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Microgrids The future of Small Grids

Nikos Hatziargyriou nh@power.ece.ntua.gr National Technical University of Athens, Greece

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What are MICROGRIDS?

Interconnection of small, modular generation to low voltage distribution systems forms a new type of power system, the Microgrid. Microgrids can be connected to the main power network or be operated islanded, in a coordinated, controlled way.

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Technical, economical and environmental benefits

Energy efficiency Minimisation of the overall energy consumption Improved environmental impact Improvement of energy system reliability and resilience Network benefits Cost efficient electricity infrastructure replacement strategies

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Energy Efficiency - Combined Heat and Power

Prof. Dr. J. Schmid

100 % 50 % electrical energy power station 50 % unused waste heat

50 % fossil fuel

Up to now: Central power stations Decentral heat production In Future: Decentral combined heat and power 1/3 less consumption of fossil sources of energy

exchange of electrical energy

100 % Oil / Gas

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Climate & Power Disasters: Normal in the future?

Storms (1999) 10.8 billion
Denmark, South Sweden
(23 September 2003)

London
(28 August 2003)

Heatwave(23 Septemb 2003) (2003) 20,000 deaths? Floods (2002) 30 billion

Croatia

Spain
(Winter 2002)

Italy
(28 September Greece 2003) (12 July 2004)

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50 million customers in USA and Canada 63 000 MW lost 11 % Cost 4 10 billion $ US

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Potential for DG to improve service quality

Voltage level

Central generation

DG

Medium scale DG

DG Security of supply Security of supply

DG

Small-scale DG

Distribution of CMLs

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Installation and Replacement time Distributions of Substation Equipment

50

70

00

60

90

20

80

19

10

20

19

19

19

20

30

20

19

19

20

40

20

20

50

40

CIGRE SC 37

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Network Benefits
Value of Micro Generation

~ .02-.04 /kWh ~.03-.05 /kWh

Central Generation Transmission HV Distribution

~ .05-.07 /kWh

MV Distribution LV Distribution

~.1-.15 /kWh

Micro Generation

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Technical Challenges for Microgrids

Relatively large imbalances between load and generation to be managed (significant load participation required, need for new technologies, review of the boundaries of microgrids) Specific network characteristics (strong interaction between active and reactive power, control and market implications) Small size (challenging management) Use of different generation technologies (prime movers) Presence of power electronic interfaces Protection and Safety

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Market and Regulatory Challenges

coordinated but decentralised energy trading and management market mechanisms to ensure efficient, fair and secure supply and demand balancing development of islanded and interconnected price-based energy and ancillary services arrangements for congestion management secure and open access to the network and efficient allocation of network costs alternative ownership structures, energy service providers new roles and responsibilities of supply company, distribution company, and consumer/customer

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EC MICROGRIDS Project
Contract : ENK5-CT-2002-00610
GREAT BRITAIN
UMIST URENCO

Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids

14 PARTNERS, 7 EU COUNTRIES

GREECE
NTUA PPC /NAMD&RESD GERMANOS

PORTUGAL
EDP INESC
UMIST URENCO

SPAIN
LABEIN

ISET SMA ARMINES

GERMANY
SMA ISET

EDF CENERG

NETHERLANDS
EMforce
INESC EDP LABEIN

FRANCE
EDF Ecole des Mines de Paris/ARMINES CENERG

ICCS / NTUA GERMANOS PPC/NAMD&RESD

http://microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr

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R&D Objectives
Contribute to increase the share of renewables and to reduce GHG emissions; Study the operation of Microgrids in normal and islanding conditions; Optimize the operation of local generation sources; Develop and demonstrate control strategies to ensure efficient, reliable and economic operation; Simulate and demonstrate a Microgid in lab conditions; Define protection and grounding schemes; Define communication infrastructure and protocols; Identify legal, administrative and regulatory barriers and propose measures to eliminate them;

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Microgrids Highlights

Control philosophies (hierarchical vs. distributed) Energy management within and outside of the distributed power system Device and interface response and intelligence requirements Quantification of reliability benefits Steady State and Dynamic Analysis Tools Laboratory Microgrids

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Microgrids Hierarchical Control

MicroGrid Central Controller (MGCC) promotes technical and economical operation, interface with loads and micro sources and DMS; provides set points or supervises LC and MC; MC and LC Controllers: interfaces to control interruptible loads and micro sources
PV
MC AC DC

Flywheel

DC AC MC LC LC MC MC

LC

AC DC

Storage

~ CHP

DMS DMS

MV

LV
MC AC DC

Fuel Cell

MGCC MGCC
MC AC DC LC

~
Micro Turbine

Centralized vs. Decentralized Control

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MultiAgent System for Microgrids

Autonomous Local Controllers FIPA organization Distributed Intelligence Java Based Platforms Reduced communication needs Agent Communication Language Open Architecture, Plug n Play operation Grid Level
Agent

DNO

MO

......
Microgrid Microgrid

Management Level
Agent Agent Agent

Microgrid

MGCC

LC LC

LC

LC ...

Field Level

Agent Agent Agent Agent

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Participation of Microgrids in Energy Markets

Microgrid Serving its own needs using its local production, when beneficial (Good Citizen)
MGCC minimises operation costs based on:
Prices in the open power market Forecasted demand and renewable power production Bids of the Microgrid producers and consumers. Technical constraints

Microgrid buys and sells power to the grid via an Energy Service provider (Ideal Citizen)
MGCC maximizes value of the Microgrid, i.e. maximizes revenues by exchanging power with the grid based on similar inputs

20 kV

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Off-load TC 19-21 kV in 5 steps

20/0.4 kV, 50 Hz, 400 kVA

uk=4%, rk=1%, Dyn11 3+N 3

0.4 kV Circuit Breaker

instead of fuses

Overhead line
4x120 mm2 Al XLPE twisted cable Pole-to-pole distance = 35 m

Other lines

Study Case LV Feeder with DG sources

Single residencial consumer

3, Is=40 A Smax=15 kVA S0=5.7 kVA

3+N+PE 4x6 mm2 Cu 20 m

80 80

3+N

Possible neutral bridge to adjacent LV network

80 80 80 2

Flywheel storage
Rating to be determined

4x16 mm2 Cu 30 m
10

Circuit Breaker
Possible sectionalizing CB

3x70mm2 Al XLPE + 30 m 54.6mm2 AAAC Twisted Cable 3x50 mm2 Al +35mm2 Cu XLPE
10

Microturbine
3, 30 kW

80

Group of 4 residences 3+N+PE

4 x 3, Is=40 A Smax=50 kVA S0=23 kVA

4x25 mm2 Cu 20 m

3+N+PE

~ ~

Appartment building
3+N+PE
80

Wind Turbine
3, 15 kW

Photovoltaics
1, 4x2.5 kW
30

5 x 3, Is=40 A 8 x 1, Is=40 A Smax=72 kVA S0=57 kVA 4x6 mm2 Cu 20 m 3+N+PE

Single residencial consumer

3, Is=40 A Smax=15 kVA S0=5.7 kVA

Appartment building
1 x 3, Is=40 A 6 x 1, Is=40 A Smax=47 kVA S0=25 kVA

3+N+PE
80 80

Photovoltaics
1, 3 kW

1+N+PE

4x16 mm2 Cu 30 m
80

Fuel Cell
3, 30 kW
30

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Highlight: MGCC Simulation Tool

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Residential Feeder with DGs

Good Citizen Cost Reduction : 12.29 % 27% reduction in CO2 emissions Model Citizen Cost reduction : 18.66%
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

Load & Power exchange with the grid (residential feeder)

kW

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour
Pow er exchanged w ith the grid Load Pattern

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Highlight: Reliability Assessment

System Maximum Load Demand: Capacity of System Infeed: 188 kW 210 kW (100%) Installed DGs: 15 kW Wind, 13 kW PVs, 30 kW Fuel Cells, 30 kW Microturbines

FLOL (ev/yr) Infeed Capacity 100% (no DGs) Infeed Capacity 80% (no DGs) Infeed Capacity 80% (with Wind + PV) Infeed Capacity 80% (all DGs) 58,14 14,02 2,28 2,130

LOLE (hrs/yr) 23,93 124,91 41,67 15,70

LOEE (kWh/yr) 2279,03 3101,52 2039,41 716,36

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DeMoTec at ISET

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Laboratory installation at NTUA

600 500 400 300

Pload

Pbat Ppv Pgrid

P (W)

200 100 0 -100 -200 0

100

200

300

400

500

Time (s)
50.15
230

50.1

228

Umg Ugrid

50.05

f (Hz)

U (V) 224 222 220 0

fgrid

226

50

fmg
49.95

49.9

100

200

300

400

500

100

Time (s)

200 300 Time (s)

400

500

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Implementation of the flywheel energy storage system by UM

Flywheel Inverter interface

Development of Electronic Switch

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400 300 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600

v MicroGrid [v]

-300 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

1000 800 600 400 200

grid connected

island

IGrid [A]

IMicroGrid [A]

0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600

time [ms]

Highlight: Modelling and Simulation

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Two battery invs + two PVs + one WT - Isolation + wind fluctuations

P,Q per phase Battery Inverter A

I per phase Battery Inverter A

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Conclusions
Microgrids: A possible paradigm for future LV power systems Distinct advantages regarding efficiency, reliability, network support, environment, economics Challenging technical and regulatory issues Promising solutions, needs for field demonstrations http://microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr