Chap 11 AC Power Analysis

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis
Outline
Instantaneous and Average Power
Maximum Average Power Transfer
Effective or RMS Value
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Conservation of AC Power
Power Factor Correction
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 2
Instantaneous Power
( ) ( ) ( ) p t v t i t =
( )
( ) cos( )
( ) cos( )
( ) ( ) cos( ) cos( )

1
cos
1
cos(2 )
2
cos cos(
1
c
) c
os( )
(
( )
)
2
os
2
m
m v
m i
m
m m v m v
m v i
i i
v t V t
i t I t
v t i t V I
V I
t t
V
p t
t I
e u
e u
e u e u
o | o |
u e u
o |
u u
= +
= +
= = + +
=
| |
= + +
|
\
+ +
.
+
Frequency
doubled!
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any
instant of time.
Power Provider Power Consumer
Illustration of Instantaneous Power
1
cos
1
cos ( ( ) )
2 2
( ) 2
m m v i m m v i
V I p t t V I u u e u u + + + =
p(t) is periodic but with frequency 2
The power is transferred from the circuit to the source.
(Because of the storage elements such as capacitors and
inductors in the circuit)
An Example of Instantaneous Power
1
co
1
cos( ) s(2 )
2
( )
2
2 60
4 4
p t t t
t t
+ + =
Average Power
The average power (in watts) is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
( )
( )
0
*
0
*
1
( )
1
cos( ) cos( )
1

2
1

cos(
Re ;
)

2
m m v
T
T
m
i
m v i
m m v i
p t dt
T
V I t t
V
T
P
I
dt
V I
u u
e u e u
u u
=
= + +
=
( Z
= =

}
}
VI VI
( ) cos( )
( ) cos( )
m v
m i
v t V t
i t I t
e u
e u
= +
= +

Two Special Cases of Average Power
2
Purely resistive circuit:
Purely reactive circui

1

1
2
9
cos
2
0 :
90 0
t
v i
v i
eq
m m
V I
P R
P
u u
u u
=
=
=
=
=
I
cos
1
(
2
)
m m v i
P V I u u =
The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a
reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average power.
Examples of Special Cases
2
2
1 1
: 0 |
| |

2
90 0
1
|
2 2
1
:
9
2
0
1
: 0
2
m m
m m
m m
R
R
j L
j C
P V I R
P V I
P V I
e
e
= = Z = =
= Z
= =
= =
Z =
Z I
Z
Z
V
Phasor Domain Interpretation
+
-
V
I
Z
V
I
2
2
*
*
1
Re
2
1 1
Re Re
2
|
|
2
|
|
P
P
( = =

(
( = =
(

V
I Z
Z
V ZI VI
Example 11.1
Q: Given that v(t)=120cos(377t+45
o
)V, i(t)=10cos(377t-
10
o
)A, find the instantaneous power and the average
power absorbed by the passive linear network.
( )
( )
344.2 600cos(754
1200cos(377 45 ) cos
35 )
34
(377 10 )
600 cos(754 35 ) cos55

1 1
cos( ) 1200cos 45 ( 10 )
2 2
600cos55 4
W
W .2
m m v i
p
t
i
t
V I P
v t t
u u
+ +
= = +
= + +
=
= =
= =
Example 11.2
Q: Calculate the average power absorbed by an
impedance Z = 30 j70 when a voltage V = 120Z0
is applied across it.
120 0
A
76.16 66.8
1
cos( )
2
1
(120)(1.576) cos(
1.576 66.8
3 0 66.8 )
2
7. W 24
m m v i
V I P u u
Z
= = =
Z
=
=
Z
=
V
Z
I
Example 11.3
Q: For the circuit, find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the
resistor.
Example 11.3 (cont.)
| |
1. A
W
11
5 30 5 30

4 2 4.472 26.57
1
Re
2
1
5 1.118cos(30 5
8 56.57
2.
6.57 )
2
5
P
j
Z Z
= = =
Z
=
Z
=
=
VI *
I
1.118 56.57 A
4 4.472 56.57
2.5
V
1
4.4 W 72 1.118
2
R
R R
R
P
= = Z
= = Z
= =
I I
V I
Example 11.4
Q: Determine the average power generated by each
source and the average power absorbed by each
passive element in circuit (a).
( )
1
2
2
1
4 A
10 5 10 60 30 0
By and 12 6
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 10.58 79.1
For mesh 1:
KCL for mesh :
8
2
A 0
a
b j
a
j
b
j
=
+ Z =
Z = Z + =
I
I
I I
*
2
1 1
Re
For the vol
207
tage sourc
60 10.58 cos(30 79.1 )
2
:
2
e
8 W .
V
P ( = = =

VI
V
0. Hence, this average powe absorbed by the r s is o c . ur e
V
P >
1 1 1 2
*
1 1
20 10( ) 80 10(4 2 10.39)
184.984 6.21
1
For
1
Re 184.984 4cos(6.21 0)
2 2

the current source:
3 W 67.8
I
j j j
P
V
= + = +
= Z
( =
=

=
V I I I
VI
1
2 1
*
2 1
4 79.1 A
20 80 79.1 V
1 1
Re 80 160 4
2 2
For the resist
W
o

r:
R
P
= Z
= = Z
( = = =

I
V I
V I
0. Hence, this current source power to th sup e c pli irc . s t e ui
I
P <
2
C 2
*
2
L 1 2
L 1 2
10 58 79 1 ,
5 (5 90 )(10.58 79.1 ) 52.9 (79.1 90 )
1 1
For the capacitor:
For the inductor:
0 Re (52.9)(10.58) cos( 90 )
2 2
2 10.39 10.58 79.1
10( ) 10.58 ( 79.1
C C
. .
j
j
j
P
= Z
= = Z Z = Z
( = = =

= = = Z
= = Z
I
V I
V I
I I I
V I I
*
90 )
1 1
Re (105.8)(10.58) cos90
2
0
2
L L L
P
+
( = = =

V I
Finally,

367.8 160 0 0 20 0 7.8
V I R C L
P P P P P
=
+
+ + + +
+ +
=
+
L
V
L
I
C
V
Maximum Average Power Transfer
For maximum average power transfer, the load
impedance Z
L
must be equal to the complex conjugate
of the Thevenin impedance Z
Th
.
2
Th
max
Th
8
P
R
=
V
*
Th L
= Z Z
Th Th Th
Th Th
Th Th Th
2
2
* * Th
2 2
Th Th
;
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
Re Re
2 2 2 2 ( ) ( )
L L L
L L L
L L
L
L
L
L
R jX R jX
R R j
R
R R
X
P
X
R
X X
= + = +
= =
+ + + +
( ( = = = =

+ + +
Z Z
V V
I
Z Z
V
V I Z II I
Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
( )
( )
( )
2
Th Th
2
2 2
Th Th
2
2 2
Th Th Th Th
2
2 2
Th Th
To find the condition with maximum power,
( )
( )
0
0
( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
2 ( ) ( )
L L
L L
L L L
L L
L
L
L
P
X
P
R X X
R R X X
R R X X R R R
R
R R X X
+
= =
+ + +
+ + + +
=
c
c
c
c
=
+ + +
V
V
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
Th Th
2
2 2
Th Th
2
2 2
Th T
Th
2
2
Th
*
Th
2
h Th Th
2
2 2
Th Th
T
Th
h
Th Th
max
Th
0
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) 2 ( )
0
2 ( ) ( )

;

8

L L
L
L L
L L L
L
L th
L
L
L L
L
L
th
L
R X X
P
X
R R X X
R R X X R R R
P
R
R R
X X
R R X
X X
X -X
R j
X
R
P
R
X
+
c
= =
c
+ + +
+ + + +
c
= =
c
+ + +
= =
=
=
=
=
+
=
+
Z Z
V
V
V
Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
2 2
T
2 2
Th
h h T
Th
T h
0
L
L
L L
X
R R (X X
R R X
)
=
= + +
= = + Z
Example 11.5
Q: Determine the load impedance Z
L
that maximizes the
average power drawn from the circuit. What is the
maximum average power?
Th
Th
2.933 4
4(8 6)
From Fig. (a), 5 4 (8 6) 5
4 8 6
8 6
From Fig (b),
.467
7.454 1 (10)
4 8 6
0. V 3
j
j j j
j
j
j
j
= + = + =
+
= =
+

O +
Z
Z
V
*
2
x
2
ma

(7.454)
8
2.933 4.
8(2.933
467
2.368 W
)

TH
T
H
L
H
T
R
j
P
= =
= = =
O Z Z
V
Example 11.6
Q: In the circuit, find the value of R
L
that will absorb the
maximum average power. Calculate the power.
Th
Th
20(40 30)
(40 30) 20 9.412 22.35
20 40 30
20
(150 30 ) 72.76 134 V
20 40 30
j j
j j j
j j
j
j j
= = = + O
+
= Z = Z
+
Z
V
2 2
Th
Th
Th
2
max
9.412 22.35
72.76 134
1.8 100.42 A
3
24
3.66 22.35
1 1
(1.8)
.
(24
25
39. .25)
2
29
2
W
L
L
L
R
P
R j
R
= = + =
Z
= = = Z
+ +
O
= = =
Z
V
I
Z
I
R
L
Effective or RMS Value
The effect value of a period current is the dc current
that delivers the same average power to a resistor as
the period current.
Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
2 2
eff
0
1
T
R
i Rdt P I R
T
= =
}
2
0
eff rms
1
T
T
I i dt I = =
}
eff rms
2
0
Simi
1
larly,
T
v dt
T
V V = =
}
2
0
The ( ) value of a periodic signal ( )
1

T
rms
x t root - mean - square rms
X x dt
T
=
}
R
V
R I P
2
rms
2
rms
= =
Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
The effect value of a period signal is its root-mean-square
(rms) value.
( )
rms
2
2
rms
2
0 0
For the sinusoid ( ) cos , the rms valus is
1 1
cos 1 cos 2
2
Similarly, for ( ) cos ,

2
2
m
T T
m
m
m
m
m
i t I t
I
I tdt t dt
T T
v t
I
I
V
V t
V
e
e e
e
=
= = + =
=
=
} }
Example 11.7
Q: Determine the rms value of the current waveform. If
the current is passed through a 2- resistor, find the
average power absorbed by the resistor.
The period of the waveform is T = 4,
< <
< <
=
4 2 , 10
2 0 , 5
) (
t
t t
t i
( )
2 4
2 2 2
0
rms
0 2
2
3
4
2
0
1 1
(5 ) ( 10)
4
1 1 200
25 100 200
4
8.165
3 4 3
A
T
i dt t dt dt
T
t
I
t
= = +
| |
| |
| = + = + =
|
|
\ .
\ .
} } }
2
rm 2
2
s
(8.165) (2) 1 3 3 W 3.
R
I P R
= O
= = =
Example 11.8
Q: The waveform is a half-wave rectified sine wave.
Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10- resistor.
The period of the waveform is T = 2t,
< <
< <
=
t t
t
2 , 0
0 , sin 10
) (
t
t t
t v
( )
2
2 2 2 2
rms
0 0
2
0
rms
0
1 1
( ) (10sin ) 0
2
1 100 50 sin 2 1
1 cos 2 ; sin (1 cos 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
50 1
sin 2 0 25
2 2
V 5
T
V v t dt t dt dt
T
( t)dt t t t
V
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
= = +
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
} } }
}
2 2
rms
10
W 2.5
5

10
R
V
R
P
= O
= = =
RMS of Sinusoidal Signal
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
rms
2
2
r
0
ms
2
0
For the sinusoid ( ) cos , the rms valus is
1 1
cos 1 cos 2 2
2
Similarly, for ( ) cos ,

2
2
m i
T T
m
m i
m
i
v
m
m
i t I t
I
I t dt
I
I t dt
T T
v t V
V
t
V
e u
e u e u
e u
= +
= + = + + =
= +
=
} }
Power Representation Via RMS
Values
( ) ( )
*
*
Represented b
Given ( ) cos and ( ) cos
1 1
The average power cos( ) Re[ ]
2 2
y RMS:
Denot
cos( ) cos
e phasors:
1
Re[
( )
2
] Re[
2
2
,
2
2

m i m v
m m v i
m m
v i rms rms
rms rm
rms rms
v i
i t I t v t V t
P V I
V I
P V I
P
e u e u
u u
u u u u
= + = +
= =
= =
= =
= =
s
V
V I
V
I
I I
V
V
I
*
2
2
For resistive load:
]
v i
rms
rms rms rms L
L
V
V I I R
R
P
u u =
= = =
Complex Power
Complex power S (in volt-amperes or VA) is the product
of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate of
the rms current phasor. Its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.
* 2
* 2
*
2
*
2
*
1 | |
| |
2 2
2 2
| |
sin
| |
t
c s
1
o
a
2
n
rms rms
rms
rms
j
S S
j
S S
P P Q P
e j
j
u
u u u
u
= = = = =
= =
= = Z = +
= + = +
V I V
V I I Z
Z
V
S I Z
S
S
Z
S VI
*
rms rms
= S V I
Summary of Terminologies
rms rms
2 2
rms rms
Terminology Unit Form
1
*
Complex Power VA
2
( )
Apparent Power VA
Real Power Watt Re( ) cos( )
Reactive Power VAR Im( ) sin( )
Power p Factor os( ) f c
v i
v i
v i
v i
S
P
Q
P
S
P jQ
V I
V I P Q
S
S
u u
u u
u u
u u
= + =
= Z
= = = +
= =
= =
= =
VI
S
S
S
S
Summary of Terminologies (cont.)
S is called the complex power consumed by
the load Z
P is the average or real power.
The power delivered to the load
The actual power dissipated by the load
Q is the reactive or quadrature power.
Unit: volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
A measure of the energy exchange between the source
and the reactive part of the load.
Summary of Terminologies (cont.)
S is called the apparent power which denotes
the power the provider provides.
pf: is the power factor in [0,1]. The power
factor is an index of the load reaching the
satisfaction of the provider; the larger the
power is, the happier the provider is.
Power and Impedance Triangles
Power triangle
2
2
*
* * 2
*
2
1 | |
| |
2 2
| |
| |
c
1
2
ta
os s n
n
i
rms rms
rms
rms
j
S
P
e S S jS
P P jQ j
u
u u u
u
= = = =
= =
= = Z = +
= + + =
V
V I I Z
Z
V
S I Z
S
S
Z
VI
S
rms
rms
( )
rms
v i
rms
V
I
u u = = = Z
V V
I I
Z
Impedance triangle
Passive Load
| | ( )
0 ( )
(1)
(2) ; in the

Resistive load
Inductive load
f quadrant and the curr
[ 90 , 90 ]
0 :
0 0:
ent is
the voltage by
irst
C

(3) ap 0 ac 0: it
v i
v i
R
X
X
laggi
R jX
R
ng
u
u
u
u u
u u u
u

= + = Z
>
= =
> >
< <
= e
Z Z
Z
S
; in the
quadrant and the current is

ive loa
the voltage by
d
our

f th
leading u
S
Power Triangle (cont.)
Resistive load
Inductive load
Capacitive load
Example 11.9
Q: A series-connected load draws a current i(t) = 4
cos(100tt + 10) A when the applied voltage is v(t) =
120 cos(100tt - 20) V. Find the apparent power and
the power factor of the load. Determine the element
values that form the series-connected load.
Sol:
rms rms
apparent power: 240
powe
120 4
VA
2 2
cos( ) cos( 20 1 r factor: pf 0.86 ) 6 0
v i
S V I
u u
= = =
= = =
The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-
resistor in series with a capacitor with
The power factor can also be obtained from
120 20
30 30 25.98 15
4 10
pf 0. cos 866 ( 30 )
j
Z
= = = Z = O
Z
= =
V
Z
I
2
1
15
1 1
F
15
12.
15 1
2
00
C
X
C
C
e
e t
= =
= = =

Example 11.10
Q: Determine the power factor of the entire circuit as
seen by the source. Calculate the average power
delivered by the source.
The average power supplied by the source is
2 4
6 4 ( 2) 6 6.8 7 13.24
pf 0.9734
1.6
4 2
cos( 13.24)
eq
j
j j
j

= + = + = = Z O
= =
Z
r
rms
ms
30 0
A
7 13.2
4.286 3 24
4
1 .
Z
= = = Z

Z
I
V
Z
rms rms
2
rms
2
(30)(4.286)0.9734 W
or (4.286) (6.8) W
where is th
p
e resistor part o
f 125
5
f
1
.
2
P V I
R
R
P I
= = =
= =
=
Z
Example 11.11
Q: The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60cos(et 10) V
and the current through the element in the direction of
the voltage drop is i(t) = 1.5 cos(et + 50) A. Find: (a)
the complex and apparent powers, (b) the real and
reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load
impedance.
*
rms s
r
m
m
r
s
( ) ( ) 60cos( 10 ); ( ) 1.5cos( 50 )
60 1.5
10 , 50
2 2
The complex power is
60 1.5
10 50 VA
2 2
The ap
45 6
p
0
arent power is
V 5 A 4
o o
rms
a v t i t
S
t t e e = = +
= Z = Z+
=
| || |
= Z Z =
| |
\ .\ .
= =
Z
S V I
S
V I
( )
(b) Form (a),
S 45 60 45 cos( 60 ) sin( 60 )
22.5 38.97
S
The real powe 22.5
38.97
r W
The reactive power VAR
j
j
P j
P
Q
Q
= Z = +
=
= +
=
=
pf 0.4

(c) cos( 60 )
6
40 60
0 10

1.5 50
= =
Z
= = = O Z
Z

V
I
Z
Example 11.12
Q: A load Z draw 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856
lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate:
(a) the average and reactive powers delivered to the
load, (b) the peak current, and (c) the load impedance.
Sol:
The apparent power is S = 12,000 VA, the average
or real power is
and the reactive power is
1
(a) cos , co pf 0.856 s 0.856 31.13 . u u

= = = =
cos 12000 0.856 10. kW 272 P S u = = =
sin 12000 0.517 6.2 kVA 04 Q S u = = =
(b) Since the pf is lagging, the complex power is
*
rms rms
*
rms
rms
rms
rms
S V
1
S 10.272 6.204 VA
S 10272 6.204
V 120 0
85.6 51.7 A A
Thus and the peak c
00 31.13
urrent I 1 is
2 2 100
00 31.13
141 4 A .
m
P jQ j
j
I I
j
=
Z
Z
= + = +
+
= =
Z
= + =
=
= = =

(c) The load impedance
which is an inductive impedance.
rms
rms
120 0

10
1.2 31.13
0 31.13
Z
= = = O
Z
Z

Z
V
I
Conservation of AC Power
1 2 N
= + + + S S S S
The principle of conservation of power is still
applicable to the ac circuits.
The principle of conservation of ac power: The
complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal
the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive
powers of the individual loads.
( )
1 N
1 2 N
1 1
2 2
= = + + = + + +
* * *
S V V S S S
I I I
Example 11.13
Q: The following figure shows a load being fed by a
voltage source through a transmission line. The
impedance of the line is represented by the (4 + j2)
impedance and a return path. Find the real power and
reactive power absorbed by; (a) the source, (b) the
line, and (c) the load.
(a)
20.
(4 2) (15 10)
19 8
22
62 22.
0 0
=
83
10.67 22.83 A
20.62 22.83
eq
rm
r s
s
s
m
j j
j
= + +
= = O
Z
= =
Z
Z
Z
Z
I
V
Z
*
(220 0 )(10.67 2
(2163.5 910.8)
2.83 )
2347.4 22.83 VA
s
rms r s ms
j
= = Z Z
= Z =
S V I
(b)
The complex power absorbed by the line is
(4 2) (4.472 26.57 )(10.67 22. 47.72 83 ) 4 .4 V 9
line
r s m m r s
j = + = Z Z Z = I V
*
line
2
line line
2
455.4 j227
(47.72 49.4 )(10.67 22.83 )
509.2 26.57 VA
or
(10.67) (4 2) VA
.7
455.4 227.7
line
rms rms
rms
j j
= = Z Z
= Z =
= = + =
+
+
S V I
S I Z
(c)
*
(15 10) (18.03 33.7 )(10.67 22.83 )
V
(192.38 10.87 )(10.67 22.83 )
2053
192.38 1
33.7
0.87
( V 1708 11 9) A 3
Load
rms
Load
rms
Load
rms rms
j
j
Z
= = Z Z
=
= = Z Z
= Z
I
V I
V
S
s line Load
= + S S S
Example 11.14
Q:
Calculus the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power,
(c) reactive power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source
and seen by the source.
1 2
60 30 and 40 45 . = Z O = Z O Z Z
The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are
The total complex power is
1
1
2
2
120 10
Arms 2 40
3 3
60 30
120 10
A 5 rms
40 45

Z
= = =
Z
Z
= = =
Z
Z
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
2 2
rms
*
1
2 2
ms
*
2
1
2
r
(120)
240 30 VA
60 30
(120)
360 45 VA
40 45
207.85 120
254.6 254.6
j
V
V
j
= = = Z =
Z
= = = Z =
Z
+
S
S
Z
Z
2 t 1
462.4 134.6 VA j = + = +S S S
1 2
t
1 2
t
The total complex power is
VA
(a) The total apparent power is
VA
(b) The total real power is
Re( ) W or
(c) The total r
462 4 134 6
481 6
4
eactiv
4
e
.
p
62
o
t
t t t
. j .
S .

P P P P
= + =
= =
+
= = = +
S S
S
S
S
1 2
134
wer i
.6
s
Im( ) VAR or
t t t
Q Q Q Q = = = + S
p
(
f
d) The powe
0.
r f
96
actor
/ 462.4 / 481.6
t t
P = = = S
1
*
s
2
(1.532 1.286) (2.457 1.721)
(4 0.4 4
Result checking: The complex power
35) A rms .024 6.21
463 135
(120 10 )(4.024 6.21 )
488.88
supplied by the sourc
16.21
VA
e

t
t
j j
j
j
= + = + +
= =
= = Z Z
= Z
Z
+

=
I I
VI
I
S
Power Factor Correction
Most practical loads are inductive since motors
are the most useful driving force in this world.
Hence, we can use a parallel-connected
capacitor to attain the goal of power factor
correction
Power factor correction: the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to the
original load.
Illustration of Power Factor Correction
Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load
by Capacitor Compensation
2
1
u
e
u
e
Z = + =
=
Z =
+
=
I I I I
V I
I
V
I
C L
C
L L
C j
L j R
Capacitor Compensation
1 1
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
2
2
2 2 2
1 2 1
T
tan
tan
(
o increase pf from cos to cos without
altering the real power,
cos cos

tan tan )
sin
sin
Applying the ac power conservation gives
C
Q P
P S P S P
S
S
Q Q
Q P
Q P
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
= = = =
= =
= =
= =
2
rms
*
1 2
2 2
rms r
2
2
rm
ms
s
rms
1 2
2
Not real po e tha wer
because is
t the
zero
is not affected by
the pf corre
But
(tan tan )
ction .
C
C
C
C
rms
V
Q CV
X
Q Q
C
V
P
P
V
Q P
V V
u u
e e
e = = =
=

= =
S
Z
PF Correction for Capacitor Load
Similar idea can be used to realize power factor
correction for a capacitive load.
The required shunt inductance L can be calculated as
2 2
rms r
2
rm
1
ms s
2
L L
L
V V
Q L
L Q
V
Q Q
X e e
= = = =
Example 11.15
Q: When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line,
a load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf
to 0.95.
Sol:
If pf = 0.8, then
1 1
1
1
1 1 1
cos 0.8 36.87
4000
5000 VA
cos 0.8
sin 5000sin36.87 3000VAR
P
S
Q S
u u
u
u
= =
= = =
= = =
When pf is raised to 0.95,
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1 2
2 2
rms
cos 0.95 18.19
4000
4210.5 VA
cos 0.95
sin 1314.4 VAR
3000 1314.4 1685.6 VAR
1685.6
F
2 60 120
310.5
C
C
P
S
Q S
Q Q Q
Q
V
C
u u
u
u
e t
= =
= = =
= =
= = =
= = =

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis - Rev

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