Likethis? 'l haveenclosedmy CV which listsrny educatonal backgroundand work experience. I am availablefor an interviewat your earliest convenrence, Yoursiaithfully, Jane Burows,, 8: That'sperfect,Janel A: Great.Thanksa tot, Laura.t,ll go and type rt up and get a copy of my CV to send them. (Sugge6ledanswers) The girl applying lor the job has included deiails arJouther qualifications, saying that she has two A levelsin mathsand geographyand also about her previousexperience- six months as a Saturday salesassistanlin her localcornershop. She ts also responsible and trustworthyas she was entrusted with closingthe shop and deposilingthe money rn the safe. She has enctosedher CV with the tetter and said that she rs avaitable i they wish to interview her.The letteris formal_ 2 placeWW (posilion/posr) advertsing G (advedised) year G (years) liverpoolP (Llverpool) at G (in) workedWW (employed / c (working)

h ght eld P (Highiield) was G (havebeen) wastedWW (spenl) interested extremely WO (extremety interesied) luly S (fully) the all WO (alllhe) atend S (atlend) hear G (hearing) Paragraphplan

Paragraph 1: reason for w ting (apptyingio leachingpost) Paragraph 2: qua licatons (degree in Spc Science/ teachingassistantin a PE departme two yearsas a swimmingcoach) Paragraph 3: qualilies and skills (patie encouragrng) Paragraph 4: closrng remarks (availabletor interview)

Information in CV that has not been inctudeorfl I letter: Date of birth, education from 19e5-19 GCSEqualifications, intefests and references

Opening remarks: I am wrrtng with regardto y( advedisement for .._

Closing remarks: lwoLrld appreciale a replyat y( earlest convenience.

4 . (Suggestedanswers)

Teacher:paiienl,a ert,open-mnded,dedicak organised, approachable, understanding, ca imaginative, creative,knowledgeabte, kir confideni,good communication skilts,sense h!mour, polite,conscienlious, loleranl Pharmacisl: alert,s^ilful.oed cared.organis logjcal,able lo cope in a crisis, abte to w( polite,consctent underpressure, ous Doctor; patient, alert, skitful, dedicate organised, approachable, understanding, cal knowredgeablF. <ind. attte to cope n a cris good communication skills,able to wofk und pressure, polite,conscient ous Reporler: patienl, alert, open,mind approachable, calm,imaginative, knowledgea confident, able lo cope in a crisis, go( comrnunication skills, ableioworkunderpress Wailress:patient, aled,organised, approacha calm, kind, abe to cope in a crisis, go communicatonskills, able 1o work und pressute, senseol humour, conscentous

38

Unit I Computer programrner: patient, skilful, organlsed,ogca, knowledgeable, able to work underpressure, conscientious Chef: alert, skilful, dedicated, imagifatve, c ealve.l_owledgeable. aoleto copein a crsts. ableto work underpressure, conscientous Nurserpalient, alen,skillul, dedicated, organised, approacnaore, understanding, calm, knowedgeable, kind,ableto cope in a criss.abte polite,conscientous to work underpressure, {Suggestedanswers) Teacher: A teacherhasto be open-minaled as he/shehas to lre able to acceptthe ideasof his/herpupits. Pharmacist: A pharrnacstmust be conscientious s nce any carelessness couldcosl someones lfe. A pharmacist has to be knowledgeable n order :o prevenl wro_gconbtlalons o'd.ugs bernq iaken. Doclor: A doctor has to be underslanding in ordef to sympathise wilh his/herpatients prob ems. Docrorc ahouo be able to cope in a crisis 9ecause they often have lo deal with emergencies. Reporter: A reporter has to be confident in order to appearcalm In lront of the cameTas. Reportersmust have good communications skills n orderto gel their ideasacross. A reportershould be able to work unoer pressure as events have to be reportedvery Chefl A chel should be creative in orderio be ab e to createnew dishes. A chef must be able to work under pressure as mealshaveto be preparedvery qu ckly, A chef should be organised or mistakes will be made in the kilchen. Nurse: A nurse should be kind n order to comtort patientswhen they are not iee ing welt. A nurseshould be alen becausehe/shesnouto be able10dealwth emergencies.

(erested)

)plying for ,e n Sporl

s (pat enl ilabe for a

Usetul exprcssion: I am wrlting to appty lor I would like to be considefed for, I have compteted a Bachelor's degree- /holda degreein, llooktorwafo to recevng your responsein the near tuture - / woutdapptecBtF a rcplyat you ea4ie,lcanvenience Paragraph 1: reasonfor wr t ng (appy for a lace on the Archaeoogy I\,4A course) Paragtaph 2i qua ificatrons (BA n Archaeotogy at Drakeham University, pupit al Berkeey Comprehensve, I GCSES, 3 A levets) Paragraph 3: work experience and reason ior applyrng for the course(2 years working as asslstant archaeoog st) Paragraph4: cioslng remarks(encloseCV, asKror a repry) The letter is an applcation to an educationa cource.lt rs lormal in style.

c uded in th | 1985-199:

)gardto yor feplyal yor

riorng, carn eable, kinc ills sensec tnl t. organrsec

6 1 Paragraphplan
Paragraph 1: reasonfor wriiing (apply for the hrslorydegreecourse) Paragraphs 2, 3: qualiications, Teasonsfor wantrng to take the course (Cily Unversity, degreein CombinedSciences, experiencei have worked in a lab) Final paragraph: closrng remarks (do not hesitate 10contactne, etc.) 2 Paragraphplan

nd ng, caifi

A waitress should be polite becausecustomers expect10 be treatedwell. A wailresshas to be alert in orderlo not ce and satlsfyher customer'sneeds. Computer programmer: A cornpulerprogrammershould be skilful f,ecause he has to work with complex programmes Conpuler programmers must be logical becausethey dea wth iacts and figures.

pen mindec ,weogeaoI cr s s, goo der pressur pproacnaDr crs s goo

Paragraph 1: reason for w.iting (app,yt-g to. positionol ileguard) Paragraph2: qualilicatons, experence (studied sporls scrence have worked as lfeguard and sw mmtng nstructor. Paragraph3: qualilies/skills (calm,orderty,hotd Final paragraph:closingfemarks{tookiorward to hearng from you)

3g

- Irul|sdiond Unil$ lelh$

Studentsare askedto wrile a transactional letterin Paoer2. Pad 1 in the FCEexaminatio|

. ModelA is goodbecause the lormalstyleand language areappropriate for thistypeof letter; eachpotnt clearly given sel oul in a newparagraph; alltheinformation in therubric hasbeenincluded n thewriter's
. Model B is bad becausethe inlormalstyle is inappropriate for this kind of letter;each paragraphdeas w severalpointsinsieadol just one; not all the informatton in the rubt|chas been included(e.9.bread, aspectsit needstrainingin, cost),and the wordinghas not been changed(whenexactlydo classesbegin end?). Allthe points havebeen covered. lt is an informalletteraskingfor nformation. Suggesled expressions to replace those In the letten Can you lei me know ... l'd like to know ... Can also find out whal ..., Pleasesend me the detailssoon-

. . .

Key words asking lor Inlormalion: 'l would also like to know ...', 'Couldyou also tell me ...' All nformation is givenParagraphplan Paragraph 1: reasonfor wriling (to give information) Paragraph2: durationof cllmp, what staffare required to do, payment Paragraph3: detailsof accommodation Paragmph 4: detailsof workinghours- day otl Paragraph5: closingremarks

Sunnysands Hotel Come andstayal ourglorious holel, situated rightontheseafrontl

. . . . lenris coJns. swrrrmingpoot and gym fac lt,es beautifulroomswilh lasie/ess foo4 s/ow se/'vlce downstairs bar open until triendlystatf not a nice view - Iooking out onta the rubbishbinsat the back of the hotel

openuntil6am,noisy
busdidn't come on time to takeusto

package Ourlwo-week includes: ansport to andfromthe ailpo

breakfast and three-course eveningmeal,

Comolaints: 1 2 3 4 5 advertisement saidthattransport is provided to andfromthe airport but busdid nol comeon time advedisement saidthatroomshadseaview,but roomlooked out on rubbish b ns at at backof hotel ioodwastasteless even though 'wonderful advertisement mentioned culs/ne', andservice wasslow barclosed at 6 am instead of 2 amandkeptus awake every night poolwasclosed swmming throughout ourstay

It is a strongletter (e.9.lam writing of complaint. to express my strongdissat sfaction, ... we shoutd be comDensatd)

4[

Unit9

each point I

ph deals wili read,specifc s oeg n anc

w ...Can yoL

(Suggestedanswer) DearSir/[,4adam, am wriling io complan about an intensive anguagecourse thal I recenllylook at the castile SpanishSchool. I was provided with accommodatronwth a Scanish family,bul was ratherupsetby the lact that '-ev were veJ unf ielldly. I dd not feel al atl r?elcome in lheir home. Furthermore,your advertisement claimedthat the tutorson the course nere irighly experienced, but my lutor had never ::Lrghtbelore. Finally, athough a visit to the city museumwas -.luded in the price I paid, the lrip was canceted. i.ral is more,the cost of the tr p was not felunded, ch lf nd unaccepiable. ^_ lwas extremely dlsappointedby this course, :_d thereforestronglyfeel thal my money should := 'efLnded In full.I hope t-is natter wti 'eceve ,: lmmedate attention. -r Yoursfaithfulty, SimonWatkins : : Less formal (contractedtypes, cottoquial Engish) Model A i1 ls wfttten in a formal style which Coesnot match the style of the advertisement, The informationgiven rs irrelevantto the adverlisement. The writersounds arrogant(e.g, I trust meals, I am h ghly qualifiedfor ...) Wrter does not ask for the working hours;instead,he asks aboutfree days and the pay. Paragraph 1: reason for writing (saw advertisement, job) interested in waitressing Paragraph 2: bref descriplion of oneself (18 yearsold, lookingfor summefjob) Paragraph 3: mention of past experienceand .a evani qualles (has worked in coffFpbar doesnt mind hard work, learnsquickly) Paragraph 4: questons about job (pay, now many hours,any days olf, mealsprovided) Paragraph5: closingremarks(l look foMard to hearingtrom you soon)

Model B: l'm very nterested..., t'm eighleen years old and l'm planning ...,...so l'm tookng ...,I dof,t mindhardwork...,l'vegot a fewquestions, ihough, .. , Couldyou aso tellme ...,t'm ooking forward to hearingfrom you soon. (the writer uses comracreo types and colloquialEngtsh sincethis tettersnouro be less formal as the advertisement is less forma Nole that the writer addressesthe recipientin a formalstyle.He also signsoff usingyours sincerely and his lull name which is foma styte.)

7 Saturdays - what hours?

per week which evening? one evenrng Pay how much exacty - | have no prevtous . Style of letter: fornat oeca-se rhe advertsement is formalin style.

Suggested ParagraphPlan Paragraph 'l: reasonior wrttng (apptying forjob as assistant) Paragraph 2: qualilications, experience(interested n musrc,no prevtous experience) Paragraph3: quesUons (hours, weekdayevenng) Paragraph 4: closing remarks (enclosedcopy of CV. avai,able for nlervew. tool^lorwaro ro heari-g from you) (Suggestedanswer) Dear IVrJeffreys, lam wrting to apply for the lob as pan-tme assstant in your slore, which was advertisedin yesterday's Muslc Expfess. I am a twenty-oneyear old sludent and very intefested in all types of music. which is whal attracts me to a job ln a fecord shop. I do not, however,have any prevous experience of working n a shop. Wouldthis be a probtem, and wi I il affect the amountI w ll be paid? I would be very gratefulif you could also re I me what hours I will be requiredto wo|k on Salufdays, a_d whettser I can ( hoosewhich weelday evenng I enclosea copy ol my CV and qualilications to date and am available fof interview at your earliesi convenience. I look lorwardto hearng fiom you.

Expressionswhich show style of tanguageused

ioJ hot el

Adverlisement: Need a summer job?, We're iook ng lor lively...,Drop rn or drop us a line il you'd ,rl(eto eam some extta cash ...

Yours sincerely, John Harns

(xrld be tull!

4t

Suggested ParagraphPlan Paragraph 1: reason lor writing (organisrnga reunron) Paragraph 2: invitng (d nner, the Queen's Hotel, 8.00Pm) 12thSeptember, Paragraph 3: giving directions (turn left at roundabout, etc.) forward Final paragraph:closing remalks(Looking you, to see ng etc.) (Suggestedanswer) DearTommyand Pau, As you know, l've been trying for some time to organisea leunion for evefyonewho leit St Pauls in 1986. HighSchool lhave now managedto get hold of all our and have booked a black-tiedinner al classmates Septemberat the Oueen'sHotel on Saturday121h 8.00pm. In case you don't rememberDewburyvery well, sinceI know that a lol of you havemovedaway,l'm includng directionsto the Oueen'sHolel from our old school. l'm sure nobodys iorgottenwhere that follow BedfordRoadunt I isl Startng from St Paul's, turn you get to the roundabout. At the roundabout, Road and go straightahead unli left into N,4arket you get to the juncUonwth Wnlon Street. Cross over Winton Street, turn left and you'l see ihe Oueens Hoteldirectlyin froni of you. I hope thal you're all able to find it, and I m lookingiorwardto seeingyou ten yearsls a long !mel Bestwishes, BarbaraHitchcock

Narrative

lettergivlnqnews, descriptive inlormal,

Suggested plan

Paragraph1: give reasonlor wriling (to wenito) lfiendaboutpadyyou recentLy Paragiaphs2, 3: descrption of Parly you metthere(very person crowd interesting
loud musicetc metfamouspianistfrom Lo

Paragraph4: {eelrngs(very interestng, never lorgetheretc) language Suggested you abouta to telL a) to start:l'm writing .,, wentto lasiweeK forgether, never b) to end: l'll definitely forsurel Seeyousoon,.. informal. Letter of request, plan suggested
Paragraph 1: give reasonfor writing (have drivinglcense at home,want brotherto send Paragraphs 2, 3: explanation of why it neededand wherelt is (wantto hire car, lice is n drawerof dressng table in bedroom)

ihal hesendlt as soon 4: request Paragraph possible

Suggested language a) lo start: I'm writing to ask you to do me iavour.., b) to end: lrealy needit, so p easesend il me as soon as you can ...

1 Let(erglv ng news,informaL. Suggested Plan Paragraph 1: reason for writing (io tell lriend expertence) about unpleasant o{ experie'ce n 2. 3: descnplion Paragraphs detail (met friendly man on train, chatted for a wh le,fel asleepand woke up laterto flnd wallet, passponetc gone) Paragraph 4r feelngs (very upset, won't trust anyone again, will think twice about going abroadalone nexttime) Suggested language a) to start: How ate you? You'l never guess whathappened to me ... b) to end: Anyway,wrte back soon and let me knownow you are .,,

regret and requestlng Letterexpressing formal. plan Suggested (tosay forwriUng 1: givereason Paragraph ng iob at endof JulY) willbe leav (mother ls sick, 2: explanauon Paragraph io be closeto her) to moveto Eastbourne lor.eleencea1d 'eg 3: request Paragraph expresseo language Suggested youthatI inl to inform a) to start:I amsorry ai the end of July leave the company to
b) to end: Once again,I would like to say h sorry I am that I haveto leave,..

+L

It

Study Check I Letterg vrng newsand advice,informal. Suggestedplan td Paragraph 1: g ve reasonfor wflt ng (sorry 10 saythal burglarshave brokeninto house) Paftgraph 2i give explanation of what rappened (last night burglarsbroke in through sack door, stolevaluables, TV and video) Paragraph 3: gve advice (as soon as they .eturn: insta Inew burglar alarm, notfyinsuranoe .ornpany. Offerto take care of things unttlihey 'eturn) Paragraph4: closingremarks SuggestedIanguage : . to slart: I m sorry 10 say that l've got some oao newslor you ... to end: Again, f there'sanlthing I can do to Suggested language a) lo stan: l'm writingto inviteyou to my 21st b rthdayparty ... b) to end: Anyway,l'm reallylookingforwardto seeing you there, hope you'tt be able to come , . 8 Letter requestng sth and giving inlormation, formal. Suggested plan Paragraph 1: grve reason for writing (was awardedcertificate fof computersk I s but have iost it - need a copy) Paragraphs 2, 3: detaled informalion about certificate(was awarded in 1993 for computer prol c ency courseat lMasfield Centre) Paragraph 4: closing remarks (thank in advance,apologise for any inconvenience) Suggesled language a) to start: lam wntng io ask your hep as I have lost a certificate wh ch ... b) to end: I hope that you wtll be abte to hetp lO 1 F (letters can be formal,iniormalor lessformal dependingwho the recipientis) 2I 3T 4T 5 F (mild languagecan also be used) 6 F (explanations and reasonsare mportant)

ea

formal, -efler ol complaint, d :{ a

lat

plan Suggesteal Paragraph 1: give reasonfor writ ng (had meal :st saturday at restaurant, food was good but ,.e.vce bad) Paragraph 2: describe n detail reason for .ornplaint(rudewailer, had to wait haf an hour 'a'food) Paragraph3: second part of complalnl (waiter {as dissalisl ed wth the tip) Paragraph4: saw whal actionshould be taken nant relundand apology) Suggestedlanguage r : to start: I am writing to compain about a to end: I must demand an apology ior the way I was trealed...

e,
tl

7r

informal. -etter of invrtalion, Suggestedplan Paragraph 1: give reasonfor writing(to lnviteto 2i sl bidhdayparty) Paragraph 2: details of eveni (will be hetd at Srand Hotelat 8.30 pm on 26th October) Paragraph3: closingremarks(hopeyou will be aole to come. Pleaselet me know as soon as 3ossble)

8T I F (the reason for your refusing an invitation should be stated) l0 F lrheycan 'espo-dto letlprs. i-vtatto-s. et!.J 11 F (theycan be of any sty e) 127

Sludy Clteck I
A 1 Describingfestvals/ceremonies/celebrations 2 Paragraph 1: sel the scene (name,time, place ol event,reason(s) for celebrating) Paragraph 2: preparations (decorations. rehearsals, etc.) Paragraph 3: descripilon ot actuai event (costumes, food, aciivities, etc.)

ml

43

unit10
Final paragraph: feelings,comments,flnal thoughts I would begin the composilion by setting the I would use past tenses becauseI attendedthe festivalin the past. I wou d use narrativetechniquesand a variety of descrptive adjectivesio set the scene and describeatmosphere. I would end the descriplionby givtng my ieelings,commentsand finatthoughls.(enjoyed il a lot, t was fun)

3 Opening remarks: I am writingto comp about..,

Closlng remarks: I hope the matterwi rece your immedlate attention... I would supporl my co.nplaints wtln reasons

5 In spileof Desprle thefactthat... a.though ev ttsoJgh. but levenhetesshowever, morpov furthermore, in addit on, etc.

E1

lnformal, frlendlyletterglv ng news

B1

Describlng Peope 2 Paragraph 1: names of the peopte/timeyou met/sawthem Paragraph2: physicalappearance(of both) Paragraph3: personality with descriptive examples(ot both) Final paragraph:commentsand feelingsabout them 3 Pfesenttensesbecausethey are oflen seen. Yes, narration could be used to make rne compositon more interesting. (e.9.mannerism) Narration,examplesof mannerismsand a varietyof adjectives wou d makethe desciptron more Inletes!ng.

2 Paragraph 1: introducton Paragraph 2: descriptionof self (age, heig build,physicalappearance) Paragraph3: hobbies/interests, ambitions Paragraph4: ask lor Inlormation on penJrien country Final pa/agraph: closingremarks Openlng remarks: How are you? My name,s and I livein _.. Closing remarks:Take care,wrile back soon

F1

Cj

Decideon the story'sptot,belorestadingto wite. 2 Past Pedect to tatk about events which happened before the main event(s), past Cont nuousto set the scene,and PastSimplelo descrbe the main event(s). To beginlhe stol lwo-lo useone of thefollowing techniques:use the senses, direct speech, a rhetorical queston, cfeale mystery/suspense, referio feelings/moods. To end the story I would use one of the followingtechnques: use direct speech, refer to fee ings/moods, describe people'sreactons, createmystery/suspense, ask a rhetoricalquestion. 4 To makethe story moreinteresttng I wolrlduse a variety ol adjectives, adverbs and verbs.

Transactional lelterask ng for information 2 Paragraph 1: reason(s) tor writing Paragraphs 2. 3i developrrenl (nlormalion y jacilities...) want 10be sent: dtscount, Final paragraph:closingremarks You sho-ld include all the facl,rat nformat given ;n lhe rJbrc. ,lsing yoJr own woros al make sure that each paragraphdeatswith ol roprc.

Openingremarks:lam writing to i4qui.eaboul Closing remarks: I oon fo.ward to recerv details on...

Ul|il l0-'tfi rnd lgoil|st'ts$y$

(Note: T should advice his/herSs to obtain dictionary of quotations,e.g. The MacMil Dictionary of ContempontyQuotations by Jonath Green or anyotherbookof quotations availabte

D1

Letterof complaint(formal) 2 Paragraph 1: reason(s) for wrting Paragraphs2,3: complaints and reasons(each compla/nt and reasonshouldbe mentroned in a separateparagraph) Final paragraph:closing remarks

(Suggesteal answer) quiet,houses Advantages: are cheaper, saferf( children, lesspollution Disadvantages: nocinema orshopsnearby, trien livefaraway, takes a longtimeto getto school

44

unit l0 c0mprarn 2 I B rill receive C I : : rugn/ever no shopsnearby|Z no hosprtals nearbtno noise fromtraffic fZ lower prices house saieplace to bringup ch dren I;2] iar awaylromlriends
,.. it also meansthat you are responsible iJth ngs go wrong. (However:On the other hano. Neveftheless, etc.) ... it is very good for your heatthgenerally(What is more:Also, Moreover, Apartlrom this, etc.l .,, In mosl cases it is unnecessary.(not to mentionthe tact that: Apartirom this, In addrtion to this, etc.) ... the accommodationprovded is not always very comlortable. (On the other handj However, Despite this elc.) ... car]also be peasant,as you can do what you want In your home. (WhitetIn spite of the racr thai, Although,etc.) ... r can be very expensve. (ln addilion:Also, Fudhermore, etc.) 10 ... rt ts not good for childrento watch too mucn everyday. (Nevedhetess: However On the othef hano, etc ) 4 1, 2, 5: writelsopinion 3, 4, 6i balancedconsideration . As an extension Tcan do a brainstormtng activity. T dividesthe classin two groups.One giorp nas to suggestadvantages for eachof the iour topcs of Ex. 4, the other group has 10 suggesr d sadvantages for the same topic. T writes Ss po nts for and agalnston the board,then lnvites Ss to link each advanlagewtth a disadvantage usng appropriatelinkng words (on the orner ndnd,however. while despile.eventnoughatc,J

G ong carjourneysto schoot lZ N healthyenvironmentZ

Advantages:C, E, H Disadvantages: A, G p. nergm bons tnJriends E \ote that D is atso an advantage altholgh not -6 lonpd n the lranscript, B a.d F are : sadvantages allhough not mentioned in the :-:nscnpt) Tapescriptfor Ex. 2 (p. 64) (to be heard twice) ,{: Helo Shirtn. I haven't seenyou lor agesl How areyou? 8: Oh, I've been reatly busy. We,ve iust moved iouse, you know. We've bought a lovely titfle cottagejLrst outsideWorthing. Actualty,t,veonly come Intotown to do my weeklyshopping.Now that J havenl got the supermarket just down rne .oad I haveto do a my shoppingin one go. A: Tharnust be d b{ oJa nJtsdnce. Dont you mts! trie convenrenceo1 havlng all these faclities nearby? 8: No. not reatty. I can t tell you what a reliefr rs nor navrngtne constantnoise of traffic outside the house.Our new houseseemsso quiet nowl l: And I suppose you re releved ihat you don,t have io worry about the chitdrenptayng In rne streeisany more. 8: Oh yes, that's a huge weight otf our minds.The only problemisthat il nowtakesforty-tive mrnutes to drve them to schooleverymorning - | seem to spend most of my time in the carl Oh well, I suppose you canl have everylhing.At least iney re growingup in a healthyenvironment. A: Yes. living here in town, t,ve actuallyforgonen whatfresh air is1 7 shor/d ask hls/hef Ss to memo se Linking Wordsl ,hrases sectlon on p. 64 in the Student's Book. f ahecks in the next lesson.) (Suggesledanswers) r .. very economicat.(also: in addition10 being, not 10 menlionthe fact lhat it ts, etc.) 2 .. jtcan bean advantagewhen job. lookingfora Moreover, {Furthermore: AlsoWhatis more,erc.l 3 ...lt can also be difficull attimes. (Although: Even though,Despitethe fact that, etc.)

:k soon ..

mn
vn on yol

formalior toros anc ; with on eabout,. recetvng

Suggested points tor and against points for: errot,o-al qhareeveryoav security. proorems, snareexpenSes points against: imited personal freeoom (compromiseshave to be made), pul Lrpwth annoyinghabits points for: cheap, closer to nalure, chance lo socialise wth peopte poinls against: tack of taciliiies,one has to do rnrngson ones own (e.9.put up a tent),noi comtoltable/convenient, needsgood planning points for: better medicalcare, proleclionfrom extincUon, lots of food, protection from hunters points against: animals live in an unnatural environment liTtted space tor rherr dependent on hurnans for suruval no freedorn - loneliness/ boredom 4 points fori save lots of storagespace work s done taster - individualscan concentrateon more product ve/creat ve activilies

oDlatn a

Jonathar ailable) 3 , saierfo ty,friendr

45

Unirl0 points against: Tany jobs have been lo)l healthprob ems 5 points for: fun lots of actrvities no boredom new th ngs lots of excilement experience action points against: tir ng, rsky, no rest, expensve (e.9. equipment) points for: good companons, protecton from 6 burglarc (e.9. dogs), ch ldren earn to care lor living things and be respons ble. points against. exoensve to /eeo. .orsv. _eed can t go away space,t e the ownerdown (he/she pet) prov their wthout first mak ng sionsfor

(Suggestedanswers) One ol the main advantages of = One poi vew in favour of; Moreover = What is mor addition = Funhe'nore: Finally = Last bul Howeve': Wha leasr; On the other hand = from this more Apart

(As an extension, T can ask Ss to wnte begtnn and endngs tor he tapic Discrss Ite advan and dAao\anlagesolLttng inthF countrt . usin givenon p.66.) techniques

5 (T is advised to draw the diagram belaw on the

boad and elicit ideas from Ss; then Ss, loaking at their nates,prepare thei talk. Ss can look at thei nates while delivering thei speech.) Living in the country Advantagesz no tralficnoise lower houseprices salerior children healthyenv ronment - Disadvantages no hosptas nearby no shops,cinemasetc long car journeysto school far awayirom ldends

(SuggesledBeginnings) yoursell lving In the he 1 Can you lmagine the country woken up every mornng by I singing happ ly? I\ranypeople choose th s oi life and there are bolh advantages d sadvantages to t. (add resses reader directly)

2 Desmond I\lorris,the Britishanthropo o'rce s.id. The crty s 1ol a conc'etelungle the humanzoo.'This may be one reaso choosero live n the co-nllv. sornppFople (quotatian)

(Suggestedanswe4 ... One advantage of livingin ihe counlry s that il is a sdlpp acelo'chJdre.ro playandgrowuo i^ What is rnore.house pr ces are lower and there is aso lar less noisefrom tratfic ., On the other hand, caf journeysto work and school are much longer than they are n towns. A further disadvantages that there are no shops or botino. L.nemds -paroy.so ttfeca- be ralher lilein thecountry Allthings considered, a though can be pleasant, not everyone rs suitedfor it. lt is up to the nd v dual to decide whetherthe advantages outweighthe disadvantages,

co-nlry 'el 3 lqnr t stra^ge "ow be ng i1 U^e people this, many decidet( us? Becauseof pernane_lLy. Thpre a'e bolh adva' llere ife. to this way ol and disadvantages (rheto calquestion) 4 Livi.grrrres awoyl'orr your.earesl_pigi

with only animalsfor company,may soun heaven. ltcould alsobe yourideaofa n ghln (stftnge scene or situatton)

6 (Before Ss rcad the model f geis them to suggesl

various points for ar against and writes them on the boa,.d.Ss then, read the model and check if their paintsare mentioned in the model.) to a strange scene Beginnings: a makesrelerence question b rhetorical c addresses the readerdirectly Endings: b gves the reader somethingto consider opinon c slatesa personal

(suggested Endings) cup o 1 All in all,country iie is not everyone's my leading a calme However, n opinion, of lfe is moreadvantage lessstfessfulway person thanliving in the cty s well-being a (qiving optnion) 2 ln conclusion, wherewe chooseto live s a personal FrankZ As musician, decision. rght t( Everyone has the once said, his own terms. comfortable on (quotation)

3 To sum up, thereafe obv ously many hard lhe challenge( to counlry ife. bul pertsaps a']d ult r maLerrany ol us more 5ell-relia.t people. better (something to conside4

40

Unhl0 : - acrctuston,iiving in the counvy sounds :: a doesn,trt? However, tt is not for everyone :.c thefe are many who would not leave the :crven ence and brtghtlghts of the city. quotation) -^etoncal . A successlul argumentative/d/scufsive essay stsoutdbe wrihen rr a formal style. have we _ devetopedparagraphsand r^Lrude iustification of argumentsr linking words! quotalions, generalisations, and reference lo specific :jljis:i:st The wflter's opinion shouo onry be rnctLrded in the last paragraph.lt shouto not be wntten in an infofmalstyle and should nor Inctude one-senlenceparagraphs overgeneralisations, oe'sonate,amo'ps o,ot,nd_seot stalisltcs 81b 2c 3d 4a

,: |r
IE

7
i.!!

Suggested answer) lOs . . .ett{eveloped paragraphs Model A, e.g. =.cnd paragraph ,ustiticationot arguments_ IvodeiA, e_g. This :a^ gve you a great sense ... without -::.1erence from anyoneelse. Inling_words phrases lvtoder A. e.9. Wharis -:.: Ftnaly, Nloreover qrotations l\,4odel A, e.g. lf you donl drive .:_, business .., generetisations tMooet A. e g. 3.d odfag.dph --: senlence re1erence to specific statistics lt odel A. e.g. : 1996 governrnent study lound thar over a :-:1ef oi businesses... wtthn the firsttwo years. sfinion onty in the tast paragraph l\,4odelA : _- t seems to me ... Ts ntormat style (short forms) _ Model B, e.g. ,.._ 'e it s, they,ve,don,t 5re sentence paragraphs l\,4odel b, e g. tn -, op nton, sell_employrrent has vanous 1-.anlages,.. rergeneralisations Model B, e.g. Everyone .:^ts io havetheirown business ... personatexamples t\,4odetB, e.g. ... my uncte -a: openedhjs own shop. r<tnion jn the firsl paragraph _ /\,,lodel B e.g. - -y optnton .. bainduse of statrsiics l\,4odel B, e.g. Statistlcs t,:delA is a good model

Er= r :'E

. .
a!

Arguments2 and 4 are in favour of Lrsrng moolte Afguments 1 and 3 are againstusingmobtre pnones. 91b 2d 3a 4c

. .
at

(Note: use ot quotdtrcn. add. lo a, essa' /4e to awtng quoDtionscan be used an tetetence. T can setectkam these lhe ones lle glle /eels wodld Oeot Uselo Ss drd d/cialeLhemto Ss ) Useful Quotations Histoty GAETONptCON- Frenchwriter lI ts not hislo,V trdt -na<es tuogenenrs, oul thal make h story Juogemenls STEPHEN SPENDER Brilishpoet Hisrory,s tne shto carry,ng tivinq,ran o,,e! to rre luture CHAFLESWORLF JR _ Americanbusinessman Tl-osewho donl studvlhe pastwrttrepedt,15 elors: rhospwho do studyit w I trndot-er ways.L e.r. fhe future FROM - American psychotogrst _EBICH rne dangerof'he oasr wasL-at.ren becaneslaves. The danger of the future is that men may become SOI!EBSET|\TAUGHANI Bririshwriter ll is bad e-ough to hrow tFe Dast:it wuu,o oe rnroterabte to know the future JACOBOTtMEB|\4AN . Argentne jour.at.st urF pot.r,hasaleady bpen o.oved.Eve.lJ1h ng tnal nappenedonce can happenaqain Life JOBGELUISBORGES Argentine writer Noihingis bu t on sione;a /s built on sand, bul we must ltutldas if the sand werestone.

I.l

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. .

tia

.
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Paragraphplan Paragraph 1: statetopic (for and againsl being , a". own boss) Paragraph 2: arguments for (selfreiianl, narKrngday p/annedfor your convenienue, :-ed t is givento you only) Paragraph.3:arguments against (work long -ours and sacriftce personal liie, new tr.s/nesses are trt dangerof laij|ng) rrnarparagraph: oprnton {ca1oe gratifyi-q bul arsobe drtficult) -n

4t

UnnlA NIKITA KHRUSCHEV Russian Leader Lfe is shorl.Lve it up.

Education WILL DURANT - Americanhistorian Educationis a progressivedscovery ol our o rgnorance.

I!4ARLENE DIEIRICH- cerman film star ll's the friendsyou can call up at 4 a.m.that matter NORI/ANDOUGHLAS Britishauthor To find a friend one must close one eye; to keep him two. SPIKE|llILLIGAN Money couldn't buy friends but you got a beiter

B.F.SKINNER Amercanbehaviourisl Education s what surviveswhen what has bs learnthas been lorgotien. Advedising JEBRY DELLA FEIII|NA

Ameican adverts

Everyonehas a button.li enough people haveI same button you have a successful ad and pfoduct. successful NOBMANDOUGLAS Br]tsh aLlthor You can tell the ideals of a nation by advertisements,

H.L. l\,4ENCKEN - Americanessayst Love is the triumphof irnagnat on over ntellgence. PETER USTINOV Brtishwt and actor Love is an act of end ess forgrveness, a tender look which becomesa habit. l\4AE WEST Amercan itlm star Jusl a little more loving and a lot ess tighting and the world would be a I right. TechnoloW PAUL EHRLICH Amercan scientist To er is hu'na_bul lo'eally'oult_ings up req-rrFq a computer. ALDOUSHUXLEY - Britishwr ter Technologicalprogress has merely provtded us with more efficientmeansior going backwards. CLIVEJAI! ES Auslralian crtic It s only when lhey go wrong that machinesrem nd you how powerfulthey are. STAFFORD BEEB Brtish screntisi Ll t works, it s out ol date. B.F. SKINNEB - Americansociologist The realproblemis not whethermachines think,bul

STEPHEN LEACOCK - Britishhumorst Advertsing may be described as the science arrestng the human nlelligenceong enough1o moneyfrom it. IMARSHALL MCLUHAN - Canadianacademc Advertisings the greatesiart lorm of the

GEORGE SANTAYANA Americanohilosoohe Adverlis:ng is Ihe noder_ s,b5lluLe[o. a'gL its funciion s to make the worse aoDear the EDGAR A SHOAFF Advertis ng ls the art oi makingwhole ies out ol IruIns. BILLBEBNBACH Arrle,rcan aoverlis ng exec Advelisrngrs_r a <cence. lls persuasiopersuastons an art.

EDITHSITWELL Briushpoet Why 1or be oneselli T.aL s the whole secrerol a successiLrl appearance. lf one is a greyhound, why try to look like a Pekingese? COCOCHANEL French couturidre Fashon is made to become unfashionable. CALVINKLEIN Americancouiurier The best thing is to ook natura, but tt takes make up to look natura.

FRED ALLEN - Amercanwt Televsionis a devicethal permts people havenr anylhng lo do ro warctspeople who do anything. EDWARD GUTHMAN Th rty secondson the eveningnewsrs worth a page headlinein everynewspaper in ihe wor d. FRANKLLOYD WRIGHT Americanarchitect Televisron is chewinggum for the eyes.

Success INGRID BENGIS American teminist Therealtrapol farfe is its rresist bility

40

unit l0
IBVING BERLIN, Amerrcan composer Thetoughestthing aboutsuccessis that you,vegot :o keep on being a success, ELIASCANETTI Bulgarian writer Successlstens onty to apptause.To a else it is fiat has bee COCOCHANEL Frenchcouturidre -rrat s what fame is sotitude.

ROBERT ALTIIIAN American film director Filmmakingis reallya chanceto tivemanylifetimes. GILBERT SELDES - Amercan critic The movieis ihe imagination of mankindin action. ORSONWELLES Americanfilm director The cinema has no boundaries.lt ls a riboon oi dream, Theatre ANTONIN ABTAUD Frenchptaywright The theatreis in reality the genesisof creation. tt will BEBTOLT BRECHT Germanptaywright A theakethat can t be laughedin is a theatreto be laughedat. Science PIERRE LECOMEDE NOUY Fienchscienlisl The point of scienceis to foresee,and nol, as nas often been said,to understand. DEREK PRICE, Briiish scienlist Scienceis notjust the fluit ofihe tree of knowledge, ii is the tree itself. MAGNUS PYKE- Britishscienust Sciencegives us knowledgeof our environment, lt sets the scene in whlch we act. BERTBAND BUSSELL - Britishphitosopher Whatsciencecannottell us, mankindcannol know,

an adverUsn Try not to become a man ol success but falher Vy

gople have ih

ALBERT EINSTEIN Germanphysicist

:c becomea man of value. Animals 3EORGEORWELL Brrtish essayst 4r anrmals areequal, butsomearemoreequalthan 3EORGEBERNARD SHAW- hish writer ,Yhena man wants to murder a tiger he calls it sconi wnen a tiger wantsto murder him he calls t '?toctly ftappiness 'NGRID BERG^/AN Swedish Jrtm acvess 'Jappinesss good healthand a bad memory.

tul ad and

rs1 ne sctence I rog lenougn

pnrosopner 0ALE CARNEGIE Americansetf-hetp evangeiist rlor argumef lcl as if you were alreadyhappy and that will tend ,earthe bette :o make you happy. I liesoutof h isingexecub
ARNOLD LOBEL- Americanwriter .\ | the m les of a hard road are worth a mornenror :ruehapprness. CHANNING POLLOCK - Amencanactress Happinessis a way station betweenioo litl|e ano loo nuch. Music LEONABD BERNSTEIN - Americanconductor Music... cannamethe unnamableand commun cate YEHUDII\TENUHIN Americanmusician Musiccrealesorder out of chaos, ODETTA Americanfotk singer lvftrsrc s a medicinethat's pleasant lo take. rABBI HYMAN SCHACHTFL A.nerican .,ergyman napp nessis not havingwhat you want,butwanling

LIONEL TIGER & ROBIN FOX. BflUsh anthropologists In lhe eyes oi Naturewe are just anotherspectesIn @nguage SAMUELBECKETT trtshauthor Wordsare all we have. JEAN PAULSARTRE Frenchphitosopher Words are loadedpistols. LUDWIGWITTGENSTETEN Gemanphitosopher Whereol one cannot speak, thereof must one be srlenl. Thelimits of my language meanthe limits ot my wortd.

b wortha lrc I architect

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Unit l0 Heallh ARNOLDH. CLASGOW Arnerican academrc Your body is the baggageyou must carry through life The more excessbaggage,the shorterthe 1 p. RICHIE ALLEN- Americanbaseballptaver Your body is_justtike a baf of soap. ti graoua y wearsdown, trom repeateduse. Sport aEN JIPCHO Kenyanrunner Runningfor money doesn,i make you run lasl. tl makesyou run f rst. RICHARD MEADE Bltish showjumper In spon your either get tremendousfulfijmentor tremendousdisappointment. Nothing else in life is so Cutand dried.

I I (Aelole Ss wrlte these essays, f ercls frc points for and againstand wtites them on he l then Ss give the pangaph ptan.) 1 Paragraphplan

Paragraph l: Introduction _ slatetoptc (fo againslowninga mobilephone) Paragraph 2: Advantagesand reasons conventent, can be contacted at any time) Paragraph 3: Disadvantaqes and ;eason annoyrng, expensive, reduces concent whiiedriving) Paragraph 4: Concluston _ consideration 2 Paragraphplan

l\,4lKE HABDTNG Britishcomedian Food is a dangerous article. Too much food makes you fal, too tittie food rnakes you dead. JOHN GUNTHER Americanjournatisl All happiness dependson a leisurety breakfast. Susiress B.C.FORBES - Amencanpublishef rryoudon't driveyourbusiness you willbe dnvenout DAVIDSAFNOFF Arnericanbusinessman Competition bings outthe best n productsand the Money SICHAFDNEY Americanwriier l\,4oney is a sixthsensewhtchmakesit possibte tor us lo enloythe otherfive. ItIICHAELPHILIPS Americaneconomist IMoneywirl come when yov are doi-g lhe lghl lhinq. NEILSll\4ON - Amencanptayu/nght Mo^ey b'tngs 5ome haop ness. But afle. a certa,n pornl it just bnngs more money. Cime EABLOF ARRAN- Britishlournatst It s not the peoplein prisonwho worry me. tt,sthe peoptewho afent. t2

Paragraph 1: lntroduction _ statetopic (io againstlivtngin the country) Paragraph 2: Advantagesand reasons heallhy surroundings,no potution, no I notse,less cnme) Paragraph3: Dtsadvantages and reasons iew shops,lakes a long time to reachhosp Paragraph 4: Conclusion _ oara consroeratton

Paragraph1: Introduction statetopic(advan and disadvantages of keepingpets) Paragraph2: Advantages tgood co.noanio.s, onersecurity, ihey can help teachyoung childr carefor livingihings) Paragfaph 3i Disadvantages (they are exper they need a lot of care,they tie you down) Paragraph 4: Conclusion(buyinga pet shouk caretutiy planned but can be a rewar experience)

lt begins wtth an introduction which pose rhetorical question.lt ends with a conclusjongi a Oatanced consideration on the lopic. (Suggestect answers) 1 To begin/stadwjth, Firstof all, etc. 2 Funhermore, l\,4oreover, etc. 3 On the other hand,etc.

5 What is more, Furthermore, ln addition to t Flnally,Lastbut not teast,etc. 6 To sum up, In conclusion, Alllhingsconsto

lO 1 c

2b

3 d

4 a

. Advanlages: pets offer companionship, they g you a senseot security, they help teach childre be responsibje and 10care for tivingthings

50

Unir| 0 s f/om Ss . Disadvantages: pets are expensive, they requirea

3t OlCareand attention, they tie you down Takingeverything into account,whethertrvingin a tlat has more advantages or disadvantages oepends upon the individual.Fof some peopte il may be an unpleasant experience, while for others it may be ideal As the saying goes, ,Whatts one man's meat is anotherman's poison_, 14 (T elicib points for and against from Ss and wrjtes them on the board, then Sswitethelr essaysas HW.) (Suggestedanswers) For: entedaining, relaxing, educational, cheapform ot entertainment,convenient (il,s always there, readyto switchon) Against: too much violence/hofior,etc., bad for your eyesight,people donl lalk to each other so mucn, more Interesung things could be done instead,it's easyto get addictedto it, it's unhealthy peopie donl get enough exercisewhen they (Suggestedanswer) Atmost everyoneowns a televisionthese days and watchesil regularly. However, there are many arguments for and againstthislorm of entertainmenl, To begtnwith,television can be very educational as we as entertaining. There is usually a whole range ot interesting documentaries lo walch which bnng sights and sounds into yoLrrhome that you would not otherwise have the oppo(unity to expedence. What is more, it is very relaxlng to sit in the comfortof your own home and be enterlained without having10 wofiy about getting dressed up and spendlnga lot ol moneyto havea gooo l|me. On the other hand, there is often nor mucn censorship of television. Because of this, programmescontantng violence,horrorand other unsutable viewing materialcan be broadcastand watchedby your childrenwithoutyour knowledge. A/so,watchng tetevision encouragespeopleto be tazyand not to communcatewiih each other. All thlngs considered,teievisionis something that can be enloyed by alJ. However, we musr decidewhat is worth viewingand what is nor. l5iE 2B . . 3D 4 G 5A 6 F 7H 8 C Advantages Disadvantages

t3

For:1,3, 5 Against:2, 4 rSuggesledanswers) Other advantages

sons (e.g ime) sons (e.g centration Olher disaclvantages balanced

centralheating fairly inexpensive (as far as rent is concerned) hard to find a parking space f you own a car

paragraph ptan frcm Ss before Ss wnrc --licits -ei/ essay_/ furagraph plan Paragraph 1: lntroouclion - slatetopicIiving n a . ock of ilats) Patagtaph 2i Advantages(e.g. always someone _earby,low maintenance costs, public transportis :jsrly accessible) Paragraph 3: Dtsadvantages(e.g. bothersome _eghoours,no garden for children,limitedparking) Paragraph4: balancedconsideration/opin;on

ic (for anc rons (e.9. no traflrc 6ons (e.g hosptals)

afuantages rSuggestedanswe4 Have you ever wished that the teenager next :cor wouldn'tptay his mlsic so toudlyor that your tc _e'ghbours children didn't argue at one o'clock In me -orn ng? ll you live tn a btock of ftats,the chances expensrve :Je that you have.Neverthejess, livingin a block of =atsis not always ) as bad as it may seem. should b One majoradvantage of ltvingin aflat is that you tewarorn! -ae secureknowingthal there is alwayssomebody ^earbyto help you in an emergencyor watch your 'at wh le you are away.As well as this, flals have .?.y low maintenance costs.For example, with only ion givin! : calcony,there is no lawnto cut, bushesto trim or eaves to rake, Whal is rrore, flals are usually ccatedcloserto the city centreand publictransport s easilyaccessible. For those who work in the cily :entre, livingin a ftat is a sensibte deciston. On the other hand, living in a ftat certainrynas 3ome disadvantages.Those hetplul neighbours 'ray arsobe extremety noisyand bothersome. This :an make life exlremely unpleasant, particularty rn to thls if ,our sleep s constanflyinterrupted. Not hayng a cackyard or gardencan proveto be a disadvantage -.r a family with smali children.Also, tiving / a mey grvr .e ghbourhoodcrowdedwith btocksof ftatsmeans iidren k :rat parking s limiledand findinga space for your a. could rakpa cons oeraotearrount of time F

Sentences E, B, D, c Sentences A, F, H, C

51

(Suggesled beglnning and ending) . Package holidaysare a popular way to travel as these days. There are many disadvanlages fom travel. to this ol well as advanlages . To sum up, package holidays seem to be a cheap and popularway to travel.However,one must be prepared{or a slightlypoorer qualityof holiday and perhaps less freedorn than one wouldlike.

A:

B:

A: B:

l6

(suggested answer) People who are famous are usually financially Moreover,they are olteng venfreedesigner secure. who clothes,cars and jewelleryby manuiacturers whentheseiiemsarewornor receivefree advertising used. In addition to this, lhey receivefilst class they go, not to menllon the fact servicewherever other people that they have the power to influence to many. They al6o have are even role models and and they are conJideni help and least, domestc professionals. as they are successful secure However,they seldomhave pr vacy and often have io go out in publicin a disguiseso lhat they will not addilion tothis, manypeopletake be recognised.In olihem and theyoftenleadlonelylivesas advantage never know who their real iriends are. Also, they nervous strain because ol stress. many sufler 1nfear ol being oI having some live Furthermore, kidnapped. Finally, people of iheir family members glamorous happy at all and them to look expecl to do. which is hard for celebriiies times,

the morningand not sland waitingat a cold I siop. [,,laybe so, but parking is anothernrghtmar the cty. The time l'd savewailingfor the bus lose try1ng lo find a parkrngspace. Oh come on, it s not that d tficut to park aro here. Another good thlng aboul the car ls I you are alwayssure of a seat. lts a nLghtm standingup on a crowdedbus on a longjour. I know,but I don'l know if I can afford10 run you know, car everyday. It is expensive, Well, I think it s worih the expense.Th nk I muchmoneyyou spendon bustckets anylva

frcm Ss and wtites 17 O elicits pointst'orand against to the cassefteand boatd. Ss then |isten them on the guessed if they have corrcctly.) check (Sugge6iedpoinls) alwayssureof a seat, For: comforiable, convenient, more reliable Against: tratlicjams, hard to iind a parkingspaoe, expensve,Jearof havingone's vehicledamaged E Tapescrlpt for Ex. 17 (p. 70) (to be heard lwice) A: Sofiy l'm late again.That bus is neveron time B: well, why don't you use your car? Then you wouldn't haveto rely on publiclransport. A: Oh no, I couldn't stand sitting in tratlic jams everyday. lt's ioo siressfull At least B: But you sil in them on the bus anlrway. in your car you'd be more comlortableand il s tojust hop intothe car in much moreconvenient

(Suggestedanswet by some, Goingto workby car,whib favoured for oihers. Outl than lt is wotth be more troubLe and d sadvantE belowaresomeof the advanlages 10 haMng by car saves To beginwith,traveling ! punic not having to transportand means on the weather is t around for buses and trains when and you are alv Also,it is muchmorecomfortable public b! vansportthe whileoftenon sureol a seat, that uncornfortable and trains afe so cramped and up standing are likely to spendthe wholeJourney going work by car every to On the otherhand, as i cosisa lot oi moneyio ko can be expensive car on the road.ln additon,you canwastea lot ofl looking for somewhere10 park, Anotherdisadvan is getlingstuck n traffic iams;not only is thlsstres il is alsotime-consumrng. travelli To sum up, whle manypeopleregard than I is M car to be more stressfuland expensive prefur to travelcomloriably1oI thereare thosewho withoutthe troubleof havingto wait for buses irains.

ts$y$ Unil ll - 0oi|liol|

(f elicitsgood and bad pointsfrcm Ss and w them on the boatd. At this stage it is important tl dsAsSs to gile a /easonlot each viewpainlsta lnusprepannglhem lo wtile an optntonessat.l

(Suggestedpoinls) Good points: valuable: enablescommunicatron . necessary: quick way ol obla ning inlormalio

XL

Unit I I lt a colo b|.l r nrghlmare or the bus ll oeopleneedto be careful- some tntormation not suitablefor ch!ldren - makesyou Lrnsociable - endlesshours spent in r.ontof screens,etc. t2 83 C1 . Uselul Languageand slmllar words/phrases ln my view- ln my opinion ln the l rst place- To begin with ln addition- Whatis more Furthermore Apan frcm this Also - Bes/des It is argued that As opposed to the above In conclusion Io sum {./p (T is advised io ask Ss to memorise the lJset'ul Language section as shown on p. 71 in the Studert's Book. T checks in the next lesson.) . (Suggestedways ol beginning the essay) O is advlsed lo rem,rd Ss of techniques used ta statt an atgumentativeessayas shown on p. 66 in the Sfirdents book. T should also point out thatthe beginningsshould include the Miter's opinion.) The BriUshpoet, W.H. Auden, once said that ''ihe aim of education s to induce the largest amount of neurosisthat lhe ndiv dual can bear without cracking."lt is highly possiblethat the poet had exams in mind when he utteredthese words as many studentssufterextfemeanxieiy when iaced with the prospectot exams. In my opinion, iar ioo much emphastsis placed on examinat ons today. Sleeplessnights, cold sweats and headaches; these are just three of lhe symptoms experiencedevery year by thousands ol studentssufferingfrom 'exam pressure. In my opinion, far too much emphasis is placed on examlnations by educalional authorities today.

F car is tl|2 , a nightmai Irng journq Drdto run m

:e- and Joe speak in lavour of using the Inlernet ._:-eas Juliespeaksagainstit.

!,-l-"l.lb t9 anyway

'-.*ript

tor Ex.2 (p.71)(tobe heard twice)

lrs. OLrtlirE lsadvantagE i havng to rd ravrng rc vtl Eather is bd |ou are alwq f,brt the bugl rtable that 4 rdrng uP.

rcarevery t

rey to keepl $e a lot ol u( r dBadvanl4 6 lflrsstressl nc,tc':

:e-rer: Todaywe?e going to discussthe Intemet. ,":,^ knowa few of you are already connected to 1t f-'-g'r your compuiers at home.Paul,what do you _1"_F a5outit? h.* vvell,the way I see it, it's a great way of ='--!nrcalrng. You can talk with people from all rr. ae wcr d. l've had conversations with people r {-e'ca Austfalia loads of different places. l.dE: Yes that musl be very interesting. And ra &o-r you, Jule? Haveyou usedthe Internet? .l,ft: A ccupleof times and in my opinion people yc'rc be rnorecareful aboul how they use itl Some r t ,'Trormal on you ciln access is not at all su table for children.Peopleare allowedto put f_e,. -c,ally lhey like on the Internet and I don't think

A very good point,Ju ie. Joe, whal about !6-- .'.'at s youropinion? net in my view t's a great way of getling rd ttavellingl & rE-aa..lmean gotngtolibra es and itsavestime han it is woq i :r:.d 1s almost as fast to senda message on to wc brtabty phone, tE flE---l it as rs io use the bul it's much tor buses4 I !w so peopleare boundto use t. l*b: That's rghl, Joe. Now. next week the =lE s Eolngto get hookedup to the Internet, so * l 2l 'aye a chanceto havea go on it ...

4 (7ls adylbed to ask Ss lo give their apinions on cars

and provide rcasonsas well, Then,Ss do the exercise.) (Suggestedanswer) I don't think cars are the greatestdangerto human life.In my opinion,nuclearweapons, guns and wars pose a much greaterthreatto mankind. 1c 2a 3d 4b

ss and wnl thaa mportant on essay.)

hlormation

Ptagraph 1: Introduction (roleol examinatons _cs:o be re-considered) Pr-agraph 2: Viewpoinl 1 and feason (exams f: -a: test knowledge resultsare influenced i. s physicalconditionon partcular day) P-.graph -.cle 3: Viewpoinl 2 and reason (exam s.se.n unlair- peoplecan copy) Fareg6ph 4: Opposing viewpointand feason ?r3-s are consideredto be the most elficient izy o'comparing the abilities of a group of :oc e but lh s s not whal education should be) Paregraph5: Conclusion(examsystemshould Decnangeo)

(S!ggested Beginnlngs) When asked about the sa{ety of cars, most people think about traffic accidents.But have you everthoughtaboutthe dangerscars poseto the environment?

53

Everyday, hundredsof peopleafe k lled in lraffic accidents.The auiomobie can be a very Yet, thereare certainsteps dangerousmachine. peoplecan take to reducethe risk ot car travel,

(SuggestedEndings) - Cars thereiore,are not one ot the mosi serious threatsto humanlife the drive6 are. Cars may be a serous threat lo human lifeHowever,how many drlverswould be willing1o abandon this convenence, which is now no lor most? longera luxurybul a necessily Suggestedcomposition 'Cars are the greatest danger to human life today In my view the inventionof the molor car has caused nothing but problems; irom pollution lo accidenisand deaths.There are vanous lacts and figuresthat supportihis op n on. In the firsl place, cars cont bute greatlyto air polluton. The poisonous gases emitted by car exhausls are dangerous to our health and can placesto live in. make citiesvery unpleasant In additionto this, cars nowadayscan travel at high speedsand as a resultpeopleare temptedto drivefaster,This causesmore lrafficaccidentsand thousandsof people die each year trom reckless drivingand speedingvehicles. On the olhe, hand. ,t s a'gued thar lhe car is somethingthat we cannot live without. lls comfort and convenience are hard io beat and these days most familiesown at leastone car. I believe thatthe motorcar Allthingsconsidered, does endanger our lives in many ways, Only if action is taken to reducethe risks,will it becornea saferand heathieriorm of transport. . .

Paragraph 3: Viewpoint2 and reason (fash fot the s followersgive up their individuality gives wrong impression) ol fashion this Paragraph 4: Opposing viewpointand rea (dressingiashionablygives the correct im ior jobs peop e who work wiih the public) Conclusion:Re stateopinion(it is betterto w clothes which fel ect ones personalityra than becomea iashionslave) Suggestedlinking words ln my op nion The way I seeit To stari with Flrslly ln addit on to this - Whatis more On lhe other hand - Howevef To conclude- fo sum up

Reasonsgiven for each viewpoinl (to be unde ined) Paragraph 2: (d_ bp Frrerrelyerpelsive of gettinginto debl Paragraph3: chooseclotheswh ch suil nei the r figurenortherrpersonaltres Paragraph4: createthe corfect lmage lor t careerc,reflectthe imageof the I company Ouotalion: 'Fashion is made to becc unfashionable.'

. .

Technique used to begin: relefenceis mad Technique used to end: quotation queston

ftetol

(fo theteacher:Lrplaln to fie Ss /hal lhls roprcreql the use ot' Futurc lerses- f a/so points oul lhal the reader.) essaybegins by address/lng .

5 . (Suggesledanswer)
I agree lhal people spend too much lime and The way someone dresses money on Jashion, shouldnl be the most importantthing in liJe.lt s also a waste of money as fashion changes so quicklY. . ParagEph plan Paragraph 1: Introductionlstate the topic and give opinion (not necessary1o be a slave to fashionto look smart)l Patagtaph 2t viewpoint 1 and reason (it is expensve to follow fashion people gei into debt tryingto keep up) . .

Paragraphs 2-3 statethe writeasoprnon. Paragraph4 gives the other side of argument. Flrture ienses are used because the writ talkingabout the iuture. Topic senlences - ln the first place, there will be m in the field of medicine. improvemenis * Also, new technological breakthrough makeour liveseasier. - On the oiher hand, there are those , believethat life n the future will noi b troublejree.

(As an extension I can ask Ss to underline Inking wotds and try ta rcplace them with a similar wordsIp h ,ases. )

5{

Unnll
| (fashio the sak 0n)
d Et

ublic)

tr to

h my opinion I believe h tlE firsl place To begin with Tharefore In lhls way Also - In addilion On ll|e other hand However *ilat is more ^,loreover ll in all To sum up , -. t,laoel B s a balanced "for and against' a.gLrmentatlve essay- (theessay s impersonal, :e wfllefs opinion is not stateddireciy) : Poinls for: well looked after when lravellingby : are. need not worry about luggage, :a-fonab e, speedy meansof travel bnts against: expensive, long delays,fear of -, _9. cramped seats and claustrophobic +-osphere, lurbu ence,jet lag : lrooe//4rs a- opinronessay(lhe witer's op nro. s nated in the beginningand ihe endlng) :aiest way to travel you can go from one : country to another in a maner ol hours ,.. dell lookedafter you are serued drinks and meals and offered newspapers and Uankets,.. - -rghtmare airport delays, cfamped seats, tJrbulence, often targeied by terrorists ... bdel A

(Suggestedanswer) Model A Beginnings 1 Ouile a few decades ago you had to spend a whole month aboard a ship to reach New York. Nowadays, thanksto the possibitities offeredby air lravel, passengers can quickly and go from one placeto another(make comfortably reference to a strangescene) 2 Are you among those who prefertravellingby plane when given the chance? | belteve rnar travellingby plane cannot be comparedto any other means of transport in terms of convenience and speed,(addresslng the reader directly) 3 Why has air travel become the most popular meansof transport?In my opinion,travellingby plane is the quickestand most comtortable way to iravel.(rhetorical question) Endings 1 lmagine how differenl the world wouro De withoutthe aeroplane, lt has allowedus to lravel to many placeswhich we, otherwise, would not haveseen. (grve the readersth to consider) 2 Arr travel wil always rematn popular ano |Is convenience is hardto beat.Afterall, who wants 10spend mosl oftheir holidaysluck on a tralnor question) a bus? (rhetorical ModelB Beginnings 1 lmagine arivng at the airport only to discover that your flight has been delayed,and you musl wail for hours beforeboardingthe plane.This is cerlainlya disadvantage ol a r travel,but there are many advantages as well. (makesreference to a slrangescene) 2 Travellng by plane has many advantagesand disadvantages. Nevertheless, most people choose air travelover other forms of transport. Why is this so? (rhetoricat questlon) 3 Have your experiences with ar travel been postive or negalive? Chances are that most people have had both good and bad experiences wilh aeroplanes as there are many advantages and disadvantages1o air travel. (addresses the feaderdireclly)

Itv

nsve,

p ror pany

b made

\JI

that

ion. de of

.-raph 1: Introduction state opinion ng by plane bettef than other means of i==cort) -,e h.graph 2: Viewpoint1 and reason (taster;you =_ ..lch your destination quickly) hraph 3: Viewpoint2 and reason(wetttooked :iE- drinks,mealsserued,etc,) P-raph 4: Opposing viewpoint (travettingby :'.:-e a nightmare; delays, cramped seals, _--:!lence, targetedby teflofists) P--egraph 5: Your opinion (airlravelthebesl when t to speed,comfortand convenence) -rnes Iodl B F.rdgraph 1: Introduction statetopic (aeroplane :.: ol most popular and widely used forms of :arsport today) Paragraph 2: Argurnenisfor (well tooked after, :.nfodabie, lasD Paragraph 3: Arguments agatnsl {expens ve, :e ays. fear of fly ng, cramped seats. :sustrophob c atmosphere and turbuience) Paragraph4: Balanced (travel|ngby consideration :r ane is much quickerand mosl peopleare willing :. put up wth the bad pointsfor this reason)

be he.

rcughs those v{ not be I de ine a I with otl

55

Endings t1 seems that air lravel has one overwhelming advantage it is by far the qulckestform of lransport. Afterall,as R.L.Stevenson wrote,,,For my part, Jtravelnot to go anwhere, but to go. I lravei for travels sake. The great affair is to move." (quoiation) 2 All in all, despite ils drawbacks,aif traveloiferc convenience, safety and, most importanfly, speed. Wouldnl our lives be much less varied and excrtingif we had to spendweekstravelling to ptaces whch we can now reach in hours? (addresses the readef direciyt gives the reader sth to consider) 9 [Ss do the natching, then T eticiE L$efu] IinKng warcs or phnses to be used by Ss white they wtjte theh essavste.g. howevet.rc begn Mh. t'uihermorc.in my opinion,attthings consideted,etc.), then Ss wrte thejr essayas HW.l 1E 2C 3 B 4D bA I

lO fI e/lclls points t'tom Ss and wtites oen ot board, Then Ss /lsien io t e cassette ard d whtchaf the viewpoints and reasons are menti in the diatogue. Attemativety f ca, ask Ss to I theit viewpoints in thet notebook, then t$en R clialogue and check.)

Suggestedpoints to be wriflen on the board less stfessiul people had time to iatK lo

nol very convenient, lack in facilities less pollution nol so many cars less cnme rate peoplecould leavethetrdl unlockedat night E Tapescript for Ex. t0 (p. 75) (to be heard twi

(Suggestedanswer) Has genetic science gone too far? Hlstoryhas been shaped by man,sattempts10 underslandthe world in which we live, and tt rs important that we conlinue lo strive towaros a clearerunderstanding ofscienceand /ts uses.In my opinlon,geneticsctencehas not gone too iar, {nere are still manymysteries whtchhavenot beerrsoveo and which could uit mately benefitmankindrf they To begin wrth. expe.imenli,rgIn genetic engrneering can help lreat diseases such as cancer and AIDS and eventuallymay save the lives of nil|ons of peoptewortdwide.lt could atso hetp to solvethe problernof world famineby rear|ngpflme sneep and cows ior food and in this way creale more to eat ior the many starving people oi the However, those who oppose geneltc engrneeflng say that it is growingtoo quicktyand it rs too earty to assess the risks lnvo/ved, Furthermore, some are frightenedof the unknown and are terrified by the idea of humans being cloned,saylngthat |fe is cod-given and shouionor be tamperedwith. All lhlngs consldered,the risks involved are worth the beneiitsthat genetic engineeringcould oflnq to mankind.

Gnnddaugrrtefico on then,cran. Te me abou in your day.I knowyou lovetatkingaboutit. Gnnalmother Wel. things have certainry cnan sinceI was a girt.In the pastwe used to spendI actuatty tatking 10each other.Thesedays peopk and stareat TVsand compulerscfeensall day. Grarddaughaer: Mmm.That,s true. Gllanclmother Also, everyone rushesarouncru anxiety or stress thesedays.EveMhingmovesso now. we used to take long walkseveryoay ano aMaysseemedto havelime to reax Gnnddaughter So what else do you nale ab thesedays,Gran? Grcndmotheri Oh, the cars. The noise mey m and the tell bie po utionthey cause.tn my day only had afewcars on the streets. ofcourse itwas excitinginventon then, but at least you couto breathefresh alr and crosslhe road wthout fea lreinghjt by a reckless or drunkdflver, Gnnddaughter yes, il must have been ntce tn old days. Grandmollrer: Jtwas,Anolherlhingwas you te,ls lhen.Therewasnl so r]u( h cnme.peopre evenLs to leavetheirdoors unlocked whenthey went to b at night. Granddaughter Really? lt's hard to imaginethin berngso different. 11 a 2 & 4 1&3 -. 'forand againstessay opinion essay

b Suggested Paragraphplans Topic 1

50

Paragraph 1: state op nron Paragraph 2: Viewpoinl1 and reason (salel iilmsand lllmsva lnternel will let us watch a film at any time, at horne)

Paragaph 3: Viewpoint 2 and reason (high CefinrtlonTVs and realistic sound on home slslerns w;ll be betterthan cinema) Paragraph 4: Opposing viewpointand reason 3op e enjoy a night out'; peoptewant to see -rr,irlms,not wait for video distribution) Paragraph5: restateopinion Topic 2 Pa6graph 1: statetopic Paragraph2: Advantages (getfamous,earnro$ t money,set examplefor young people,etc_) Paragraph 3: Disadvantages (travela lot, have :o lollow strict dievlifestyie, atwaysin the pubtic Paragraph4: balancedconsjderation Topic 3 Faragraph 1i stateopinion Paragraph2: ViewpointI and reasor (news :s n/ailableon TV, but newspapersgo into more retait) Paragraph 3: Viewpoint 2 and reason .wspapers can be read at one,s own pace and accordingto one's schedule) Paragraph 4: Opposing viewpointand reason ooplehave less and resslime to read;can be ?xpensive, whileW is 'free') Frragraph 5: restateopinion Toplc 4 Paragraph 1: statetopic Paragraph 2: Advantages (protected from plentyolfood, firedicat extinction, care, eic.) Paragraph 3: Disadva-tages (tar from their tural habitat,feel lonety,no freedom,etc.) Paaagraph 4: balancedconsideralion beginnings ' teople have always enjoyed going to the -gested ifiema, and the film industryhas provioeous rilh countlessmovieswhich help us to escape nto afantasyworld forawhile. As GilbenSeldes, an Americancrilic,once said, 'The movie is the .naginaiion of mankind in aclion." (quotation)

2 lvlanyyoung peoplewatch thetrtavourite sports star o^ TV and drearn of one day becomt.g a protessionat alhlete.tmaginehow you wouldfeel, scoring the winning point in a crucial game as thousands ol fanscheeryou on. lt seemslikethe perfectprolession but thereare disadvantages to being a famous athlete. raddresses the reaoef dhectly) 3 Everyday, millionsof people a over lhe wono share lhe same morning ritual; they wake up, dnnka cup of colteeand readthe morningpaper. It seems that some peoplewill neveriire of the printedword. (descnp'o n of a situation) 4 Whenwasthe lasttimeyou visiteda zoo?Animats which are kept in zoos are supposedto be well caredfor, butthisis notalways the case.However, mere are also advantages to keepinganimalsin caplivily. (addtesses the readet dhectty) Suggested endings 1 In my view,the cinemawiltneverbe a thing of the past. lt will continueto thriveas fans arounome world will alwaysfind it fascinating. (personat opinion) 2 Thereare both posjtrve and negaliveaspectsto beco.ninga p.ofessio.alathlele.lt ,s up to lre ,ndrviduallo dectoe whether ,t has rro.e advantages or disadvanlages, because as Aldous Huxley once said, ,,Like every other rnsvument man has invented, sport can be used for good and evil purposes." (quotation) 3 Newspapers have become the ,traditionat, means oi informing peopte about signilcant events,and in my opinlon will never lose their poputarity. Life would certainlybe very different (give rcader sth to consideL personalopinon) 4 | believethat, while zoos protectsome anrmals, their freedomts much more imporlant. After all, how does an intelligenlcreaturefeel living in a cage? ll you give this queston some cons deratton. you might realisewhar hvtngi- a zoo rnustbe like for animals. (give rcader sth to consjdeL rheto cat quesrrcn)

Unit12

Unil l2- pr0yidil|! S0luli0ns l0Pr0[hl|l hsus

11c
3d Subject ol the meeling: How to keep our city (P cker ng) clean. El Tapescripi for Ex. I (p. 76) (to be heard twice) Mayoti I now cal thismeeiingto order.I remindalloi you thatthe purpose of thesemeeUngs is to hearthe concerns and suggestions oJthe citizens ol our cty, so that Picker ng wil becomean evenbetierplacelo live in. The subjectoi tonlghl'smeetingis 'keeping Plckering cLean'. Anyonewho wishesto speak may step up to one oi the m crophones. Yes,go ahead, Mrs WilkinsiGood evening,[,lr li,layor. [,ly name is AgnesWilkinsand lve livedin Pickering all my life.I th nk the cty s noi do ng enoughto keeprubbishoff the streets.ln my neighbourhood the dustmanonly comes aroundthreetimes a week. l'd suggestthat moredustmen be employed so thatlheycouldcolect rubblsh daily.Thenwe wouldnt havep lesof rubbish on our streets which can easiry causethe spreadof Mayor Thankyou , l\,4rs W lkins.Actually, a study is aready under way to find out how much daly coiLection wouidcost.The reporlis to be out in ..., n please. February, Nextspeaker, Mf Smithers: Ahem. Sif, I agree with N,4rs Wilkins suggestion,but rn my opinion it doesnt go far enough. In additionto colleclingrubbish daily, we need a betler recyclingsystem. Paper,glass and plastic can all be recycLed. Why don't we have fecycling bins in every neighbourhood? Then we coulddramatically reducethe amountof rubbish thal needscollectingin the first place,and save natura resources at the sametime. Mayoi l m pleasedto say that the government has just announced that il will make money avalableto programmes. citiesthatwishto startrecycling Bythis time nextyear,the programme shouldbe workingin please. Picke ng. Nextspeaker, Mr Tumer Thank you, IVlrMayor lget e).lremey upselwhen I see allthe litteron our streets. Thereis people fast food packagng everywhere and drop chocolatebar wrapperswrthoula second thought, Why are the laws to conirol littering n this cty not properly en{orced? lf peopleknewthatlheywouldbe fned, they wouldthinktwicebeforedroppinglitieron the pavements.

Mayor:Thereis a realneediorsuch an rmprove ln fact,we are planning 1o hire morestaff n ord helpcontrolths probLem andthefinesaregorng increased as well.Thafk you, I\rr... Mt tumer: Turner,I\4artin Turner. Mayor:Thankyou, IVlr Turner. Anyoneese? Mrs Arms|/ongi I have a question. [,4ynarre rs A'nslrong and Llve nearrtsetyre {actoryon M Road.T"e faclol rs n lhe middle of a resid neighbourhood and t stinks. Can't the city sf down ard builda park n ils pace? We wou d li much heallhier surroundings, then. Mayor: To be fa. the faclorywas rhe.e be'or houses,but I have good news.The tyre iaclo voluntarily relocating to the new industrial areaol edge oi lhe city. Threemonthsfrom now, the n wll have been corrpeled. Are tl^e'e any r suggestons?...Well, thank you al for attendi repodoi th s meeting w llbe postedon the To\,v noticeboard.Thankyou again. . Paragraph plan

Paragraph 1: statelhe problem Paragraph 2: suggestion 1 and ( (encouragecompaniesto use bio degrad packagingfor their producis bio-degra itens deco'npose _aturally not ado ro problemof I tter) Paragraph 3: suggestion 2 and result ( scrap meta discardedmelal prodlrctsc be melted down and used lo make c prooucrs) Paragraph 4: suggestion 3 and result (edu people to recycle their householo w products reducelilteo Paragraph5: summarise opinion .

Suggestedwords/phrases One way would be tat To begin withlTo with,govemmentslwe could ... therefore: corsequent/y, as a resu/t

Another solution would be. Another wa reduce global litter would be ln IacI: Actually, As a matter of fact A I th ngs consrdeFo:Alltn all. I o sLtm up

As a resut: Conseguenf/y, As a consequeD

the UsefulLang Oshou/dask Ss to memorise tablean p 76 in lhe SludenisDooA.I chec|g tl

58

Unit 13 3 I otoero lng to (Suggestedanswers) They would thus be able to ..2 d As a result, therewould be ... 3 a so they would have ... : e morepeople... Conseqlently, : b Theretore.trey would be more ... rslggested Plan) Faragraph 1: state the toplc (ways of savng the Faragraph 2: suggeslion1 and resolt(ungles and should be protected- aninralswouldn't be _ snger of extinction) -'?sts Pragraph 3: suggeston 2 and resull (moretrees fa.leo more oxygenJ c_ragraph 4: suggestion3 and resuit (encourage rot waslec -:c!cl ng nalu'al resources P-agraph 5: suggeston4 and result(morepeop e s_':rid use publictransporl- cleanerenvironment/ es: fuel wasted) 6: suggestion5 and resull (inaoducton '3r-agraph Srcter lawsfor lactories- cleanair and water) +ragraph 7: suggestion 6 and fesult (people friendlyproducts nol :_'aJrduse environmentally :. ie watednotdamageozone layer) Fr-dgraph 6: summarise opinion rornts out lhal Ss do not haveto include allthese i-ggestions in thei composition.) _

EisKi es|de a

v shut
dd live

7 suggestlon1: watchmorefilms (result) develop comprehension skills suggestlon2: lsten to and sifg songs (result) improve listening skills/comprehension skills suggeslion 3: parlicipate in studentexchange programmes of travelabroad (result) rmprove pronunciation, vocabulary, comprehension skills suggestion 4: readmoremagaz nes/newspapers, get a betterunderslanding elc. - (result) of the language n use (T poinb out thatSs do not haveto includeall these slggestlors m lhei essay.)

hctory
hem

ny nd ng.

Ul|il l3- 0hc|Jrsite hsrys

I The pointsdiscussed are:a) lhe socialaspect, b) the educational aspecl,and c) lhe economicaspect. Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 79) (to be heard twice) Announcer:Todayon 'OpinionLine'wele going to d scusswhether sporl is valuable to our society. With us in the studio are I\4r David Singleton,head of GrimsborneCollege'sSports departmentand Mrs Diana Perry, representative of the Parents'Action Commiltee. Mr Singieion, would you like to give us Mr Singletoni I just want to stress how importart spoft is to everyone, Filslly,from a socialstandpoinl, team sportscan help peoplemake lrends, earn to cooperate and ultimately become responsible members of society. Evenwatching a speclaior sport can havea posiUve socal effect schoolmembers and even fam! es are brought closer together by havinga commongoal:theirteam'svictory. Announcer Mrc Pera\J'7 ,lrrs Perry: l'm aJraid I haveto disagree. Rather than p'omoti.rgLiendstsip, I believesport,ncreases compeltiveness, which can have a very negative ellecton sociely. And aslor br ngingpeopletogether, justconsider the violence at football matches. lwould not call thrsan example oi cooperation far trom t. Artouncer Yournextpoint,Mr Singleton? Mt Singletoni Physicalactivitynol only builds up physical slrength, but rt also promotes relaxalion and increases concentratron, whichisa defniteplusas far as educationis concerned. Students who do sport tendto do betteral schoolthanthosewho don1. Announcetr lvlrs Perry, what do you have to say to that?

tI o

ult le oth
(eo d\

: : a : a

To beginwith In thisway/As a result as a result Another way Furthermore

7 Another solution I thus 9 All in all

9rggestions and other money-raising - aold cha ty concerts

weallhy colntries send food/medicalsupplies d rectlyand improveadminislration/transport educale farmers lo improve their larming technrques

I way

Results nlernatonalorganisations would get money to helpthe famineviclims - suppliescertain10 reachthose in need faminewou d be less likelyin the future

anguage
6 b 2d 3a 4c

5$

l
Unitl3 Mrs Perry:As far as educational go, I can't benefits say I agree.Sportiends to take students awayfrom theirstudiesmoreoftenthan nol, and don'tlorgetthe fact that many young people have been serously njureddo ng spon. Announcer Right.I\,lr Singleton, whatwouldyou like 10add? Mr Singletoni WF rruslnl'orger rhe econonic beneftsof profess onalspoft,Thereare rany people empoyed nlhe sportsindustry, andthe moneyspent by people attending sporting events s definilely moneywell spent. Announcer Mrc Petry? Mrs Perry:I slrongly disagree on thatpoint.Spodhas becomescandalously commercial, and the salaries prolessionalsportspeope receive are ridiculously high. This money would be much better speni on educaion and social services,boih oi wntcn are desperately in needof morefunding. Announcer:Well.thank Vou lror tor your opintons. And now let'shearfrom oLrr callers. Firston the lineis ... (fade) 2. lfthere is oneihing thatvlnually alllheword's variouscurlu'es-ave in comnon. 'l is rrariage. Be|efs,diet and languages vary greally,but the desire people have to share their lves with d_otherseen s u_ive'sal. Why, lhen. s mar4age so popu ar? Psychologists have said that people have a deep need ior the emotional secu ty which marrage provides. Knowing that one has a parlner in liie makes it easier10 cope with the problemsofda ly life.On the otherhand,the fact that many singlepeope are contentto livealone suggests that the emotional need' theory is Brtish novelst Fay Weldon once stated, "Marrage has nolhing to do with emolion and everJ,,th ng to do with property. Accordng to the supporters of this view,peoplemarry in orderto ncreasetheir wealth,either by marryinga rich panneror because, as the sayinggoes, "two can live as cheaply as one." lt is true thai financial consideratlons are often the primaryreasonthat peoplemarry.Yet,thereare countlessexamples of people 'marryingfor love', regardtess ot their mate'slack of money, All in all, mafilagecontinues to be extremely popular in many societies.I\,{ost of us have a need for love and support and want to have children al some polnt in our lives. Fully understanding the reasons why people marry, though,may be as difficult as understanding the humanmrnditsef.

Paragraph Plan Paragraph1: state topic (why is mafiiage! popular?)

Paragraph 2: emotional' need for a partne people comparisonbeh,veen s ngle/married Paragraph3: why peoplemarry for love/mone Paragraph 4: make generalcomments(difficult 1 fully understand reasonwhy people mafiy) (Suggesledanswer) On the other hard: however,contrary to, on tl

yet: however,nevertheless, although, in spile o despite, while A//ln a//i 10sum up, in my view,to my nind

(T should ask Ss to memoise the 'Useful Languag for Discursive Essaystableon p.79 in the Studen Baok. T checks in the next lesson.)

psychoiogcal, economic,perconal, social

3 1b

2d

3a

4c

(Suggestedopposing arguments) 1 only of interesl to tourists; don't really teac facls about history 2 do not help people 10 help themselves;eas targetfor cofiupton 3 peopleshould be tree to expressthetr ideas;n governmeni can decidewhat is suitableor not 4 nuclear accidents can cause terrible damag nuclearwasteimpossible to disposeof safely

Suggesled synonymous words Nevertheless: Yel,Houleyel On the other hand:However,Yet,Neveiheless Opponents arguer lt is apued that, There al people wno oppose However: Yet,Neye,theless

4 1 Concerning, Wth regafdio, etc.

2 On the other hand, In contrasi,On the contran etc. 3 In my opinion,ln my view,To my mind, etc. 4 n fact, rn reallty, the lact is, etc. 5 Regarding,Concerning,As far as ... ar concerned, etc. 6 However, Yet, etc. 7 In my op nion,To my mind, etc. I In reality, As a malterof iact, etc.

00

bge

. Aspects coveredr personal. scientific, economac, educational, artistic argumenl:,provtde easvaccess ro a wedlrh or usetul informalion
A

Study Check 2

Sludy Clect z
1 Narratjve descriptive of an object.

part

peopre rrom f""#;',:iJ:;il;"' *"P Youns

atgunent: can do Ine work ol manv oeopte, saMngljme and money counter'algUment une'IploymenijncreaseS rhen workersare replaced

'XffiU:
a 3:rt*Ol :'^::l."iu"l

and descriptive technjques are

i: setrhescele Iname. tocatron of ,eason lor gorng rJ-erej

or vis'te-phasis on ;""Jffii:l :;iffiTt'"n

v'|sh tohdve s'|;d ::fi'.1'X1::[ij""'*i;v tha
4 U-shqa varietyol adjectives. adverbsand verbs Final paragraph: feelhgs. rjnar lnoughls about

argument e-mait and the lnlernel enable aeopte to keep in toucl n,r." lrrdhe , new acquarntances counteFargument: impersOnat c^nt.^r :orlnnementto compuler scfeens B -Itttc computer-ge4eraled musicand -gumentopen new artistic 3raphrcs horizons @unler-argument: comoulerised ornes mecnantcaland impersonal an thrs

h#l"t
t ]:^t*

usi^srhe senses to oescflbe

o'isi''r'dle';ar' noul ii3i,? ""."#,"illill

1 The ftashback technique. 2 Everls-,canoe Jtnked by us:ng tt.ne word5 (al rtrsr,betore,dunng, lhen, etc.) 3 tntormal styte (contfacied tvr

.order is ooinion. srzawerghr. age

"li."t 4 y^es, Id use descriptive techntqrestu enpndsrse

ffjlr'" o"n" ot tt'" na,ration ic.g.oescrrbe rhe
where 5 Paragraph lj set tha scene rwho when - what)

ae."notlons. co''oqr,-"i aioii

"tuut

-Edtc -glrhent:

3i";

onu"'"t etc rmpossjble wfthoui

much of roo6y.s researcn In

qrnler_argumentj too much rnoneyl|me soenton devejoping computers

*a -i
niI ; -

ilr

tre Ss the quotatonson ,TF.hh^D

i:",";:,i;W HJ .:; "'o";'';",:;:

be mentjoned)

conseq ;:1,ff:::J"1i,il J::"#"#oods uences

/Note: KeepIn m;nd ttat ihjs story shourderlher oegtnorend with the sentence qr;en and decrde on the tirstJast paraqrapnaccoioinqlv, fo,nr orrt mar.tre past pedecl rs used ; I,ashbac(

berore l:j:.nTol, main evenr (rncidents jn the past) r.agraph 3: Incidenlrh the presen

r, descrjbe inc,oenrs

:l::.r.r:.'""rmatron -SUnS ShOUld

shourd beq,ven)

r : f-

a-

wh'|ch happened ;il?:"J"Ll,iTflff evanrs

C I Yes, it requtres narrattve an.l n - __'" o"u lechniques, 'JescrlDtive

gy' rsnormav tormar!

2 Paragraph l: set the scene ie l me r.e nt.. prace people ;nuoru"oin t'" ,n"io""iuv 't Paragraphs 2.3: description oj themr.

llorrl'3,1;

invorveo. rril;;; l"e.ojre t,no"n"o

winoows deslroved "^op

:"":,il:"f1":;

0l

Unit 14

(police Finalparagraph: linalresulls of incidenl arrested some, others ranaway)

3 Evenis can be linked together witht mewords. Fj

6 Yes, my opinion should be stated in invoduction, as well as in the final paragrap'r.

Yes, hypothesesand evrdence could be included.

ForandAgainst Essay
2 Formal style

forandagainsi should 3 Yes, a listolthe points

D1

givinginformaiion Friendly letter 2 Description ol a place,and the advantages of living there 3 Palagraph 1: reason(s) for writing Paragraph 2: description of area(quiet streels, gardens, semi-detached houses, supermarket, park,etc,) Parag.aph 3: advaniages of livingthere(quiel, lowcrimerate, convenient for transport) Flnalparagraph: closing remarks Advantages can be supportedby reasons, justification (e.9.lt is easyto getlo or examples the city cenlreas the town haslrequent buses whicharequickand reliable.) you Openingremarks:Here'sthe iniormation Clo6ingremarks:Hopethis information helps you ... . Lool.ing loruard 10hearing fromyoL G1

madebefore writing lhe compositionEach point is suppo(ed with justificali reasons or examples. polnls for: savetime,quickdelivery, chea wideselection of various items, etc. points against: bad quality prod sometimes, product descriptions can
misleading, etc.

5 Yes, a balancedconsideration can be given

the conclusion, Providing solutions 10 problems

2 Formalstyle 3 Paragraph 'l: statethe problem ( Paragraphs 2, 3: suggestions andresults patrolsin slreets- burglars will be d stricterpunishment - offenderswould thi twice beforeattempiing to commil a cri governments provide morejob opportunities
no need to stealthings) Final paragraph:summarise opinion The following groups of linking words can usgd: to introduce suggestions, to expr

E1

Oplnion essay
2 Techniques used lo begin the essay:make

reference to a strangescene or situatron, address the reader directly, use a qlotationor question. rhetorical Techniques usodto endthe personal essay: state opinion, useaquotation or question, givethereadersomethingto rhelorical consider. Paragraph 1: state topicand opinion Paragraphs 2,3: viewpoinl(s) and reason(s) (not punish chlldrenslrictly- they become uncooperal:ve. be palient and exp'ain everything to them- theytrustyou,etc.) Paragraph4; give opposingarguments and reasons(somearguethat parentsshouldbe slrictwiththeirchildren ...) Finalparagraph: restate opinion, using difterent groupsol liokingwordscan be The following used:to express opinion, to list points, to add more points, to iniroduce conlrasting viewpoints, to conclude(seep. 71, Student's Book). No,it is notwrongto include a quotation.

effect, to express reaity, cause,to expross (seep. whatyou emphasise say,to conclude Book). Studenfs

- lletts Utlil 14 Rsmil$

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 thrsmorning man ground house taxldriver phoned flames 8 I 10 11 12 13 man BristolRoyal unknown destroyed lucky pulled down

I!

Tapescript fof Ex. I (p. 83) (to be heardtwice) tireearly There wasa largehouse lhis morning
East Bristol.Oqe nan. rhought to be in his sixties. is saidto be in a critical condition. Theire startedon the groundfloorof a four abandonedhouse in City Boad and quickly

02

ura ce slated in lh n ?e i nal paragraph.

r 2"d against should be cc-position. i.: wth justificatioi

r!,a.ds A passingtaxi driverspotteditamesat the .'_-_a\!sand phoned the Fre Servicewho arrved *- _ .r nltes. F remenioughtthe fames trom long ::a:'s astneywereunable to enterthe housedueto :-_-_c ioors and thck smoke. Firemenwere 3-:::l to frnd a man unconscious in the only top tc,:. -1p61 no, uO,-". He was rescuedand takento :r-:- ro/al Ho5piral. The (a-se of the 'ire .eratns --.1:n^ The blaze spread quicklyand destroyed :.: :_ ef Watkins saidatterwards. "l've neverseen r.-.E .-1ve a lire likethat.The man'sjust uckyto )E 4.: A Councr member announcedthat the in the '.r^q: :crlg with otherabandonedbuitdings *E* ( oe pulleddown nextmonth. t=Eroh t: I ne lealy ypsterddy norningr. p ace :..: )' \,4itt Boad a-d W4ghts t a^e, --_ v++-. r:: ceople nvolved(lwo),what (co ision) +i9r-hs 2. 3: description of events(JackieHil, : . a a,.? N ssanCherrycrashednto delivery '1-{rr: e0 to nolicestop s gn; Mrs Hill is n r :,-: stabiecondluon; van drivertrealedfor -._c'-rEc :n: a::< nlLlnes. E-agrapht comments,Iuture developments -!a ti-'l_ ; :a.t at the caossroads, tratfc lightsto be rtt1edto the car crash: co tsion,junciion, _.: rrtnessed acc dent, stop :;Eii sign, slow -''!a er_ :-^-s siab e cond t on, treatedlor injuries. :rrs:-:;:3 :.aii c ights ln --z' 1:.r atase their books and say as many r.t!r:3 = :,::_s ble relaled to the theme.) q-n answers) i3F-i:,_:KE DESTROYS BRTDGE ldetaitsof 'rl:-:.: : Te slrength,etc ) other damage =Ls?: __.-.: deveopments(repairs etc.)l 'dl::-:,.: -:i./ES clw lN DARK ldetaits oJ tr'a>: -. r,-_:_ where,who caused that, what _.{.a*_:: Pettys statement. future :\.[ :: --: CO|Nj]ON COLD? [detaiis ot ,"F^: ::::s .es!tts, luture developments] jOA.IFAD '.r:_l-,',:' of noro.way Jderai5 :'E- ! : ': ei:< Io,!r council ors stalenenl, :f :_5::,: stalement,fulure developments v]:.:'.f 3CYS FOUND lages/descrpton of :,r.. :_:.'a.nly. reasonfor d sappearance, :F.: . r' :ea.ch d scoveiy. boys'statement]

4 1 B (newsreport:facts.formalstyte)
2 C (newsreport:facts,fofmatsty e) 3 A (story:directspeech,feetings susperrsel

5 1 Convicted arsonist Thomas Wells was fia _

caughtearly last Sundaymornng. Wels $:: found to have escapedtef days earler :, olson g-ards). lt is oplieved lhat he -. belpved to have sel rwo ware-oJsero- . . sincehisescape. 2 Temporary housing is be ng provided lo c i ze-: ol Newtonby the Counct after hundrects .. homesweredamaged by Tuesday s food r-: shelle's arF loLated n (he -parby tor' Holbrook,and residentswitt be a owed to s::_ In them untl their homes are rebuii (br :-= Council). 3 Two ne. wro were !el,,nqllole- a"r , . . sysrems Io unsuspect ng cuslomers ,,:.= arrested late Mondaymorning.A the slc.goooswereserzed and the menare beingF. : n cuslody.

p ad de ivery,cheape. qualrty producB c cescrptrons can bt e.:ion can be grven qt

@'ems

tto.s and results(moq g ars wl be detefie4 o'a.ders would th nl | :o commt a crrrnq o'a lo0 opportLrn t es -, iy:seoptnron ' ^( ng woros can D OnS, rO exprest SCeSr ! :c expressreality,tt tc concude(seep,7fl

6 [,4odel A news report;writtenby a journatsi

ParagraphPlan Paragraph 1: introductionsummary of eve-t Paragraph2: background(accident) Paragraph3: development (etraif ing) Paragraph4: comments(l'm ecstaiic,etc.) D]SABLED SWII\./[/4ER WINSGOLD Ivode B n"rrdtivF:w. nen by t"te ,ubjecr' - ). . (PeterCarlton)

}lotts
: r. Royal

Pagraph Plan Paragraph1: setthe scene(atmosphere/Iee | !ts ": event) Paragraphs 2, 3: development (accdent slrugj: to swim again) Paragraph 4: conclusion (award meetngocc:3. agarn) BELIEVE IN YOUBSELF a A gun, securityguard, cashier,staff, threareni. shoot,activate the a arm B flashing lghts, countrylane,stver spacec'a: noverabove,strangewhirringsound

: -

(to be heard iwice) re :ar y this morningi _: to be in his ead) 7 noorol a four stor' E: and quicklyspreac

63

Unit14 Suggested ParagraPhPlans A Paraoraoh 1: sLrmna'y o' eve'1tllasl llonday rO o-cloc\, No'lnwest Ba'l^ arned man attemoledlo rob the banr') paraoraohSZ. 3, +: desc'ipto'1ol event {lot5of peopie man enlered lhe ban^ helo a gun lo snoot ii not given money' security inreatened the alarm' man tleo guard managedio activate to escape,policearrestedhlm) (l was so Paraqraph 5: comments by people ld die) l'd thoughi scared; rlasl Tuesdav B Paragraph t artnn6rv ol event uru, saw man Cornwall, mldnlqht, paraoiaohs 2' 3' 4: descnolronof event (ma' la'le *as io'.g ',ome wa'ked alo"g counlry hover ignts saw sJver spacecrah trasn'-ns 5lrange whirring sound l "oo""lit'4"o" man reported incident to the JLpp"ar"o, polrce) can be Faiagiaph st comments(no explanalion glven scientistsinvestigate) 8 each cancerning plan and i.leaslvocabulary fi eticits iopic lrom Ss, then Ss write thet news reporls ) Suggested words lo be used in each toplc call, maskedrnan' 1 mlssing,ransom,threatening hit rocks 2 ran ashore,be caughi in bad wealher' caplain' etc crew, passengers, to notice red tratlic light' crash' fail T-iunction, 3 ambulance, etc (see Ex 2' p 84 "otti"ion, Student'sBook) Suggested ParagraphPlans ooy 1 Paragraph 1: summaryol event(yesteroay' returnedsafelyhome) i, 3, 4: desc'iplio'r{boy kidnapped ParaoraDhs nq calls hidnappers IhreF-o;ysago lhredlen them' boy was police traced askedfoi ransom, were kidnappers home, found and returned arresteoJ

(oo'j/ s Paragraph5: cornments pollce l m saie the to thanks was scared, wrling thesametopicas a (Note:When to tl of techniques rcminded be shoutd beginlend to *ays of senses ,t e.q,,rse Boot ) exp;inedn IJnl6 in lheStucte,l's of event(laslMo Paragraph1: summary two ml eastcoastol Scotland, sunk, Anais restlescueo) (shlP Paragraphs2, 3, 4: descriPtion hit rocks'sent Uuaweather, 1 helicopters "uuoit. lileboats' got on pas;engers -them,
other shiPs helPed iocate passengers/crew, two members or

and resl of crewta passengers missing:

H:fl"t

lor the two missrngcrew members) searc-h

(we re contrnurn ., comments

ill,Tiil":' J; Lil,X?,llli" ":[iiJ,,"

- one driverdead ParkLa;e Aberdeen criticalcondiiion) a Paraqraphs2, 3, 4: description(drNerol

thejun approached Fordiscort,speeding, cri lailedto noticea yellowAstonl''4aftrn' other deadof ford Escort intort- oriver to happen area: ii'; the third accident to put up need month this crossroads lights)

takento hospital) r Paragraph 5: comments (people lrung

04

Unit15

Uill l5- lssessil|0 md [d ooil|h 0ood

t
crcas a stary..

n
ts Book.) 11(last l\,4ond ches

AE
foad,abtnoisy

.estaurants swimmingpool, no bars or discos tron (shrp { cks senl Sq |icopters tried he ped corrl bers of cll

Ia

: .eds big s tttng area,big balcony

EE

E@
good, fecepton and restaurant: slow

r continurng I

n
oiten cold and

EN

,eni (yestert H I Slreel t r dead - othL (drlveroI a t |ed ihe iuncfl Martn, crasl !d otherd te lrvrngn I happen at I lo pu1 up tril I
I

furFaa Comments: not top class,convenientlor holidaymakers, gooclvalue tor money lor Ex. 1 (p. 87) (to be heard twice) -.':ot :G -.ee you ve enjoyedyour hotiday. &rr; h,- , : . : :. krnd enough io filt in th s f-6,;.-:': eboutthehotelfor us?we always ask x-. ::,._-:_:-s:o fl in one to help our company e : :a-, ces. Just tick the approprate box -rr:r .r-r':: :;.' t?Scrbes each seclion.your own ,..eicome too. ;.f.rrt-rr,ordr OK. Lets have a look, then. Welt, ,i':-:: Lery close to the beachesand most :r r- :j :,:: : : ,rearoy. :r :r.y.ro.rd: ',,- t.ue. but r'5 flg-t on rhe n-aii-,a: :-: _ : : . : no sy, especially at night. I' 5"ri'Froool: Yes . . it s noi a bad locationon the a.t lnnond: OK. I tt tick 'Good,. Next, then Mrs Dummoncti Fine - l,ll uck ,Excelenl, then. 'Servicets next- well,room seruice was very good, Mt Dummoncl l\,4mn... but they were terr bly stow at the Recepton, and in the restaurant. Mrs Dummond: So Average,? Mr Dummord: I think so. M6 DummoncLRight What about the ,Food? | reckon it was'Pool ,.. Mr Dummondi Poor?tt was dsgustingJ Such a Donng menu and the food was often cold, and realy badlycooked. M.s Dummond: l'll just lick 'poor , then. Now what snallwe put under'General Comments,? Mr DummoncL Uhm ... I don't know... I mean,tt rsn,t a rcp ctasshotet,is il? M/s Dumfiond: No but as you sardit,sconvenent for peopleon holidayand il's good vaiuefor money. Mr Dummondi F ne pul thai, then. ,Not top ctass but conven ent for holidaymakers and ..., Mrc DummoncL Wait,I can,t writethatfast. Mr Dummondi'... con\enlent for holidayrnakers and good valuefor money,' ,valLre Mts Dummondi (mumbling) - for - money, Good.That'sit then.Hereyou are.I hopethis nerps. Thvel Agenti Thank you very much. (As an ertension T can ask Ss to tist the good and lJad points mentianed undet each category, thus helping Ss to t'amitiarise themsetves with the paragraph ptan of rcpoftsof thisUpe.)

* >)m,nond: Hmm, t does havetwo reslaurants rrc ri :r,_ s* rnrntng pool.l'd say,Good. S't Dhmond: Maybe... on the other hand :-c,r:r :_:_e arent any barsor discos n the hotel. Xr aiJ mond; At rght, te1,s t/ck Average.then. I.r O{rmaond: Rooms 'Good,, wouldnl you ;' i.: -:: rea y comfortable beds. f And there'sa reajtybtg sittingarea, 'u.rrnond: :,--:'.':e: and a btg batcony - tthink the rooms

05

unit 15
Note: I should ask Ss fo memorise lhe Usefa/ Language section on p. 87 in the Students Book. T checks in the next lesson.) 2 (T should point out that this reportis formal asitis addfessed to someone supeior to the person who is wrilng it.) a location: King Streel,only three kilometres irom the Embassy. services: siaff of 100 (waitng slatf, bartenders, parking attendants), intemational cuis ne and a varety Ofw nes are ofiered, securlly: surroundedby high wrought ron guardsat fence,securitycamerasat entrances, ma n and rear gatesand car park also guarded, b Oakley Halllsrecommended c Present tenses. Good points: close lo the Embassy attraclive grounds; two function rooms stafl of 100; internalional cuis ne; var ety of w nes; high fence; gLardsal mai_ and rear qdles secJrty ca'neras: parK ano car Bad poinls: ouidoor receptons not available; extra fee for wailing statf, bartenders and park ng attendants; areaalong fence musl be patrolled 5 Staff Relations

l\,{rThompson has recently been assisting in th trainingof new personnel and he has been the sta representative as well, so he knows how to de with diificulties. In addition 10 being highly motivaled, he als motrvates other employees On the other hand, h can be stLrbborn, and w llslop at nothing to persua othersthat he is right. He is respected and popul with the staffand workswel wiih otherpeople. Conclusion

Peier Thompsonwould be a valuable addtion t the managenenl team, as he not only knowsi levelsof the businessbut also relaies wellto oth statf members. To sum up, he is an exceli cand datefor promotion, (Suggesled headings) lnhoduction As requested,this s my assessmentreport BaiLey s R-ostaurant, wherea triendand I had din on Saturdaynight. Almosphere

The restaurant occupiesthe ground loor oJ

1 The amusementpark has severalexcitingrides which are included in the entrance fee; however, some are not suitable for young childrenor the elderly. 2 Although thefe s a wide varietyof shops in lhe airport terminal,they tend to charge e)dremely high prices. 3 While the food served at the restauranl is prices,it can tasterather healthyand reasonabiy bland at times. 4 Eventhough classesatthe language schoolare small and well taught, many studentsfeel that they are not g ven enoughindividual aitenton.

beautilulRegencyterracedhouse. With a seati capacity of 70 people, it has deep carpets, s lghling from wall-rnountedlamps, and rlch o panellingon the walls.The effect is bolh luxurio andwelcoming. Menu

The menu offerstradiliona Brilishcooking,as wi as a few Frenchand italiandishes, I chose roa beei as a main course, and my companion ha lamb. Allhough the food was well cooked an presenled,I felt the choice of stad attractively and dessertswas very limited. Servlce and Price

4 a also - however although

b as well- n additionto on the oiher hand c not only - but also - to sum up (Suggestedreport) Cuatomer relations PeterThompsonis usuallypolite and cheerfuland has rafelybeen the subiectof cLrslomer complaints. Also. he is helpfu a1d socrableand has a good approach when dealingwith customers. Therehave, however, been limes when he has been rather aggressive, allhoughthis is not his usualmanner.

was completo Despitethe fact that ihe restaurant qu d tul on Saturday, the servicewas feasonably The waters and waitresseswere all polite an meal for tu etficient.The bil, for a three-course people, with a bottle of wine, was 185. There a severa dishes on the menu which are {ar mo expensivethan the ones we chose, and thes pricesafe ratherh gh lor the qualityof lood setue Recommendailon

has an attract To sum up, Baley's Restaurant as well as goc decor and a p easantatmosphere, lood and service.However,lhemenu is limltedar overpriced on the wholeour dinnerwas certainly

$6

Unit15 -_a _:cort doesn't lnish with a recommendation : - : .es the teadet a generalassessment. Good points ' -.ey have lots oi very cheapspecialofters. : : s nrce to be ableto do a I yourshopping in : : I e additon t -_e way they'vearrangedthe sheves makes : :asy lo ftnd what you want. :- can savea lot of moneyby buying theif :r- brand of goods. -_:.e afe ots ol differentsections a meat ::,-:e. a bakery, a cosmetics counter and .. -_-,i ke that so you can get eveMhing _-, -:!e thousandsand thousands of :'-:':_: croducls +ints -_* : sn t a very wide cho ce of d iterent Convenience Since there are mafy products and differenl sectronsat Foodland Supermarket, customers can do al their shopping n one pace. EveMh ng is a(anged in an organisedmanner, whrch makes shopping easy. However, the supermarket is nol closeto the town centreand findinga parkingspacecan be diificutt. Conclusion To sum up, Foodland Supermarketolfers shoppers a w de range ot products al competitive prices. lt is recommended that consumersvisit the supermarket and take advalldge o' ts tirrFsavrng orga-isarion. 7 (T elicitsfrom Ss headlrgs and sub-heaangsano writes them on the board. I should also ask Ss to decide an what tense ta use in each rcpon iustitying thei chaice. Ss,then,w te any two ot'the topics.) 1 Suggested headings and sub-heactings (Prcsentlenses) Assessmentof Hotel Belluncia 1 Location(close1o beach,not on busy road. erc.) 2 Booms (comfortable, lamrtysuitesava lable, elc.) 3 Facllites {or entedainment (swimmng pool, children'spool, playgfound,etc.) 4 Servlce (lriendly staff,childcare avaitabte, etc.) 5 Price (quite expenstve, dtscountsJor young childfen, etc.) 6 Recommendation(excellent for family holidays) 2 Suggested headings and sub-headings (P/ese/,t lenses/ Suitability ot Leisure Centre for sludenl visit 1 Locaton (ratherfar away, transportneeded 2 Facilities pool, for young children(chitdren's trampolines, elc.) 3 Supervision (verylew staffavailable, etc.) 4 Catedngfaclltties (good snack bar, etc.) 5 Becommendation (good for day vsit, extfa teacheGneeded,etc.)

nstng in tfr )enthe sla how to d$a

her hand, il I to persuad

i * ' -

t I haddinn

--*'rormal pnces arent much cheaper :',_ :-a pr ces at other supermarkels - ': :-1e a ong way irom the town centre, :-: :: .a.. to frnda parkngspace. -r, : :-cducis.pr ces,convenience

d foor ol i filh a seattd carpets, sd md rich oa

.: I

sgEsled answe4 -: ,,':'! Marshall, Edtor -=-_, Sm ih, Wrlter/Reporter r.i e:_ : r,: ard supermarket --e :,-|::s? ol this report is to assess the ,a??r :' a'cducts, prices and convenience of ::(:rrr-,: 3-.ermarket. art E 3l Products :r:'ra_: Suoermafket offers countless :--.r-'--: r,- l .re arangedo- lhe shelves i- a o?1 i;_ -3.es rl easyfor shoppeE to find whal 1_F, .:-: \evertheless, there is not a wide -.-.:E :- :-erenl brandsto choosetrom.

)k ng, as v/r chose rod ripan on ht cooked ad ;e of startd

quicl onably dl pollte an meal for ha 15 There t l. and the! I food serve

wel as goo is lmitedan

:r:,:--: SJpermarket oftenhas special offers $-:. :': :!te cheap.In addition to this,the .,a:''a'.ei rtas its owri brand of many .,hCh are very inexpensi ve :::-::3 when ::-:::a lc the prices of leadng brands, s lo .ole thatlhoseprice5 -:, j,:, -po.la'll _:: r'; -!cir lower than the pricesat other

0l

unit 16 3 Suggested headings and sub-headinos fPasflenses) Bellington Coltege Summer Course I Lessons (groups ratherlarge, expertteacnrng, erc.) 2 Extraactivities (supervised sportsactvities, norenough culturalvisits, etc.) 3 Statf {fr,endty coopcrative.good with sruoents. etc.) 4 Accommodation(rather basjc, crowded dormitories, etc.) 5 General assessment (goodcourse but rnore cuitural activities and better accommodatton 2 needed)

Gjfr: Exactly.Only S% actuailyadmittedthey r comlcs - the rest said they,re kids, stut. B suspecta tot of them were jusl loo embarrasse say mey readthem, Boy: Youve prooabty gor thatr.ght. Im not sure rel a strangerI read Batmancomlcs Girr: You do?Ano tawdys tno,ghr you wcre maturetof your age ...

(NOte: T shoutd dsA Ss lo memo4se ,rre us6 Language tor SuNeyBeponssectionon p. 91 nl sludenls Book, f checksn lre neyl /esson., Pargfaph 2: Convenience (50% sato convenlenl_ stalionsfar from homes, varns,reachfew areasofthe city) ParagEph 3: Cost r70". sa,d ,"a"on"o,u aoat sJrgnr rncrease acceptable) PaEgraph 4: Comfon i,r any said insu.ficl heated.n cold wpathar nard;ess ot seats _

Ul|il l0- S|,iley Reoom

t magazines: 55% novets: 2070 newspapers: 12"; g% non{iction: comics: 57o

clean- passengers notsalisfied) Paragraph 5: conctusion includinj reco rarse pnceof tjckets

. Theyare tathtng abod a survey concern,no what Deople Voung Drefe. to .eadrnther tee trmel E Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 9t) (to be heardtwice) Boy: Hasyourgroup finished lher survey yel? cirr: yes f,na.ty.The res:trs w,e/e ouite irreresling. realry. Boyj Whatdid youfindout? c,ir: We , yol] know it was about whal vouno peoote prefar to readin tneiriree rime.tt rurnsori that quile a ta.ge majorilyorefe. maqazines to a.ylhrngelse aboul55.. of lhem,|n ,;cr. Boy: Reay? I,msurprised tneycanafioJinem. c,rr: I know Thenwe asked;bout ,t turnedout to be a lot lessthan hatt ""r"f", ""0 * tfrose wtro prefer maga2ines onlytwenty percent. Boy:what aboulnewspaperc? ci.r: Morethanwe expected. 12% of thepeopte we surveyed said they preferred newspapers to anv otherformof readjng. Of course mostot themonii read setected parts of the paper ro, example, or cinema revjews andso on. "port", Boy:Whatelsedjd youaskabout? cirrj Factuat books- nonfiction, you know.That cameoLt to 8oo, wh,chts pfedynrqhconsiderino , how.nuchreading kidsh"u" to io ,or. s"flooiBoy:Whatwasthe least favourite? ci/: Can,lyou guess? Boy: Erm - comics? [[

The repon is fofmal. The questjonsasked were 0o with convenience, cost, comfort a suggestions PaSsengers

3 1 two tn four
2 minority 3 A smalt number 4 A reasonabJe nlmber

5 6 majonty 7 By far the

4 (Suggestect answers)
1 Fifty-eight per cent of those who go on tr nofloays are high-eamrnqprofessronats This illustrates that they are abte to sp more on their holidaysthan the averageper Young people enjoy hotidays which inv outdoor activjties (generatisation). fhis implled by the fact that a significant number students spend their money on advent! holidaysffacil. Two in three fam tes with young children t package hotidays ffacr. This shows t parents like to iake advantageof the ,act i Iney Oo not have to organise thek holidi

by the tact that sixty-ihreeper cent holidaymakers who go on cruises are age of lilty (fact).

and relaxing (generatisation) . Ihis is inari

themselves fgererar'sa'or). people Older ljketo go on hotidays thatarequi

. -=: ---

Ed they

t slutl. B $arrassed n notsure

5 A smatt proportion ol people prefer camptng .otrdaysffacr. This shows that few peoprewsn ro spend thetr holidayswithout basic lacilities ' genetalisation). brEl 1, 3, 5 (factsare presentedin the iorm of or proportions,use of the passive, ---e4r.ages d,-4ed vocabulary, complexsentences) .

Since there is a great variety oi torms of enlenalnmentto choose from, it seems that everyonedecidesto enjoy themselves the way they find suils them the most. lt s a lesslormal reportbecauseit is addressed to a penjriend. lt can be djvidedinto these secnons: INTRODUCTION,ENTERTAIN['ENTDURING HOLI.DAYS/ATWEEKENOS, EVENINGS OUT, CONCLUSJON O-points out that rcpotls I and 2 ate foma! pieces of wtiting whereas rcpaft 3 should be wrjften in a less t'ormalstyte.T eticitsmajn headings and subr,eadlngs as well as infotmation to be included in each rcport, then Ss write their repott.) 1 Heading: Beasons for tearntng ,oretgn |anguages Sub-headings: 1 Educationat Necessity (school exam, untversity requirements, etc.) 2 Business Reasons (communicale withforeign clents, get along ln a foreigncountry,etc,) - Pleasure(hotidays 3 abroad, meeting peopte from other countries,read literarurern ofigjnatlanguage, etc.) 4 Conctusion (majority of peopte oectde to learn foreign languagesfor educational teasons,etc,) (Formatstyte) 2 Headlng:Popular forms of exerclse Sub headings: 1 Weigh ifting (popular with both men and women,ctaimedto be most effective, etc.) 2 Aerobics (popular mainly among women, good for all-over toning,etc.) 3 Running (less pop!tar due to weather prootems, some fear of injury,etc.) 4 Swjmming (most popular among oroer people, recomrnended for those wttft physicalprobtems, etc.) 5 Conclusron (weighfliftjng and aerobicsmost popular,etc.) (Forrnat styte) 3 Heading:Eating hablts ot young peopte Sub-headings: 1 Fast food restaurants (popular wth teenagers; hamburgers, ptzzas,etc.) 2 Fisn and Chrp Shops tnot pooular reenagers preferto sit down to eat)

e the n p.91 in 65On.,

I Sald

2, 4, 6 (chatty, contracted types, -b'|al: :olc- al Engtish) b a{ I-l idnr. rFlft a-t to be men oned in this report (iormattn 9

tble cost

restaurants: quatity of food very good, e-t economical, good variety of food, quick service lGstaurants: --Osphere, pedec: serv ce. expensive, varie:j/ of foocj. etegan. sr-oundi.gs. -'{E.t dnosphere 'rarE I bd: nice suffoundings. tivety atmosphere, *E rcrrcar. vafletyol food not very heatthy, quick

tnfort

m ly lhe

and Etectronic games ToF for Boys or Girls -'r|cleql kela-Ecus llems 'ltG =co.t rs formal (useof the passive, advanceo r a,t-v. contractions) i a. !r1 out that the student conducted a suNey irj' Gr.r1j ,:s c/assmates,bet'orewrjting thisreport, fu qr:ri j /ess lomal in st/te becau; h is notan lbr -ai7,ert) r -ry counlry, young people have vanoLrs rFc.s for entertajning themselves. ll,lng the holidaysand at weekendsrnany F,rp peoplerelaxwithfriendsor mighl evengo .r@r,shopping. On coJddays they usua y go t :t clnema, or stay al home watching TV, SFEE are poputar;football and swjmming,tor .-sre, are widely enjoyed as most districts 'E erce ent facilitieswith reduced rates lor E/eoings out are often spent at a bar, I\rost .'orE peopleenjoyplayjnga game ot dartsand wth their friends. Occasionay, rney -atjng rsr a night club or disco. Attending a rock :c.aer1 rs anotherfavounte ouring,Someyuung :eoo e arp atso keen on lhe a4s dno take 3a,?ntageof theatreand dance pedormances.

furaj:e.

on vopr nals
t lo s

age
Dh

r. Thls tnumDer
ladve

aldren Fws t
p lact

lho
it are q ilndics

r cent

0g

Unit 17

(hardly Classy restauranis anyteenagers like them as they are loo expensive and 'trendy')

(summase porntsmen 4 Conclusion above) (Less formal style)

- RBNrliru UI|il 17 tx0eftl|ce$

1 The trip look placeat: theendolsummer Z the beginning of autumn E Christmasn

2 Thereason for thetdp was: to havean unusual holidayZl to attend a conference f]

The studentwent lo:

to stuoy !

BrazilE
DayOne DayTwo boaltrip

India -

Whatdid the student do eachday?

tourof city

E E

trip desert visitto Great Pyramid relaxation at lake

fI A A

visit to museum Z busride train trlp t] E

DayThree sightseeing DayFour DayFive shopping

n
D

visitto tradiiional markel Zl visitto palace E

visit to museum E dayt p to Luxor Z

vlsilto museum -

feels 5 Thestudent thatthetripwas: a greatexperienceZ

onlyworthwhile for someone witha special intered E

toobo ng
E

n
David: Well. we decided 1o oo to Giza. I you couldn'tgo to Egypt withoutseeingthe and lhe Pyramids, could you? They?epretty to Cairo,and easy to get to. I knew they were but nothingcan prepareyou for the feelingyou

Tapescript for Ex. 1 (p. 95) (to be heardtwice) Ieacher: Welcome back,everyone. Sinceit's our firsl day back, I lhoughtwe'd startoff by talklng about our holidays. Now, who did somelhing unusual?... Yes, DavidDayid:Well... l'd beenworklng in a caf6nearly all summer. and l'd saved uo somemonev so a friend and I thought we'dgo on holiday somewhere a bit exotic,you know, somewhere we'd neverbeen before. Wethought Indiaaboutgoingto Brazilor butfinally we decided When in on Egypt. we landed Cairolwas amazed of Eastern - it's a realmixture Westayed and Westem stylesl in Cairo for thefirst day,andvisited the Egyptian IVluseum ofAntiquities whichwasreally amazing. Some otthestuftin there years is over3,000 oldteacher:Thatsounds fascinating. Whatdidyoudo on the second day?

the Great Pyramid of King standing beside youfeelso smalll ll makes

Teacher: I can imagine.And the third day? Davld: By then we felt we'd done e sightseeing for a bit so we dec ded to take a

Al Fayoum. lt's an oasis on the shoreof peaceful andthewholeplaceis really Ouar{rn, relaxing. We hred a boal and spent the in the lake. sunbathing andswimming
teacher: Thal soundslovely.Whal did you do that? David:Oh,on thefourth day we spent the wanderingaround the Khan el KhaliliO Bazaar,taking in the atmosphere.l've

70

'riai : ::: ': Tany sights, sounds, colours and i-4: .-. -. n attmy lifel Thebestthingabout : -: - : . :"- _.3u canbuyihereis so cheap. -tiEre- ..: rope you broughl somethinglor _," nas the hightght .bE::, of ourtrp We,d :.-,-": . --.,.... to Luxor.A day just wasnt .-\:,--:: :: ng, but we took in the _-.'-;,t "-ar-:- s:e everylh :ai Kafnak. the LuxorMuseum and *E , :. *, : _- :_eens. t wasincfedible. Going to ::,r: :- .xcenence I never lorget. Id "-+ ::: --:-a :r..Tt to anybody who wants to e-t:a = _.-ctetely ditferentculture.you '_'tj4 fuiE.
rlra_ c ,i.:r

PrcsentPeiect s Lrsed io expressa resultof the experiences describedwhich continuesro nave etfect until the present (my Englsh has irnproved). 3Introduction When we had our iirst conminee meetng for lasi yeafs concertshorflyafter Easter,we decided to slage our performanceon June gth, ihe last Friday beiore lhe end of term. Each committee member was assgned a partcLtlariask; for exampe, I was in chargeol the s;ngers Audilions First of all, we put up posters inviiing anyone who could sing, dance or play an instrumenrro come 10 auditions. Each person gave a snon perlormance and then we chose the best sruoenE irom all oi those we saw. Rehearsals I\,4os1of the soloistswantedto practiseaLnome, so they didn't come to rehearsalsun ihe last week. We had a choir, though, and I met them tor rehearsals h^/oeveningsa week. The dancersand trreorchestraneededrehearsals too which made il dit|cult to afiange times when the schoot hatl wasnt being uSed. Problems A week beforeihe show, we startedtesiing the microphones, lightsand so on. Therewere a tol ot lechncal problemswith these,and we couldn,t practrsewhite they were being repaked. We also had problerns wth costumesfor the show because they wefen't ready in time, and some were the wrong stze. Pedormance Finally June gth affived,and everyone was very nervous. The performance went very well, however, andthe audience enjoyed il enormously, Conclusion Look back, it's obviouswe should have s{aneo sooner,but on the wholethe performance was ine and a lot offun for everybody. Good tuckto you for thisyear's showl

-_:- -. l-r d t sounds |ke a lascinating

_- = : . ? ( f ade)

*,{rsr

pran

trTr-:g.' i: - ne place and reasonfor go ng : 1-i :;:: J,ry. England. attendtanguage ,rag-+h 2: :- va i rst xperences(Heathrow .E r-c i:.:,: al coach, dormttories, dtnne, Dli-r3on 3: ::tries (regularly scheou eo/ :_::--: -..se rding, watch TV, table -c s- ! -,: . =-:? ng tennisfootball) t?rtg."pr l _:::aa excurstons(lree_tme i: . --: -at ai S Zoo, DOVer,lMargale,
..? ::.

tr-t:,-:5: ina activities, feelings and ::--;.- ,-::a larewe party, wonderfulume, :': s- _:. -a'cved) . -1* -:,:; : -rcrmal

za.I mean 19the spl e prenycrq E ingyout XingCheq

day? 0ne enoq take a busl rore ol q Peaceful 4 nl the { t youdod I the mornl |all Or erl

-rr. .r:':s used: w^en. the^.aIe, thar,Ine ..;- -6/er b6tore.lhdt eve.i-g. "p' :.:. in- t: :: -: :^a of the first week, on the tast I'sE :- :-e tastevening the next morn ng, -.: _lrsas pastpetfect, present -sed: Pastsjmpte, :.'a a :'a:.a.! Peiect >r : -. : s Lrsed extensively becausea one_ :-+ :z:- :rcer enceis beingrelated. :'::: :.':j: s used once lo relateCheabsence :a : :- a.grent 1l had neverbeenon a horse :-::-'S s used(twani,tthrnk) in the tast ::.::_::_ -ole to show the wriler's leelings at the --E :_ r,.: ng

11

Unn18 4 10 E
11 D 12C 13A 148 Suggested plan for Topic 1

(Suggestedanswer) Lale lastspr ng I spenta few very enioyable days in Toronto.I went there to attend my sisler Brenda's weddrng. Arrival in Toronto I arrivedat Toronto's PearsonAirport,Temlnal 3, on June 10ih. The modern buildingwas quite mpressve,with glasswa ls and a ceilingwhich let sunlightcome pouringln. My parentsaffivedshortly after ldid, and togetherwe took a taxi to our hotel. We didn'tdo anything specalthat night,as lwas lired aftermy long fllght. Shopping Downlown The next day we went shopping at the Eaton Centre,a huge shopp ng mall in the cily centre ol Toronto. I bought a nice sul lor my sisteas wedding,which wouldtake placethe followingday. Luckily,the shop was able to shortenthe tfousers whilewe waited.I was readyfor the b g dayl Wedding on the Lake Brenda'swedding was beautiful,and a lol oi iun, too, She got married on a large yacht on Lake Ontario,which s one oi the famous Greal Lakes. S xty guests enjoyedan excellent dinner on board afterthe ceremony,and laler everyonedanced lor hours.ll was pedect, Sightseeing The day afterthe wedding, my parentsand I went sightseeing. We bought some fresh fruit at lhe old St Lawrence lMa*et,and had unch in the incredibly high CN Tower.We could see for milesl Later,we visitedCasa Loma,an old la ry{ale castle.l'd ike a houselikethatlThal night,I wentto a club caled REMwith a cousin of mine. lt was quite a dayl Time to Leave Sadly,on June 14th t was tme io go home. I packed my bags and headed for the aifport, thinking back on all the activitieswe had enjoyed overthe previous few days,In everyway, my stay in Torontowas simplysuperbl 5 ff asks Ss to think ol possible sub headings to be used in each repoft, and infomation to be mentionedunder each sub-heading. Ss then w E 2

p was held h Introduclion:Wherechamplonsh many competitors, spectators, etc JourneyArrival: al p'acpwhe'echaTp onshrp tr neto Evenls: detals oi evenlswhich took place Personal ingolvement: details of what you dic any medalswon, etc. Conclusion: summarise iee ings/thoLrghts ab the experience, mentionany lessonslearned,n lnsights,etc. Suggested plan lor Topic 2

Inlroduction: where D sneylandParisis - num i.volvedn meeli,lg reaso-for goi or co-ntries Arrival: first mpressions, introductions, etc. Iueeling: detailsin chronological ofder of how I meetingwas conducted, ncllrdedetals of perso part c pat on Slghtseeing:detals ol otherth ngs you saw or ( wh le there, peopleyou met, elc. Concluslon:commentson success,achieveme lessonslearned, etc. Wasthe visitworthwhile?

- lrlides 18 Unil
I

1 B (iorrral argumentative lechn ques) 2 A (formal news reporltechniques) 3 C (iniormal narrat ve-descriptive lechn quq

Tapescriptlor Ex. 1 (p. 99) (to be heard lwicel

1 Although many headmasters have be ng computersil determrned to avoid ntrodLrc their schoos, experlsagreethat computersi essenlialteaching too s, whose contr bution education should by no means undereslimated.

2 Over300 workershavelosttheirjobs afteran refineryin l\,4idt eld closed down due to finan problems. The cosure was ordered by I iactory'sowner, Mr John Wells,after it ia led years. make a profitfor f ve consecutive

3 Lookingfor a livey resodto spendyour sumn holidays? VisltBangkok and havethe holday a liletime. I stayed there for two weeks l summerand I enjoyedeveryminuteof it. I

c, f lt' is more successlul as it gives cl inlormaton about the articlein an eye catch

l'.t

Unir 18 2 a, d (d is more successlul as it makes you wonderwhat the articleis aboul) 3 b, e (b is more successiul as t uses moTe advancedvocabulary) 3 4 5 6 7 I Earthquake Tragedy Attempton FrenchAmbassadols trfe St ng to Appeartor Charty Good newsfor AsthmaSuiferers Teachers'ComputerFear DrugsSeizedat Healhrow

tu aio
ls about

31

lv gorng how the ,ersonal 41

Pr son protestends 2 Banksto ntroducecash po nt camefas 3 Tanker spills oi on lV11. Slimming drugsharmful, nutrtionists say 5 LSE wins 'Best Bus ness School'aware or LSE 'BestBusiness Schoo' 6 OPECto irx prices 7 Zolosisfactoryb amed for poor safety 8 Bad baby food scare in Redding 9 Directorto be chargedwlth iraud

6 . Paragraphoutline
Inroduclion: (what where when:earthquake Brozhom tastnight) Paragraphs 2, 3: Detals (votenttremors - 80 killed- hundredsof homes destfoyed people still under debrs bad weatherconditons) Paragraph4: Comments(Puchkasaid: nothing left ost home,husband, 3 youngchidren) Concluslon:reaction, luiuredevelopmenl (appeal for medicalsupplies & temporary housng reslof the world fesponded immediatety) . . lt rs formal (advancedvocabulary,use of the passrve). ll couldbe fo-nd n a <e iou5newspaper.

ements l?

iques) nce) been rs into rs afe

ibe

The Queef's lostjewels have been iound. 2 A tratfrcaccident has resultedin the deaths of 1vepeople. 3 lvlanchester Unitedhas won a tootballcup. A faclory has been deslroyedby an explosion. 5 A pnnce s goingto get marned. 6 Strikingdustmenhaveagreedto return10work. 7 The Prime[,linister has caliedan election. 8 An earthquakemeasuring 7.5 on the Richter scalehas resultedin the deathsof 5000 peopte. I The government may fallbecauseof (a)scandat. 10 A hosplal s going to be closed or The governmenthas decidedto c ose a hospital. tl One countryhas declaredwar on another. 12 A sto rn l^asdestroyeda cou^try'sco'n c op. t3 An event involving terrorists has ended successfully 14 PresidentClintonand the Pope have agreedto meet at a certaint me (in the luture). 15 The lJnted Nations has warneo thal Inereis a danger of slarvation kiilngpeople in Africa. Key words to be underlined 1 Breston - busy hollday resort mayor's successfulcampaign 2 mother- won 11 million- lottery 3 earthquake desvoyed, CliffordBay - people kiiled - m ssing 4 attempt FrenchAmbassadof 5 Sting concert AmnestyInternational 6 researchers - discovered treatment asthma 7 teachers - object 10 - computers - school edLrcalion fear replace 8 polce serzeddrugs - Heathrow (Suggestedanswers) 1 Boosl to BrestonafterMayols Campaign 2 l\,4um Wortha l,,4illionl

(As an extension T can ask Ss to close theh books and say as many wards as they remember relevant

1B informal talks aboul holidays could be Tound in a lighfhearted magazine or newspaper; Suggestedheadlne: HOLIDAy DESTINATION: FLORIDA KEYS 2C fofma talks about athtetestaking drugs could be found in a serious publical on (magazine or newspaper) Suggestedheadline: ATHLETES ON DRUGS 3A formal talks about a whalesavedby vi agers could be found in a serous newspaper or an env ronmenlalgroup's newsletter Suggestedheadline:VILLAGEBS RESCUE WHALE

ancral y the led to trimer by of I last

l 2 3 4 5

magnficent enthusiast c depressing inadequate gleaming

6 7 8 I 10

enormous/dramalic confident wonderful inspiring dfamatic/enormous

Suggesied headline: Queen l\rotherOpens New Children's Wing Techniques used: those of a news reporl

ctear nrng

73

unil l8

9r

2c

3a

ll

Thrsadicle is less formal and cou/d be found in a magazine wh ch raisesawareness of envrronmemal issues. tO 1 inlormat 2 formal ESCAPE TO MONACO FREE PUBLTC TRANSPORT TO REDUCE POLLUTION 3 formai - STADIUM TRAGEDY 4 nformal _ THE NIOCARNIVAL EXPERIENCE Suggesled paragraph outlines 1 Paragraph 1: introduclion: name/tocationof place (Monaco,terrltoryon the FrenchRiviera) Paragraphs2, 3: descriptionol the place (overali view and particutar detals: sights what to do - hills which overtooklhe l\,lediterranean Sea,beautifulbeaches,cas no, etc.) Paragraph4i comments/feel ngs/recommendation (rmpressive place,playground for the rich) 2 Paragraph 1: state probtem (pollutions a worldwideproblem,free public tfansportcoutd be a solution) Paragraph 2: suggeston 1 and reason (since t's free more peop e would use it) Paragraph3: suggeston 2 and reason(it would reduce pollutlon from cars as more people would not use their cars lo get 10work) Paragraph 4: conclusion (thissuggestion shoutd be tried,it wouldbe benefical) 3 Paragraph 1: introduction:when where-what (Saturday, London,ience collapsedon fans) Paragraphs 2, 3: devetopmentof the event, causes, consequences(fence whtch was not propeflyput up fell on spectaiors, many injured, takento hospital) Paragraph 4: comments/action taken (investigation underway,at sports iaciiitiesare berngcheckedtor safety) 4 Paragraph 1: introductron: where,what, reason lor ceebrating (carnlva, Rio in Brazil South Paragraph 2: preparations(costumes are nade, bands practise, floals are conslructed) Paragraph3: descriplion of the actual evenv actvities (paradesand partles through the slreeic danc ^9. singing. peopte wearing costumes) Paragraph 4: feelings/commenttrccommendation (funfor all, livelypeopte,not to be missed)

1 F (the style depends on the audtence tl articleis addressedto and the topic it dea with) 2 F (nafiative technrques can be us dependingon the contentol the article) 3T 4I 5 F (elaborateadjectivesmake the ance mo interesting to read)

12 ff discusses the po ints associated with each toli with Ss, then Ss write thei afticles.) 1 Formalstyle (argumentative techniques)

Suggested headline: Should computers q used n the classroom? Suggested Paragraphptan I Paragraph 1: state topic and your oplnl (computers in the ciassroomwould bene students) Paragraph 2r vtewpo ni 1 anO reason 1! familiarsethemselves wth moderntechnolog Paragraph 3: viewpoint2 and reason(Ss ha\ quickly) accessto informalion Paragraph 4: opposing viewpointand reasq (expensive, Ts must be trained) Paragraph 5: restateyour opinion (it would q helpfullo students to havecomputersin schoq 2 Informal style (descriplive techntques) Suggested headline:Escape10 Rimin Suggested Paragraph Plan

Paragraph 1: name,location,reasonfor visitin Paragraphs 2,3: overall view and particul details Pa6graph 4: comments,4eelings/recommen

3 Formal style (narative descriptivetechnique news report)

Suggested headline: Earthquake hits .._(nam of the cap ta of our country) Suggested Paragraph Plan

Paragraph 1: summary of the event: when . what where (on Tuesday, 3.41 pm, aa earthquake struck,etc.) Paragraphs 2,3: development ol the even causeq consequelces (bu:d:-gs we( deslroyed,rnajor roads and brldges cottapse manyk led, elc.) Paragraph 4: co.nmenlsa( tioi^ taaen lrescu etlortsare slilunderway,temporary houslngha been set up)

unit19
or Suggested headline: Faminestrrkes... (name of the capitalof your country) Paragraph 1: summary ol the event: when what-where (laslsummerfailed crops left many dstrictsoL. (capital) ... without iood. Hunger combinedwith poor santary conditionscaused the spreadof disease) Paragraphs 2,3: devejopment of the event, (3rd seasonstraightthat causes,consequences the rains lailed - malnutritonand d seaselook the ives especlally of chiidrenand the elderly) Paragraph 4: comments/action taken (lnternational emergency reliei was senl and locally operalng agenciesorganisedwater distribulion and vaccination centres) Suggested headline; |\,4elting snow and ran flood ... (nameof capital) prnron )eneltt n (Ss )logy) Paragraph 1: summary oJ the evenl: when what where (days of non-stop rain for lwo months togetherwilh riversfulllrom the melt ng snowfroT the Alps pd lo lhe lown of . . be ng flooded) Paragraphs 2, 3: deveopmenl ot the event, causes,consequences (waterwas up to 6 ieet high along the streets,motorislswere forced to eave their cars which were afloat,ground f oor homeswere ilooded, peoplestranded) Paragraph 4: comments/acl on taken (the providng temporary counci acted immediately, accommodaton for those who had lost their 4 Formalsty e (argumenlatve techniques) Suggested headline: Fast Food unhealthy? Suggested ParagraphPlan Paragraph1: slate topic and opinioncearly (shouldnot be eaientoo often) Paragraph2: viewpont 1 and reason(fattening) Paragraph3: viewpont 2 and reason(unheathy not nut tious) Paragraph 4: oppostng vewpoint and reason (not very expensve, qulck) Paragraph 5: restateyollr op nlon (shoud nol be ealenloo oflen, it is harmfu lo our health) Heathy or

n deals use0 rc)

ers be

,ld be :hootl

Ul|il lg- fie{isTls

(Before Ss listen to the cassefte fca, askSs to say as many wotds as possible related to reviews and wriEs them on the board. e.g. plot, chancters, boring, sound effects, confusing, comedy, thrilleL well-wtiiten, casi, etc.) Name of the film to be seen: BobinHood

a
n ! poor

Rob Roy

E
n adventure @

Type ol fllm:
s|i|ng bular htion |ues/

thriller

comedy

Slar(s): Storytheme: Acting:

PIot:

LiamNeeson E Kevin Costner I Morgan freeman @ someone's eflorts to helpthe poor E a Scottish heroand h s w fe n gripping conllsing Z predictabre welldeveloped Z ff waste of t me and moneyE notto be missed
dramatic

e(cellent

Characters:
Recommendation:

Tapescript tor Ex. 1 (p. 1O4)(to be heard twice) Monica: ThanksJeremy.That mea was delicious. Jeremy: I knew you'd appreciate a good lasagne. Haveyou decidedwhat iilm you'd like to see? Monica: Well,I think we could go 10eitherRob Roy or RobinHood.They'veboth gotvery good revews. Jeremy: lsaw Rob Roy lastweek.How about Bobin Hood? lsn't it an adventure film?

Enan

bed,

has

Morica: Yes, t starsLiamNeeson no,sorry,its KevinCosineras RobinHoodand {VofganFreeman as the l\4oor, Azlz. ll s the story of Robin'selfortsto he p the poor and hungry in ihe Forest ot Sherwood.This film has a tw st though, as Robin brings back Aziz from the Crusadesand together they frghtior jusUce. Jetemy: lt so-nds good lo Te. Otsrool.. lrere s a review here that says... 'powerfuladventure, gfippingplol, wellexcelenl actng by Costner,

15

Study Check3 not to be missed' Definitely developedcharacters. pedormance? Monica: Whattime is the next Jeteny:. 7100.we've got plenty of time to have a coffeebetorewe go to the cinema.What do you think? Monica: Soundsgood lo mel 2 . Introduction: setting, type of story, plot summary, aclors (American neighbourhood, comedy,8-yearold boy catchesa thiel, Mason Gable,WalterlMatthau) . paragraph 1: detailsof plot (a thiel stealsgold coins, Dennis sees him, Dennis is caught by thief, Dennisties thief up and hands him over to polrce, . paragraph 2: comments (excellent cast, hilarious scenes) . concluslon: recommendation (worth seeing, film) chaming story,enterlaining A Plot/Slory: moving,confusing,original,thrilling, highli entertaining, gripping, shocking, unimaginative involving, Script: original, well-written.excellent,poorlywritten,unimaginatve B Posilive: well-developed,strong, humorous, convincing tealistic, Patagraph 3: corfinents (cast: excellent/weak, characters: wettdeve*oped/predictable, actingi etc.) very good, script:dull/clever, (worth seeing/ Paragraph 4: recommendation readino.I wouldnt re@mmendit, etc.)

slrCttl
A1
Nanative-I)sc'T.le cornposition 2 Pa.ag.aptr 1: sd tl|e scene (man - on a flight to Paris - last Mdrdayf Paragraph 2 pe.sst s physical appearance and clothes (tal. liqfi cnetoones. in a black suit) personality (mannerism) Paragraph 3 (annoyingik91dang alllhe iime) r*r ro moods, consequences, Final Faqr* (gb to rc:rch oLlrdestination) kis reacliorE. Past terEes beaa,se the prson is related to the oast. nanalive and desc plive Yes. n leqtEs dr technalt b baglr cornposruon: describe TechnhE grrqrfEs people using the senses; weattrer. d( a rhetorical question; speedt: use drrect re{er lo leelings/moods rfl16Ey s-Epris: create use direct b ..i cornposilion: TechnktE describe teelings/mood; relht b speec_h; people s rfrc: cteate mystery/suspense; ask a fpioaical qEbn. Intomal lede. girlg rE*s tno.e than one aspecl: Yes. it co.{srs descriobonnarddr d tlE evenl. descibing oeooleTechnioues to dcstribe aEnosphere: use of senses, u* c, ccsarFttre adjectives, adverbs and velDsUsing adieclites rn dverb would add to the descdption by nlddE I lrro.e excitrng and more to read. interesting It would not be reae\rdi to ae{etlo Ihe hobbies and interests ol tl|o6 rtsent and the witer may not know the people petsooalv, (examprcs ol manneism ce|n be rduded to desc be therr feelings/character)

Negative:boring,weak, dull, predictable, frightening unbelievable, boring, action/adventure 4 1 thrilling, 2 3 4 5 slory moving,love thriller/horor shocking, frightening, sciencefiction convincing/realistic, story/mystery detective confusing, 2C 3A 4B well-devloped tragic frightening shocking dull

B1
2

5 1D
2 3 4 5

6 1 odginal

6 7 unbelievable gripping I predictable I 10 highly entertaining

7 (T eticits plan from Ss and asks t'ot approp ate

to be usecl.) vocabulary Plan Paragraph Suggesled is set,what 1: wherethe film/book Paragraph kind of story it is (comedy,tragedy,etc.), cnaraqeIs 2: description of the plot Paragraph

70

Study Check 3 C adrngi ieeing/ 1 lessformal becausethe advertisemenl ooes nor requirea formaltetterof apptication for a job. 2 Paragtaph 1: reasonfor wr ting (apptyfor post) Paragraphs 2. 3. 4: quahfical ons. p pvious experience/qualilies and skils (emphasisis on somerelevant experience qualties) and character Final paragraph:ctosingremarks(lookforward to hearinglrom you) 3 No.beca-seil rs fo a tenporan s_rrne,,oo. 4 Useful tanguage to begin tetter: I saw your advertsement in the newspaperand l,m very tnlerested in,,. Useful language to enat letter: l,m ooking forwardto hearingfrom you soon _.. 4 Descfibingthe weather usrng senses and creatingmystefy/suspense rhetorical question G (S = start, E = end,F = format, l= iniorr|au 1 F, S, lelterof invitaiion 2 l, E, letteracceptingan invitation 3 l, S, letterrequesting informaton 4 I, S, lettergiving informatron 5 F, E, etterapptyingfor a iob 6 F, E, letlerof apotogy 7 F, E, letteroi complant 8 F, S, lettergivingthanks 9 F, E, letterof congraluiat ons 10 l, S leiterask ng for advice 1 Afgumentative tor and against,essay 2 | would write a formal artcle becauseror ano againstessaysare alwayswritten n lhrs sryte. 3 First paragraphtechniques: make feference to strangescene/situation, addressreaderdirecly, startwith quotation/f hetoricalquestion Last paragraph techniques:stateoo n.on.g ve reader something to consder, end with quolation/rhetor cal queslion 4 Suggested headtine Lvng In The Ciiy: convenenl 0r not worth the hass/e? 5 Paragraph 1: statetoprc Paragraph 2: arguments for (many job opportunities,varieiy of entertainmeni,lots of schoots/hospita s) Paragraph 3: arguments agatnst (unheatthy surroundings, noise,stressfulife) Flnal paragraph: balanced considerai on/ oprnron I 1 opinion essay 2 Formal(op nton essaysare alwaysformal) 3 Yes, becausethis is an opinionessay. 4 Suggestedheadllne: Too young to Vote? 5 Paragraph 1: statetopic and opinion Paragraphs 2, 3: vtewpointsand reasons (too young to Know who, what is best because uninterested, etc.) Paragraph 4: opposing v ewpo nts and reason (shouldn'tbe raised so thai they become Invotvedand interesledin what is best for the counlry,etc.) Final paragraph: restateopinion

Ehl to E ano
!fi)

D 1 Lettergivinginiormaton/iransactional letter
ation) io the iplive
Eflbe

2 Yes,all the factualinlormation givenin the rubnc should be ncluded. 3 Bear in mind that you must use your own words w!en 'ncludi.ga,l tra lacruat i^lornaton given n the rubric. You must also include all the inlormation given in the rubric. 4 Useful expressions lo begin the letter: you wanledrneto tellyo- a Jew rhr4gs aboul .. Uselul expressions to end the letter: I hope thiswillhelpyou ..

nsesl slion; oods trrect cllle ttse;

E 1 Yes,beforewritinga story you must decioeon a

plol line. 2 b) time words 3 a) past perfect O) pasl continuous c) past simple 4 Begin slory by: describtng ihe wearner, sufioundtngs, elc. usingthe senses;ustngdirect speech; asking a rhetoricalquestion; creating mystery/suspense; relerring to your feelings/ moods End story by: using d rect speech; referrng to your feelings/moods;describing people,s reaclions;creatingmyslery/suspense; asking a quston. rhetorical

)ectl blng EOf eros I ihe

Pies
sol heir

F 1 Describingsuroundings using senses- orrecr

speechand askinga rhetorical question 2 Direclspeechand creatingsuspense referring to feelings

3 Asking a rhetorrcalquestion and creating suspense describingpeople'sreactions

Study Check 3

.J1

reterence to strangescene rhetorical qr.rest on - 'For and against' anicle because opinion s mentroned in the last paragraph, Opinron arlrcre becauselhe wnter'sopinionis menlionedin both paragraphs.

2 rhetorical question stale a personalopinion

3 quotation

rhetoricalquestion and give the reaoer somethrng to consider- Opin on article belaLse the wrlers opnto- s .nenrioned iboth paragraphs. Describng a place

iacts (7.30 am train departed from station lravell ^g -o.1h. g,u"n *r, "ono-"to. ncorre.l s,9nal.lwo l.dn> corloed, 200 rniured, 10 dead.etc.) Final paragraph: comments, referenceto luture deveopments(head ot emergency seryicescomments on the efficientrescue ooeratior deoarl.nert ol lranspolat on is investigai ng the acc dent etc.) Paragraphplan for survey reports Inlroductionsld e p-.pose and (onlenl o' your report(lo ana ysethe resuts ot a survey on ihe lvoes o' TV orog'arn.resyoung peopleprerer) Development: summariseyour infofmatior under suilable sub-headings(Talk shows: ony 5oo prerer ral( shows. etc.; News Programmes: mlnorty prefer these lypes only 12.. Comedy shows: majority preferthese.etc ) Conclusion: end with a gefera conclusion and. iJ necessary,make recommendations/ suggestrons (Recommendations: perhaps TV lournalsts should improvethe qualityo1 some ol therr programrnes to altract young

Kj

2 Yes, narratveand descriptive lechniquescould be used to make it morevivid. 3 Suggestedheadline:lslandParadise Paragtaph 1: set the scene (nameand locaton of the place reason(s) for choosingthe place) Paragraphs 2 - 3: sights, faclliUes, free time aclivities Final paragraph: ieelings and {ina thoughts about the place or recommendation 5 Yes, in orderto have a persuasive etfect.

L a ) assessing good and bad po nts

b) c) o) reportng experences 1 a. Paragraph plan for assessing good and bad points Introduclion: statethe purposeand conlent ofyour report(to assessa houseto see rf it is suitablefor a iam ly ol fou0 Main Body: summanse each point under suitableheadings,giving both positiveand negative ponts (if any) (Location and Features: 5 km from c ty centre, 3 t'edrooms,largegarden,etc. Condition ol house: needs new rooi, has new kitchenand bathroom,etc.) Conclusion: general assessment and recommendation (Recommendation: house s suitablefor family, even though it needs some repatr,elc.) b. Paragraphplan for news repods Paragraph 1: summary of the evenl (tinre, place, people involved) (Tuesdaynroming, South London,trarnaccidenl,many injured) Paragraphs2. 3. 4. oesc.iptionof the mai.j evenls and people nvolved give detailed

d. Paragraphplan for reporling expedences

Introduclion: state topic and set the scene (what when - where who) (last Saturday night, farewell party for Mr Belling, many attended) Main Body niormallon in chronologtcal order under suitable sub-headir1gs or (1. Mr Belling arrived,was letters/numbers touched to see so many people present.2, dinnerwas served.DJ played music, etc. 3 studenlspresentMr Bellingwilh gi{t,laculty presentgift to Mr Belling.4. He made short speecn,erc.J Conclusion: summarisepoints, refer to feelings/moods/consequences (everyone was sad to see hrm go. he was thankfulfor the party,etc.) 2 Topics requiring sub-headings: a c d 3 Includefacts and generalsatons rn the survey report (c). 4 Include Inking words to contrasl positiveand negalrve aspects n (a) (assess ng good and bad points). 5 News reports(b)

70

Study Check 3 alton, given 200 ce to pncy on is

6 Presenl tenses: goodandbadpoints assesslng (a),survey repods (c) Past tenses: news reports(b), reporting exper ences(d)

Plan B (opinion) Paragraph 1: stale the topic and your oprnron Paragraph 2: v ewooi^t1 ano reasonq te.g good educational tool makestearnng fun) Paragraph 3: vewpoint2 and reason(e.g. teachFr use'ul skills good to. job prospects) Paragraph 4: opposing viewpoint and reasons (e.9. children shoutd ptay together outside,not alone nside mss out on learningvital soc at skills) Paragraph5: restateyour opinion

M1

. . .

urvey oung aton hese prty rsion haps Ity oi )ung ces
cen-6 .day

articlestatingan opinion iormalstyle include informationon: lhe elfects of smoking, esp. the etfects of second-hand smoke; non-smokersrights Paragraph 1: statetopic, your oprnron Paragraph2: argument1 and reason(health r sks) Paragraph 3: argument2 and reason (non, smokers'rights) Paragraph4: opposingviewpoinl(smokers' righis) Paragraph5: conclusion(restate opinion) articleprovidlngsoluttons to prob ems may be formalorlessformalinstye articleshould statethe problem Paragraph 1: introductron(slate probtem, IOprc) Paragraph 2: first suggestion(e.9. recycte) ano resuI Paragraph 3: second suggestion (e.9.don't lrtter) and resull Paragraph4: thrd suggesiion(e.g. buy 'green' products)and result Paragraph 5: conclusion(resultswhich will occur if everyone follows this advice and summarise opinion) article statingan opinionor givingadvantages and disadvantages iormalstyle artrcle shouid present both sides of lne argumenl and give an opinion atter balancingboth sides Plan A (for and against) Paragraph 1: introductron stateihe ssue Paragraph 2: ponts in tavou r of children using computers (e.9. good educational tool, teachesusefulskills) Paragraph 3: points againsi chitdrenusing computers(e.9.chi/drenshoutdexerciseby playingoutside,childrenwho use computers usuallyonly play computergames) Paragraph 4: conclusion (give opinion basedon a tatrconsideration o{ both sldesof tne argumenl)

4 . . . .

. . . '

art c e mak ng suggestions informalstyle usefultips for languagelearners Paragraph 1: introduction(state probtems faced by anguagelearners, presenttopic ol art cle) Paragraph 2i suggestion1 and resutl (e.g. use mentat ptclures in word associaton method) Paragraph 3: s-ggeslio-2 a-o resu tc.g write sentences wh ch use the wordsyou are tryingto learn) Paragraph 4: suggestion3 and resuti (e g. use ilash cardsto test oneselfreg!larly/ Paragraph5: conclusion(statethe resultof usrng the suggest ons given)

nany Dical . . .

5 . . .

n.2. c.3.
Dulty hort r to
I fol

article statingan op n on tormalstyle should include informationon popularlfee time activtt es, the amoLrnt ollree ttmeyoung peopte have,an anatysisof iypicat habitsof young people . Paragraph 1: state the topic and your oprnron j and.easo- {e.g Paragraph 2: v'ewpotnr reading, studying w se) Paraqraph 3: viewpoint2 and reason (e.g. socialising, sport - wise) Paragraph 4: give the opposing viewpoift and.easo.sre.g. wat(^i.g TV.videoga-ne5. crime bad) Paragraph 5: conclusion (reslate your opinion)

an0 oao

(Note: T should use topic 6 to demanstrate how same topicsdemanda cambination ol the skils Ss iave /ea.nt dunng the SucLessfutWtiting Upper-lntermediate courseand thatnat alltoptcs fit neaw into a specificcategory.)

t0

Srudy Check 3

tone i flf"ifjftfu"0""-"r, narrative

shoulo Includethe reaso.s

;""*::.1',i;i::f,il

expranation olwnv il

Ine wrrtersraned .

shoutdincludpan exptanatron ol Ine da ryPes of TV progrdmfi\esand stare ,

as't isan il#.,i5:"::,,ff1 Frs'isn

::l:Sraeh 4: co.ctusion rstare the resulL of

ffJ",'"'ff"1"::,T::;i"", *m I#:*: arways wanred ro workrnt,ale, anJ tou,ism

redsons why i3.1"#:li,iJ,:::";?: :enerar

Jl: :,::f E:ff :#;;"'"#;:lii:'ii;:

Faragraph l: jntroduction rci,ra

p Youn il!,iii'.";o o"o"n' "mons

matn headtng fV preferences amongy people In rny counlry . sub-headtnqs: lnlroductron htrd programrnesre.g. documentaries operas,cartoons. etc,) ,lna,ys,s o, popu I Conciusron

r,i" {e.9. most you;gpeo;ie .:.'^_"-Tn warchtng dOcumenlales

p'oe,ess,nsi ;:;:il,:": ;"lffilt'# a'e

7 . arilcleof descnption/gtvtno Informahdn . may be Informat or tessdrmal . snoutd include a desc.;ot;onof lhe relarive cnosenand thetr unioue tnff,,"""-. "

3 . repod assessing qood and bad oor.is . wfl$en by a spods club membei . w'nen rorclub authorir,es owners rrusl , sho-u,o include a descriptionor lhe .acr whJcheyist at present 1".o. ""'ji"l"l,lY p syn. squas',. *",.i,1,.""*,--,"^ conoilion rheyare|n,aDO _*,"""u *o

r'."J,i;:i::T: ;i#l: "r *nr,n,"',".

Paragraph 3i exprain Ine,ntr"encJrr.,s person hash6don voU l1T-gr."Ch.1, concrusionrg,ve persona, rnou9htsfeetjngs abouttfrepeison).' '

::lx'j::$,;":/;:, :Tl:" " "n:l::"ffi

*' .'"iil;;'J;l i""i,T'l'J ;iJ":":'

Paragraph i: jntroduclron ltdenlitu I

. - marn,headrng .Reoort o,r ""J,,.i"i",,, now rno oonated 10club should be soenf . sub-headings:Introductron ) n-.^.,^,,-

bespent lo r.norove r"".,ro

j::llto: :i.:,::l ""-"r'.i'n",,,il',''

r\ew Iacrttt es needed Beco.rmendatron{

"'

' 5::f "J:fl::l T""; ::l;l Y,jt::"H

H:dy_i::,:::ifl*

N 1.

reponassesslng goodand bad ooinr< an emptoyee youremptoye/boss snould rnclude a descriptton ol thc h^rot,, rocus.on panjc-raf "". soo;;;;;J'#i; ,Beport raxr,neaotngt on ihe FiveSeasons
rc..oori ^ a,ea., len.,,s ;ouds. #:';.:""T:i" ," S. maids.,eception "# 0".r. *"i"."

pii3'"{#nn

*h*ffi#trr

lll.P:"'in:' , o L tr,u e s(e .9 . s w trn mi no oool

Inkoduction ro(ar;on

. i,. ;",""".jj1il,n"r"f n""o.."nout,o"

2.

i"l':.:

.fril:l$**#r

l!!![

o'u'no I inrormation (survey "n",n"'nn

irom a pen,frjend to a penjriend in a foreign country

80

Srud'l Check 3 lferent teople young ts ol soap [.iranry enjoy . main head ng: 'Reporton the X Department Slore' sub headings: Introduction / Variety of Products / SeNice/ P ces/ Recommendation (o'Advice/ Conclus on. esp. reporlenoswitn a negative conclusion) good and bad points assessing employeeof a localtouristinformation office touristiniormation office 'ocatron ol matn s-ooong a ea. rypes ol shops (e.9. boutiques,loy shops, hardware shops,eic.),varietyof products(e.g.one can find anything one wants from pins to furnilurel.prices reg. reasonable p',ces some shops are ratherexpensive) marn headtng: Beport on the shopping faciliUes in Brocklehurst' sul'-head'ngs: Introduction Localion Types of Shops / Vaiety of Products Pr.ces Recommendation surveyrepon bookshopemployee your manager who you questioned and what you as<eo aboul: varety of books /e.9. ficton. nonficlron.etc.), pr'ces of oooks, herpfu,rcss of sIafI: conclusion. recommeroed cha-9es (e.9.re-orderlng of sections) main heading:'BookwormCornerSuruey, sub .ead ngs: Introduclio..Variety ol Books Prices/ Stalf/ Recommended Changes letterof appllcation (tor a job) formal e.q. l arr wriling n respo'rse lo yo,. advertisement n the WeeklyNews on lvlarch 2nde.g. I look forwardto hearingfrom yoLr. Dear Mr Ditton, Yourssincerely,+ full name age, French and cerman qualifications, .elevanlexperience(e.9. have worhed as a lour guide for SunBeamCo.), qualitiesand skills (e-9.good communication with peopte hard working, do not mind working tong hours,etc.),time when available for interview Paragraph 1: reasonfor writing Paragraphs 2, 3, 4: qoatificatrons/training expeience / qualitiesand skijts) {previous Final paragraph:closingremarks+ futlname

6.

$eesl cilities t pool, , the O |nOU cilt es noney

2 . letter of advice . informal . e.g.I wassorry to hearthatyou,re leeling so unhappy in yournewhome... . e.g. I hopemy advice is usefut and wi help you ro cneerup. . e.g.Dear Jane, . e,g.Love, + firstname . e.g. a) join a ctub, b) make triendswith nergnoours . Paragraph1: thanksfor tetter/ express understanding of problem Paragraphs 2,3: suggestion(s) andreason(s) Final paragraph:closingrerra.l.s , f,rsr
3.

n(s) mmer er(nor

giving lelter and asklng for information rnformal e.g.IVy name rsJohn IVills, andl'mwrting to tellyoua bit aboutmyself. e.g. l'm looking foMardto hearing fromyou soon. e.g.Dear Pierre, e.g.Begards, John description of yourself (appearance, character,hobbies and questionsabout recipienfs family and hometown) Paragraph 1: reason(s) lor writing Paragraph 2: description of yoursetf Paragraph 3: questions to the recipient Final paragraph:closingremarks+ first name letter of advice rnformal e.g.Here's whatI ihink youshoutd do ... e.g.Letme knowif you needanymorehelp. Dear Greg, Yours, Hans suggestions and reasons (e.g_ read magazines, newspapers and books, gel togetherwith lellow studentsto practise possible, whenever rentvideosin the target language) . Paragraph 1: thanks for letter Paragraphs2, 3: suggestion(s) and feason(s) Final paragraph:closingremarks+ tirst name

nnring livities fts eisure tnera s ano ol the

le and toucls hoose prices

5 '

lettergivinginfomalion(transactional)atl pointsmentioned shouldbe included In rne letter

0l

Study Check 3 content: narne / locationo{ your area; how they can reacir rt {bus. lrarn,etc,); whero lo stay (hotel. B & B, etc.); what lo see (museums. galleries. etc.); what to do (have lunch at sea-lront rcstaurants, go to a disco, etc,); aecomrnrx,aton (come and soe for target reade.: yorng holidaymakers style: less to.nEl (to attract the readers inte.est)

e.g.In reply to yourquenes ... intormme if I can be of further e-9.Please assistanc. DearMr Lewis, Yours sincerely, + iull nams Askhimto giveSs general description ol his work, say how he becameinvolved, bring slidesshowingenvironmontal damage and membership forms for Ss. Also give 2 possible dates for himto come. Paragraph 1: reasons forwriling Paragraphs 2, 3: give information / answer questions Finalparagraph: closing remarks + fullname
6.

3.

letter giving and asking for information (transactional) lormal t wasdelighted to ... I look foMardto hearing trom you al your earliest convenience. DearI\,4 r Britton, Yours sincerely, + full name all inlomationwhichis givenin noteform shouldbe mentioned but mustbe rephrased Paragraph 1: reasons for writing you needto ask Paragraphs 2, 3: questions (e.9.exactdate/times, kind ol shops,etc.) you needto mention and information aboul special arrangemonts which need to be made(e.9. two single bedsin the hotel, etc.) Flnalparagraph: closing remarks + fullname

kind ol wrbng: dscription of a person purpGe d ffiting: lo wana compelition contect (bscription ol your parent;physical appearance ltall- slim, blue eyes, etc.)l characte. qralrties and justificaUon (polite helpful. etc.): hobbies (gardening,fishing, etc.):your fudings about this person largt rads: tt|e people in charge of the clmpedion d tf|e local radio statjon style: (lss) lo.rnal kind ol wrttng: argumentative article expressng oprr||o.r purposed wrtrE: to shareyour opinions content your vie*pdnts w'th reasons (e.9. young peode respect older people; young people ask fo. old. people's advice; young people eniry havirE older people staying wrth them): oppcrng vrewpointand reason (some young people thankot older people as a nuisance): co.dr,saon (generallyyoung people resped older pople) target reader: magEzin readers style:formal

(T shouldpoint out to Ss that theyshouldrcad the information carcfully andmakosute theyunderstand what is requircd of them, then wite theh letteL bearingin mind not to skip any of the information theyare rcquiredto include.) P 1 . kindol writing: article describing an event . purposeof writing:to intorm readersof something whichhappened
content:whatproblemsyou faced (e.9.oilon beach, litter dumped on beach and in sea, elc.) larget reader newspaperreaders style:lomal

5.

kind of writtng: survey report purposeot wribng:to talk about varietyand qualityof TV programmesin your country content: variety ot programmes (e.9. documentanes, cartoons,soap operas,etc. & who watcheswhat):qualityolprogrammes (e.9. state viewers satisfaction or dissatistaction with quality ot programmes; recommendations/ways in which varietyand qualiv of TV programmes could be improved targetreadef : international magazine readers svle: fo.mal kind ol writing:articledescribinga place pupose ot writing:to describea place and how it has changed

2.

kind of writing:articledescribinga place purpose ot writing:io informvisitorsto your area of what to see and do whon visitingthe area

6.

82

Study CheA3 .
6te to

(nave drsco, .

content:how the piaceusedto be and how t s now (before: houses with gardens, not much tratfrc,elc. now: lots of blocks of flats, hea\,ytraffic, poluton, elc.); how you feel about trtesechanges target reader: lhose who read the schoo magazne sty e: lormal (useof the passive vo ce, etc.) kind of writingidescriplion ol a place purpose of writingr to descrbe youf deal holidayresortin order to w n a competition contentrname of place,locatron, reasonyou choose the place,whal you would see (e.9. archaeological sites,galeries,elc), where you would go. what you would do in the evenings, llnal thoughts) targetreader:the trave agency style: formal (second condilionals e,g, I would go)

purposeof wflt ng: to informstudentsaboul a local attraction content:description of museum,explanation of its facilities/ displays,assessmeft of iis good and bad points target reader:your boss style:formal kind of writing: argumentative, expressng oprnion purposeol wriiing:to decide whetheror nol part-time jobs are harmfu lor students content: staie problem and your opnion; suggest viewpoints and reasons (e.9, studenls earn their own money - Can provide lor themselves - get a feeling oi giveopposingviewpoint rndependence); and reason(e.9. some people say that sludents are distracled trom ther studies); restate your opinon us ng different words target reader:teacher style:iormal kind ofwriting:repon assessing problemand suggestrng solutons (suruey feporl) purpose of writing: 10 heip the potce authorities to combat crime conlenl: rdentify crime problem areas; suggest ways of addressng the prob ems (e.9. more police patros n sveets, citzens should be nformed of ways to protect themselves, etc.); state how these suggestrons, if implemented,would reduce crime targel reader:Chiefof Pol ce slyle:formal kind of writing: reporl whch suggests solutions to a problem (report assessing good and bad points) purposeoi writing:to help the companyyou wo* for to improveworkingconditions content:identilyproblems n connection wilh wofklng conditions (e.9. safety issues, scheduling, lrghting / ventilaUon); suggesi solutions to each problemmentioned target readericompanyofficials style:formal k nd of writingt descrptive narral ve compositionwh ch tncludesan expianation of an objecl's sigrii cance/ mporlance purpose of writing: to complete a school assignment

lders

ysrcal etc.); porre, ihrng,

)l the

8.

foung foung hying 9ason pleas |oung 9.

klnd of wriiing: composition(descriptionoi an object) purposeof wrtingi to describetwo impodant famrly possessions, explain ng their importance content: name the two objects (describe each object n lerms of shape ,/ colour / origrn,etc.): give reasonswhy they are importanito you (esp. heirlooms) target reader:your teacher style:lessformal k nd of wr ting: argumenlativearticle, expressng oprnron purpose of wriUng:expressingyour opinion on a givef subject content: your vewpoints clearly slated and reasons(e.9.Yes,violencein filmsand on TV increasesvioence in our everyday lives childrennray imitatewhat they see rn films / on TV, etc.); opposng viewpoints(s)and reason(s)(e.9. some people think that violencein fi ms / on TV does not promote violence in everydaylife); your opinion should be restated (measuresshould be takenlo reduceviolentscenes) target reader: readers of the internationa magazrne style:formal kind of wrrting: report contantng a description and assessing good and bad pornts

y ano

try
(e. 9. i, elc. to T Im es;

y ano aders

e and
10 .

83

StudyCheck 3 . 6onlent: identify subject of composition tohotograDh): descr,b,e the photog.apnte.g, the evenlshowr in theptclure. peo;e you can see In the p:cturetjerplain lhe memo4es il ard saywhy,l hasspeciatvdlue fo, you ,evohes larget reader:teacher srytejtesslormal

19 .

. . 15.

kindof writjng: Ietter of inquiry purposeof writingjto recover one,sbflercase fiom a tost propertyofiice . contentt identit self, time and ptace oojecr was tosti describe oblect tcotour. size, specrat learures, elc.):qrve Insrruclions on now you can be contacted tha^ks tor effons ro lnd lost object . target reader: tost property office of train company . styte:formal .

lind ol writt^g ad,.re.larng an opin.on or examtntng an lssuefrom both stdes . purposeof writing:lor publicalion/to entedain . content: identily the issue to be explofed, slate problemswhich cufienflyexislbecause or nurnerolts languages. discuss now crllluresare eniched by exrslence oi unique tanguages,explain how cornmunication corJldbe st'rorfFd ivth d s,-gle tanguage reach a balanceoco_c,uso_ based or rne Intormatton given (or stateopinon) . Iarget reader: young people who read the maga2ine styleiformalor less forma kind ol writr.g ,o.-at ere, askino fo, Inlormation 0ransadonatr Durposeof w ling lo c,a,.ivoo,ar! and ash IOra post co ent: sldte who vou are: reason for wrrlng: asl. fo, c,alrcaro4 ,eg ltexiblF nours/eveninos) lNote: all ponts tnctudedn questrcn shoutd be slightlyrcphraeed fhe teftetshoutd stan Dear Ms Sta ey, and hn.shyours Sincerelv + tull nafttel targel reade. the perso. rn charqe of the cenlre(Mane Slarkeyr style:formai

20.

16 . .

ktnd of wrjtjng:narrative purposeot wrjting:to be pubtished in school magazine . conleal:, wetl-organrsed nararive {rnay nctude ftashback techniques) with Inreresng ptol, must beginwith the words qiven . target reader:students who rea; the scnool magaztne . styte:lessformal/informai kind of writingrtetterrefusingan invitation purpose of writing: to inform event organisers oi youf inabitily to aftend content:thanks for invjiation;state thai one can t aftend:reasonts)why: best wtsheg tor

17 . . .

. targel reader:,ecepL o^ lpaly) orqan;sel . slyle:formal 18 . ktnd of writjng: narrativewhich beoins wth words given . purpose ot wnting: to win a competitionrun oy a magazine r conlent:interesting narrative witten jn a we organrsedfashion (may include flashbacK narranon), must being with words qiven . Iarget reader{sr: competition judges. rnagaztne readers . style:lessformal/jnformai

84