One of the most popular writers of our time, bestselling author JK Rowling is credited with doing perhaps more

than any other contemporary writer to get Britains schoolchildren reading again with her Harry Potter books. Appropriately enough, her own rags to riches life story reads like a magical tale out of one of her own novels. Joanne Kathleen Rowling was born on 31 July 1965, in the quaint village of Chipping Sodbury, in Gloucestershire, England. Her father was Peter James Rowling, and her mother, Anne. Two years after Rowling was born, her mother gave birth to a sister, called Diana. Rowling (who likes to be called by her nickname, Jo) has said that one of the reasons she first began making up stories was in order to keep her younger sibling entertained. Rowling attended school at nearby St. Michael's village school, and has often claimed that her first headmaster, an elderly teacher called Alfred Dunn, was the inspiration for the character of Albus Dumbledore, Harry Potter's head teacher at Hogwarts. Rowling was composing her first fantasy stories in her spare time, including one of her earliest tales, about a rabbit called Rabbit. Rowling's sister recalls that he was unlucky enough to catch the measles, and was visited by his friends, including a giant bee called Miss Bee. When she was nine-years-old, the family moved to the village of Tutshill, near Chepstow, where she went on to attend secondary school at Wyedean College. In interviews, Rowling has described herself as being "shy and freckly, with no sports ability, but a great love of literature." When asked about her teenage years, she said, "The character of Hermione is loosely based on me, which I'm not particularly proud of." During the same period, an elderly aunt gave her a copy of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, 'Hons and Rebels'; Mitford subsequently became one of her favourite authors. Quiet and studious, she did well at school, and went on to graduate with a Bachelor's degree in French and Classics at the University of Exeter. Her student days were happy ones by all accounts, for she recalls her delight at meeting "like-minded people", and she was also lucky enough to spend a year studying in Paris. After graduating, Rowling moved to London, where she initially began training to become a bilingual secretary. However, she abandoned this idea after a while, since she soon discovered that she was "the worst secretary ever, very disorganised!". In addition, her attention would wander during meetings, as ideas for stories would come to her while she was meant to be taking dictation. But her daydreaming was to prove far more rewarding in the long run, for in early 1990, during the course of a long train journey from Manchester to London, she first had the idea for a story about a young boy who goes to study at a school for wizards. Shortly afterwards, she decided to retrain as an English teacher, and moved to Portugal, where she met and married a native journalist, called Jorge Arantes, in 1992. She gave birth to their daughter, Jessica Isabel, on 27 July the following year. Sadly, the marriage was short-lived, and the couple separated only four short months later. A year later, Rowling moved back to Britain, and went to live in Edinburgh, Scotland, so that she could be near her sister. Life as a single mother living on social security in the bleak Scottish winter was dismal, and she was subsequently diagnosed with clinical depression; she is on record as saying that at one point during this ultra-low period of her life, she even contemplated committing suicide. However, like all true writers, she channelled her worst experiences to creative ends, and used her experience of depression as the basis for the happiness-sucking wraiths in the Harry Potter books, the Dementors. Her daily routine included lots of long walks in order to get her baby daughter to fall asleep, and she would often end up in Nicholson's Caf. It was here in this

Edinburgh caf that she first began to set down on paper her ideas - and the rest, as they say, is history Creating the character of Harry Potter did not bring overnight fame and fortune for the struggling single mum; and there were to be many twists and turns along the way before Rowling's quality as an author were fully recognised. In 1995, she finished typing out 'Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone' on an old manual typewriter, and sent it out to various literary agents. A reader called Bryony Evans, at Christopher Little literary agents, was quick to recognise the potential of her work, and the firm promptly agreed to represent her, sending the book out to no less than twelve publishers. It was to be a full year before she received the exciting news that her book had found a publisher: the lucky firm was the small publishing house of Bloomsbury. Publishing legend has it that the decision to publish the book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman. Rowling was paid an advance of 1,500 for her first novel, which was published in June 1997, with an initial print run of one thousand copies, 500 of which were sold to libraries. Incidentally, these first Harry Potter books are now regarded as collector's items, and are estimated to be worth up to 25,000 apiece. As her books gained more exposure, Rowling's talent and ability as a children's writer was soon recognised. One of the first awards she won was the much-coveted Nestle Smarties award indeed, she went on to win the award three consecutive times, before thoughtfully withdrawing her fourth book from the running in order to give other writers a fighting chance. A grant of 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council enabled her to carry on writing full-time but within a relatively short time, she had sold enough books to guarantee her financial security. But she could hardly have envisaged the success and fortune that was waiting just around the corner. In 1998, one short year after her first book had seen print, she sold the film rights for her first two books to Warner Brothers, for an undisclosed seven-figure sum, making her a millionaire overnight. When her fourth book, 'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire' was published, the book broke all previous publishing records, selling over 372,000 copies in the UK on the first day, and over three million copies in the United States within the first 48 hours. Unsurprisingly, Rowling was named Author of The Year at the British Book Awards in 2000. Life was going well for Rowling on the personal front too: in December 2001, she married Neil Michael Murray, an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her home in Aberfeldy, Scotland. Rowling and Murray's son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in March 2003, and she went on to give birth to a daughter, Mackenzie Jean, in January 2005. These happy developments in her private life meant that her output slowed down, and the tabloid press speculated that she was suffering from writer's block. Rowling's heated response underlined the uneasy nature of her relationship with the press, which some critics suggested led to the creation of the character of Rita Skeeter, the muckraking journalist in the Harry Potter books. The press have depicted Rowling as a recluse who hates to be interviewed an image that she outspokenly disagrees with. She even went to court to defend her baby son's privacy, when a photographer took some long-range pictures of him in his buggy. More recently, she took part in a BBC documentary, 'A Year In the Life', which showed her

reduced to tears when she revisited the tiny Edinburgh flat where she completed the first Harry Potter book, saying "this is where I turned my life around." Rowling's books have made her a multi-millionaire, and the 2008 Sunday Times Rich List named her the 144th richest person in Britain. To her credit, she has used her considerable wealth and power to establish herself as a notable philanthropist. In 2000, she founded the Volant Charitable Trust, which sets aside 5.1 million annually to help women and children in need, especially focusing on organisations that help one parent families. She is also president of the charity One Parent Families, and was their first Ambassador in 2000. Having completed the final installment in the seven-book Harry Potter series, which was published in July 2007, Rowling has said that she is not planning to write an eighth book, saying "In ten years time, I might want to return to it, but I think it's unlikely." She also said that she wants to spend a lot of time with her family, but would continue writing for children "because that's what I enjoy!" 'The Tales of Beedle The Bard' was published in December 2008 to raise money for the Children's High Level Group, now called Lumos. Since then she has turned her attention to adult literature. On 12 April 2012, she revealed the title of her new book 'A Casual Vacancy'. It tells the story of a village at war, with the publication announcement stating: "Rich at war with poor, teenagers at war with their parents, wives at war with their husbands, teachers at war with their pupils ... Pagford is not what it first seems." It will be published by Little Brown on 27 September 2012. Rowling hasn't forgotten about her boy wizard Harry Potter as she was instrumental in setting up 'Pottermore' with Sony. This website opens up the world of Harry Potter to its fans as they can explore the places depicted in the books, find out which house they belong to and find out more about characters. She has also teamed up with Sony to create a Harry Potter-based augmented reality game called 'Book of Spells' for the firm's new Wonderbook, which will be released in Christmas 2012. She now lives with her husband and three children in Edinburgh where she intends to build two large interlocked tree houses for her offspring to play in.

Biography Birth and family Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer,[24] and Anne Rowling (ne Volant), on 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Bristol.[25] Her mother Anne was half-French and half-Scottish. Her parents first met on a train departing from King's Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964.[26] They married on 14 March 1965.[26] Her mother's maternal grandfather, Dugald Campbell, was born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran.[27] Her mother's paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcellesle-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won theLgion d'honneur, as she said when she received it herself in 2009; she later discovered the truth when featuring in an episode of the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?.[28][29] Childhood and education

Rowling's sister Dianne[11] was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.[25] The family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four.[30] She attended St Michael's Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and education reformer Hannah More.[31][32] Her headmaster at St Michael's, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore.[33] As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories, which she would usually then read to her sister. She recalls that "I can still remember me telling her a story in which she fell down a rabbit hole and was fed strawberries by the rabbit family inside it. Certainly the first story I ever wrote down (when I was five or six) was about a rabbit called Rabbit. He got the measles and was visited by his friends, including a giant bee called Miss Bee."[17] At the age of nine, Rowling moved to Church Cottage in the Gloucestershire village of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales.[25] When she was a young teenager, her great aunt, who Rowling said "taught classics and approved of a thirst for knowledge, even of a questionable kind", gave her a very old copy of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, Hons and Rebels.[34] Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling subsequently read all of her books.[35] Rowling has said of her teenage years, in an interview with The New Yorker, "I wasn't particularly happy. I think it's a dreadful time of life."[24] She had a difficult homelife; her mother was ill and she had a difficult relationship with her father (she is no longer on speaking terms with him).[24] She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College, where her mother had worked as a technician in the science department.[36] Rowling said of her adolescence, "Hermione [a bookish, know-it-all Harry Potter character] is loosely based on me. She's a caricature of me when I was eleven, which I'm not particularly proud of."[37] Steve Eddy, who taught Rowling English when she first arrived, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".[24] Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth owned a turquoise Ford Anglia, which she says inspired the one in her books. "Ron Weasley [Harry Potter's best friend] isn't a living portrait of Sean, but he really is very Sean-ish."[38] Of her musical tastes of the time, she said "My favourite group in the world is The Smiths. And when I was going through a punky phase, it was The Clash."[39] Rowling studied A Levels in English, French and German,[40] achieving two A's and a B[26] and was Head Girl.[24] In 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for Oxford University but was not accepted[24] and read for a BA in French and Classics at the University of Exeter, which she says was a "bit of a shock" as she "was expecting to be amongst lots of similar people thinking radical thoughts". Once she made friends with "some like-minded people" she says she began to enjoy herself.[41] Of her time at Exeter, Martin Sorrell, then a professor of French at the university, recalled "a quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary".[24] Although her own memory is of "doing no work whatsoever" and instead she "wore heavy eyeliner, listened to the Smiths, and read Dickens and Tolkien".[24] After a year of study in Paris, Rowling graduated from Exeter in 1986[24] and moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International.[42] In 1988, Rowling wrote a short-essay about her time studying Classics entitled "What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled", it was published by the University of Exeter's journal Pegasus.[43] Inspiration and mother's death After working at Amnesty International in London, Rowling and her then boyfriend decided to move to Manchester.[25] In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from

Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry "came fully formed" into her mind.[44] She told The Boston Globe that "I really don't know where the idea came from. It started with Harry, then all these characters and situations came flooding into my head."[25][44] Rowling described the conception of Harry Potter on her website:[45] I was travelling back to London on my own on a crowded train, and the idea for Harry Potter simply fell into my head. I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before. To my immense frustration, I didn't have a pen that worked, and I was too shy to ask anybody if I could borrow one I did not have a functioning pen with me, but I do think that this was probably a good thing. I simply sat and thought, for four (delayed train) hours, while all the details bubbled up in my brain, and this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard became more and more real to me. Perhaps, if I had slowed down the ideas to capture them on paper, I might have stifled some of them (although sometimes I do wonder, idly, how much of what I imagined on that journey I had forgotten by the time I actually got my hands on a pen). I began to write 'Philosopher's Stone' that very evening, although those first few pages bear no resemblance to anything in the finished book. When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began to write immediately.[25][46] In December of that year, Rowling's mother died, after ten years suffering from multiple sclerosis.[25] Rowling commented, "I was writing Harry Potter at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about Harry Potter."[21] Rowling said this death heavily affected her writing[21] and that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt.[47] Marriage, divorce and single parenthood An advert in The Guardian[26] led Rowling to move to Porto in Portugal to teach English as a foreign language.[11][35] She taught at night, and began writing in the day while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto.[24] While there she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar, after sharing a mutual interest in Jane Austen.[26] They married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[26] Rowling had previously suffered a miscarriage.[26] They separated on 17 November 1993,[26][48] 13 months and one day after their marriage.[26] Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered domestic abuse during her marriage, although the full extent is unknown.[26][49] In an interview with The Daily Express, Arantes said on their final night together he had dragged her out of their home at five in the morning and slapped her hard.[24]In December 1993, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling's sister in Edinburgh, Scotland,[25] with three chapters of Harry Potter in her suitcase.[24] Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as "the biggest failure I knew".[50] Her marriage had failed, she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as liberating: Failure meant a stripping away of the inessential. I stopped pretending to myself that I was anything other than what I was, and began to direct all my energy to finishing the only work

that mattered to me. Had I really succeeded at anything else, I might never have found the determination to succeed in the one area where I truly belonged. I was set free, because my greatest fear had been realized, and I was still alive, and I still had a daughter whom I adored, and I had an old typewriter, and a big idea. And so rock bottom became a solid foundation on which I rebuilt my life. J. K. Rowling, "The fringe benefits of failure", 2008.[50] During this period Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression, and contemplated suicide.[51] It was the feeling of her illness which brought her the idea of Dementors, soulsucking creatures introduced in the third book.[52] Rowling signed up for welfare benefits, describing her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".[24][50] Rowling was left in "despair" after her estranged husband arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter.[26] She obtained an order of restraint and Arantes returned to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August 1994.[26] She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at the Moray House School of Education, at Edinburgh University,[53]after completing her first novel while having survived on state benefits.[54] She wrote in many cafs, especially Nicolson's Caf,[55] and The Elephant House,[56] (the former owned by her brother-in-law Roger Moore)[57] wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.[25][58] In a 2001 BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafs to escape from her unheated flat, remarking, "I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating." Instead, as she stated on the American TV programmeA&E Biography, one of the reasons she wrote in cafs was because taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep. In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone on an old manual typewriter.[60] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.[26] A year later she was finally given the green light (and a 1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London.[26][61] The decision to publish Rowling's book apparently owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next.[62] Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books.[63] Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an 8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing.[64] In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between 16,000 and 25,000.[65] Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestl Smarties Book Prize. In February, the novel won the prestigious British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Children's Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for $105,000. In Rowling's own words, she "nearly died" when she heard the news.[66] In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone: a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she

had been in a better position at the time.[67]Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh. Her neighbours were initially unaware that she was the author of the Harry Potter series, although according to biographer Connie Ann Kirk, "most treated her with respect and gave her the distance they would want themselves".[57] Its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize.[68] In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.[69] She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.[70] The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries. Some 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year.[71] In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all literary sales records.[71] Rowling admitted that she had had a moment of crisis while writing the novel; "Halfway through writing Four, I realised there was a serious fault with the plot ... I've had some of my blackest moments with this book ... One chapter I rewrote 13 times, though no-one who has read it can spot which one or know the pain it caused me."[72] Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.[73] A wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she fervently denied.[74] Rowling later admitted that writing the book was a chore. "I think Phoenix could have been shorter", she told Lev Grossman, "I knew that, and I ran out of time and energy toward the end."[75] The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release.[76]While writing, she told a fan online, "Book six has been planned for years, but before I started writing seriously I spend two months re-visiting the plan and making absolutely sure I knew what I was doing."[77] She noted on her website that the opening chapter of book six, which features a conversation between the Minister of Magic and the British Prime Minister, had been intended as the first chapter first for Philosopher's Stone, then Chamber of Secrets then Prisoner of Azkaban.[78] In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.[68] The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was revealed on 21 December 2006 to be Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[79] In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007.[80] Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01 BST)[81] and broke its predecessor's record as the fastestselling book of all time.[82] It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States.[82] She wrote the last chapter of the book "in something like 1990", as part of her earliest work on the entire series.[83] During a year period when Rowling was completing the last book, she allowed herself to be filmed for a documentary which aired in Britain on ITV on 30 December 2007. It was entitled J K Rowling... A Year in the Life and showed her returning to her old Edinburgh tenement flat where she lived, and completed the

first Harry Potter book.[84] Re-visiting the flat for the first time reduced her to tears, saying it was "really where I turned my life around completely".[84] In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling gave credit to her mother for the success of the series saying that "the books are what they are because she died...because I loved her and she died".[85] Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated $15 billion,[86] and the last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.[82][87] The series, totalling 4,195 pages,[88] has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.[89] The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning books for computers and television,[90] although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading has continued to decline.[91] Harry Potter films Main article: Harry Potter (film series) In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a sevenfigure sum.[92] A film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002.[93] Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. 4 June 2004 saw the release of the film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, directed by Alfonso Cuarn. The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by another new director, Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released on 11 July 2007.[93] David Yates directed, and Michael Goldenbergwrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from Steve Kloves. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009.[94] David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script.[95] In March 2008, Warner Bros. announced that the final instalment of the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, would be filmed in two segments, with part one being released in November 2010 and part two being released in July 2011. Yates would again return to direct both films.[96][97] Warner Bros took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast,[98] which has been generally adhered to, with the majority of the actors selected from Britain. In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the victor in the race to tie in their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity Reading is Fundamental, as well as a number of community charity programs.[99] The first four, sixth and seventh films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She has said that she told him more about the later books than anybody else (prior to their release), but not everything.[100] She also told Alan Rickman (Severus Snape) and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books.[101] Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) asked her if Harry died at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by saying, "You have a death scene", thereby not explicitly answering the question.[102] Director Steven Spielberg was approached to helm the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she has no say in who directs the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg if she had.[103] Rowling's first choice for the director had been Monty

Python member Terry Gilliam, as she is a fan of his work, but Warner Bros. wanted a more family-friendly film and chose Columbus.[104] Rowling had gained some creative control on the films, reviewing all the scripts[105] as well as acting as a producer on the final two-part instalment, Deathly Hallows.[106] On her website, Rowling revealed that she was considered to have a cameo in the first film as Lily Potter in the Mirror of Erised scene. Rowling turned down the role, stating that she was not cut out to be an actor and, "would have messed it up somehow".[107] The role ultimately went to Geraldine Somerville. Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell and Alfonso Cuarn collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 British Academy Film Awards in honour of the Harry Potter film franchise.[108] In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an "expanded creative partnership" with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about Newt Scamander, author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The first film will be scripted by Rowling herself, and be set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series.[109] Success In 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books,[110] the second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world.[111] Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire.[112] In addition, the 2008 Sunday Times Rich List named Rowling the 144th richest person in Britain.[13] In 2012, Forbes removed Rowling from their rich list, claiming that her over $160 million in charitable donations and the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a billionaire.[113] In February 2013 she was assessed as the 13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.[114] In 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century estate house, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay, near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.[115] Rowling also owns a 4.5 million ($7 million) Georgian house in Kensington, West London,[116] on a street with 24-hour security.[117] Remarriage and family On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Michael Murray (born 30 June 1971), an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her Aberfeldy home.[118] Rowling's and Murray's son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003.[119] Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince she took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy.[120] Rowling's youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born on 23 January 2005.[121] The family reside in Edinburgh, Scotland.[122] The Casual Vacancy In July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent, Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by one of his staff, Neil Blair,[123] commenting on the move Rowling said, "Neil and Christopher reached a point where it wasn't working, the two of them together, and I had to make a decision. It was very, very difficult."[24] On 23 February 2012, Rowling's new

agency, the Blair Partnership, announced on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling noted the differences between her new project and the Potter series, saying, "Although I've enjoyed writing it just as much, my next novel will be very different from the Harry Potter series." On 12 April 2012, Little, Brown and Company announced that the book was entitled The Casual Vacancy and would be released on 27 September 2012.[124] Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances to promote The Casual Vacancy, including at the London Southbank Centre,[125] the Cheltenham Literature Festival,[126] The Charlie Rose Show[127] and the Lennoxlove Book Festival.[128] In its first three weeks of release, The Casual Vacancy sold over 1 million copies worldwide.[129] On 3 December 2012, it was announced that The Casual Vacancy will become a BBC television drama series expected to air in 2014 on BBC One. The series will be produced by Rowling's agent, Neil Blair, through his independent production company and with Rick Senat serving as executive producer. Rowling is collaborating closely on the adaptation. The number and length of episodes will be decided once the adaptation process has begun.[130][131] The Cuckoo's Calling Over the years, Rowling often spoke of writing a crime novel. In 2007, during the Edinburgh Book Festival, author Ian Rankin claimed that his wife spotted Rowling "scribbling away" at a detective novel in a cafe.[132] Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was a joke,[133] but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 in The Guardian speculating that Rowling's next book would be a crime novel.[134] In an interview with Stephen Fry in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much prefer to write any subsequent books under a pseudonym, but she conceded to Jeremy Paxman in 2003 that if she did, the press would probably "find out in seconds".[135] In a 2012 interview with The New Yorker, Rowling stated she was working on her next adult novel, and that, though she had written only "a couple of chapters", the story "is pretty well plotted".[24] In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported dbut novel of author Robert Galbraith, who the publisher described as "a former plainclothes Royal Military Police investigator who had left in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry".[136] The novel, a detective story about the suicide of a supermodel, sold 1500 copies in hardback (although the matter was not resolved as of 21 July 2013, later reports stated that this number is actually the number of copies that were printed for the first run, while the actual sales total was closer to 500[137]), and received acclaim from other crime writers[136] and critics[138] a Publisher's Weekly review called the book a "stellar debut",[139] while theLibrary Journal's mystery section pronounced the novel "the debut of the month".[140] India Knight, a novelist and columnist for the Sunday Times, tweeted on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading The Cuckoo's Calling and thought it was good for a debut novel. In response, a tweeter with the name Jude Callegari said that the author was "Rowling". Knight responded "EH?", but got no further reply.[141] Knight notified Richard Brooks, arts editor of the Sunday Times, who began his own investigation.[141][142] After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities, and subsequently contacted Rowling's agent who confirmed it was Rowling's pseudonym.[142] Within days of Rowling being revealed as the true author, sales of the book rose by 4000 percent,[141] and Little Brown printed an additional 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.[143] As of 18 June 2013, a signed copy of the first edition sold

for US$4,453 (2,950), while an unsold signed first-edition copy was being offered for $6,188 (3,950).[137] Rowling said "It has been wonderful to publish without hype or expectation and pure pleasure to get feedback under a different name",[144] and confirmed on her website that she "fully intends to keep writing the series" and will do so under the pseudonym.[145] On "Robert Galbraith"'s website, Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes, Robert Kennedy, and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.[146] Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling herself as part of wider speculation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt. Some also noted that many of the writers who had initially praised the book, such as Alex Bray or Val McDermid, were within Rowling's circle of acquaintances; however, both vociferously denied any knowledge of Rowling's authorship.[141] Judith "Jude" Callegari was revealed to be the best-friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within Russells Solicitors, Rowling's legal representatives.[147][148] Rowling released a statement saying, "To say that I am disappointed is an understatement. I had assumed that I could expect total confidentiality from Russells, a reputable professional firm, and I feel very angry that my trust turned out to be misplaced";[147] Russells apologised "unreservedly" for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt and revealed that "the disclosure was made in confidence to someone he [Gossage] trusted implicitly".[143] Rowling has accepted a charitable donation from Russells, which includes reimbursement of her legal costs and a payment to the Soldiers' Charity.[149] On 26 November 2013 the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage with a written rebuke and 1000 fine for breaching privacy rules.[150] Future writing In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had finished writing a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience thanHarry Potter readers.[151] In July 2007, Rowling said that she wants to dedicate "lots" of her time to her family, but is currently "sort of writing two things", one for children and the other for adults.[152] She did not give any details about the two projects but did state that she was excited because the two book situation reminded her of writing the Philosopher's Stone, explaining how she was then writing two books until Harry took over.[153] In November 2007, Rowling said that she was working on another book, a "half-finished book for children that I think will probably be the next thing I publish".[154] In March 2008, Rowling revealed in an interview that she had returned to writing in Edinburgh cafs, intent on composing a new novel for children. "I will continue writing for children because that's what I enjoy", she told The Daily Telegraph. "I am very good at finding a suitable caf; I blend into the crowd and, of course, I don't sit in the middle of the bar staring all around me."[155] Rowling also confirmed that her "political fairy tale" for children was nearing completion.[156] In September 2012, Rowling stated that she was currently working on two books for readership younger than Harry Potter.[24] She maintained in an interview with The Guardian that one of those two books is the "political fairy tale" she spoke of previously, although she expects to release the other book as her next project.[23] At the Cheltenham Literature Festival on 6 October 2012 she said that she had a couple of things on her laptop aimed at a slightly younger age group than Harry Potter which are "nearly done".[157]

Writing on her website in 2013 after her authorship of The Cuckoo's Calling became public, Rowling said, "I've just finished the sequel and we expect it to be published next year."[158] Future of Harry Potter As regards the possibility of an eighth Harry Potter book, she has said, "I can't say I'll never write another book about that world just because I think, what do I know, in ten years' time I might want to return to it but I think it's unlikely."[159] In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre, explaining, "I think probably I've done my fantasy ... it would be incredibly difficult to go out and create another world that didn't in some way overlap with Harry's or maybe borrow a little too much from Harry."[160]On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen.[161] In 2007, Rowling stated that she plans to write an encyclopedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material and notes.[162] Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.[163] During a news conference at Hollywood's Kodak Theatre in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopedia was coming along, said, "It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do."[164] At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete, stating "There is no point in doing it unless it is amazing. The last thing I want to do is to rush something out".[84] In June 2011, Rowling announced that future Harry Potter projects, and all electronic downloads, would be concentrated in a new website, called Pottermore.[165] The site includes 18,000 words of additional information on characters, places and objects in the Harry Potter universe.[166] On 13 April 2012, following the website's release, Rowling confirmed that she had started work on the encyclopedia and would donate all royalties to charity as she had previously planned.[167] In May 2012, she said, "I have been enjoying sharing information about Harry's world on Pottermore for free, and don't have any firm plans to publish it in book form."[167] Philanthropy In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, which uses its annual budget of 5.1 million to combat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to organisations that aid children, one parent families, and multiple sclerosis research.[168] Rowling said, "I think you have a moral responsibility when you've been given far more than you need, to do wise things with it and give intelligently."[152] Anti-poverty and children's welfare Rowling, once a single parent herself, is now president of the charity Gingerbread (originally One Parent Families), having already become their first Ambassador in 2000.[169][170]Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children's stories to aid One Parent Families.[171] In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser Comic Relief asked three best-selling British authors cookery writer and TV presenter Delia Smith, Bridget Jones creator Helen Fielding, and Rowling to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication.[172] Rowling's two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised 15.7 million

($30 million) for the fund. The 10.8 million ($20 million) they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.[173] In 2002 Rowling contributed a foreword to Magic, an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families.[174] In 2005, Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded the Children's High Level Group (now Lumos).[175] In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the use of caged beds in mental institutions for children.[176] To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The book was purchased for 1.95 million by on-line bookseller Amazon.com on 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction.[177] Rowling commented, "This will mean so much to children in desperate need of help. It means Christmas has come early to me."[177][178] Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the Harry Potter books.[177] In 2008, Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds going to Lumos.[122] On 1 June 2010 (International Children's Day), Lumos launched an annual initiative Light a Birthday Candle for Lumos.[179] In November 2013, Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, totaling nearly 19 million.[180] In July 2012, Rowling was featured at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London where she read a few lines from J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan as part of a tribute to Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital. An inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other children's literary characters accompanied her reading.[181] Multiple sclerosis Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her mother suffered before her death in 1990. In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh University, later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic.[182] In 2010 she donated a further 10 million to the centre.[183] For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of multiple sclerosis in the world. In 2003, Rowling took part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care for MS sufferers.[184] In April 2009, she announced that she was withdrawing her support for Multiple Sclerosis Society Scotland, citing her inability to resolve an ongoing feud between the organisation's northern and southern branches that had sapped morale and led to several resignations.[184] Other philanthropic work In May 2008, bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and 12 other writers (Sebastian Faulks, Doris Lessing, Lisa Appignanesi, Margaret Atwood, Lauren Child, Richard Ford, Neil Gaiman, Nick Hornby, Michael Rosen, Axel Scheffler, Tom Stoppard and Irvine Welsh) to compose a short piece of their own choosing on a single A5 card, which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel that concerns Harry's father, James Potter, and godfather, Sirius Black, and takes place three years before Harry was born. The cards were collected together and sold for charity in book form in August 2008.[185] On 1 and 2 August 2006, she read alongside Stephen King and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation,

a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO Mdecins Sans Frontires.[186] In May 2007, Rowling pledged a donation reported as over 250,000 or over $495,000 to a reward fund started by the tabloid News of the World for the safe return of a young British girl, Madeleine McCann, who disappeared in Portugal.[187] Rowling, along with Nelson Mandela, Al Gore, and Alan Greenspan, wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, the proceeds of which are donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.[188] Rowling is a supporter of The Shannon Trust, which runs the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading Plan in prisons across Britain, helping and giving tutoring to prisoners who cannot read.[189] Influences See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues Rowling has named Communist and civil rights activist Jessica Mitford as "[her] most influential writer" saying, "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".[190] Rowling has described Jane Austen as her favourite author,[191] calling Emma her favourite book in O magazine.[192] As a child, Rowling has said her early influences included The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, The Little White Horse by Elizabeth Goudge, and Manxmouse by Paul Gallico.[193] Views Politics See also: Politics of Harry Potter In September 2008, on the eve of the Labour Party Conference, Rowling announced that she had donated 1 million to the Labour Party, and publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over Tory challenger David Cameron, saying in a statement: I believe that poor and vulnerable families will fare much better under the Labour Party than they would under a Cameron-led Conservative Party. Gordon Brown has consistently prioritised and introduced measures that will save as many children as possible from a life lacking in opportunity or choice. The Labour government has reversed the long-term trend in child poverty, and is one of the leading EU countries in combating child poverty. David Cameron's promise of tax perks for the married, on the other hand, is reminiscent of the Conservative government I experienced as a lone parent. It sends the message that the Conservatives still believe a childless, dual-income, but married couple is more deserving of a financial pat on the head than those struggling, as I once was, to keep their families afloat in difficult times.[194] Rowling is a close friend of Sarah Brown, wife of Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project (see above). When Brown's son Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the first to visit her in the hospital.[195]

Rowling discussed the 2008 United States presidential election with the Spanish-language newspaper El Pas. She said she was obsessed with the United States elections because they would have a profound effect on the rest of the world. In February 2008, she said that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton would be "extraordinary" in the White House. In the same interview, she also said her hero was Robert F. Kennedy.[196] In April 2010, Rowling published an article in The Times in which she heavily criticised Cameron's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them a 150 annual tax credit. Nobody who has ever experienced the reality of poverty could say "it's not the money, it's the message". When your flat has been broken into, and you cannot afford a locksmith, it is the money. When you are two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is hungry, it is the money. When you find yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money. If Mr Cameron's only practical advice to women living in poverty, the sole carers of their children, is "get married, and we'll give you 150", he reveals himself to be completely ignorant of their true situation. How many prospective husbands did I ever meet, when I was the single mother of a baby, unable to work, stuck inside my flat, night after night, with barely enough money for life's necessities? Should I have proposed to the youth who broke in through my kitchen window at 3 am? Half a billion pounds, to send a message would it not be more cost-effective, more personal, to send all the lower-income married people flowers?[197] As a resident of Scotland, Rowling is eligible to vote in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence, and intends to vote in favour of the union.[23] Religion Main article: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series Over the years, some religious people have decried Rowling's books for supposedly promoting witchcraft. Rowling identifies as a Christian. She attended a Church of Scotlandcongregation while writing Harry Potter and her eldest daughter, Jessica, was baptised there.[198] "I go to church myself", she says, "I don't take any responsibility for the lunatic fringes of my own religion."[199] She once said, "I believe in God, not magic."[200] Early on she felt that if readers knew of her Christian beliefs they would be able to "guess what is coming in the books".[201] In 2007, Rowling described her religious background in an interview with the Dutch newspaper the Volkskrant:[202] I was officially raised in the Church of England, but I was actually more of a freak in my family. We didn't talk about religion in our home. My father didn't believe in anything, neither did my sister. My mother would incidentally visit the church, but mostly during Christmas. And I was immensely curious. From when I was 13, 14 I went to church alone. I found it very interesting what was being said there, and I believed in it. When I went to university, I became more critical. I got more annoyed with the smugness of religious people and I went to church less and less. Now I'm at the point where I started: yes, I believe. And yes, I go to the

church. A Protestant church here in Edinburgh. My husband is also raised Protestant, but he comes from a very strict Scottish group. One where they couldn't sing and talk. Rowling has occasionally expressed ambivalence about her religious faith. In a 2006 interview with Tatler magazine, Rowling noted that, "like Graham Greene, my faith is sometimes about if my faith will return. It's important to me."[21] In a British documentary, JK Rowling: A Year in the Life, when asked if she believed in God, she said, "Yes. I do struggle with it; I couldn't pretend that I'm not doubt-ridden about a lot of things and that would be one of them but I would say yes." When asked if she believed in an afterlife, she said, "Yes; I think I do."[203] She further said, "It's something that I wrestle with a lot. It preoccupies me a lot, and I think that's very obvious within the books."[204] In a 2008 interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pas, Rowling said, "I feel very drawn to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul."[205] In an interview with the Today Show in July 2007, she said, "...until we reached Book Seven, views of what happens after death and so on... would give away a lot of what was coming. So... yes, my belief and my struggling with religious belief and so on I think is quite apparent in this book."[206] In a 2012 radio interview withMark Lawson she said she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church, a province of the Anglican Communion.[207] Legal disputes Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series Rowling, her publishers, and Time Warner, the owner of the rights to the Harry Potter films, have taken numerous legal actions to protect their copyright. The worldwide popularity of the Harry Potter series has led to the appearance of a number of locally produced, unauthorised sequels and other derivative works, sparking efforts to ban or contain them.[208] Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injunctions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit anyone from reading her books before their official release date.[209]The injunction drew fire from civil liberties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates over the "right to read".[210][211] Relationship with the press Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press. She admits to being "thin-skinned" and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting. "They went in one day from saying, 'She's got writer's block' to saying, 'She's been self-indulgent'", she told The Times in 2003, "And I thought, well, what a difference 24 hours makes." Rowling nonetheless disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed.[212] As of 2011, Rowling has taken more than 50 actions against the press.[213] In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in Mauritius published in OK! Magazine.[214] In 2007, Rowling's young son, David, assisted by Rowling and her husband, lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of him. The photo, taken by a photographer using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in a Sunday Express article featuring Rowling's family life and motherhood.[20] The judgment was overturned in David's favour in May 2008.[215] Rowling has said she particularly dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail, which made references to a stalker Rowling insists does not exist, and conducted interviews with her

estranged ex-husband. As one journalist noted, "Harry's Uncle Vernon is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [in Goblet of Fire]."[216] Some have speculated that Rowling's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character Rita Skeeter, a gossipy celebrity journalist who first appears inGoblet of Fire, but Rowling noted in 2000 that the character actually predates her rise to fame: "People have asked me whether Rita Skeeter was invented [to reflect Harry Potter's popularity], but in fact she was always planned."[217] "I tried to put Rita in Philosopher's Stone you know when Harry walks into the Leaky Cauldron for the first time and everyone says, "Mr. Potter you're back!", I wanted to put a journalist in there. She wasn't called Rita then but she was a woman. And then I thought, as I looked at the plot overall, I thought, that's not really where she fits best, she fits best in Four when Harry's supposed to come to terms with his fame."[218] In September 2011, Rowling was named a "core participant" in the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebrities who may have been the victim of phone hacking.[219] On 24 November 2011, Rowling gave evidence before the inquiry; although she was not suspected to have been the victim of phone hacking (she "hardly used her phone in the 90s", she said),[220] her testimony included accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep, her fiance being duped into giving his home address to a journalist masquerading as a tax official,[220] her chasing a paparazzo a week after giving birth,[213] a journalist leaving a note inside her then-five-year-old daughter's schoolbag, and an attempt by the Sun to "blackmail" her into a photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen manuscript.[221] Rowling claimed she had to leave her former home in Merchiston, Edinburgh because of press intrusion.[221] In November 2012, Rowling wrote an article for The Guardian in reaction to David Cameron's decision to not implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry, saying she felt "duped and angry".[222] As of January 2014, she may be suing the Daily Mail for libel over an article about her time as a single mother.