CHAPTER 8 INFINITE SERIES {41 LIMITS OF SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS meget ge... gotten) 12, gig, 2+(01)9'=2 = converges (Table 81, #4) oe gig, PEM 14 GP otc 1 im, THR Qos Baas comers € 6 ie Sere 89 converges 1 i, tin, S=MAD Jy, (@-1) =00- doe in tis nas abide shan 0 = ome(54 Chapter 8 Ifate Serie 19, ig, (14 C17) der not exist 5 diverges 20. Ji, (-3)°(1 fe oot exit dlverg 2 tn REY0-B) =i, (+L t-H) J > sr (i, (F+8)) ean env ‘IRD = 0 because — 4 < SR. < }-> converges by the Sendwich ‘Theoret for sequences 26, ig, SYED =o bce 0 EEA o conerge by the Sandie Thorn fr equeees in, grkzy=0 = conve (ong Hips re % in, BED a &) te 34 a, Cason 14 2. J, Bea we mith Me co dives (Table 81, #2) wh lig gee 30. ig, (In n= n(n re 31 dim, (142) <0" converges (Cable 81, #5) 22, gg, (1-8) = ig, [1+ G2)" ot converges (table 8, #5) 28, ig, VI6E = im, 108 n!/ = 111 converge (Table 8.1, #8 and #2) 9 dim, VP = ig Ya =18= 1 converses — (Hales #2) 25, iy, (3)"* =” a = 1 converges (Table 8.1, #8 and #2)Section Limit of Sequence of Numbers 655 36 ng, (0-44)3044) = Jig, x1 converge: let x= 0-44, then we Table, #2) 37 Jig, VP = ig, AYE = 4-14 converges (Table 8, #2) 2 ig, YF ig, 2a ig 90-19 conve (Taleb, #8) 123-f0- 960) 30 im, Be J, Slim, (4)=0 and S20 gig, B= 0 convergen © ig, Gao erg (Tale 61, #6) 6. fin Bodin pases ree ties #9 © i Bho pyres tiem canna yee 48. (A) = tm, 0 dah) = ti, (EA) =o come 46 dig, (244) = 144) )=ine= ts converss (Tale 81,95) 6 ia, (EAS =m, eo (SEH) =, 0 =a, of PFA) a tin) 46. ig, (gq) =m, 0(0 (24) = i, “(i)-=-(5) ia, 00 (=a) = core faces giaaect) 2? > convergen 4, (nzn) = st (ater) "= (hinge) = i, o(=2GP*Y) 24 fig, 09 (goby) =? = 12 0 comers(696 Chapter § Infinite Serie (1-3) =a o(0m(-§))= am -{" i ese - a) (=P ee ©, Fel = ig Mao comers (Tale ns, #0) EEC) a) Gl) a no Poa Bm Gr lhe St Jim, tanta =§ = converges 52g, Jy tan"tn = 0-5 0 converse 58. i, (J+ = i, (WHY) <2 ome (rate, 4) 6 in, = i, ol MAD eg (BBL) = 1 cme 55 J, ofa ow 0 9% i (0—V0T=a = i (n= VaF=a (2A =} = converse s, IVR" ad (5 BR) => eB = = 602; 0, =(f))" and ig, a =2 8. | Yt] 10-9 pay <1 alg = (RB) << (fap) 29m > 8128 Ww 12; Se Yana ood ig a= 9.09) < 107% wins) <-aIn 19-9 a> GEIR esat = N= 69, = (BY ad in, a0Secon 1 Lino Sune o Namen 687 60, 10" a> 0 nd by cer xpinniation, n> 14 N= Mn = Bad i =0 1 (9) P= 2007 = 1,990) = 1 (tb) mat ab ab? 2a? sad 0? 2-2 = 1 a,b) = oo (o-2=( sgh) -2 stata hot In the fst and second fractions, yn. Let repre the (2 1)th faction where > 1 and b2n—1 for na psiveiatgee> 8. Now tenth atone LY aad a402202-20—220 yg2m. Thus a = (©) ggg, n tan-1(J)=4( $22) tm, MOF ADO) 6), where Ax = pn 0) = tant 14a) 23, f(x) =In(1 428) 62.) gi, (8) = im alee) 1 (©) bg, an +9)= #0 6. 20-41, then b= [Sf = [M2 L) ant 4 gf) = aot On = TE] = [20 +20 +B] 20? 420-41 and a? +b (20-417 + (202+ 20) = uP ban b+ nt +B? at 24824 4n+1 =(20? +2041) =e. § 2a 420 ' es (0 di, = Jig, SEEM =o i, arene on - ma 1609 ig on yf), wl) = oh) ee a1 (@) VERF, Siting apposition => AVS (9) (2) Borge value of 2 oo val 2 o er) TeTiBTTTe w ToaasDEATS TaseavT206 @ a TOTRHS6T mearaTe6sT 65.6) im, WP, Y-tn dee(858 Chapter 8 Infinite Seren (©) For atl > 0, thee exit an N= o-9 sch hata > 06 in > IR oe Ina > ta) erode kces|d-olces jig bao (66, Let (aq) and {bbe sequences both converging LoL Define (6) by cag = by deny =a, where 52,3,» For all> 0 thre existe X, such tht when n>; then ag L|<¢ and there exists Np such that when n> N, then|b, |< I'm > max{Ny.N,) then bth inequalities ld and ace [eB] <6 90} converges to Le 7 lg, 88 Jin, n(n 2) im, oxr(2) 66, fig, = i ann x)=2= 1, bce x rman wile et ge (69, Assume the hypothens ofthe theorem and let «be a postive uber. Fo ll there exit Ny ach chat when a> Ny then [4g—L| me Ny thea fey “L] <> ec eg b cee max( Ny Ny) then nec ay Shy Sey eh +E= by Lc fi, by 10. [ay —L] <6 = |foq) ML) ] <= fa) (0) Th Lat be the nit ofthe convergent equnce {a}. Then by denition of convergence, for § there ‘comespon Nave that for all mand 81> Jag L] N=|ay—L) cf. Now Pe Si1= [tL +L ay |S [og] ay |< $4 § =e whenever m > N and a> 8 72, Given an «> 0, by deiton of convergence thee corresponds an sch hat ral > Ny Herm ayh 0 there correspond an N woh that n> Nop [ayo] < F181 <¢ [ml] <> [aI -0] 0 thee coreponds an auch that for > N,|ing|—0] Infinity } Note: for this afm], the firet n for which |a[a]-L|<0.001 is m= 1! Let's find the next. ay =o First check several orders of magniti ‘Table (4, N10 UD, 10) ] Nfsfooo0)~ 1) Nffoa00)—U] Njslo123)—U] Nioot2i)—1) This in the firat 2 for which |a[aJ—L|< 0,001; for 0.0001, we get the rough ef20000}—1) ‘then zoom in by trial & error: {2 SUBSEQUENCES, BOUNDED SPQUENCES, AND PICARD'S METHOD Lagehnsttisboshthbaede he Ba Bg= oi HB = no BE 2 gehen a hits a be Dg Beedtyn thy or = sbi 80 = aah so ma: = sak80 Chapter § Itste Series . bm ene ereenener a eee -haatine tie paws 2i-(B-s) ave (oth) =r) an Re 70, xy = 1190142857, xy = 179205081, x5 = 1732080805; we are nding the postive ‘number where3?—$=0; tha ie, where x? = 9, x 0, o where x = V3. 414219862; we are finding the vi 414213882, x > 0 oF where x 8 (a) 9) ©) 4) 0) 222; the aeuenee converges to 1414219562 ‘an(x)~ I; the nquenc converge o 0.7853081635 = the soquenee 1, 0,1, -2, 3, 8, diverges 10, x= 1 on (1) = 1.540802806, xy = 1540902906 + on (1 + 08 (1) 0793601 + cou(1.570701601) = 570706321 = to 9 decimal place, (©) After a few steps, the ae (3) nd ine segment coy) ace nes the ene a the quarter cele, 10791601, Th tgs By > HORDE 5 MH 5 BAL BO at snag d> anton td 452 the tape ar reveiw the ence nondecreing 842.326 Sn cats 3 1€3; the tap are reveile so the weenie Bounded above by 3. pao QMEDED, 43) Ons n+ 0 | nds 42! nda eH? Gait? Tawa TN ETT 7% (20-45)(20-44) > n42; the steps are reversible so the sequence i nondecresng; the quence snot Bag Sm REN A NET CO 05ers Sri une ithe ary ba rao nendeg ral etomsotesSection 82 Subeoquncen, Bounded Sequences and Pears Method 661 p= 86,0, = 54, 95 = HPL = 64.8 the sequence Is bounded fom above by 648 Ma 2a Pgh phe Boake bb gird aga? pa eee revi rene deen? -} fic? ened om ee 15, a= 1—feonvergs because J — 0 by Example in Seton 6.1 alo it nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1 18, a, =f vere ent noo and f +O by Example 6 in Seton 81,50 he quence i unbounded hy = frond 0<
1; thus the sequence ie onlacesng and bounded below by 1-8 converge Bano Ba LEIET os Var VFR 2 Vis VETTE VEFTE Vi wot LB ‘VA; thon the sequence in noincremsing and bounded below by VB = i converges 282 og aa oatmeal meet e2-13e go 12 AND —4) 9 12 (-2) A thus the sequence noninerensing, However, sus fi = e-7 weno not Bounded below so the sequence vere we etal mana eee) 2" G2" etehee 46()) 24: a enue inning ad unde by = cover(002 Chapter 8 Insite Serie 2, Let k(n) and if) be smo order preserving fnctions whe domains are the set of pestve integers and whowe ‘range are a subset ofthe postive integers. Consider the two mibeuencs ag yay Where aig — Lay ye) Ha tnd ba # a: Given an >Other coremponds an Nach that fF (8) > Ny ay Ly] <6 td 0 Nq such that for if) > Ny [gyn] N, we have that [sy-ta] 0 the compos an Nh that [21> Ny oy =< Sima, igs Lo [28412 Ny fogs Ee} Lat N= mal ‘is even of od and hen E JNy). Then n> = |ay~L]ece wheter 21 a(x) = YF 2+ 1.00000182 in 20 iteration; + 0.999995 in 20 iterations; «rot ist 28. 9) = = 5 ~ 0.0000152 in 5 iterations; ~5 ~ 00000152 iterations; aro 6 0 28. als) = oom xy sm 0.730085 m0. a i SL gle) = 0.1 4405 x 18625 2 xm O8SSTID 82 g(x) = (4 TFRs xy = 38 ay il goss > 0 x, = =o" xy = Yaa mag oy = ny La Hag ntl guew 3, =38 9 44=(s8) =f. 94, 220% fool 12 Owe os [wol> 14, ro0mn 00 43698, Brample CAS Commande Materia (vith comment nextel) ‘SetPreciaion( 1,20) fo] = SetPrecision{ajn—1} + (1/5)"-*,2 ‘The SotPrecisioal ] conmand allovs you to see the specified number of digits rather than the default valve of #ix. ive definition, a{n_Jesafn]s..., causes Mathematica to renenber values "e previously calculated. The alteraative form, forces Mathematics to recalculate all the values of the sequence up to ‘a[n], for each value of my as a result, the first fora is computationally more efficient. Chea eq = Table), (01,25) TisPlotingPlotange— {Minjeg Maxie), ‘PlotStyle— {Point Sae(020), RGDColr 0,0), ‘Azclaba> (3°, *aaP The sequence in Exercise 35 ars to converge to the limiting value of 1.25.‘Section 8:2 Subsequences, Bounded Sequences, an Picard's Method 663 La 125 pn = 0.001; oni, ‘While{ Abeta] > oom, m4, Prin Make > Digite=20; Spocfying a value fr Digs allows you tose the epei—ied number of digits of precision inthe dispa roms of meri eluting ecur(1,35); > ploa(avalastyle=POINT symboi=CIRCLE), ‘The sequence in Exerciae 38 appear to be converging to lilt value of 1.25, > peas ST, Example CAS Commands: 0.02015; m: ‘eer 1000100}: pot tyle=POINT ay mba 60}: 000; + = 0.02015;(664 Chapter 8 Insite Series fo] = 1000; + = 0.02015; m = 12; b = 50; skfe-] s= (1-¢e/mn (alo) + m b/t) ~ ble stab = Table (allah), (h080) | // fakle-$3) == (1+ 1/m) able) + // Simply oa; {Gs 96)] 8i= Ls en raae(h a): ierate(, 0.20, 900) lot(% style=POINT, eymbol=CIRCLE, tide='LOGISTIC PLOT, «= 2.75, «= 301") . Note: We could define afn] recursively, but here ve need only the first several values 50 it's easier to use au iterated Genfanns) fet} = an (Anas) Pooh fsb Neti tr 03, 100 LisPit{ ated ] To plot several Lists together: << Graphiey MultpletintPiot” Paes MattipeLstPiot{ ‘Neth ier, 03, 800 J, [NetLit ier, 0.301, 300} ) 1a 3a MalepeLit Pla Neath! ier, 03, 300 J, NeatList| ier, 0.301, 300") ) ‘83 INFINITE SERIESSection 8 Infinite Seren 685 40 AZERE, a gomenic ns whe n> 1 dverce 8. epttesmyt aerate mn (bN) (dd) ++ (etree) beach i ed 6 aatarys Boar = = (5-8) +8) +(-8)+ +B) (Bath) =a = ig, 8 1s tema ti emai toy 5 Poet etn thevam oth pore nin Ww 8 Fade det steam fe go Ona +0 4 (G+ 9) (G49) (Gp) +i mmo me gomet wtith w i pcp? rOrg 11, 0.410499) +(f-+d) + (feb) + the of wo someting the spp we aefedged nal Bede imeem ta gmat mh =P 3. gaat esas (I-48) (b-4) (++ erat) +(qbs-aen)= aster? i = ip (Iaet)=? 10. 6- ($-D+(G-B)+(f- a) + ate oro gma ee i 8(08 Chapter 8 Infinite Sea aerate tartar ABO wan) 1) a6 (A+n=0 = cheat hom en AEE nf: Bn hao Anda Bt, tc, E msthesy Sehr) (gta) ~abpy) = esum si 3(t—yptg) =3 Gafni wT tat aera (2m +1)? + B(2n +1)? + C(2n +1) +003 ye Aen ieee = A(2n ~1)(2n + 1)? + B(2n +1)? +C(2n + 1)(2n= 1)? + Dn —1)? = 400 = A(n® +40? — 20 ~1)+B(4n? +-4n +1) +4 (80°, ta +1) = D(4n*~4n +1) = 400 3 (BA+8C)n? + (4A + 4B -4C + 4D)n + (—2A + 4B - 20 4D) + (-A+B+C+D) = 400 sasec= 0 BA+ec= 0 sasap—acaad= 0} Ay BCH D= 0 ATSC B= >) -ALaB=6"ap a0 {a8 ap aap 4H > B= Bat A+B ce Dao (“At ByCs Dao Daf a ysgbthrye Cota ane tous Leto «Slat eta) (Hib at ate) =5(0-qebyp)=shemmn tin o(t-getap) 8 abt dete ODO Ded- feted fda] oi et [et mae Gr) Ged Gad) ean) > ati (1-1 18 5=(ma-ma) +(e) *( ira eo + (welsn- a)" (elem mn)Section 8.3 Infinite Series 687 10, convergent geometric aves with sam 20, divergent geome sree with t= V1 22, coa(ns) 1" = convergent geometric series with umn 23, convergent geometric sein with sum 2. ig, n= 20 £0 dives 25, convergent geomet sees with sum Lox = Xp 15 ater math hy Had 2 gm, (1-4) = im, (1458) 04 #0 2 diverge, 28, convergent geomet wre with sm Igy = Eg om § (aby “tiae— ina) ~In(041)]-> m= [6 (2) ~n()] +8) ~ In) +08) In) + (0) +) ~In(a + £0, verges geomet seri ithe 21. i, p= 2° 0 eves. aa F cones Eo 35 a2, 1 = Rp converge phptoe-1 4 YB-4 09 3 > wh th en fhe degen sie(52 Chapte 8 Ifte Seis 1, cmp by he Dit Compan Ta HE which athe ath term of» convergst geomeitc series 12, converge bythe inet Comprnon Tats LESH < snd the para Fy onvrge "cm hie Coin Pat a < (Bi < (GY) tment term of convergent geomet 14 veg bythe Diet Comparion Tt n> n= In > Ina nhs t re te Re Ts: Ji, Y= i, FE i, Ym ‘35, converges; = geometric series with r= <1 verso; by the nth-Term Teat for Divergeee, ig, Ry = 1 40 diverges oe converges Fe verge by the Limit Comparison Tet (pat 8) with heath term ofthe divergent harmonic sete ees aot trates on a, er ba, yr Pui Rag, f= £ gr nheh i divergent pace 2 ES which na convergent pein ig, 8 veges by the Intel Tats i SG) aa Tw cu=yte l= tn Metts) <0 41 converges by the Direct Compaisn Test with 2, the ath tem of «convergent pain: ?—1 > a forSection 84 Svea of Nonnegatve Terma 67% Bato a8 t)>09 9 aVT=T> 0 > Jaye (1+s8) =< 40 4. divers i, 8 =i, (52) " 40 . . 4% conver yt Rao Tat li “RE ig, Oy a ig, BSS = bc + cova ye atta ig EE, EMA ae = tim, (*#2)Q)(B34)=3<1 46, converge by te Ratios ig, ES = , (EPy AS , Ge=8< cme a de de ch a le nan Gap 4 cme nel Tt Jose =f seavetoort aA 1 ty en Tat Pt ical d | ae [hnw)! = lim, 40a b-I0 3) =00 49, comets bythe nel Tas Jroeentan | tee =P im, (tae tenant) r=? tte omnes a note in, et a = ita Hercris(@ Sve by eit Capon Ts GUE576 Chapter 8 Infinit Series dream fa, = t, (1- te (14GB) cerns 59, converges by the Diet Compaen Pats I< 2 = yor n22 54, ver bythe Diet Compan Tas IyB> fora 2 5, converge by the Lit Compson ‘Tos (pst 1) with Jy the ath tem of = convergent pie: 2a Ro oa STR Bena Po 3. camveres by the Limit Comparison Test (pact 1) with 4p, the nth term of «convergent pero: in?=: lg Fortes) 2 =a, spe ie Ste te St, converge by he Dnt Compson Ta: 0°28.< Fy and convergent pei and a noner constant f A$f romemoase coop bye Dit Compton Ta: wate co tga cows Bag tye rodet of convergent patie and a nonzero constant 60, he th Tem Te for deg i,» nH) = wv in, Mego 2 arn mnt etl Taam [eu Jac=ha0 dn phy i, 210g) -2 (chp) =2 In 1-2 (ey) = 2m (=H)Section 64 Se Nomen Teme 677 2 covery the Rat Tats i, ett i, CRED yy 8a oe he tetr spproaches 1+ § while the denominator tends to co * (aes 8, diverge bythe Ratio Tet og, 3 = ig, EEE — uy, 4, rae sean = rte Ses = (=a ( Pats) es = (COAL zanna (l(t) 229) (An sas thy en = lh conta sei = YES aig, 4 =1 because YF} 2 eabenuence of {} whow imi by Tale 8.1 shee (Q-ne(W) =O) -0" seay= (J) <(B) whichis the mth-term of «convergent geometric seis (65. verges by the ntb-Teom Test: oy =) 4 66, converges by the Direct Comparison Test: 67, (8) Hig, GE=0, then here exits an integer N ch that forall n> N, [980 > ngbe Tha i bag hn a neg he Pent Comp Ta Yeu Bap contre byte Bc Compare To tense ay 62, fig, $226 te ean nee N ch ht rl a> 8 BST > Be IEE a ove then Tb, convenes by the Dect Comparion Test 10, ay converge i, a, = there exit an Integer N such that forall >N,0 Se, <1 eek coy 5 ab converges by the Distt Comparison Test 15, f (hye) oe pig one tlt eal(678 Chapter 8 Infinite Sie ‘a> 1. Ifa <1; the terms ofthe series eventually come negative and the Integel Test doesnot apply. From Gi | eal -oe, tn baba-i(d 1 othe ein converges to n($) = In 2 ite = f and diverge toc i conch ita. tta> the terms ofthe sen eentuly become nesive ed the negra Te on no apy ‘rom tht point on, however, the series behave like a aegatve maliple ofthe hasmoni sei and wo it dlvergen ra tb yn E qanddye 8 Payy eben (4) a nnneng uns fp rm convent (. Note shat {Ay} and (B,} ate nondecreasing soquences of postive terms. Now, By = Bay Ant Bag aot Pn) = Mt (28 Dy) + (Ste 2g By 2g) oe + nyt Many tet Bhan) $B +2 (a 209) (205 2g 26 a) em + (2agnnay* Mgant 1) te tANam)= PAS? Ee Theor if oy converge, ‘hen (B,} is Bounded above > > thy converges Convey, Apea (ert) +c tes teeter totam tty Hag tot gn =m By cart SS Bay ‘heros it $F aby conver then (A) it bounded above and hence converges A, which diverges 60 amass aaten? & ME Paty S aaem © awed £ Pan =F Mab £ Gen § (5 converge ith < 1 or p> 1, but diverge if p> 1 somatic ein that so] ate [arg] J odo fi Joram) PARE EP sateen kde mreSection 8:4 Sven of Nonnegative Terms. 679 [ta (tb) ~In (ln 2)]= 2,40 the enproper tpch Pope | fel, late att legal dv ity =. (Sie hc nd he naga cane des oer, $s cnvrg and ony > 16. (0) o 8 mem tS aa (8) p= 3 the series convergee the eves diverge 01 > the ein converge 1 the sven diverge nate J, =, eee PE wtinl p= { | (ain 2Y y= di, p=. le fa) = (In 2), then In f(a) = 202-2) nas Ja, Y= Papa nto een nner sig wt fi, ME, = =0 = i a ig, OY == tte fig, Yap Lg cg ne nin (em, cro) 0 1a Teo > a fig, gale = 0 => ener bat Eira S pga divert aise pg > lg an SI ea svg pao converges abenately ice $y atop tnd spy

Goetry> 0 an ig comengncs bt £ =F pyrene bene hy2 ft bine dort ie 18 conversely base thai [8 converge by the Diet Comparion Tet since 8] <4, 10, diverges by the nth-Term Tet since ji 242 28 cover odin ne) =n xan nig eon ox 6 = dein orbpsmtay om Pond Jin, gg > envercs at E a= Sam a1, Jot h) <0 = te ie deceming and ence 84> Hogs > Oforn2 Land ip, (4+) =0 = converter; but $ jay = FE LAE =F b+ § bis tesum ote convergent and civerget sre, and hence diverges 12, converges absolutly by the Direct Compariaon Tes fa the nth term vere 23. comer acta the Rat Ta i, 2, veg bythe hrm Toss Jip, 4, Ji, 10/160 (Table 8) {lows 25, converges absoletely by the tn Y a (Aa) ee in, = i, [fear 'o (tan = ilay y-@]=Section 6 Alternating Seis, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 683, 26, converge contin sine) = Fa) = LDH) <0 dering Jarre [@) 2 Emin, aad = convergence; bt by the Integral Test, = m,n (a ¥) Ina 2)]= 99 2, diverge bythe ath-Tarm Tet nce Jin, 2 #0 (e-t-to (0-8 28, conven conditional sine 0) = = fa) = PE s-(l)-mex+(3) 2G) 2) sta <0 2 gs 20 en >on i, cee hob gaze fem =0 = convergence; but I & vege by the Dicet Compatizon Tet fm 29, converges ably by the Ratio Tet Ji, (84) = Ji, GOUT GBhpe= ti, = 0<1 0, converge buat since $y = & (BY isa convergent geometric series 21, conengs sty bythe inet Comparnon Te wince Foy) $8 rE srphg 38> 1 0, diverges by the mth (aren) Jig, (VER. oi ®t 40, veg bythe therm ‘eet sice i, ( EF VE~ Vl) i, [vera ve (#23) eaSection 85 Alternating Sves, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 685 £2, omerg coatnaly since [GL a dng suns of pate ems cane 0 + § rennet are ag Sern. vo thas Jr RTT Meee bythe Lin Compan Tet wih Ld 12, aoe ely by he Diet Compan Tne eh) = prog = BB = we the ih erm aang poe se Meh Is 2 divergent p-etes 4 com sy by ne ot ae [xtc | (gw emt | ae =-70m | de 2 i Lette 2 a Let "(P) ctl i-(ey =-2 i, [fn (S4)~4 o(44)] = (EH) n(n, (G4) =io(G 4) 07 2 Emin § ences 45. senor <|(-08(Q)|=02 46 veronic|(-0°(h)|= 0.0000, 4 eon | (1 OM" | = 2107 48. perorte|(ttt]=t <1 48, hy IE = 200000 925-9 1-4 feed o-iate 50, ye Sp ocala ze lore h ft yh gat de oseresio BL (0) 2 Mugs fall sncef < (since $ jui= E [CG +(4)]= E,W) + (GY erm atte abcaey comers even we ca ratange the terms of the or. teres ond ie sum: Gsbede ded a686 Chapter 8 Itnite Seis Bagge t—fe ff fy gy 04MIN = oy eg Ones 58. The one terme ae $ (19975) = (1 (gn aga) +O (tagaa) on = DP 4a 8sea) (Sasa Aone): Hach some tem is ponies the remainer has the same sign as (—1)**%, which the sgn ofthe ist unused term Sensrptrlatsht tage § meg (beh) = (1-H) (G-B) (GBC Be 4 (each) ih ar tia terme sete hee won wk er h)=(-1) dG) Deebrd)e echo = =a (1-zh) sins (tpha)egdyst theme =i (1p) = 1 both seven converge to 1. ‘The sm ofthe ft 2041 ser ofthe fit 55. Ung he Dnt Compaion Te ey and a, dene we mat have hat yc 6. [apt sotieltnt fel trallm the & jy jcmere = a come and hee ‘opty tat | Eas Esl 57. 0) $ Jag +by| converge by the Diet Compaion Tet since, +by||2y|+ land ence E(t) conven abacety (0) & oglenvenns > by canveres abot sce $ converge abate and LE, -5 cooveres ata, we have $ fog +-b01= (ana) convera att by pat (6) (0 E testeomerra = 1 ose [tay lemvrne + Ey oven tty 8. ay =,= Ca Fev thn SH Scones bat £ abe S fares sos Jere},Section 8 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 687 sschic b cdot ibn, adm -oan, sebbbi 62. (9) Soe Eaten yo Mfr > 0 the am inte eh | Eat we(E eS, vst} |- Ss converges to L ofr €> 0 there i an integer Nj (which we an choos gzeter than or egul to) such cb Bich os hat gE fe dls, nic anf E cf 0) Testes emg sayy to Tha oe ite ee ole whenever > Nj. Now all ofthe term in the sequence {Iba} appene in {jy} Sum togtber alo the tesa er, wt ince lf the ers yan et Ny be the let nde inthe sum 3 [ys bat, The] 32 I+ | cease $ [lense tom. 41,0) #$ intone te $a com nt Ey +4 Et converges whee by = 2 {: ita20 aco (1 gjomea ta Foy covenant) a, bE ie gu [erney sol. converge where y= ee whee ans fa, <0(62, The arms inthis conditionally convengent series mere nt added in the onde ven 43, Her isan example figure when N=6, Notice that yay > ay and > a> Hy, But 62 Hyg OE nes. a 4 6 POWER SERIES » da fect dn eves: when Lapel Lexct whens Awe have $ (1), a divergent sre have $1, vege series (2) the radius 1; the interval of convergence ia —1. -t9ex-2<00 Bex it when x= 8 we have FE (Pn divergent seis; when x= 12 we have $1, a divergent (o) the rion 10 the interval of convergence 8 << 12 (©) the interval of absolute convergence is -8 eee ol cto iin, SEPEED ci inte we bave (7 hp 4 vr in th thr Tt wen x we fener an) @+ne+2) lex etwhen x= vars $y = dee te (0 the da he nerf coreg A (the ea of abt cvvergece 1 << (0) there eno vl sich he oe nin600 Chapter 8 nfnite Serie 10, 2 i, st, [S821 im [SEAT tact cali, (gy) <1 beter SNC RH RCL 9. 3x4; when <4 (tie, gr) Vw ) gig, PT fle = 30019, (Gy) <1 for all x (6) the aan i; he aie converge for ll x (0) the sto convergiabcitely fr all x a wohve SPF an aban ti ote BP acta nrg age =13 1s, 16 x. Section 86 Power Sei 691 (6) there azeno value for ich the series converge conditionally psa ain, [22] <1 am, [aac = 2 at (gh) <1 tae (o) the rin 2 he mei converge fr all = (0) the seis converge abot fo all x (©) there ae ovale for whch the ses converge conditionally Be, [P82] <1 > gi, | EP esther | <1 e+ si, (Gp) <1 for ax (0) the ad the sein converge forall (©) the meri converge bolt fr all (6) there ate no valve for which the sees converges conditionally dn Papers am se ctexctvohe ast wnt £ Enyce sheen & gps dere oven (0 the aie interval of onvergnce —1< <1 (0) the inter of saute convergence ie =1-<-<1 (6 he sere convegecondionaly = -1 sin, |*322| <1 si veal ae Ect sai es a otc tinben xt we bie § Toho, vega ss whee ‘conditionally convergent seis ctsini yg, GEE <1 einer coor i, [EME st lca Ele (BH) cr GHC [xb slcb9 $1485 8c 85 when x= 8 we ve FE APE $F (oayto, a divergent ast sie when A= Sade ie682 Chapter 8 Ifnite Series (0) the radius ie 5; the iteval of convergence is 8 eptlcr teeter nt me have $b, a divergent serie when x =O we have sp -Bex42e2 9 teed) when x (CAP ue aerating harmonic seres which converges condi ly (a) the radius ie 2 the interval of convergence int. c <0 (6) the interval of abenate convergence —4-< <0 (6) the series converge conditionally at x= 0(604 Chapter 8 Infinite Serie 42) cr aate-tigi ( si | VE-2|<2 > 2< ye-2<2s0< rc si, [tft ig, (ER at cs | vented acyinncraveys 06x 16; when x=0 we have FE (1), a dvergent series when x= 16 me have $& (1) «divergent ve ss the itera of comenece 60 <3 16: them $ (A=) i coset promi when 0x < 16 and tou ie a7 a2? TE Eye) eve J Pas) =2, OD = 249, Pa) =24 0-8) pyle 07, Pgs) = 2+ He)? hye? aati t > 49) 40) = (18 face SG sen IBN cuter Bg? ttt hy Tat TH ince the caine ban even function bo tenpajarenser CQ cone alate gegote.)o(iceg gaat..Jeregegteate.Section 87 Taylor and Maciaurin Seroe 102 egeted ees atesie)-Conn gat eotbae Sern 18, 3) =x! 20 50-44 £0) = 486525, (a) = 1B? 1, 9 Fa) = Oi n> 5 0) =4, 10) =-5, £70) = 0, 1%) = 12,1900) = 4, #10) = if >5 =n HBa Bat ct 2c 5c tt xtn8 ont 14a) = (ch) 3 #0) = 04 1; (a) =2 5 FH) = itm 2 8 0) ozs tia tenes fe at taets! (0) =2, £0) 2 #0) = 018 oo) £0) 2410-9) + 60-27 + (0-2) 2 —2, (x) = Ox, M(x) = 6 = Mx) = 0 if n> 4 (2) =8, £12) = 10, +1062) +FFia=28 fe 2? 16, fa) = xt et 4 #0 rt) ect 12, 4 uy 1-1) 328, 0-3) = 9, 1"1) = 216, 4-3) = dita woah aata nd eat 9 = 742841) P+ BBG PGE! 1420-1) AN 7 = 18+ aD 1, 9) 3-8 9) =~, 0) = 1 fa =1,f)=-2, 0) =20—1)+.360— 109) = ata f= (DMO DEE 4) = yo Mt Pate 5 iret yon 18 0) = PE FO) = (1978) = 2010), = BEL HY) = £0) =0,F(0) =1,%@) cette s Eom 18, a) =e 3 1) =e) =F 3 HM) =D) =A LAA, AMD AP Senet D+F 4G aP se F Goe-2" 2, 3) = 2 Fx) = 2 In 2 a) = 20 29, () = 2a 2 Ma) = 2 2 Ht) =2, = 2, (1) = An 27, £1) = 200 29, ML) = 200 29° era ein 1) +22 hg MOD atom MEMES102 Chapter 8 Infinite Serie no cotsee fee Seema tscm SB ce neers. UE wee ete eB geome. =1-f+ ga-ga 2 sin x= = aie RED 5 ae § Gar eee Raat yeetebtgnetd -£ Seas eevee EP ew vin SEES GR gaa he moo Howtan(§ 8) § lant epegate. we anse GP a tense § GT) E GR Hof recor § EE sete SO ras ah pe. mance fo anes gie(§ GT) eg = (AH Bit ti titi tiie § Gray see Pawan RE Pata, * cokers be i Peet ea Get) Spat ra TaSection 8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 703 (2x)? 2x) (2x)* (2x)? _ (2x)* | (2x)° HB 28.) EB Boone § me estantaretanits Bustos COIN a 2 at ath s a ee EEE EE ret be+ = Fatt E ore 38. By the Alteraatng eves Eaimation Theorem, che error i lea than EP 2x8 <(8)(5. 10-4) nF < 600. 10-4 xtc VCTO 0.068 0026, where ci between ss ton e= Banc tn tee elle sl 2 and x; since the net term in the sees is positive, the approximation 1% is too mal by the Alternating Series Extimation Theorem 1, Mn = and < 10° then he err = |= |= 9-9 |< OD watt" eh been dx The Alntig Si Pinan Tr ye) he sansa ws. Monova xen x 0 Cin x—x = RAG) x <0 10 0 Ape b- fe sterorteghy «01 Bh he tae ‘series representing 9-5, then by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, 1 ~ Lan =82-(1-¥)>0 ‘Therore 1-7 |(P +a P)—| Sh Let Paxee six PsinP alsin x < AP < BRB 10-9 <,510°% = Pla P ger an approximation to correct to 30 cima 64.169 = $a thf Mo) >=! tr eng integer, Ted the cones of) re detalwth he coneponling fens athe Maclin se () ad the statement low Eola 2a get and #0) =a 88, Mate: even + f(x) =f(2) 3 —F(- f odd = (=x) =e) = #8) alo, fod > 1-0) = (0) = 200) (4) Ife) neve, then any odd order derivative i odd and egal to Oat (9) 4 £(-3) = (9) > oda: Therefore, y= 4,2 05 that ithe Macautn svi for f contains only even powers () Ua) ned, then any vender desivative i dd and equal to@ at x= 0. Therefore, ny = 85 = 8, =o =O ha i the Maclin serie for f contain only od powers 6, (4) Suppose) lee continuous peso action with eid p. Let xg be an rbiteary tel number. Then £ ‘seuss minim ma, nd «maximum mi inthe interval fp +9 Le, om < te) < mfr all xin fro‘. Since fie poi has eactly the ame vals on al ter interval f+ stp +2 fs 2P + Spe ad Poth fp =P ~Pe nan forth, Thai for al el numbers woo py Maina m me Nn= mo? ate He) Sb =f@) > im sb ayes in Segoe ose by = hay tte al) =H) + (oye 0) + ea? = 458-64, Brample CAS commands: Te x> (1490/5 lta), x = =1.2); tmps=proc(a: ever (eax) x=0,2),polynom) ends nid p= ol w( er deh 0.2, tle = ed Desvaive) = (ua) > Masex(at)/40) 2) x=0.2 l(a), “Maximum Remainder Term Using PZ); 7.2, te = Pantin and Taylor Polynomial P2);Section 88 Applietions of Power Series 707 plot(() ~mp(), x=-1,2, tile = Maximum Error Fustion D dera}exntl) lot), Rls itl: pltt4(R8), x=-1.2, 220.2); Sel fal, {203} } /f Normal Send th), (202) | // Noval Ser| fal, 203) ] // Normal rey m2 a ‘mi x2/2t Plot{ ee, (sab) ‘m2 3/31 Pit re, (sb) ‘m3 34/41 Plot{ re (xb) Note: Tn estimating Ra fron these graphs, consider oply the portions vhere © ie between D and x: (Mathematica has no’ simple way to plot ealy that portion.) Plot9D{ Me) 2/21, (xb), {eab), PlsRange-> All | Plot90{ te) 2/34, (ab). (cab), PlotRange -> All Plo te) 4/¢, (ea), (Gasb}> PlotRange > AU) Plos{ (isheliots}ate). tab) | {8 APPLICATIONS OF POWER SERIES OC CHD? wt we cede (HCD YN-Desr 1 tae pee wahoat tho beget. OCOD», 2 ena rsp GA” Jo er’ foetefee pte es...108 Chapter 8 Infinite Seis DCDCDC pe ye 4 dager hat 4 (vagy ar-a(g)e 2G enna) atthe pe 6 (1-ay"= rag eC cncancoay sleae hte 1 eer er pe GDE™ DHE? nero ge OGD COCICBE? baahe ge font bta dt Hate o. (144) 2144+ EDO OLDO WENA, etka a) DYE WDC DEA ne caer ae OB NSN a bat Peres OMT OOM sr yaetest ts, (a9 21 436-29 4 OER, WOME? gato 4 (pteree(-g) QO o@emteay oro tates heb at 15. Assume the sation has the orm y = ag +e Faye? hy Epa oo Went tame a Bermtectad tment tae ton saryetmstacttesnntud eax wohSection 8: Applleatons of Power Sein 700 16, Ame the cui ae he form y= ay Hye ta a ta! bag oan tact tages so By = (m= 28) + (Bag het (8g — 2a) + y= DE 3 8)—2ap=0, 26,26, =, Sng = 2oy =O and in ental mg, 25, sob Theos m= Hp = 20) =2,85= $e) = 30) =F as = Bos = 3) =, (Dina Bo yet ht sets ates, 9 oor, oy Oe Oa Oy. Oa I. Since y= 1 when x= 0 we have 1+ (20) oP. 17 Amat a erm py gt gaat ge een tint actanat Baran HO mH Oy a HH Om DE ce wy nding mmo Sey 0 whe wee ghee Perky wate sp ynoe tet feteglye tach ttt wie we have eat =(1s netfee glyt that tt det 18, Assume the wotion bas the form y = a9 + ayx-h age? a gage TAM een ttt toes (baa) theta bay tani toto te 2a, =, Sng ad in rer my 0. Sie y= 2 when ech eb h eager byes ata(tonebe aly a Be.) we have 2952. Therefore nxt be 10, Aware the soation has the frm y +e teetea tote tt ta, Ben ete anat mg) + (ag =m) (885 — aD oo (Og — By OE. Teatysaye0 snd ingen nny may = Shuey 20 when y= There 9 = 0,024 aay Mf lyse P we have yet 4, chpTHO Chapter 8 Infinite Serie sy sosoehet ghee byts tot date. (ete peep eat tate ers 20, Aue th sation hse fom y= + 6 oan tient tn +7 = (oy) my ta Be bed? bt OQ, aa = aod in geeal ay Fj = Sle shen x= 0 we have 1+ (2a, 28g) + (30g +205 $y) + (ag +205 + DP + oo (Oy ya 2, +2ey = 0, Say + 8 = 0, dag + ag = 0 and in general nay +» =O Since y= 3 when sre have ng = 3. Therefore ay syste BHSecion 88 Applications of Power Seren 711 BB y mag tae taal tot aye a Ray bS tage MONET © (a= 8) (2am aye ay) A= Daya Hn 3-2ag— =O, 43ay—ay =O and in general n(0— Dy = 0- weave ay =O and a =1. Therefore ay = 0,84 = hp, 84 = 0,85 = 5 aycdorexede rhe ton ES Gy aaah BW. yaagtae tag tthe By EB Bagh EDR yy = (2,4 0)+(Be2ag at Ang aE Dg ta gE oO Bly oy =O, 0,4:84¢40) =O and in gar na ayy.) =0. Since 1 and 4) =0. There ay = fas 4s =p oe ne EE ac n. sata tag ata tS et tae DRE (2a, 0g) + (8-2ag bade (34 8g) Fo OC Hig aE wre have 4g = 2 and dynes tau ede peter tandtecnnene § CUM sate ta bat eto Y= ti tS dagen ala Dae Eta = (=m) +826) (Hag ag (0 — Diy aI Wyma t af 2) oye 2P ohn OP te Pay $8 Pal 2) +. MaDe eB ee yoy (0m = 9) 4 (8-064 NED HEB IE BE + ((0= Day male IPE 2,84, = =I, 43q—ay and in eral (0 = Dy Ap ed ay =-2, Thao y= 52 =112 Chapter 8 Infinite Sei ween ff tear Sal amr | BR By by = (Peg Bay) + (BSeg— fg E+ Bodog 2 Sy tag +. HD 200 aay Hey 2H 0 Bay 26 y=, Body hay, =O, Bday 2-y Hoy = and in ger (2= Dns ~20— D4 += 0. Sac sehen x= 0, we hve y= O and srenttebe rtd ». rays] (ee terre hg 0.0008 35.0) F)= | (+f Fe)avelP ted] ath er GB ane tt ttt 0! gee worinn | (t-hoFfo)aafidt edt dedt- [ageSection 88 Applizaion of Power Serea 113, cosy’ steric OFF cones (0 sory On Fa) BB Alec aed ((ergsge.-i-x)eprgegie = im S09 sett) (same Ged B-(-BafeenJPendefetiens ag DEE = 1g (8-8 +)“ # ¢ 9 2( te) a8 (tet dpe deg) =the gt (v1) nin, (4d gae-)et 3 vatyany (1-94 )-( et) (eet) (ae) G pn is SEP tat Ge). a ae EE Oss) nie). Gene) = 0+ gh-agptag apt > a smth) 48(Caghptagsa) Baga.) (28 Bat Jexatate) y S| ctpewben x= 01 beta ee RH eI ote 4. to(E48) =1m(049) nd) =TU Chapter § Ifite Seis sor < by e108 18 when 2 8 7 ee M6 tartan BE a 2 tans converges for ix < I scan Ji, lar -ts|= 2 gm, [324 eax -t we ba $6 {CU ch cornet sg whe wet BGO ake ema tia ei tg Srp AF (0) (1a a NE wate 8-5:42n— 1920-4 1)248 2-4.6-0(00)2n41) Fd Nae WOE 8a sortenfouenga (oo PH eg eB aE or e(forecn CA DOrcet YDDorrce? . sebe(an-3e CHCDEDO OT ea age oy ge satee [0-07 aa] (1 EES U aa eta Dee +!Section 89 Fourier Series 715, Bagh eth tartan pb gle gets tan(tan“Na41))-tan(ta"*(a=0) (a4 1)—(0=2) i tan( ao DY an( tas *(@=) “TS ATIOH) at = tar) 80, (a) tan(tan-*(n-+1) tan f=) “tan4—t42) 4 la (V 1) tan (= 1) = tan 1 an (2 =1)] = (tant 2 tas) (e004 tas) (oF (3) = [eons tent not] sin nx x= — pp con ne, = geo ne) —cxe(nn} = 0 Thee =a of +) =o womaesd| cor oe =(~gh) nm +(o) nme =0 j (ae) som _+(-ah)oe ef += telco 0— con (—nn)] +(~ bp) (cos a ~ cos 0) = delta = t= elt (099) ‘Therefore, tt) = 8 i-Corysnm seb | iemcteed [ona16 Chapter 8 Insite Series saged] xaredel 0. (sous xinan od tinction sen} [ xeon dc=0, (menue x cra isa od ection) sesh osemeced [ete tessa =H(- Hoon in|) =—feoracn aco oes BOE done shh aroaed ede ot at (tw eon de ff) da ae peae ne] te) $F oomacets £ AG sa acet BAP sa (Compt i ol wth he or dia pl an 82) vat] Gao amet Affe emesis], = Ffeanar Rar, ” (oven fanetin) wasn on 4p ose me] = poorer wad | Aunmdene (04d neon TiereSection 49 Foutie Series 717 6 =] Bane sinh | Poem aen dfn acs Beard se] = for AS *)e}siah © 1 woth eee ae ay co nx dx = 4 2te( (diame hems) = bpenas(e ota me dx =f ate —Hesenes dina) ops pt) = BP aoe Tet tonbeanes $A ware MED ean ibe SMa MSU oa] =taphal § & SY conan asin » suck foucde ae ife corncde= dfs (dao one oem) =4()(Somr-)= ain) oye | tants18 Chapter 8 nfnite See (Ga) Fei aecu +l ‘Therefore, tos § sae cutee § sehen tne ias[-=0 not coromann{ tt) + eot[eonet Seok [caine * -+{ at ena te_cnlns 1 Ce en (StS aeHL a weay fi) =foooxe} & EMM 10. wobfaeeiprees sot] oped] ope aie cain! lta = hal(-ur-t]eo Seah] sm eptoced| suena dh oa steal [deta = he" 0-1] =e ‘Therefore, woab 8 Daye § dynaSection 89 Fourier Serie 719 ” seb] comceemdso ml tran 2 =] sin ux dx = 0 “Thon we can wit sin th for: toa} & OM cote on stags | macet | rocos tajeme(are) =? | mar deals eee act on Bali etn ft) = $+ FE Pal-0%—1] 00(009 yan} (21) dx = (x22 46 4 ‘a wp 5 n= [0-1 ctor ant | (=1) enon ie =[25P2 sacra tof sf anton hater] = alco tal 1 2 stor ¥] coy anams acs | (=1) nor) fs120, Chapter eine Sven = [Sa tor ~ fa anto4|5ectorn) + Banter =| fae Fs [ arcane sha on] = (1) in MF dea — Be in BE] ‘Theetore, fa) a$e 4B orc enter +8 Hay eon nore 2 14. f(s) = xh en od funtion. nob xc mano wet [omnes dy em de [Beans nee ne] = 4S e rf in ne conor] GI +3c0-3] =9[2=2ew—9] ‘Therefor, toad § SP Base 18, From exercise #5,Section 9 Furie Se 2 16, From Bein 46,0) = $+ $e MDP cos F (LIM gp ane, Seng = 0 and multiplying both side by ves = te pte Note: The Fourier sriea wil converge v0 Oat x= 0 coche sn AE, hia mesa (mn afr) 0 18, { sin MES x= hye ESE = pen mcm] = pot me con me) = 0 oon B= le Ben AB =} { foe OE a 30, itm fn, by exerci 17 foonre orpenrtacca| (ommenjacd | magmas | 2041, byecie 17 =k 20, sin A sia B = foe AB) ~coe(A + B)) A [oop mela [et pane Poompanmpzeneg (ee tpaccd | ach | ota =1-0, =kTR Chapter 8 IfsiteSeier 2 a Aco Be in(A-5)489(A=B) trmas [ seaport y | [un Ot an Mane bye 8 men, MB ot x=} f (sn E40) oc 0, ty eee 8 22, Itwofanctions fang, re piecewise continuous o an interval f then wi +g. This tue been af the popes of iti, (e+ af] = ti 9) tim 3) =e) +*) and tim.) +a) lim 3) + lim. e(0) = (7) + 4(€°). Therefore iff and g are pice continuous on then ols + 2 ‘his rnult alo apple tothe functions and thats IF and gare picewie continuous on I, then ols P+_'= (C8) Consequently, Theorem 18 appli to +5, and £44 eal ots Fourier series tal points ‘tcontinuity, and at jump dlcontinuite in £45, the Fouier series converge tothe average (Cale) H(A) _ Mle) +f) , 44 Herp ef) where fe), le), a), and (e") denote the right and eft mits of fang a 28 (a) Since the function fe) = and its derivative f() = 1 ate continuous oa 7 = (F-8) +E) +(E-) ++) wbnhr? ta sols @-eth)=t 2 rains WES eT = (Fh) E+ H)+ GR) + (est) --Pah> in sd (-Hath)=-#(Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 131 25, diverges, paso with p= as, § Bas © 4 cvegs since ine somaro mlipleof the divergent harmonic seen 1, Since fs) = y= Ha) =~ hyy <9 i derenting = ag < ty ond Ji = i, Pao, she seine EP converge bythe Ateating Stn Te. Since $f veges the ven see cones conditionally 28, converges altel by the Dect Canpatoon Test ince hy

Ly, whieh e he mh eo divert sen. Sic) = gy Fa) == ah <0 9 cei > tgs = Ine") > In nt a > n= Int ln >in(ins) > pHBAs> fhe th em of the divergent harmonic erie Ina)132 Chapter 8 Infinite Serie ca Ve a z =2G=2) 22 aya cm ford fe 9 sce a) EG = BEA ca een x22 gn im, ax (0) the radon ito; the eros converges forall = (©) the sates converges absolutely for all x (0) there are no vale for which the serie converge conditionally (en ye 2 Pet i [ME gt ttemsigy Bhp tei a otctectctsoctecaetexcfiain=0wehae § CUSCI. § on fessor names cmp hay rat x tare EUEOP CO hi cove sty (2 the aon nf he interval of convergence a0 5 (©) the intro abot convergence 0 << (© there ate ale for which the seri converges condonally oi PA, pig ete mt | ttl ag [at ml [ees get aa Gees <7 dil see sae | a BSplly cia itetiices 2cmticas semcis—fexchi ates —fwehve BAL BE = 8 COO ain verges by the ath-Term Tet for Divergence since si, (bi) = pA oat =f weve ‘Term Tet 3 Bich tn dv byte the (0) the aon ihe interval convergence 9c < (0) the nev of abate convergence it fc cf (6) here ar vals or which the sro converges contol © am [ler a [ety Gehn £9) = 66041) L(e—a)? +... (oy=-ht=Z.easa had hea Se-a? 6810) = feet 0) et FG) Be OO) =O Ho) BH) 0) =Bok=b deo + hone? een tages tant tie = (4st) (Be tape (ym) fg =O and in poe 24 4, spas Peseta t4a-ftt slp? Uy srta 2. (Chapter 8 Practice Beene 137 Assume the ston bas the form y = 4850-87 bot aE a (ert) (aga aya ORR PE HO ay OD {ay —1 =O ad in gota mag =0. Since y =—3 when dapat lan oy 0 we have ay = =3. Therefore a = -3, ee oe Aamume the solution has he form y = ap bay yet QP AE a Benetton tte Zea 2g) (2g +285 +P (Oy HN a Sincere 9 when x= Owe have ay =. ‘Therefore a = ~24p = -2(8) = ~8(2), m= —Bay 402-9 =9(F)oay is @))-9() ss O(( SEF) -o(9*) sw pes-van she shen aslen 2, Sine138 Chapter 8 rone(§)e+ shyt tbat a na(iect peep tbat tpt. )-s-ten2 B B-saeaatas 74. Assume the solution bathe form y= ap FOC A PH Serer ladies (61a) + (Ron Haye (ag Hae at ty tag Et a ay ky =O, Bay tay = 0 when x=0.me have ag = 0. Therefore 15, Ame the satin bathe frm y= apache hg a oan stuntictangt tn co ey (Lm) H(t mH OM Hao OnE ty 8, ayy Sayan ad in ren, eh ah Fa ge Perby wetted beats dpkg na(ece pe tgp tacdpatttdate toner & Boteemte 7, Ame the mation ba the frm y ap Faye tah Ben stgetctagtt sce Bay = (81780) + (28a A (88g Bg a Cy AEE jay = and in gener nn, 0, =O for n>2, Shee y= 2 then x=0 we have ay 22. There neta tpteh a= Baga Perby wetted se yenetce tt gly gcfagst tpt = (texte tglpt tg +tdattjeter= E Bettecetect wan ete shee HSB) TER GEE.) 8 ORES.)Chapter 8 Practice Beers 139 (vegeta )-(neeGfen)nae (Gefen) fe tien 17 ba Speer ae) Tee) 7 tg (rote = tg SPEEA! ty eS a te 4 ty (SPF etat)=0TAD Chapter Itite Sei 14 (0) ccm be fs crc SGE a an em ht (©) Mhe approximation sin x SE beter han sub] tower a] royeamac=t | cmmared | sormann dren adeto a oe sat] tosinman = | menaced | tie mendbeol onl ‘= pet ~ con ne) ~ Py (co8 ar — 1) = p(1 ~con mx) = (1 — (-1)*) +4 E aphpsintcen— 109] Taro te) =f + (0 —(-2)) sin me wa} Jose foe [ost y= [tomas [roromaee[iggetnttany| = = dal") = feo senecace | xs ore =i asa = sp cop herfore, 0) =f Peo arc b SG in are soak] toad | ernee bor) =a ne tintin eae fine AY fea are yr(Chapter 8 Practice Exercises TAL af) 21-2 awe nyexe} | snser= pocorn [ =? j =] dn xeaxax=0 ool sine sae = fetal =} 2 aa] si eo arte = ffef0= Bsns ( Hla acta SRE See ese rece i =4 | weemncer= yfasfo=ps- feel - [esgezpel sateen ‘Therefore, ohm be fenced § CP cma de fainned £ tact) wl fa)dx=}2+4=3 set] mace] erp] omens] seem ilate er) eee pte eM vei] compen] oops | orosepa] mae [a denne ogden) a (ytat iosour aye mratan fo) =} §, SG (OR) BE SE aa ep)142 Chapter 8 aie Serie ml tonal +] foal si]e} ~ifemere [| mri | ee] “cts (PII oheo(P)E = sFalo(4F)-) si] acre mcs] eer] he (dec rom, = eo ()-o wontea er (dente) at a wrmetf ores f wenged] tomanuerf ame wat| eome | xebned] eoeaepe= | clei [pte C) +8 Rf = toler) F) Motes 0) = 148 S (donor) -459(8)) (OH) Ort | 10) (ox = | (OBB) = ~ ain Mt) - secon a+ ec) Beno fo) 8 (fea) Bom arson) S(O)90. (0) =f (Chapter & Practice Execoes 742 ort | deme don finet | eommicnt | demons akon =o teeataet | ta)orandens | smoramts (estes sel afte cheeses see herr) = B44 $F [hyp AU Stes cane | tose mntens | sotto agf some index N => aby N => & ‘a,b, converges by the Direet Comparison Test with 106. No, the series = ‘ab, might diverge (as it would if , and b, both equaled n) oF it might converge (as it ‘os i and bth era). se $user) Bs) Bi is) tthe ia Etonnrae Boos! sono) E Bom ee Rede zest (bednr edt pe ses (be tpt tet ty) ton 2 Alen tay tat ttn) whlch divergent erce (0) a= pg form 2 209 a 205204 2ens and ppt plete achat tf+}+) mie vege tat et G (o42(j)et +0) = Pg fem ossseone oy rene(lernfe ereratiens | (ereg)ace[gesteg] —3 i the Bed point (©) sla) = 1-40 Ye) = 1p and when the iterative method is apled to g7Ha) we have xo ~ 0199999571 in 12 trains = 0:2 the ied pot148. Chapter 6 Infinite Serie (CHAPTER 8 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THPORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS waht deat hed fare wis acta) 8) id ® vata >| stor] ste | tee] te ie? ig = ig (ton tao) 1 @se @+noes a+) 1 =a, [gpa pr A= a, [ste elt Sixic[tebtfife> Ornette x

sit pcx ctjintelaerl we nctet lo ie>-1ox> fits -foinicitetils x< Bets coh Therein, the sie converge sel fons <= ad x> =780 Chapter 8 Infinite Seis 19, (8) From Fig. 8.19 inthe text with ffx) =f and ag = we he | facsiapebeed ae] fe) deo n(osicitpepee felting + 0 og) deceig ee onan tea. 20, (0) Ba Ag fn th crapndag pper angle, wh vt (60) tes) ov foe) and (ot) along he ine wae spe #2) 0-41) ‘de Ae ena he it ee gas pin wha ae i OD g $4, «fl =H) (oa, Mt -j fd, thn Ba atemememagosnttensa |e wenn | oom pte -] mek s ra, Th ed aren. eg ‘question must ext. ftom 5 0) D510 F ge 5, (9 Pom pat) wae & 0)-] 5) ore) DD waa [8-94 fee [to AMP] Pte {gs « vet exe, ! 0) 42) ets inci voi converge and tein in qustionChapter 8 Addon! Execer Try, ample Appiations 76 21, The umber ef range removed a tage 3°! the sie egth t tage anys the ae of ingle stings ain (25) Bors) + 28) +P A (H) += 8 ‘A » crn (6) No for jnstancethe tee vrtios of the orginal rangle ate not removed. However the total area removed is V0? which equals the atea ofthe orginal rinngle- "Thus the et of plat ot removed as area 0. Law eg 22. The quence {5} converge tf om blow 06g = fy >for tem. By the Alerating Sees Eatiatin Theorem gg yl)? wth ror < fan sce he remainder negative tha an evratinate + 0 -fexcd=sebe af152 Chapter 8 Infinite Serie 28. polynomial bas only «flte number of nonzero terms in ite Taylor sein, but the funtion ‘have infinitely mazy nontro terms in thir Taylor expansions x Inxand 28 we 3) [ea mtD geet o Qo ROA $971) ser ong vison 02} 1 endo) = et = 78 gs» Fg coment by Raabe Tet 2 hand lOOl= aa ms E scones m9. (o) E aatoradce, E a.=at-> SE a converter by the Dtet Compaion Test omc 8D lie eee = 9.0 < halla aye i-n) eae Pe Pe cay ted tah tice + pie ta converge by he Lit Compton Tew Bee 29 a (14 § a weeistcrs y= faa) saie2(t)ea(f) raf) 4 taQgy + 2@ Feria £ arn oF MeeD Bat vais fe ayer § pa eect pe teatecte 1 2.160202, sing & CAS or calesator $n and when =f we bave © actectenum] oe the Comparaon Tet for improper integrals = $Chater 8 Aion! Bcie-Tinny, sap, Appeins 153 24, Ye thes $n (4) contr bye Diet Capua Tes 1445 <1 44H lta ces init) cay 88.0 hp A(ra) Altre eee detest seen E att 09 tom to etn BID * (9 tom pat) wobene Sonn hae Sa 6.) E n= Eo tant Be) = Fine EF tad Eo Ora oSn=B AS OO) saten- Ene Sedge “Ora Boe $ acky-$ (-eh)=tn (-rh)=!e00-§ w= (achn) = 5 prs iets whan sit 1s fa 8 chs fy la(f) = f>-la(]) 90> 600-2 n= 7 mo naz wtoanscnoua dt aS eat o(Et) (tenphgine= 2080 (6) Give al dove that pode a concenrton of 2 ma/nflomed every t= gy nf) 6031 be by done tht a th concentatin by 1.5 mat154 Chapter 8 Infinite Serie (2) Go= gyn) =8 0 (2P) 6 es $9, The omens ot omni ay) =. Let WO ch that jag) < $9 1 —|ay)> 4 a rheriniteatean sortie Bee ofsiaiaf lif. vector and v= ef(-VL-+) are unit normal vectors «6% a. (i+ Vii) re wit tangent = 0 w= ti are uit tangent vectors and v= sj are unit normal vectors <2 and a shaten 48. 1-2} =a(245) +45) = Cat D+ Gat bY > Mat b= I and Sab =—2-> =20=7 4, = M0459) = ~64 Gand wy =) = 74 40, pein he maguteeof he component, hen a 0 = 2 x= Irene = 10(48) = 28, =5v5i Vi Io Ay the magaitude of the component, then sn 30 = jy] =1Plan 80 (10)(}) = Fy = 55. ” v2 Wish apne oe emp hen 2h cite = 0(*) non =F, = ~GVii (the negative sgn is indicated by the diagram) Aya the maga ofthe yeomponent, ten ia 4 =/24 y= LPlain a= 02)( 42) = oy = F, = ~6V35 (the negative sgn is indicate by the diagram). 1, 25° wert of north i 904 25'= 115" north of eat ‘00(co 155m 118)» (98.095, 725.048) 52, 10 east of south is 270+ 10" = 280 “north of et 600(coe 28 sn 280)» (104.189, ~50.888) (heed ati pote = Gaon {() The telephone pole is located at the point Q, which isthe tip of the vector OP + PQ alessio suis cinsn si (Jo (248-278), svt i= 10v2) i) Tete i ever (1 econ oy = YY or (08) () The tephone poe oeated at the point Q which isthe tip ofthe veetor OP +°Q = (fis) sca ene se nns (9-2) (4E-$)s =a10 cha th Pn Ps esi o0-(Fw¥.) 92 Dor PRODUCTS [NOITE: In Exercises 1-6 below we caleulateprojy was the vector (W842), go the salar multiplier of vis theme alae ied by th wander lm 2 cut twient pig 4 pes 2 vm oF YB Reais my ye avivi vi ve BB et iy Awe VB vit Wey wayT WeJTa,y co te GD ao 1 1 a a Grp) cont) +00) ies, or ( hg) cor" (f)~0etna sasivi= YO =2V5 leas 6 give 6 =(2V3)() coe 0 = con 0 = ME and v8 = 263) 4(-2)0= 6 yeoro dae = Vitti vie VOT ea =2VB nis VOAFa 2, and vas (VIVA) + (M1) =A venient cond vee 4 = (2VFR)Q) cn # or-oet( ai 10. wait VB us ity sins VP (Va) = Vii Pe = VF, and (1)(—1) +(V2)(1) = 1 + V2 > vem =1vH1 con O gives —1 + VF =(V3){ V2) cos 6Section 9.2 Dot Products 762 1), Ch = 8) and Ch = 89, \Gh|=2v3, = (BikB)-— eo (AR + I) ae (3) = 58.190, and es (12) +900) or) 12, = 0.4) end BD AED = 2(4)+-4(-2) = 0,20 the angle measures 90. ae J) aie, 19, The sum of to vectors of equal length it aluep orthogonal to thelr diferenc, as we can see fom the equation Greedy ed mem tae moma tata IPP 1? —1a)? =0 because ju} =1¥1 since Both equal 16, 34d = (ety Cady a ual de. v1 sine Phombus 16, Let w and v be the sides ofa rectangle > the diagonal aed are perpendicular we have dy -d; = 0.6 (8+ ¥)-( eavitiundvi-tap=0 4 d/-+i8)=0 which ie not posible or vin) =0 whieh ls equivalnt to visi the etangle ea agua. ut. Since the dagonale $y) Sawbue wate 17, Cleay the diagonals ofa rectangle ae gual in length. What snot as obvious isthe statement that equal ‘ingonale happen only ins vecangle. We show this ls ese by letting the opposite sides ofa parallelogram be the vectors (yh-+¥) and (Ogi). The equal diagonals of tbe patlelogrem are sh 1) Huh ug) and dy (tvs) ~Casltag). Hence dy | =| = [Oe + bos] = |Cvgh + va) = (ogi + wg) | > [lve + Uh + (va + ued] =| (4 — 8DDE+ (Hadi = Vo FeP ry tan? = fires Orra dt tn tedevis tne tad a troytub red trata ab Meas ta) = B08 +28) > vi He =O 2 (view) -(a-+0g) = 0 the vector (r+ rg and (n+ ae pependiolar and the paralogram must be a ecangl.784 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions 18 fuiviand nthe neat igen, thea (+9) -a= wensevoms ja pyaar iV? vot vey = (ay) ov the angle con"#({249-8) between the dingonal and wand the angle cor'({E29=7) between the agonal and v ar qual beet the nvere conn oneton ‘Therefore, the diagonal bisects the angle between w and ¥ 19, horizontal component: 1200 cos (6) = 1188 f/; vertial component: 1200 sin (6) ~ 167 f/x 20 eon (98—16) =28 sori = ZEIR, Then w = 2h con 2s 3) (2205 1482, a (a) Since cos 61< 1, we have u-¥|=1al|vileae 81 < a1 ¥1(2) =) (6) We hove equality pecaly when [eae 6|= 1 or when ont or both of abd vis ©. In the ease of nonter> vector, we have equality when 0=0 orm, hey when the vectors are pale, 2. (s+ 9 -¥=fais yilvicos 850 when Fc0-< x. Thin sean (19 ha ob a pit whose potion vector makes . angle with tha in ight ang or bgp. 2. vu, 04400 ++ ug)-my =a opm, = 9] 45/7 lam) 24, No, yneed not equal vy or example, i+) #142) but §-(4) G42) 1d 4bj 142 25, Pep) = P(s1 Bs) an Qe) = (sf fsa) any tmo pints Pand on the ine wth b #0 FR Cea— avi Bm FQ-¥ = [Oat Bley ai} (0 = lg) +0( Boor) vis perpendieulae vo PG for #0. If = 0, then v= i perpendicular fo the verte line ax Atureativaly, tbe slope ove Bad the slope ofthe ie ax by =n —B, othe ope are negative reciprocals the vetorv ad the line are pependicla, 18. The ope o vin Bnd the ope of bx ay =e provided that a0 Ha =0, thn w= in part the veil ine bee In ter cathe vcr vi pall othe ie = bySection 0.2 Dot Products 765 27, v= 142) perpendicalas tothe line x4 29 = 65 P(2,1) on the ine > 2426-9 242 28, v= -21—j i perpendicular to the line -2x—y P(=1,2) on the line = (-2)(-1) 2 —2e~ 29, v= 21+} ls perpendicular to the line -2x-+y = P(-2,—1) on the line = (-2)(-2)-7 ==> =e + 30, ¥ = 213) is pependiclar to the ine 2x ~ Sy = -P(1,10) on the ine = (212) = ()(0) 2 -tye-8786 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polar Functions 31, v= i= parallel to the line x+y = P(-2,1) on the ine “2-41 659 xy +3) is paalel tothe line 8e—2y = 2) on the line 0 2(-2) =e Ox 2y =4 P00, 38, v= 1-2) parallel othe lne x= (1,2) onthe line => (2)(0) =Section 0.2 Dot Products 767 (G,8) on the ine = (291) + (2 1 its reeayen 85. P(0{0), Q(t) and P=55 > 7G and W 38, W=IP| (stance) cow 6= = 8.6120054 10" (02,148) 608 km) (o8 0) = 368,200,540 Nhe = (364,298,540)(1000) Nom 37. W=1FI| PQ coe 4 = (200)(20)(o8 30) = 2000/5 = 3464.10 N-m = 3464.10 7 38, W=1PI|PQ eon 1000)(6280)(o8 60) = 2,640,000 feb I Bxercies 29-44 we ue he fact that +b ie normal to the line ax + by = ay adie dandy ttf tae Vii+§ end m= Vii+h = 8 Vii > 0 = 008 + Van ay (2 vSlis(t + VEN ca (tia) “(Gay pittees)ee168 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polar Functions (4. ag een he cepding oma a oe ang nm caput ange The points of intercon ae (~%8 2) ana (4.8). ac(—48 8) he tangent tine for 3) = 3? ie rb) o- (99) nr valeo fo r= —vie= atte ne te too =(f)-# ay-fae-¥8)(«-(-99)) r= valeos9) eect tm +5 The angleat(-¥S.8) no mene (SEER) =f) =H thar ane, (48,8 age ine tr 0) 238i y= vi(x+ 9%). f= vice andthe tangent ine fe) =f-a2 ay =-vi(n+ 8) 48 sinntmy= Vics theapess (YE) Y= Vint. The coneponding ij and my ix, The coreponding normale ae (ia) Ge ‘Toe pint of tterecon ate (0.48) ana (0-48), te carve x= fy? hn dea = go the a tuagns nea (02%) ey = e- ene item a Th ~f) = ean ae§ and 3. tas dive ce angen tne at (0348) YE = Jota Pyles oral co the curve, The angle betmeen the carves wee (the) ‘the curves at the two points of interetion are the ame. ‘The curves intereet when y =x? =(y#)?= y6=> y =O or y= 1. The points of intersection are (0,0) and (1,1). Note that y > O since y= y®. At (0,0) the tangent line for y = x? is y = 0 and the tangent line for y= VR isx=0. Therefore, the angle of intersection at (00) ia At (Iy1) the tangent line for y= xis y=3x=2 and the tangent tin fory = iny = f+. The coreponding normal vector ace Bhan m= fide 6c (Bh) cor (Jp) =i tanga Fad 48, The pont of intersection forthe curves y =a" and y = YS are (0,0) and (—1,-1). At (0,0) the tangent lin for y =x? iy =0 and the tangent line for y = YS ‘Therefore, the angle of intrection at (0,0)Section 9.3 VeetorValued Puneions 169 Sef At (1-1) the tangent lin for y = 37 ey = 241 and the tangent ln for y= YEiny = fx—§. "(it 93 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS L@ 2) Paseo (2 coe be ala ©) we =o mts ean gy (-2 dn + (8 cos = (2 de 2944 (@ con a) =A Caen +0 cots oy =A tain 29144 2 oe 2Y on t= (8a = (eon 291-2 la (0 V(Z)= (20s peed = PF =, (0) M0) = (0,2) speed = VOTH = 2, direction = f{-2,0)= (1,0) direction =f(0,2)= (0.2) (@ Veocy = 2-10) (@) Vey = 200.1) 3)770. Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions (fan Oi (ean oe ta fe ean et 0 8) = Gf) ssent= AF + (FF 295 seston =555 88) = Sate) (6 Vay = 295 (Je. 55) J Caer 40) ©) WO =fe masons gery (2y)i+ en) s9=8(h) he (0 WO) = (th wend = VFA = Vi don = $5.2) = (Iq) ape (0 vans = V5( Spf) 5 we) =(1 eo and a) = ln i (on Se von 0: (ints ton) cont) = implies sin ‘which etre fort = 0,1, oF 2x. 6. (= (ot, and a) = (in See Wea 0: ln 08 = whic i tu fr A any sonegtive inte. 1) = (3 i i (4 ew Oj and al) = (-8 cow (A a Sate ws (Win bean) (in cont) = soneentve nee. 8. w(t) =(-B ln + (6 cos Uj and at) = (-5 con H+ (-5 inj. Solve v1 (25 sn con 6) + (228 sn ca intr for all vals oft. 9. w(t) =(-2ein H+ (08th, and alt AG) =(-vibin (Jp) toSection 9.3 Vector Valued Functions 71 ‘So w(0) = Si, and a(0) = 25. The te perpendicular, Le, the ange between 11. (2) Both componente are continuous at vo the init ais (FSR. (©) Continuous so long as 2436 £0, je, 9605 3 (6 Discontinuous when 2+ 3¢=0, i, t= 0 or 8 12, (a) Use L'Hoptal's Ral for the Feompon ing (8) iy e+ = oy (BEY +a C+ (6) Continuous so long ast #0 and ¢41 > 0, be (-1,0) U (O20). (Discontinuous when ¢=0 oF L+1.<0, Le, (-20,~1) {0 So the slope ir zero (the velocity vector le orisoatl). VE=Be( Fy1 pane) =(-V+( hh te ope LVF =f (9 9-(Stt)= Hoey = pit » ¥-(Fptt)= Healers fe Gt a(le=b(loy «([os}([onoepone = (or—aethi lof j = -3i-+(4y2—2)5 a & E 54.6 and a0) = (oro a)infe ny J+0=0,00=‘72 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Funetione F427 }i+(Z)i+0, and no) = 0-145 000) =(it+ae4)i+(P 4a) S21) +0, ad) = IH ++ HO) = y= hand | =G,= 4. 5 A) + 101 = (8+ 100) + (26 +8 S)i+(-P)i+e,.+ 05 40) = 6, = 101+ 104 ana (-$)i+(g)ietaot stop =(—B+10)i+(—F +005 28, wt) = (in 4+ “coh ln and $= eo xp mn ms Distance = | fis Aer at = | Vi-Test at = | 2ain(§): sem) =2 2 (0) HO =(fo-0)i + 10)=(Jo-2)b 46 Intl =(1) termina = (font) 0) =U aan a 25. (0) WO) = (eo iin 05 (©) v0) =O wen both cor t=O and ain 2. te Sow) aah (©) xe sin ty =eon 2 Relate the tog th entity con 24 = 1=2 i {anges ove all pose values ~1 Sepa gage SN (b) Horizontal tangents: t?—4 = 0 for t= +2. teal unger 20-22 al Pinging the rau ato 2030 ad sin 80 at 6 0B sR ad = 2c, where a6 ‘the particle tarts at (0,1), goee 1), abd then goes (0,1), tracing the curve tice, 12 produces the + and y-oordinates af the exitSection 9.8 Vector-Valued Functions 73 2a) = 81-0 = (201-146 ed 0) mr pit daly tom (2) oar ( wo0( w_mic=2 } + 8) +o+ cy. 0) =, 54-2 and sine ) with maga 2, vi, Vi, Si Se ore sox =(}e-+2¥ Bras bo(-po-MBas 2% () Gfx 0 wien = VE tat compendia (E+ SpA?) = (VE) ayfat_ oe 0) ay a nt ohh rt a (0 Wien y=1a, 422, Spa Be a Sift Ue GLO we rt 2 eas 2 29. (a) vt) = (sin i+ (cs j= alt) = ~(Co8 H~ (in 5; 0 /(Cain 0 (eor = 1 > constant spend « in (ont) ~ (on (int) = 0 = ye, orthogonal (Gi) counterclockwise movernents (iv) yeu x0) = +05 (2 ia 214 (2 06 20) = af VERRTEET covT = 2 constant sponds sin 2 con 2-8 cos 2 sin 2¢ = 0-> yes orthogonal (4 cos 201 (4 sin 20 mo counterlockwise movement pen x0) 5405 (:-B)ireo(e (on i+ (in ©) [w= Ya OF me = 1 coma sped in tent) ~ (cnn) = 029 ye, orthogonal; (Gi) clockwise movements (oe) yes.) = 1-05774 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions (vt) ==2 sa P+ 2 coal} = aft) = (4? con?) 42 sin (2))-4 (2 col?) =? ine); fete] = Vi ae sin 2)? + (ae con 2)? = 26 = variable speed (8) won ect cone?) ain) +24 win 22 wn) 42 cae) ((in (2)? + (cont)? = 4 = orthogonal only att = 0 (Gi) countesecie meen i) yee x0) = 3h 0, The velocity veetor tangent to the graph ofy#=2x at the point (2,2), ha length 5, and postive f component. Nowy? =e 2y = 2 SE] = yby= = the tangent vector nthe retin ofthe Hie tay etre TE “GaP 51, (0) The Fcompooea invert =O and = 160: 169 seconds (0) ~Q(40y 4100) = 25 m (0 Ge due 100] =— $498, wie or = 40 quale I meter per cond (2) oo) = =e + HP equa oat = 60 onde (and neptve ater tat ne), vector 32, x) Sole t= 3 =Hats Gn 2, Then check hat ((=3)8= $82 for t= i dows (©) Fist particle: 5490.01) <1 adh deton it vor iJ) Second pase wy) =i hh cota, nd he dton wit ers (Se) 38, (0) Refers this are thereat the figure, lok atthe circular are fom the pont where ength given by ff, but i also has length given by vt. to the point *m On one hand, ‘hove two quantities equal giver an) (+sn dan a (Heme) 4-H) = oto (©) Brom past (b) above, at) = -(3E) 10. So, by Newton's second law, P= —ma(j.)s. Substituting for F tne a pnton grt oak (@) Set $B = 2x and solve for vT. =| (0 Sabttate 22 vin = QM and sve fr ten) gut 8 OM 4 OM hate (i) = SG f= SM = = BtSection 9. Veeto.Valved Functions 775, 4. (e) The vlc of he ost t (3) relative land it he tm of the vl ut the ower nd he velocity ofthe iver, v= [phy (y—50)?+10]5—20). Now, SE fy (-20+ 508+ 1020) = (e+) a0 = 203 + C0) = 0+ 1005 > 100) = 6, a) = (fh 48) 000-2095 (0) The bot rac the shone when y = 0-5 0= -204+10 tom pat (2) => t= 5 2 (6) =(~fy-19544-25)i4(100 = 20-55 =(—290+100)h= 195; te datance downtcam terre in 45. (2) Apply Corollary 2 to each component separately. Ifthe componente al difer by scalar constants, the “diference vector aa constant vet, (b) Fellows immediately from (a) since any two ant-derivativen of (0) mast have identical derivatives, namely 1). 38 (9) Suppose w= (o(y) sy gy _ fey Hou) = Sens cugioy = (f (eos euyty) = (eS ea) =e (8, 2) = 0) £00) =f yg) = +r fa 09) = (i) + (Cay) = fe Ha 20, = (ah ¥= (ry) () ory= htm tea=Qiutwdhintea) = (i triage it) + vos) = gE + gE (0) ite) = ley —vi0a va) = (fein —vDefoa—¥d) = hag = (jou) = ion) = BE 40, Since ”) iferentiable function of we can write a) = SOIL WEED, where ge) and 16) are dfeatablefuretions of Theos (ot) ] = flato-+ ees} = leah ON} = #Ule)(O:+ WLC (bythe Chain Rae forsale functions) = C([e6)-+M(Ci]= PC) =rowtte. 41, and g(t) elferentiabe at ¢= f(t) and gt) continuous at ¢ = rt) = (i+ (0 continuous ate776 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions 42. () Lets) = (0). 9(0). Pony ae F aacoaron a -(j saa +) -(] xoen] oa) = a(f x6 at i 194) a] (at). 90) = } nga (0) tet (8) = br) an (= Gah | ((0 Ee) a | xy(9.3(0) £ ea.74(0) at = i Gy(04x(ax(9 tya(0) at -(j G00) a} 029,00) «) ([n0e2] soa} noe] soa) -(j 40 «| no «)s(] 40 «] niga) | 0) as] nib ©. tem tore The ff comes] tornosa -a{( if a} [xo «)] -(4| © «}o(a] 1 ae corel =x0) antidervatve ofr) ‘Then according to 350), St) = R(Q)+C. Letting t= a, we have = Sa) = R(a) +C. Therefore, C= Ris) and S(t) = R(t)—Rfa). ‘The real fllows by letting t=b, 9.4 MODELING PROJECTILE MOTION 1 = (908 at (2 my (LIQ) = (40 mene t= = gpI os = 50 secondeSection 94 Modeling Proectle Motion 777 Jono inn orem 8-0 8h (,2 fo 319 = VORA) IF = 400 m/o 2ygsin a _ 21600 m/a(in (orogens. 98 me (0) x= (9 em a) 5000 ¥= (vos otf 9 (00 m/) atin a)? a rysin obey ‘the bal ite the ground when y =0-> rpcee a) = $65 422/31 162 the shot lands when y =0 = t= 22 /Bt we (20/9) (2.194839) + (44 coe 4 2283+ Year rae a eee 500 (on 458 = (500 n/ayin 481)? Cee ee CCE (22 f/o(co8 3098 =o (v9 c08 at = 04 (44 on 48) 88-7064 andy = 65+ (4 in 0) — 160 6.5 + 28.2801 £9103 ments =n te = OLY 0) = 3551020 ean aps M14 th, Gormjoyeoraey~ 4 # Ss, in 4890414 4) —f(08 m/e) (14.149? 4000 78m 294 (82 sedi 78 —H(2 fee)? ++ 108— 16? = ¢= 1 oe (B)ayassan 22 and y = ¥o+(09 in 0) Vis EAD navi YOOETTS s2+161— 168 2 see since t> 0; thas 54 (44 sin 45} — 100? 62.185 se sce & > 0; thus 65.42 1.0735 ex since > 0; thus x = (88.708)(.9795) = 6081 = the ilerece in distances is about 68.51 ~ 66-42 = 0.09 or abeut 1 inch (nents nel ) 600) = om mi mye 0 enn 22 sn inten 9 tena IE am ETE 1 vy = 5% 108 m/e and x= 40 em y= (6%108 mje) (sin 99830 219610" em. "Therefore It drop 8.136 10" em Ra cin 20 2 30488) = (= tha x= (89) = OA = (810° (con OF or (sn aft? #2) Hoa m/e ora0 2B vo A 27801 Mee 100 mph tig) mine genanan18 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polar Puscions soy OY tj (vin 2a) => sin 2a = 0.9 = 2a 64.2" => a 32.1, ‘s0y0 2070) in 0 soael eT ca ent st tinge pean i ate bout 32.1: At this angle, the ezeus peformer will go 31.4 f into the lr at maximum height and will not strike the 75 high eng 1 = (vp eat a)t > 135 = (00 /sc}oo8 BOK + bw 1.732 ey (asin ote? 2 ¥ (00 foci 309(1.782 see) —H2 /ac?)(1.192 m= y 20.04 the go Bal wil ip he leave the op 16 fice 0 248, and x= (rg 580 = (118 cn dB) tA, she y= sin at—fut 1b in 450) -hanyaso? 24011 Tl ake the bal 480 ote 360 At that time the ball wil be 46.21 Rin" he iad il BE he re J pat he pl 1, x= (49 <08 a > 35 = (09 con 209 Wy = SEB lo = gn aft? 3 = (Aig) ain 209) —f00292 94 15 tan B= 162 5.0L er? 225 we = v0= am caay M0 oe a 15, R= fain 20 > 16.000 m = GEL in 20> sin Bo = 098 9 Daw TES' ot Dam LOLS 2 OT or50r (vo so) naan tne fan ao (fae) eine ag @) (2) Row ht mage nm Tw wt eter ht py de ge = 29 aato2(Juare) = pproximatly double the height. = p= Vor about 141%. The same percentage will,Section 94 Modeling Projectile Motion 778 + (7 c0 0) = 04 (098 AEM TEE andy = Yo +g a=? 5 (vg sin 0 160° sm 65-+0649 rt 162; now the shot went 72.838 f= 73:88 = 0.766 vgh > ¢% 26,389 es; the sot lands 5+ (0.643(08.88) ~ 1625288)" => 0 = 68.414 — MEM yyw HE © 46.6 foe, the shots intial sped when y=0-0 (no) fa? 18, Y= LOGE Ba = Mragin sad y = in otf? = ogee? > 8iyg ina)? = 6 in 0} = tg? AP (Bang in) in)? Bt gt Avp in a = oF {= 22422 sine he ke ch Ya ue =, hh bth peo og te ie 0G or ba eine tee to rach the masimam height 19. ff [ (a) = —W5 +6, and $0) = (v9 en at (gan ai > HO +C, = (Va cn + (vin i vg con a+ (Yin ets 2G, soe oan c= ff Joc e+ saab tos (oti ofa) 46 ad) = hh 0 coats) sn 0 FO? +6, (ovat con opt+(s0-¢vt nn ofa) xy Yl con a and 20, From Beample8(b) inthe text, vp sin = (NTA) = vo sn 67 = 6.97 & vq 79 see 21. Te ovanta tac om Ral tthe ent fhe alo if he otntldtanc to the vet coomapoe(<2HE a= IGE 8 neat im ex = 90-02 15 100 ses, The vet datas a thi ey 19-09 oo? 6-4 IVA (1.82) ~16(.907 = 70.2 the ao co the rim by 3.7 22, Te pj is trngh pan then fala srl dows returning othe Sing point. 23, Plight sme =1 ase and the mesure ofthe angle of elevation is about 64 (using protector o that dase, 1 Monne 1780 ia 60? 1a OG yy 740 Th Ya (0780? ig 167.80 he eine veel sot 78 4.00 Rand a. R=Beintes 1 nec = the engine velocity was about 7.60 se160. Chaper 9 Veco inthe Pane and Polar Funetone 24, When tare Ai cated unt dowasang, we have x= (¥p ota) > R= (vg cota) 9 t= lbw At thet time the height of marble A ny = Yo (60 i 0) fat? (9 8 2)(y=bra) be ws) sey enuna-}e(qEiyg) Mende mate Ba te sane tne pry second is tan o-fe? Ruma fo( Bre) ‘Since the heights are the same, the marble collide regarlea of he aia eloety vy 25, (a) At the time ¢ when the projectile hits the line OR we have tan 9 =}; = bgcn(a Ah and y= sine Bf? ace Rie Below lvl pound, There et y|= Jee? sn (0— sk > 0 woacan btn bane) A) = vocono= 9) tan f= ftv sn 2yg sin (a ~ 8) + 2vo con (aA) tan 8 Rtn a8) 429 ct (0A) tan st which i the tne hen the pele ht the dowel lope. ‘Tere, canoes 91+ no) tf] FP cos (a8) tan 8+ sin A) os(@~B)]- Ix ie maximined, then OR is maximized: Maney bento 0 = sin fa 8) tan 9 +-c08 a ~ 2) 3 tan Beat a8) 2 aA) =f > 0-0 =f 00-9) > «=f 4 (©) At the time when the projet hits OR we have tan = ¥; x= [yp con(a+ Sand y= psn at tft? [vosin(a-+8y}—fa? _[rosin(o+ 0) het Roemer at (emer) vo conat8) tan B= ry in(a-t a) hee 2g in(a 8) 20g coe (0-48) an 8 so ts Motnles No eo (O48) 0 which ie the time ‘when the projetil ite the phil slope, Therelore, x bgcolor pyf HBA) =Aepeloe m8] Yat 8) = 90 (-8) wees of ZAOR. Therefore vp would bisect ZAOR for maximum range upil 28. (a) HO) = (LONI+ OO ©) Yan = OG 48. = M8 gp 2 «1.77 seconde 5+ (1S in 29-160 145 008 23°~ 14)¢ and y(t) = 2.5 + (145 sin 23°}¢ — 164°. (us sin 257 esgay. $2.5 52.655 fet, which ie reaehed at @ For the time, solve = (14S cos 23 — 148.585) = 428.262 fn For the ime, solve y =2.8-+ (145 sn 25) 160 = 20 for, using the quadratic formula 145 sin 20 045 in 1D 0.042 and 2.109 seconds, AC thove times the bal about (0.942) = (145 con 29° — 140.842) = 40.847 fet from home plate and x(3.199) = (145 coe 25°~ 14)(3.190) 1 36.208 fet fom home plate, (©) Yeu. According to pat (2), the bali wil 20 fet above the ground when ite 382 fet from home plate © 27, (a) (Assuming that °° ia zzo atthe pot of impact.) HG) = (O}F4+ GCOS, whee 2(0) = (85 eas TL and y(t) = 4 + (85 sin 27} — 16H, (rua C0 BSI. ihc = 3525p 2 0.407 seconds (6) or the te, solve y= 44+ (35 sin 27) 16 =O for, using the quadratic formula 85 in 27+ Y(-38 sin aT) 4 258 seein a+ VCs sn aT 288 (1201) = (85 coe 27)(1.201) 37.459 feet, (4) For the time, lve y = 4-+ (35 sn 27}¢— 16? = 7 fort wing the quadratic formula 38. 27 & 36 sin IF) 109 TE TAIN 0.254 and 0.740 seconds, At thse times the bal abet (0.254) = (95 con 270.254) = 7.906 fet and (0.140) = (85 on 270.740) 23.064 ft fom the Impact point, o about 87-480 ~ 7.906 = 29.554 fet and 37-480 ~78.064 = 14.308 fet fom the landing spot. (6) Yow. Rechanges things because the ball wont clear the net (Yue * 7.945 ft), 1.201 second. Then the range it about 28, The maim height ny = 728 9” and his ocurfor x= Yh in 2a = "2A FS" These equations dtseibe parametvcaly the points on curve in Ue syle acne with the maximm eights onthe parabolic trajectories in terms ofthe parameter (launch angle) a. Bliminating the parameter a, we have182 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polat Functions gathsatacata _(Wanta)iinsinte) gante sfuinta ove dr-Dre odie aay | 0900 at = ee f jet at = se $I +6,]= farce whee ita cnt: |= Gao 5 (sn = HE= (soe cna iar (Ervosin em f {(v9et cor) Be oot 10) si PO =kand Qe) =-g= [Pda > vy =P HA te ay (a ovat fi+0= C=(ycoot+(E+rgaiao)s [-frem(Ervasin aja i+[-E (Ee. sina) +, apply the inital contin: (Peo e)i+(- Paina )i+ 0, = Gy =(GPeo a)i+(S+ Perna) 2H =(PO-e cone) PO eM an at (1s) 20. (8) 0) = + GF whee (0) = (953) (4 - 2489060820) and a) =94+(988) 1-2 an 20) +(sip)a-aae—eomy (©) Solve graphically using a calculator or CAS: [Att 1486 seconde the Ball racer ‘maximum height of about #0435 fet (Use a graphing caeulator or CAS to find that {y= (when the ball hae traveled for "93.128 seconde. The range is about (9.126) = (985) 0-20-7908 20) arama te (@) Vee. graphing clelator of CAS to ind that y= 0 fort = 0.680 and 2.306 seconds, {A which tines the ball about (0.680) 194.513 fet and x(2.305) = 267.628 fot {rom home plate (6) Yes the batter has hit a home run since @ graph ofthe trajectory shows thatthe ball more than 1 feet above the ground when it passer ‘over the fence 31 (9) (9) = (8+ (YI, whee x(t) = (gg) 1 2°) (182 coe 20°— 17.6) and 10)=34( JR) 2) 27) +(@Bp)o-aon eee (0) Solve graphically sing a calaltor ot CAS: [AUCs 182 conde the Bl eche 8 ‘maximum height of about 41.815 fet. (©) Una graphing clelator or CAS to find tht =O when the ball han traveled for "23.181 seconde The ang is about (2.18) = (hy) 12-938) c158 con 20-178) 351.704 fot, (@) Vee a soph clelator or CAS to ind that Y= $8 fort 0877 and 2.100 cond, {which ties che bell in about (087 "106,028 fet. and (2.100) 251.590 fet ‘fom home pate No; the range i i than 960 feet, To find the Wind needed for home rit i ut the method tpt (to fad that y = 20 at 0376 and 2.116 seconds. ‘Then deiae 240) =(ghg) (1-282) 02 oe 2+), sand solv x) = 360 to find w = 12.846 se. ioSection 9.5 Polar Coordinate and Graphs 183 ‘This the speed ofa wind gost needed in the lection ofthe hit forthe bal to clear the fence {or a home ru, 95 POLAR COORDINATES AND GRAPHS For exercises 1 and 2, two pes of polar coordinates Ibe the sane poat If the rcoordinates are the same and the 8 coordinate difer by an even multiple ofr, or ifthe reaordinate are opposites and the coordinates Aifer by an odd multiple of =. 1. (a) and (ere the same. 2. (a) and (0 are the same. () and (g) are the same (@) and (0) are the same, (@) and (h) are the sae. {) and (g) ae the same. {@) and (0) ae the ame (@) and (@) are the same rer (0) (Vicon VE ef) = (10) (0) (acon f,-3 sn Geo an 9) = (0) © (sex(ta-"(§)).8 (© (demas })= (0.0) (©) Chem tr-tla 74) = 00) (6) {Vie Vn §)= (4-0 (2S eo asin §F) =(-V5.0) ery (0) += CPA = Vi, tan 0 =p MAF HAP = 2, 0 #= fy vith bn quadeas The cordinaes re th @ in gndent I. The coordina re (2.36). (-2.) sho wok, ace has the opposite gn and 8 ile by x. a184 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions Fava Bos vrlth 8 in guadeant IV. ‘The condintes are i) tan (20°) (29) ate wor wine a he Oppose sgn and 8 iter by. VOTH = 3,140 = Bie ude with fon the poive yaa, The cordnaen are (25)- (259) ae wort, since ee se fn 9 ters by 2x 8 on the negative axle. The coordinates are (hx). (10) alo works sine r has the ‘oppeite sign and 8 dies by x. @ ® with 2 8 . 1. 1. 2 Ore “he condone ae (51007), © vith # in quadrant (tse +4an-1f ao wor since bathe pone in ad # dies by © r= Yor CaF = 2, tn =~ fi unde with fon hensive yc. Th coda ce (232). (2-$) ao work sine the se to ies by 2x with # on the a. The coordinates are (20). (2,28) ‘ho works, since rn the name and # dlrs by 2. raanemae) aiaa TeawineaSection 9.5 Polar Coordinates and Graphs 185 2 “ ” awa rs 6. Tawra n. 18, Taaiyeaa ree. =r cod, wo the equation is ‘ert line. ‘line (lope = =1, intercept 24, 32 4y= oo the equation ax? y= 1 cle (center = (0,0), radius =) 2s. andy = sin 6 90 the equation ox? +? = 4y 2 8+ (y 2)? =A acl (center (0,2),786 Chapter 9 Vector in the Plane and Polar Functions ‘cot othe equation sy? =, a parabola. tin 6,20 the equation iy the exponential euve (rin 0); = e068 and y =F sin 8, othe equation ix? =y2 ory = the Sxty= tithe (2,0), radius =2). 2 coe 042 in 0 (center = (1,1), radio Br con 8424 sin Bao xt y= x4 2y => (e—1)P +1)? = 2, a cle va) vi, vi Aso} A 2 Penn osfeom ent Byebena 3, rin(@+§)=2-9 rin xn § +eon0 inf) 31, x= 7-5 coo 6= 1; The graph ina vertical ine, 38, y= 1-9 in 8 "The graph ea orsontl line sin > tan = 1 More generally, 8 = + 2 for any intape «0. Mt a24y224 Pater 2 (err 5-2) 4 Boyhood oor aint = 1 coed ela) = Father tgees ape 1 oo cates esas eae 4. Pees On 223 22 cn sin =A sin = 4 > (rc08 Oe sin 8)Section 5 Polar Coordinates and Graphs 787 48. (34 HIP aha (een 3P Hain HP A 25 cos2O—6r cond $9427 sn 4 Dein O41 =A Oreos 4 Dr sin HE =O atrin bs coe sy ga In Eercae 49.58, lad the minimum @nteval by trying diferent intervals on a graphing ealeulator, dg #2) 50. (0) Te emi-nal (8) Length of interval = 2 (©) Length of interval = 2" 51 (®) 2) rer () Length of interval =F () Length of interval = 2 83.) 54.) Cis tsioyi-nit (©) Length of interval = 2788 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions 55.) 58, (a) if \ Paayeaa (©) Length of interval = 27 st (a) 58 (8) (©) Length of interval = (©) Length of interval = 2 459, If (0) is a solution ois (~10), ‘Therefore, the curve ie symmetic about the org. And i (8) solution, sis (8). Therefore the eve i aymmetrc bout the sans Ad since any curve wis ania ‘and origin symmety also hes y-asa symmetry, the curve aymmestic about the yas 60, If (6) in solution, soi (16). Therefore, the curve asymmetric about the oign. ‘The eurve doesnot have wai or ao eymmetsy. 61,1 (8) isolation, soi (re have ai or origin symmetry. ‘Therefore the curve i symmetric about the y-anin, The curve doesnot 162. If (6) isa solution ois (=r). Therefor, the carve ie symmetic shout the org. And i (9) ea solution, sis (=). Therefore, the euve in apmmetrc bout the xanis And since any curve with axle ‘and crginsyimety also has y-axis ymietry, the curve le aymmetrie owt the yaa (3. (a) Because r= a ste 8 i equivalent tor cos 0 = a whic ee () rma ce Bin equivalent to lent tothe Cartesian equation x = 4, (a) Let x =f(0) be symmetric about the scans and the y-axis. Then (10) on the graph = (6,~f) ison the raph because of ymmetzy about the xaxis. ‘Then (~r,~(-8)) = (-1) ion the graph because of ‘symmetry about the yaa. Therefore r= (0) i aymuncisc about the origin, (©) Let r= f() be wymmattic about the x-axis and the origin. Then (s,9) onthe graph = (,~8) ton the raph because of wymmeiry about the Xa. ‘Then (~1,~4) ion the graph because of synmety about the origin. Thertore = (8) x aymmettie about the y-axis (©) Lets =(@) be symmetric about the y-axis andthe crgin. ‘Then (0) onthe graph = (1,8) eon the graph because of symmetry about the yaxie. Then (-(-1) 1) symmetry about the orga. ‘Therefore = (0) ie symmetsie about 8) con the graph because ofSection 9.5 Polar Coordinate and Graph 780 65, (2,82) the same pont a (—2,~ fs +=2 in 2(—$)=2an(—f) =—2 = (-2,—F) non the graph = (232) on te graph (0, (the sane pon on (=) = Seon te gah 1. ten tat -cond con 0B are point of intercon a (1,f)a0d (1.4). The pinto Intersection (0,0) i found by graphing. (05 ( game (-V-8) 60, con = 1 con 0 2eon = 1 9 con =H fo +=] pos ot tment (dog) ana (g. -§)- The point (0,0) is found by 70. 122 in 29 => sin 9 =} 20= 5,55, 1B, 3 0 HE BE AIF: point of imteration e (2) (018) A) n(n a point are found by graphing.700 Chapter 0 Veto inthe Plane and Polar Functions 11, Pain 28 and et OS<5. Thensin 0028 are generated completely for 008 20 9 20 =F ete only sian mht ita 9 en (6) = sor tpi oieetin ate (+ do) ‘The point of intersection (0,0 is found by seeping Pig). Me hp nenn ,0) (128 6a tay pings ame. m1 sin 20 = sin 20 =} 9 29 28, 88, De in 20 sin 20-29 = SE, 18, Ae 3 6= fy BF ABE AB point ot interction are (0) 8) CARE) an (1.9) pt 1) O(n a are found by graphing and symmetry. etter ( 1", ashe hat 122 sin 20 sin =f WE Evens, Es pin ot inteneton ate (sf) and (1,98). THe ato nteetion (—1,f) and (1,9) ar found by erphing fameSection 9.5 Polar Coordinates and Graphe 101 75. Note hat 2-1 (cos con = 0) and (~10+ x) describe the seme point i the plane, ‘Then ¢= 1—cos 6 1 —e06(0+4 jn @ sn x) = 1-400 € = ~(1~con 8) = therefore (8) on the graph of Aco 8 the answer i () coe 8&9 (18+) inn the graph of od 6 ralecone raclecoee pavers 16. (a) The graph isthe sme for n= 2 and m = ~2, and in general i's the same for n= 2k and raphe for n= 2,4, and 6 ae rove wth 48, and 12 "peal reepctvely. The graphs for “2 errr) Timea (2 (e) The graph isa rose with 21m) “petals” (G) The graph ae sonm with 3, 5, nd “petal” reapectvely. ‘The “enter petal” points upward if "a8, 0r 7 ‘The graphs form are shown below. and nTB2_ Chapter 9 Vector inthe Plane and Polar Functions “P Fels anna airinaa revetam (8) 022 $05 x= (22) ina pat of intersetin +43 6-9F=0 9 r= 2; therefore con @ (0) = 0204 condo as 020 6 =§, SF > (0.6) o (038) om the graphs r= 0-9 = som oa1s = (02) son the anh Since (0,0) =(0,§) fo ola ordinate, the raph Interset at the oxgin. in 8. By taking = 8, we have = (9), 0 (cow ¢ and y =) sin cont) int sin) sn 81 d= ig HOP ales 0,1 cs 8) tan yan =[ge=" tng oyna, egg yan eta = Eda ome, 0)Section 9.6 Calcul of Polar Curves 763 fn 0 2a Peon Then Gaon nN) en Doe =D 0-2 Sao teat 02cm 0 (2eon9= Yom 041 4.58.2. From the graph, we can se tht the maximum occa he iat quadrant so avi af coe 8+ Aeon? 2; thus = 0 De?O boon wre choose Ye Then y= Pain $42 nF co $ ‘The xcoontinate of thie point i = en 2{1-+000 (co §) =. Thor he maximum eight ih = SYS securing atx = 8 46 CaLcutws oF PoLan cunvES 1 LaMDanerhi cont eto te ttnin et den temt cat Gx = F(@) con B= AO) an 8 ~ con 8 con B= (=1-+0in #) sin 9 ~ coe! On? 0+ sin 8 low =F= a, raft) sin 4 0) cont B= FG) cor =U) ain 8” =Toin B eon con Bl pg=p which in undetneds 2], = 29 ;and $e, = —f which ie undefined = con @ sin 04 (23 sin 6) con 8 Hea dcaOHG= ban aad” Page eta Ban 83 (crea) Blam” Blew & ale, 4 Wa flO) sn 940 cond __ SO 3m OL cond) _ Sco —destd — sin?) Seo which a undeined; CH wl * delasae "V8 oe ay o=(-9 which i undefined and 2 loser) “= (1 (Same704 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions ‘The rah pane trou the ole when ¢= 3 cos 8=0, which aca when Of and when # =F, Since he ‘interval 0 <8 0 =F thtore " ” | eosin 9)? ao = | Aste as ” =f @-remme798 Chapter 9 Vectors ‘he Plane and Polar Functions (29 ain 2015" 20, 2= Lands =2 in 0-52 sin 1 ein =} on SE; therefore A= (1)? t He sn 6?) a0 * “E (enmteH)a “f (em -fyeo heey | domme “(Hn hong) = 6 2, r= Band = 2(1-cond) 92 fi therfore A=2 | }la(1-coe Fae 068) = cos 0=0 1 ry “+f atea ofthe cic oa J sano cate) an (Jee? ” 4(1=2 cos 04125828) a9 4-28 * “ [ c-aew yest an anste (60-8 sin 0+ sin 26)5!? 42 22, 1= 21 ~con ) and r= 2(1 4000 6) > 1 coe O= 1 408d = con #=0-— #=F or I; the rp ao ie the psa of , snteretion (00) ere ” * A=2 | fea-cmay cose | foaten a ee a 3 ” remsen T Mi-neassadte)ans | d(Lszensreateae 10 A oh [ s(r-neonsrtge2) are | a(razcenes tte) ae *” aa ' = [tcamtssonanate | @enonteteaan a a2. Section 96 Caleuoe of Polar Curves 700 [098 sin ¢+ sin 26)57-4 [68-8 sin On 2017 t= VE and = 6 con 20 3=6 con 20-9 co0 27 > 6 =F (inthe Ist quadrant; we use symmetry of the " Hvateo raph to find the area, wo A=4 | [06 cow 20) ” 8 feat aetna anf oai-n acon 8 and ¢=a(l +080) = 3a con = a(l +08 0) eas 8 co d= > ithe sph alo gives the point of intersetion (0,0); therefore “p ton a2 [fleece at tee 9] “ps ° = if (0? cos?# a2 25? coe 0a? cow?) a ” “» = | (80? con? #— 24? cos #92) d6 = | [4s*(1 + cos 28) ~ 26? cos 9 —a?] 48 a3 ° - I (G43 42 con 26-23 cos 6) a0 = [826424 ain 20248 win 5 = r+ 20(J) -20°(Y) =al(r+1-¥3) “tent 3E tn quadrant I therefore aus y As® J H(-2 con 07°17] 00 = J (4 costo —1) a0 a1 ais = J Paten2y-ar= f a+2ceern a on ap vi =[o+an a), 9248800 Chapter 9 Vectors in th Plane and Polar Functions aps aps ape 26. (a) A=? | prensa do= | (semto4dconert)da= { [2(1 tem 28) +4 con 041) a8 aps = | (8-42 cos 28+4 cow 8) Ai afe. pt 3 sin 20 in aarti co A= (oee248)-(e-2) 0154/8 ham shoved Bape in tt) Me rabandr= 389 bein bad on bah oO F oe BE: therefore A -t loo ecto) a0 os oh . rote = [ob dannlmstnl * =(150—$v/8) (00 +98) = 127-95 aoe aber Mand raft fete = 6m 08 feo 8c 28 = $= (con?) 2 0891) Panett s 2 contd coed f= 0 9 18 cnt 6-8 cat 3 = 04 (4091) co? -9) 05 cnt = orc =} cn = 4 45 (ie second euntion a 0 tot) = 0 =f (in the it unre Aw 2 [f(s foe) (oxen ratsa(Joceuet=(Z)oce watea(Penoarr-etea(Blers ocatte() ons-tn0sen=-Vie vy 2 (oe the quadeatc formula) > 8 = (the slaion ain 20” B in the fist quadrant); therefore the are of Ry is Ay = fe tan?@ 40 =; Vf ee 1) 40 (Bag F nsone(Pecfer AE (8) <4, therfore the ae oftheSection 0.6 Calcul of Polar Curves 01 region shaded in the txt 2(-Z4+])—$-f. Note: The area must be found this way singe no ‘common interval generates the repon. For example, the interval <8 Gh = —sin 6 therfore Lengt = [yd +con P+ (ain a as =1| vrreie=2 | (SPB wns] tn | cn(f)er=dfrsegl02 Chapter Veco in the Pan and Pola Foetions H rmeset fost snes0e fhmenn ffi tetas eae= | fase? $Y + (avin §om ff 20 = | yom aa Faroe | olen Veh or-temso sts «| self =[-meo fll == ” Srarpben0ssfo f= phitigs tent ta= | lrsta) (Git) -T lero ee T [retaliate -Conrrharr onset) (rete) 6 | (cd EY | ito | get | bese ” " wef eterna’ f weve (nays f ane) =o Jpslhininen stn ‘sivas + VB) raphy ister 1 theron Length = ] (aan « “| (esate | 6] b=tl [eae oy =|(ince con 2000 F582) 2 ee NBR | stent] ot | et cc da = (we tables)Section 96 Celeaun of Polar Curves 803 ifm} [nines sa") oh nv] (-seur. = Vitali + v9) " Bm co? fo = sin fea 5 therefore Length = | [coe $Y + (sin § cas? $Y ao | FORO. | 9 Oe [@@«# -fes@.. Yorfan 9] agg t= VIF 058 eV F Sma 2070 con 29) = (cn 2911 ln 29-1 here | coo (ETT TTT oy 7 | via atvingYt eae Fain Tae 8 = VTS $5 = H(t + c00 28)°¥ (2a 26; here Length mu Tre : f aS Te , | Se Teor, Vitter wr sao tmen= | ver 7 of te db = tab = are () race intents | Veco Pe Cain a = | coro rante) a6 -| tay tang =e0 ee 3 Gee coet tent = | fio vesa ar | eat oO a804 Chapter 9 Vectom inthe Plane and Polar Functions [ma oN = 0 41, Lat r= (0). Then x = (8) con 8 > BS = (0) con 6-8 sin 8 = ($$) =[0(6) on 9-0) = [FNP cos? 2016) 0 sin 0 on #0 £0) in 0-9 $Y = #0) sin 8440) ed =(B) =[re sn es co of [tf sata +200 sin coe 8+ (0)? coe, Theeore (BY +(B) =loPlotessiters nerrewte into) =letoP sto? = (HY. mate f far Havin 0122, = 3 2 rome. 0s0so fp=2ten > A+ (i) = eet slarcof = tne = | Yam + airenP ae * =2 | Vit? + [PDF a which is twice the length of the curve # = 16) for a <6 < 8. 4 (a) Let r= 1.704 908, U, (a) Lat = 178 4 2068, (Since = ijt Egan dor ent fh cae the inte faction oo ssa cas T (5+ SF (GF a rte Co (6B) H(t) “meta (be very aa gusty sae Tome) finn seg ners tAiten o (6) La 741.420 cm (om pat (6).Chapter 9 Practice Brercises 615, 45, (a) oe the approximation Ly ftom Exerse#AS(). Ihe rel has made complete turn, then the age is 2m. Soom te itp y= nt Sing rn gn = (2) Lr 1) (0) The ate wp et slows down ime pose, (©) Since Lis proportional to time, the formula in part(s) shows that n wil grow roughly athe square root ot time. (CHAPTER 9 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1 (9) 8,4), ©) VIF = Vi 2 (@) 8424-5) = (1, 3. () (-2(-9),-24) = (6,-8) & VPFF= v8 © VeFF= 10 ©) GO; ©) Vira —8,12-+20) = (17,92) 5. Fontan ow be meive nie (-9-})omuing oie «. (a) “GaGa de) * (gona) 9: hath =| V4 Vill= VFB =2, Ve V8L=2( y+ Sop) = he dco Io Vite vi 104 engeh =|-i-3 VA(—Jg!— Jel) = th dation ep =) 1 $f (ran O14 (ean a he pa (0.2, =f gL =A gt =a drcton tal <9 ng conn [en ten ss fl = ent 2) 3-2 0 = length = 2 feos (n 2) sin (in 2) nn 2) eon in BE = 2B ain Bee ITH HE i A oe BY = 2/3;806 Chapter 9 Vectors in the Plane and Polar Functions tection = 222 2)=sn(ln 2), sin(ln 2) cola 2) rein = En ae, 7 onl 2) nln 2), in 2) on 2) ol, coven gaial ena) 18 patency, aloelay at fo PL th te tne (Teh Fp) ad sormals we 4(—Fei+ Tes) P4722 bla = afe T= 4-8 the oi tangents we 244i) sormals are £46144) 18 16, a=pioiy 8b = praia twis VST = V3, iui = VET = V8, wv = "Ga)eaatimet Ae) MF S39) =foon VET = vi, coe" (Bh) = 2) 410) = je = (aco (eh) [AP + (8) = VIB, wv = vu = (2-1) + (1Y-8) = 4, (Gg) 228 mcr = (VIZ) = v2, psig w= (nico 8) 9) =(-2V (EP aw = 20+) 18 Vor component plato priya = (Bef) = WAM pads Fei Vector component of wrthogonal to: —prlya= (43) ~(25— $3) = $14 $5 ‘Therefor, w= projyt-+(W~projys)Chapter 9 Pretce Beercaee a07 20. Veetor component of w parallel to: y= DOHC G ay = fiefs AL. (8) v(t) = G4 consi + (V3 sin s})] (Asin + ( V3 oe a(t) = A(t sin 0+ (VE cs )y] es fa © |o(B)[= ae 8) + (ewe = vir = -2VBi—j, and oo cor Fane, 2. (a) w= Gl VE me tit YA tn i) = (YS see tan (YS ee (V5 se tan )-4( V5 eH) joe tas eee (2S ee ta 5 Vie T ROT TON = VOTE = VE 28. o()=- agit logs On Tar ae [el=Iol= (37) +) - hg nth ea» maximum of 1 when t= 0 24, Miniminng ff wit misimin | Le (contin Dir [ein cone = [def [ete —sin Of +toin t-teon OF =e 2ain eon 442: ‘con )]=22%, For 0, the minimum value of 2! is 2 at t= 0,808 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polar Functions ‘and it has no maximam value. ‘Therefore, the minimum eped i and ther is no maximum sped =(Jone)(leon} Hla 2ehistean nti = lets i+tinca ole arr) f fFat= (co nit (inte 18. 40 | fat (ant nis VFA FC H0)=i+0=1+) 00x and HO =n"! VER a= h+G t+) 4-84.04, +2)and et) = (P+ 6 (18 +205 +6 +540, = S145), 20 Cy = 254-25, and nt) = (+ 64-294 Pe DY a 2. wa we wt wt ark a a5 0.3 4.6) 2.0) aaheyeaaChapter 9 Practice Bxecaes 80 2 or Bo “0 P " (1S, 1S)by (1D wy wr = H(P) sin 8418) cos 8 oe F=10) sin (3).(0%) (5) (4) na Bleen L Blesye Gh Blesye = Ber SE ‘The Cartesian equations are y = (160828) cow. cos BY si 4416 con sin 0 teint cos 8 000 042 cos Cheon = sin 8-2 co ws al =p tatecapet (0.§) nd (0.9f) ae potarsottions 4 ‘=f endefine, so the tangent ines are verti with equation x= 0. leerr2 47, Y= $p|(0—con(§) sine] fain (f) nn 2000 on) ne $5= [0 -o-(6)) eo] =} af) eae oven atne foe with a rpg clear: he ine a , 2.49, 492, 7.65, 10588, and 4. Unig he ile four elton ody =n reel Raiuntlangent nea ym O49 and ye 21708, Save ‘A gwphng eal: the lion a0, LOT, = 3.59, 2, 9.05, 1149, and Ar. Using thei ive lation fond = con @ evan vet tangent {ov 6, and x 1.104. Where ad $8 both equal sr (= 0), lve ispeation of the plat shove tat the angst i ae Bron, with ution y= 0. (Tia can be oie ing LHe ss) 6 Y= esa an lnaser2 A in 9 co8 042 cos 0{10 Chapter 9 Vector in the Plane and Polar Functions Doin 042 sin? = 4 nin? 92 sin 9-2 Eat to find y = S009 coey=-2e0e Sete 0 fr he snare ang he it ed and ut yes Save ff = 0 fo 6 (by fe sing the quadratic formula od sn 6): the slatonn ace 3, and HE, sing on 6 revels vera tangent tines at x= + 2Y5q 42598, Where MY and r sin reveal bvizotltnget neat y= and ‘the It two solutions to find $5 both equal zero (9 =), inspection ofthe pot shows tht the tangent nee vera, with equation @ ? (This canbe confirmed sing L'Hopta’s rule) «. ‘The tips have Cartesian coortoat (JeJa) (-JJa) (-Ja-da) and. (7-7) ‘From the curves symmetls, ite evident tht the tangent line a howe points have lopes of 1, 1y—1y and 1, respectively, So the equations of the tangent ines are (s-Ja ret Vay xt (e+Jg)r se vir 0. area [As the pot thom, the curve crotes the x-ais a (x,3)coorinats (1,0) and (1,0), with slope —1 and 1, respectively (This ean be confirmed analytically.) So the equations of the tangent line are y= (x41) yoox- land +t(Chapter 9 Pretice Bxecses 811 81, oon @= rin 9 x= ys line radenbaPasemiatst awed xsi ate (cf) ty (cater =(0), aioe =) (3) ere 50, r= 4 tan Bsee 8-9 reae Pampas xa thor 49, parabola 4, e045) =2V5-= co Bean f) rin 8 sin(§) = 25 = freon 0M in 6 = 25 vi 3 hx By a 2Vi 2 x Viv = aVory = line 85 ra 2mctoraghysrecesa2a xa? , # se dtytoty=0 Plies =o retene bo. 6 N= rea 60. (242)? 4(y-5) = 16 (eos 842) (rain 0-8)? = 16 a. =f iro-| onmarare| (teareatnara| (1 eone gt) ay812 Chapter 9 Vectom inthe Plane and Polar Functions = | (gto +5052) ao [oan +8828)” Be o. af ornare f HLH) ar Yfo— fin 68. r= eae 29 and r= 1-5 1= 1 +co8 29 0 con 20 > 26=! =F theeone “ “ ane] HI + con 29)? 19] 49 = 2 (142 con 20-4 000?20- 1) a8 ~ = | (2on 26-4 +0488) do = alsin 26+} oi)” 2(1+5+0)= 245 (4. The dele ie intro othe asia, Thus, “P A=2 [lec tein oy? a0» (the integral i the aren ofthe cardad minus the aren ofthe cide) op" p = [ Mrvzsinessinte) deem [ (648 sin 0-200 28) dw =160~8 on sin 201223 “9 on =[3e—(-39)]- <5 fs socigont eee taane | anc o= | VIFF aa -j |S Bana | ranger al tan” 01-0 - 00) =8 tara tein 94208 Footer ein 6:18 +($5) = (2 sin 042 con 8)? (coe 0-2 in OF ¥ = 8lsin? 6 +or?)=8 = b= T vide =[236),” = 2V3() = 1/3 crea eareta emt OP ee seth saa f vas a. | sr(Quen f [SQ] z = [etna loo pectin1. n Chapter 9 Practice Exercises 813, (040 29-2 a) = i (Hh = Ay sa gp) = eon a iby = mR P14 cone sa hae ~ BeReon 2! 95 1 J vide = Vilg-(-§))= vox = Vite = X degree est of noth Is (90—) degrees north of et. ‘Add the vector: (40 con 10,540 sin 10) + (85 coa (109,55 sin(—10)) = (05 con 10,485 sin 10) (585.961, 84.210) Spoot x 585.9677 + BL2I0" = 501.982 mph. Direction to" SBE!) 1.82 ea of north Ada the veton (020 cos 20,120 Diretion mt 20) + (80 con (5), 300 sin (~5) (41.620, 14.80, (34888) ~ 2000 Length = VETTE FORD 411.801 Ib “Taking tbe Inanch pont atte ri, y = (44 in 488 — 161 equals 8.6 when tm 2.195 ee (scan be dstertind graphically or sing the quadratic frmaa). Then x (4 en 45(2.196) » 66.42 horizontal fet tors where fe the throwers hands Aarumiog it doen bounce ot rol i wil tl be ther 3 seconds ater ites throws ae = SRI 7 o ©) Wt = (GB) = (recon aie slamt) and ay = (HEY) ‘v(0) = (0,0) ‘v(1) = (2n,0) ¥(2) = (0,0), 0) = 0,9?) a(t) = O-a4) 2) = (On) (0) Topmont point: 2 M/s center of whe: x face Fenn Ss te whe! ala ln ceamfeeee ofc eer second the enter of he whe il move et very moe ice he im he nh tosing ata nef + Bane abot the centr, the ‘elacky ofthe tpmone point rave toe center ax fee, ving taal vlc of 2 foe814 Chapter 9 Vectors inthe Plane and Polar Functions am or 4825 ye = 12,975; vo ® 644.360 ee fo A752 ys = 142561; vg = 675420 fone Tv where a = 45) = 92, and R= range 18.69 vox big VITITI 030105 jue (0) The cok ane at y= x= tTT ~(aptare)* Ha ov ho 16, (0) The avin ana y= 65, x= 200 =-(sapharg)¥ #0 2 vith a a 1 ee ©) ram See 65m PLM A sw spsr0n Solve Solve TR, We have x= (1g) cova and y-+82 = (rg) win. Sguaing anda 24 (482) = 6unteater 78 (a) 8) = (185 cos = 11.798 (4-185 sin 181 — 100 3() = (185 con 11179 + 155 sin 18° - 16? SOT 4 S087 et, reached hn = SSE 1.497 we (6) y(¢)=0 when 3.075 we (found using the quadratic frmsla), and then 25 (155 cos 18'—11.1(3.078) 417307 f -185 ates fF TAO ng he gud or: 4 = SSB SSA 40H) Pa) =e (4) Salve 0 0.54 and 2.460 seconds At those tims, x (©) Yow the batts ite approximate 196 cou 18~ 1.7} equals 72.406 and ~ 395.967 fet form home plate it «home run. When the balls 30 fet from home plate (att 2.800 seconds), 12678 fet off the ground and therefore lara the fence by leat two fer, 19. () Hl) =[(88 co 18-112) ghg (te ft 0gi8) a9 4 tbs -n 2() = (185 c08 1°17) ghy(t —°™) meenChapter 9 Additional Exeriee-Theory, Examples, Applications 815 (185418) 2 4 320-0420 9 = 4 (SE) a9 5B Anon 2) (e) Pia (and eth maxima fin id y 38 42 ft 44 eon (6) Plot y(t and find that y(t) =0 at 2.950 ae, then plug this int the expression fr x(t) find (2980) 952.520 (4) Plot y(t) and find that y(t) = 20 at 60.758 and 2.068 seconds At thos mes, x = 98.799 and 266.18 feet (fom home pat). (6) No the batter haw ot bit home ron. Ifthe drag coeint Kis les than 0.011, the it wil be 8 home run, (This rent eat be found by tying diferent K-values unl the parametically potted curve ha y 2 10forx = 380.) () ba waa abs bab (6) Ke = K+ AB, by pat (, AP 81, The widths between the sccemve tara re constant and are given by Bea. (CHAPTER 9 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1. (a) Let ai +b be the velocity ofthe boat, ‘The velocity ofthe boat relative to an observer on the bank of the [o=29%52), re daca et cr iv in ses vnaryfs BI ae (oe ny 0= GF and y ae diferentiable fonction oft then F-22143? = x? 4? = K, which i the equation of e cite centred atthe og, of sin te sin te com t)i +(e! sin t-+e! cos tet cos te! sin t)j (20 in (con tj. et 0th ane etmen and a. Then Fits) mart 26 sin 608.20 incon aca t( 9p) -coe-t0-=5 for allt ences V2 sins “aa (a) Hien tad v= dis i and veizy $f Since the price moves sound the ui ice fn ha0 F--ph= g= “and the motion is clockwie Sty $l) = 1 Snes f= y and =, we have xb 08(40), 5 tyertootamtdee Raed, then v= 91485, Hence voi ado $B, FG )RS +E). tose HOOP + FOF = 26 athe poi (9) = (8) L495, where x and y ate differentiable functions oft sad v5j= Mah $= Lapa) = 120 (3.9) Ab, #54, ae t gas 6 The two vector yin and aly have the sume magnitude, which injuuy. ‘Therefor, ung the rel fom ercse 18, Seton 9.2 the vector w= |via-+latv bine the ange between lu end jules The ects leo biects the angle breween wand’ beasne win in the eae diction aaa and ¥ inn the same direction(Chapter 9 Additional Exerclse-Theory, Examples, Applications 817 4. (e) x= con and y = 2 sin t => x2 +y? = eM conte + elt ints = elt leo Y= Sit tant “(lis ene Cntsinn equation. Since ? =? +? and More = A for > 0 dra te do FCF aa ae? a? aaa set arate 8, rain? (Q)- de = 2 int (8) coe($) a0 aa? =? aa? = [2a ()f a? §) a= sint(§)fs2(Q) +e" (Q)] a = +[2sin(Q) (Saf “(soe ean snt(f) 00, Tan - ant (Q) 60 = { [en ue = [0-9 an QPP" =a . fenermac(jntetn mm a oa ‘Pot that ceplon. Therefore the aren it A =4 | jew a vl Yuwo(fernne fae | seg -or jen fr) -ao(Der(pon-oe fayette =n T (- seaetagiatinnw [ otontosmaneraeloaaanreh sea” ="(F-4)CHAPTER 10 VECTORS AND MOTION IN SPACE 10.1 CARTESIAN (RECTANGULAR) COORDINATES AND VECTORS IN SPACE, 1. ‘Theline trough the pot (2,0) parallel othe asi 2, The ine through the pent (—1,0,0) parallel to the yas 3. The wanie 4 8 "The in through the pont (0,0) pall othe as "The cele x+y? = in the plane x = —2 6. The cicle x? 2? = 4 in the saplane ‘The cele y2¢2? = 1 in the ype 4. The cice x? +2? =9 in the plan y ‘The cele + y?= 16 inthe xy-plane 10, The cee x? +2? = Sin the sa plane 1, (a) The iat quadrant ofthe xy:plane () The fourth quadeat ofthe x-plane 12, (a) The lab bounded by the planer {8} the squre colina bounded bythe panes x =O, x= 1, y=, y= 1 {e) The ont cabe inthe ee oetant having oe vertex atthe rigin 18, (a) The ball of radiant centered atthe ri (0) All pointe at stance grster thas 1 unit fom the origin 14, (4) The cramference and atrion of the cre 32+ 92 =1 inthe xpplane (0) The creumference and interior ofthe cele 2-4? = 1 inthe plane {e) Acoli clinical corms of radius 1 whov ass the waxis 15, («) The upper hemaphere of radia 1 centered a the origin (6) The enld upper mipher of radius I entered atthe nigin 16 (8) The ine y= x the sy-plane (8) The plan y= cooing ofl points of the frm (4. 1. (@) x58 Oye wed rea 18. () 21 a=3 20.) Paya, Peas, 21 (@) 24-9 WO-P4ake=0 (OP HPagye? 22. (2) (+97 +-4)* 2. (0) ¥=3, a eT wa Payee 28. 247846 OO-OHG-P ead © (494 O-R et y=4 @)x=te= @ xehy=s [FaGaR a Bette nya sy 3 srtiey WP adand ey? (ett ado Byte) eset r 024 a8 mogest M0545 2,057.52, 05052820 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space meso m0 a= Visa 3) GIF +O eL ©) +O IP Hema > misteyetcs 28, nth = [2 4-a4|m STFS CH =, he dition 94, loth = 952) 0h|= JET FTFTE =1, the diction i— 4 fhe ahah +68 = (fof) 5 eth =I68= YB =, the dco i 5= 5) 36. ont =f ful= Eo B-fes ass-m naff) te diene i few $i f= 1(Bs $4) tat =| GR) Vip be dieton in Syt—ah— ok “te Be) 3 tpt =| gi + Seb etl = (Ja) = ethene eh ah Joa yet Dal ato (Jai det) (9) 0) -vi 0 de eam 0) 3 oi 6 pepe (ge ot VIBTTSE = VR = 8 = f= (85) oth died vector f(t ee (EET Bir indy = fpk th died cr -a(Jgh-Jeh- Jet) = Vile Vii vie 4. (0) the dance =the length =| 7B, [=|4 4 Ohl = VIFF = 5/9 0) St -Bea BVA battsSgi~ ph = te tn Batt Sa ok (0 tw mpi i (h.,)Section 104 Catia (Retangulst) Corian and Voir in Space 1 44 (@) the ditaace =the length = [7B [=[8h— 0424 = YOFIEF (0) 5-054 28=7(9s— $5498) = the dretion e (©) the midpiet o(§.1.8) 45, (a) the distance = the length =|P;Pa| wrt meni (0 tm mapa (8) 46. (0) the ditance =the length =| PP, =|20-2)~ 24 = VIP = 25 (0) oa) -a= avi Jpt-Jgh- Jyh) = the ition Jah ek (6) the midpoint i (1,-1)-1) 41, Bho (a4 0-Wy + @-ok ihm 8 3 Als the point (4-39) Labedand e229: 42)4 (044395 +(e Ok= T+ Be a4 2-7, b49=9, and e—8 sede S142 Behe pot 2.018), 4. (PH —9F (ea 0.2494 e-9P a4 S51, center (-2,02),redus 2/3 2, ceter(~, ff), aan YEE Oa (Rates Att H (Pans d) ed edae (et2+(y- OP +(e OF = (VRP Ba Bayt te ty tee xt 42— by 40) 4624 64 16) 94 16 OF HOP HHO ES the center in at (03,4 an the rad I 5 se mlentemtereytesde tthe thy ttepesd . ; 2 (eee) (tbr) (rb) Bee B = Coody Cod) ey (8) the cnter nt (—J.— ff) and te cai i SYS 6 egy 8 ay mano Pay ayer fend a ate(P fred) + <0 049 +P +(e HY = (YE) = en cetera (,— a ean4822 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space ST. (a) the distance between (4952) and (0,0) ie VT (0) the datance Between (3) and (0,0) ie VEEP (©) the dance between (92) and (0,08) VPP 8 (Gora) and (0.3) iy) 50, (a) the midpoint of AB ie M(G 0) and Gt = (f—s)i+(B (0) the dese vector (2) CH= 9(Bi fi a4) igi —me (©) the sctor wave su the er om the onto Cand terry (8) wil rmiate the enter of mas =the lerminal plat of ++ 3) + (042) = 24+) +k te poiet (2,211), whieh the lesion ofthe center of mas 0-skefis fio 60, the ident of AB ie (0,8) and (2) CH= f[(f+2}t-+ (0-25 (f+ 1)p] 4G Je) = fi fife. The ein pit off Gis) +isa—» = Bis Jos fuse point (2.24) ste the eto fhe ntereton fhe median. + 4x) +06 41 Wiha a py ly hee eda eh hat 40.0, 8, Cleat) aed Dera mptat f Ma(hng) te sO Mac (22525 4f0), the midst of CD i eo (SE 54,5) and the midpot f AD ie ato(GE SEI) > te init agen (22S 24,18) athe me he bon (2, Let Vy Vay Voy ons Ve the vert of «regular nied polygon and v, denote the vector fom the center to Vi form 1,2,3,..4,m I'S= $F wand the polygon is rotated through an angle of 37) where 11,2, 8, 0m then § would femain the sme. Since S does not change with thee rotations we conde tat s=0, (2, Without lou of generality we can cotdinatze the vertices ofthe triangle rch that 0,0), B(by0) and lag) = i acatd at (5% 4), bint (5 Sand ena (9,0). There, A= (B43). + (Bi, H~(f-s}io (Gh. mk =(Pox ie cro Mesa.Section 102 Dot and Crom Products 628 102 DOT AND CROSS PRODUCTS (NOTE: Bxecns 1-6 below we calculate projy was the vector (22), 2 dhe salar multiple of he muzber in column 5 divided by the member alm 2 vo mt cat aly os ° 5 “1 ~* ai hie a tid na 1 8 & 2 a(iege) a » 5 4 i fossa a 6 3 8 # Bowsy—y 2 wa A wt w= hr4(s-py)=}+n+[6+0-}040]=(h+5s)+(-Hehi +e) 10. w= ($299) +(0- $59 ¥)= fl +[ 4548) -(F)v]= 040-48, whe ven =D and vs (PRB) Gea (GREP) Gata) =e (ppt) (tg) wens iatsoPscar 6 yes 1824 Chaper 19 Vector nd Motion in Space cot Oenvn seve) _ ar 4(vaF +(-v9F Yar a irom r= ieee 8) = con 9 = con 9 =] 15. (9) cova veo cota pont catty Oils coro, {= te the drction cosines of ¥ 16, w= 10+ 2s parallel to the pipe in the north drction and ¥ = 10} kis pall to the pipe in the east (tite) =<" (Saad ag) 18 =3(Ji+ i+ 9a) = tog =2 andthe cri oB14 $54 Bs Aivetion, ‘The angle between the tmo pipe is b-h os 1. wx length = 0 and has no divction yews ~(uxy) =O length =O and has no dirctionSection 102 Dot and Crom Producla 825, 200 |=) => length = 6 and the direction ek = 6 and the direction isk 1 and he diction inj bak receee] ce 2a A [eet mph neat te nit JJ ra we en nd the dretio ie —Doi + {Gi 12) = length = 66 an the dition n= + Tok526 Chapter 10 Vector nd Motion in Space tak bik mans) 114 oot lage 1-10 oo 29.0) Ret] | VaerITT = ave () w= 2 POePh [Para] bak Ba (a) PQxPR=| 10 2 [=m gm Aree 220 8‘Section 10.2 Dot and Crom Products 827 soe bob be: 80, am ayLtog tagk, v= bit alg an fie tege then arm be sas vetwxed=] ej cy fandwe(uxy)=| 9, a) ay [hich all have the ame valu, snc the aad oy interchanging of two prof toms in determinant docs not change ts vale the volume i 204 lw ono 002 rad U|(wxy)-w|= ate] 2 1-2 |=4 (lr detae about vrifeation, see Exes 38) 12a 2100 46, [xy 2a (or deta about verieation, te Exercise 38) 102 ro 86, |(axy)-w]= abs] 1 0-1 |=8 (or deta about verication see Exercise 38) 242 bye ravxw=| 0 1 5x0 as a -3428 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space ik tik . 1a ba 1 |eo rod a ' wad apa a0. PG xr| al PBliriaia(on =3-a0-Y3 a.m soy aw 40, [PQx¥|=[POliPisin(a8) = 9-20-40 = 10y2n-w 41, (a) teeta fee — (2) ao bays ie, a (0) tae, aah oo bye (2) tes wx(-0) =] ay ay ay |= Castes (oan taal +(e ty “none (6) not always tue, xi =k Lor xample (© true ditibative propety ofthe ern prodoct (@) tue, (2x9) v= u-(¥x9) <0 (}) trae, the volume of pralisepped with wv and w along the three edge i (ux) (ew) since the dt produc is eommstative, 2 (a) trae wy = ab mb thy = By + ay thyty = bak hope @)tmeuxv=| a ay as fe=| bbe by [= -texe) hee] fae bak bik © me wer=| my mts fel Some] fa my (3) tram (a) = yh (aba +s = (6) +l + 00s) =u) (uxy) (0) = clay oat) (6) tae, fae) =Section 10:2 Dot and Crom Produce 29 (ose (0 (0) true, uxy Luand wey Ly = (ox) sloeo 8.0) poiys=Galy Hern) © Exner @ oxo! 4) (ax x(a") (0) (249) (0-9) = (94 e) x9 (ate) eye mE ewe HY S04 vx uxy = O= 2x4), or tnply ww ow (leew 45. (0) yo, uxv and w ate bth vector: () no, mis vector bo (6) gem a and ww ate both vectors (@) po, aa vector Bt 48, (a0) x i prpendicla o ux, and ux ie pependizuat to Both w and v = (ax) Ia pale! toa vector nthe pane of and v which means i the plane determined by ‘The altaation is degenerate i and wae perl wo wc 47, No, vated not equal w, For example, +i f i++, but ix(i45) = Dc+ Ded = OF kand Siitijsoteak 48, Yeu Wuxy=uxw and u-y =u, then u(y) =O and ws(y— 9) =0. Suppose now that ¥ fw. ‘Then ux (vw) =O implig that vw = ku for some real umber k #0. This intra imple that (a) = kiwi? = 0, which implies tat w= 0. Since wf 0, eanot be tre that ¥ fw, 29 bx i0800 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space 2149) ad mat) Mit 30 [=-ttk are= flabeiG lel 10 tak 440 eats nen fie A bak 8. That and Katt ABA =| 6-5 0 fatsh ane aflabe ile uo by 6, AB = 16 tjand athe dges ABxAE=| 1-5 0 [a ete acenflibxAlee2 ren) bye Hoitusaisasodveithiteeers| a a 8 |: 2 fia engin bo hob | cris tte vo tnd ine nd (- a csi en hn mB gh ibe +h then the area ofthe ingle i AB CAT. Now, la-saay las an k= Habit] = U(r slea— aa) ~ (era lbs a9)]= fl ealba ea) +0906 ~by) +44. e9ba)] 1 1 | ‘The applicable ign costes the aes formule gives # nonnegative nunber. 1 103 LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE LH (ALOE 1 0Section 10 Line and Plans in Space 31 Vector form: at) Parameti forte G4 2B) 4o(-2i— 2542) = (= OH+ (22H 1+ 20K 20a eaot42t Vector form: ot) = ty tev = (-214¢0}+3k)+1(81-+ 5) 84) = (-2+ 5+ H+ 5H Parametie form: x= -245t y= 8223-8 Vector form: 8) +H +O ramet form 3 Veto form: 8) (i=) 4) +4548) = (94 BLP OFF +IOK Parente frm © yo-t-uesteat Veto forms 1) 44) +H +8) LHL HO 10 The airetion FQ, ramet form: nealee Vector form: x) Perameti form x 243+ A+ TH+ 6-50 Veetor form: xt) = to +t = (O.~ T5408) +4425 +28) = (+ (-7 +205 + (2k Parametviform: #1, y=—T+244=20 bak ‘The vector axvis perpendiclartowand vc uxw=| 102 9 [=-tie4j—me B48 Vector fom: x) Parametie form: x +0 229 (+34 04) +9(-214 §— 28) = (2-214 (8+ 405 +2 $422 2 Vector form: Peretti forms +0 = (00+ Ob +46 +0) +-08 5s Jeand F000) where Ot 1 ‘The direction PQ =j and PLO) x= y=Ithe=0, where “1.40 oy or852 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space 18, The dein PQ-= th and PO.) 9 x= 0, where O Fx = 310-2) +(-1 +(e tye i P= -t4j4ae Fa —sie aj eas PAB =| 112 [a i-a)skinnormal othe plane aa = Ne-D+-90-9+—0-0 exty— 1-2) + (y+ (06-9) 0-9 x 494Section 10.3 Lins and Planes in Space 83 containing the ins ie repreentd by(~20)(x—1) + (12) ~2) + (1)(¢~8) =0- ~204-+ 129-4 1 and t=O; then 2=t+1= 5046-5041 la stated = the nes do Intersect when # = —I and t= 0 the pont of ntenmction a x= 0, y = 2 and ¢ 12" (0,211). A vector normal tothe plane determined by tht ne ism, x0 =| 2 83543, where my and my ae dietione of he ins = the plane containing the (8-0) + (-3)0-2)+ 0) 2 txt 3y—m 28, The rom product of +k and ~Al+2}~ 24 has the same dteton atthe normal to the plane bak 11-1 [205-404 seer «point on ene ouch as P(-1,2,1- Sic the nas ae given deed plane is Os +1) +6y ~2) +621) =O 6y +6 Bayt 2A. The erm product of |—8}—Keand +54 has the same dzcion asthe normal tthe plane 1-3-1 |=-i-2}444. Sete a point on ethene, sue as P(,S,—2- Since the es are 1 912-4 ea vector in the direction of the line f intercon ofthe plane 82) + (-2Nly 1) 490641) =O B= 3y 438 = 0-5 xy += the deed plane contig PQ) 26, A vector normal othe desied plane ie iP xm-=| 20-2 |= 1-12}; chooting Py(1,2.8) atom the plane = (-2)(x—1)+(-12)9 2) + (-2)-3) sete “axteyte{804 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion ia Space lo the dred plane ate the Son the in tngh Pin th dito In tho cathe dane om the point $ tein ad Pein 8, 170<0-c§ then bythe gnome fight ang the Gace om te ra Soh ie alan 18 = fel lin LF, wih the tne tm ttn. 1 <0. then te tance am So then laine 0) = an 0 hero, fal 0 <9 he nt om he pit to tee thos Pan i edition sve bl Blan lik (0) [PB xyl =1PBlivisin 8 a4 Pav) Vio _ VED. sae lathe ditance frm Sto the on Eg TE = LE = Vim ith tan om tte ae 20, $(21,8), PQ1,8) and v= 21+6) > Px ool 9 we dtc om th ine (yt point avn thin) 1M. $(8,-1,8), P(A8,-8) end v= 1435+ 39 Pew oot el OTS SGT «0 dem 5 ae 31, () Pin any point with coordinates (yt) that satisfies the eqaton Ary + Byo + Cry (©) IFS as eoordinaten (1), then PB = (2x4 (y~ lh +(2~ ap (©) I the angle between P8 and the normal tothe plane is 8, Pleas #1. We know, however, that PS-m=[PBlin| coe 6, where B= AI4+-B5-+Ck ie normal to the plane This implie that [Pleo = PR = FS. an Slee LP] 75 anda =| 32, S(2,-2,0), <442y 426 = 19 and P(13,0,0) i on the plane => PS = 114-3) 44k and n= 35428 [vensa|=|zal=*Seton 13 ine and Pain pce 18 28.801) 47480= Paalieale YH, S(0,-1,0), ety +20 =: an aatst> 2 and P(0,—S,0) onthe plane > P= 64k gad n= 4) +h AB jand a 2 135. The punt P1,0,0) is onthe fst plane and (10,00) a pot on Uh aeeond pane > 78 = 0, and = 14-9}+ 68 ural othe it plane the dines fom St he it plan d= [7% = i |=—L, which is also the distance between the planes. =| eterae|= fr nih th tan ewe te 38, The line ie paral othe plane sace va: 5110.0) when = H)-G-+25400) = 142-820. Alo te peat Nesom the ie, andthe point (10,00 es onthe ple => F'= ti, ‘The distance = 9 '=$, whieh i ab the distance from the ine tothe rasa oa om the neo th from S to the plae is lave ST (@)Iewo plane intret, hen the ange between the normal velar my adm i egbl othe ange between the planes. We know, however, tht my Im ]85|<0 9, whee 8 the ange bntween the nana ctor and betwee the planes Thesefore, edit thand nyt jntk coe ( are ht he) wear) Lat radian 88 my =14) + eand my =k 30. a= 2542) beand my i ks = 11 oy HB =62 HL) (88) 490149 =69 14563 t= pox, = (BA) he point 12 Ox4y ta = 10 > 62) 40-42) (2-29) = 19-9 HY sod x= 249 (2-2) te pint498 Chapter 10 Vectors and Metin in Space 48. nay bead (142) 41459400) #29 4229 tO EE, (1.0) i the pot 4 ode 27 5 148) -360) 3 (-4=2,-8) ithe pat ome! Statsx 45m, =14jtkand my 145 2m ‘non bth planes = the dvd line i= tuk M8, 92556) Dh and my = 2145—Be my emys| 3-6 =P |= 1414254 1K, the deci of he 21-2 0) eos both planes = the a oe oe gt by 24 218 45-2 em 484, the detion of the 18 my =81- 2) and my = 4) Oke my my=] 5-20 |= 101428) 20h, he deton ofthe o 4s dese tins (1, E1410 y= 84251, 25 14206 0 Lk Le «= 340 =o Lad t= 1 on LLELS: The drction of 2 4425448) is 1 ond 12 invest a (6,1) (2145424) whieh isthe sme the diction eos of 1; ee 2 nd ae pa Lbs xe ata 42 and es aieunttre dt sod ¢= 1-9 on L,4=2 wh on 13,40 Band 12d ot inte, The con Lt us lth 1 oe dein ot 1 4-2 and aria main fhe eth bee and 3 ae se.Section 103 Lines and Plane in Space 97 Sandted ~fand t= 4. on 13, += whecoL,2= 1 f= Lt a 12 do not iret, ‘The diction fe a3) U1 and 12 ae we the dein of 2 F- (143142 ad ter a muti oft ther kL x S+2randy ne sense Beret soon 1, 422-512 od 1 tet ot 1.9.) LLL U1 and tae the ne dc (2-1-4 Nhe Lad 1 pr wus atte ba Si xa 24 24, aire 43 aefse 82, M4) 249-1) 410-8) 0 x Ady D450 xy HRT Vita 8) +2Vi(y +2)— VEl0—0) 20-9 Vix +2Vy- Vie = 1 Pirsos seus St. The contain (0,03) and (5,8) beaut the projection af the ine onto the x: plane contain the origin and interets the postive x-axis ata 0 angle. The direction ofthe lin is V/i+J+-0k = the ln in question exe Viqymten 55. With sabatttin of the line into the plane we have 20 20) + (2451) —(-30) suhiees 22447454 R= E “the pent (-1,%,-3) contained In both the Hae and plane oo they are ot parallel. 56. The planer ae parallel when either vector Ay-+By-+ Cyk or Ag+ By + Ck ea multiple ofthe other or snhen (A+ By} CR) (Agi Bj +Cyk| =O, The planes are perpendicular wh perpendicular, or Asi Bi + Ck) (Agi Bh + C4K) = 0. heir normal re St. Thee ae many pile swers. One fun m lls: simon og = 2=y and y= tgban wy = Band 2744 Tae to cha on 158, Sine the pane pastes thoogh the origin ite general anton i ofthe form Ax + By +Cr-= 0. Since i mots the plane Mats right angle, thee normal vectors re pespendislar > 24 438 +C'=0. One choice matting (Wis oqution a A= 1, B= 1 and C=1—>4~y42=0. Aay plane Ax By CeO with 2A-+38+C=1 al pss though the origi and be perpeadiclar o {58, The pointe (0,0), (0,50) and (0,0) ae the x, and Intercepts of the plane Since, b, snonaero the plane must intenct all Ue coordinate aes and eantot pase rough the eign Th E4141 decibs ll plane excapt thove through the ogo parallel to coordinate ae, eal888 Chapter 10 Vectors nd Motion in Space 60. You. If, and vy are nonseo vctrn pal! tthe ns, thes vx Oe perpendicular to the ies 61. () EBA, 3 ~agh tah 4tk elim aot tnt] 2 — here is postive el number wed am eH Lame Lo that yy anda ay 62. The plane which contains the teangulr plane ie x-+y +2 = 2 The ine containing the endpoint ofthe ine 2 The plane ad te ln intersect at (3,4). The vil secton of the tne +40) ‘he ine segment hidden fom lew singh. The nth ofthe ine agent in VIFE PTH = 8 Got 104 CYLINDERS AND QUADRIC SURFACES 1. dy elipacia 2 hyperbola 3 acing 4 geome 5. Iyhyperbolic paraboloid, parabolold 1. bender 8 i hyperbole 8, ypeeblle paraboaid 10, §, paraboloid 11 hy cone 12,6 ellipsoid ower E Peat me tte ay geay ts Ane GEOG) 02 (©) From part (a), ech slice has the ze where = grea timve2 | Ha =| @-P)a=g[o-g] =gern ee ave? | spleen ntgpfes_g] AEB 2) thn V =A, the ote a teSecin 14 nde and Que Sut 819 14 Tei them F481 To ein we te th hoa (Ho ese otter Than, B= 9 = EG, We ct olny dk mad v Fen son Beeesten'(1-8 over] be 2¥ fone Joh the ome of te ba {nthe volume finder of radian R and height 2 and then V= f+? wich eth voame of bee. 1 ay leg i ple Fe ond a= sven the elie ae =1, The area ofthis lips is #(ay/8)(by/8) = 28% (ee Exercise 138). Hence Sheva gen v= | ta [2 ow ean th tip ba shen ayy (on) ‘A= HID, ae determined previously. Thus, (owe) (tstud), a daied 16.) Porch ad a te hyp 1 ein sn aie Fes) EF oe a AG) = 2(2Ve EHR VET) =. The area ofthe crow-nctiona lige 66 Exec 1) in (2422), The volume ofthe slid by the method of ce it ve} aware] ables) ampere fe) Elise Hypetolld of Two Sheets" 105. VECTOR VALUED FUNCTIONS AND SPACE CURVES ree (? tps va ht 2 4 te wn fois Soe [C= VPRO Dian, MOD TEMA afi cy =a(fiefir ds) 2 enaonedsafee vaffane deeb =2(J Jide) 3. r= (Dean Ot San Ij Hath vag fyb mks Spent 00] isa Dion: 1 = VE 1+ git ot) ton = = fs des in ieee tebe wn = oa sets |(Q)[= (Cae BY oom BY HF = 2% ton a (3 sn 0142 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space =(-aigeed)) +(gageo B)ieaigt= 4 em eect (tan Cys fues v= = ett O14 oe Oi feos moons fox Gon Fa H + = (sce Fan B+ Diet > o(g)=2(di4 fie fe) JE hed) a 5 rains edhe Bas vada(2 iad tte a 1» _(qaras+ 0 Sot (n= Ya) # OOF # P= Vi Dien 4 ATT sii = Sait Feit Bee = Vi Jett Fie Hs) tah 6 (Disraeli 4b dw ae = (e°*}i (18 cos 8¢)j ~(18 ain B1)k; Speeds | v(0)|= (cP) + (-6 win 9(0)]? + [6 cos 3(0)}* = VIF; 10) 8 sin 05+ 6 con Drain 2 3 =- alt fat = VF(-foi+sfan) = H0)=214 V5 nd 0) =e [0 = VEAP HO = Vand 1 wets Vij 42tkand |= VF = 2; w(0)-a0) Bis (fs nd a= 2052 v0) =i sand) =-15 wo = (A) (8) 21 ad (= CBP = 80 w0)-00) = (92) -22) = 168 con 9 = HY = VE one atts )i+ (qh) eee sana es] iatyk ‘er aft nO =sad (0) -af0) =0 = ew = aa 0) = 2144 3 |v(0)|=1 and |a(0)|= VET = V5; to. v=ftr sei §O os fheand a= F409 WO) Fi Bs and bi om VAY HAY A = atletol= YA + = va = 9-4‘Section 105 Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 3 abs cnda0s0=F 1, y= (1 ~con i+ (in nnd Santa0> in) (coe =p a= (in (0008) + (in e088) ln Th ote sin thon Yk va — sn consi on t= for all 80 sstae[Pe] easieaede 2] +L] +l acta = 2+ (4y2—2)h 428 “ 1 f [oda oiv cr seense cn] on =(22 0 16 Peeremnrscnanstosesonnin [tects sitiania jen 1 jietean tae I ma aime og s[tten 055 +[-feosa]” i aft f-in(o—0)94fh 4 | (iephuede)e (i 954 00a 00 | (pases) wre [cum ae fii fever Ser)ia(-Sea)ie(-fe)e ai 1m fleur (an 102] = ane (o02 IP) .0: 40) <9 emo? Hor xe 2 es 100) [Stahl ni V8 01-0) C=14 +e C2144 = 100} C= 1005 += 94{44 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space a [Ges naisess (yaar con” +1)9/85 ej +n (04 kt Oaks C= +i +k (4h ise stint oe Yenc Dee: Ue sais us rH a= (S20) Bi Perc n0) [$+207} «Ftc sie cuiai ora(llantss)ia(Bes)botpe an df= J cam ae ams 6p ff =A» MONG em Gato sesh aks em | (sess at = s+ 84-1604 C4: x0) = 100K 2 MO+ E514), = 108 > C= 100k = B48 +(100—102) 2 ff [-c4sen a= (a s54m) +o, ff => W140) 400 +6, <0 C20 == -usu+u; tis sm) e-(Bre ie $a) spa sree > -($is Pies) +6, — 10s 10k» 60h 04108 -Sn)ra(Bssoe(-Sen)e Ht) = (sin i+ (2 cont) 4th > ft) = con + (4a YF eK; ty=0 5 W(0) = i+ Rand ivan b= ar pant tn ft ge 2. (2 con 5 (2 sin 45 =A v0) = 244 Sand , and 1 = 20+ 5 are parameteic equations ofthe tangent line n. sin +a coe 05 + be xt) = (acon (sn OJ + Bs ty = 26 (0) = a + and abe) += Oba =a, b-+t are parametric equations ofthe tangent ine 28.0) = (cou Di tain + (in 29K = v0) = (sin + (co 4+ 2 en 29K; ty = Fl) = A= Bh and H0)= P= (0,1,0) 9 x=0-t=—t y= 1, and #=0—21 = 24 are parametieeuatons ofthe tanget line Pa oo ith = Wy) 4th +, the particle revel inthe direction ofthe vector (411 (1 + (= 15.44 (ace eave in a eight i), ad ot ine t= a ed 2 = Rrra O-b4 =» ff (sre) (er Behar) 2 H0.= (B+ es) (Be ease (Ie Paar cn 4+3543k= 0,‘Section 10 Vetor-Valued sa)pe(e geese oH a(derggen)i-(bee =p) orien soso 90. SE (a=1.6(0- (ayy += 245 +4 ieee na ihe and time Oa eed 2 00-86, = few fie(io Fe(OH) acka(be Spe (WOr Gt arceaw ase ec, ae (@ocfna)io (Mores p(begpatesew scream BL. v= (1 con i+ (ein hand a= (in 4 (C08 js? (1c an = 2-2 cont piv? eae me op tm tn br, ee and at the valor of tv P = 4 maxe|= VE= 219? ie a ‘Ate and a thee van of |? = 0 = min v= viet 454K wl) = BIW Ah Cy the partic tavela in the direction ofthe vector sae eben con when cont for every t= maxi 52, Lat p= Bh 35+ dente the pono vcore point w= fat aan va Jed a Sok ‘Then At) = p+ (Co )a+(in te. Note that (22,1) aw pont on the plane and m= 1-+5—2k i oral to the plane, Moreover and are arthogonal uit veto with 1 wand v are parallel tothe plane. ‘Therefore, x) Henties point that lei the plane for ach Alo for each, (co tu (ia OW is unit vector. Starting atthe point (2,21) the vetor (cos 88+ (sn Jw tacr out ctl of radian 1 and eater (2,2 1) in the plane x+y 28 = 2. 3. vain seme tk = (8 t= Ohi VP = PLA» Ae?) in cont 8 co n= 10 ln conv? Ste norte f af When ta 0,nivP=4aine and min vim whe cotadeteqrorta fi When 20 nia ‘Therefore, max ia\=3 when t=0, x, and min 4 doen avedtagt 140) ek with at el ontants = $2 +B geu= n+ 05400=0Mo Chapter 10 Veetors and Motion in Space 6 (0) w= MOH +E MOR > camel beth +h ew) —e fle i ve Hing egha)=ede 0) sue os stator > es = [Se +1} a [sac +098 = ono + eon +ne0m + ie Ss gn] = a rss [fun ”. {O64 (0K ad y= (04+ 0 (0K. Then G0 + (0 0 + 1 +1619 +e = Flot y) = 10 ++ 60+ (0 +50 +008 Roots 6004 + 5(0N + + 05+ GOON) = 4B (9 ~ (0+) ~ e005 + 0) WO 1 fo) =O - BNI + HG — 80 + 1G — COT = (ROH H(05+ 8008 (0+ 5005+ (0 = $E 18, Seppo rin comtnvou at = ty Then Ji 0) =H) Ji OAC +0] = Mit att Me di MO) = Atos fi 0) =a) and dp BH) = ht) of and ave i 3 x 60 40) Sp 40 60) Mp 00 ip a) boaok 5 4) 0 38 i lt =r) = ep ex) a0) a0 = lip nt te 1) in (ue 4 eg) exist gh Gh +) xia > £6, Ml) alexis = 6g and ae continuoan at 1 fg = Ht) in continous at 11. 0) G(e-vew) = (rem) 40. fh (ew) =H. (on) +0 (fhe ft) orm) bade parE () Bach ofthe determinants a equivalent o each expremion in Ba (7) part x) became ofthe determinant Aormula fr the Tip Salar Prost in Seton 102. oh Ge (Bi) Eel) on (ot) we and w-(0x9) fr any vector wand v‘Section 108 Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 47 J a a] Date + ran a= | (i() ti +! (iat) @85 +f ‘en( ate ao] 901+] nse) oas)ps] we wf woaninia= | (40+ es05-+ Bk] 4104+ a0 bg = | GOssOF+ B02 401+ B00 a = | [se anio]aei+ | (eles) a5 + ] [oy hy(o]aek o[]s014] a a} sae] wos [] oar] l (©) Let C= eit esi tegee Then | ox dt= | fee) topes) +h} at ace} you Jone [oe cater tao a {spoa-s]eoafes] oan) -0a}e[s] eras ]oah 6 (9 Uae and becom oT MOH = i (OO +N = uto{tghi + u(tea(told + w(tg)h(ta)k = u(ty)eta) = ur is continuous for every ty in (a,b). (0 Lt wand reine, Then = sO w+ AOI = (G0 + wo4f)i+(da10 + wos) +(GEHO +0098)48 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Spce = toi eto +meon e+ wo (Gf i he) =e pug hay ease (0) ea hy) = bd +65 48 6) 1) ad bret ete hen = eo Bef B SH B80. 3 (OE+ (U5 + BK = fale) Heh Lgl) +e + lO) +e > Ry(d) = RY) +, where see i(0)+ ey a) af eraieg Joneaea] Moy drk “ a]ene tf orsurssneme stoiseaiswonen she funae mete | rian ete He) dr4e. orcs 4750. Example CAS commands: spears 06, nein 1, eeORMAL) t-> DOM £-> DEN: Pia sdemapacecarve (x0) 44edx(t)60)+tady (0) a(t) +40da(0) t= sPplitle = Space Curve and Tangent Line at thas Pi/2 Geant) ‘Gidtsab Sint cot Coat Sil ° (0, 6 Pi: ws 5/2 arametsiePot3D[ faa), t8) ] iMSection 10.6 Are Length andthe Unit Tangent Vector T 849 Tine] = alt) 4 ¢ 90 Be = PatametsicPotSD{ Brauatl ine), (4-22) ] Show{ ple FE ] 51-52, Example CAS commands: Maale tht) 0, set -NORMAL): ParametsePlotBD (xatlalU) (GO4PH | ParametiePl6D[ Evaluate tne) Jy (8-22) ] Show{ pls 72 ] 106 ARC LENGTH AND THE UNIT TANGENT VECTOR T 1, ne (2 con + ain + VR v= (AP stn OL (2 eon Oh + VS seins Vita + em OF (VP = Va ACE =(Hnnio (Gem iPad uant= [mata [ seemtng ase Pah in 2 + (6 on 20} 45h = w= (12 c+ ("12 in 29} +8 seivis flibew BP Cae RP VIM a ST TTB co )i-(Hamisfppenetanen= [mata | vatnunigese30 Chae 10 Vc nd Matin In Spc B ratieGeee vate oie VME = iF Taha late ad Length = | ViFeelaro <8 A reQ@40h- (nities eijek sine fC = vi; sot teens | Vi at =fVild avi ded co tt Unt) os v= (8 cate ain 5 +3 in cmt) 191 = Va conte sin + (3 sin con 0) = yl cont sin eon? + aint) = 8 eon sin tl satay ” in ” angin= [ alcortsinslat= | dcostsia cet = | Join 2 [Jeon 21] =f M205) — 20 6464) ivi = Vase) +60) +(-98) = VR = me, Bh Refi BH and teats = | 02 are (coe 0) + (a Ok, 0-5 t Sg, and ee ne 1 es (Coon gi (in Ob YEE > w= contain + in 4 coe D4 ( VEE) sins leo t= tin Fin CFE con 4 VEEP = VERE TR = VTP Hite rset e030, meri mtsiins)io (elie )eat uae [onaeled Pee 8. r= (Cain theo + (Cc tala OF > = (in 44 oe tan Con ttn te lh = (6c OF (in 0) v= yeoman = VP attic Vices. =(BE)- (R= on tan os and tage f 6a 4 2 LA me te heroes hae | VET a )Section 106 Are Length andthe Unt Tangent Vector 7-851 10, Let Pl) denote the point, Then v= (12 coe i+ (12 an 05+ Sk and y » nites | Vi aa S TART | 13.dt = 13g = ty =x, and the point ie P(x) = (a2 ain (2), 12 coe 52) =(0,12,-58) in + (A con 48k = ivi= y(n PH a = VB=8040)= | 8dr =e Lash =4(8) HF u = (coe + (Un 4 te > 12, (coe an 4 (on t= con tf > ¥ = (ale in CFE a8 OL oe Ean in OF = (Comm i+ (ain tj > v= year Hoe = Dag Dae aetna steno) | rored a Jit tes vale conte win einen tbe en Fee sivi= Ylet con te ain OF +(e sin tte cont) +(e) = VIF = Ve 3 ole) ya0-(yiem sya a3%8 et 18, r= th tn(coe § > #14 (58) (an n= Yet = VR ae ne esc Teche) (eis ono to 21 ERI nD cote (-sin (C0852 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space 1 rola (ee Ok vm (ELI = tan Oj 901s Yan PF Vo tne et t ae (on 014 (con 04: $F = (on 9 5 = |= Vicon? + Can oF = rane aco (in tis ronll= Hrs Q49)4 (6A va sho2 2 le YEECRF AVF 9 Bape Ee als “vie ie aay aps Bl (Ga) Coe) ne Hmes =item (sin tt con = v= (tenth + (tan > Ivi= Yee Fain = VE =e ee eg ah P= =|a\- (Fra nal i+ (om His + (008 9 H(t = (on fin t+ cos 0) (ean Woon tt sin Yk = Pk veai= VP = oe Wa rei) (VEG +A )k v= Yoi4 VB mk = wie VAP HVA a0? = VIE NIP oes = | Visa [a VIFF ales VERO) = Vests VA)Section 106 Are Length andthe Unit Tangent Vector T 853 holae) a the evlnder is une high, Ca the ender long PQ] nd fatten. The renting rectangle has a width equal {othe ccuntrence ofthe cinder 2y anda bight equal ‘Pe the bight ofthe eylinder Therefore, the Fetangle a Square andthe portion ofthe heli from t=O to t= Ze i ingonal (cn t+ (sin) +(1 coe Yk, OES 2 x= ew scot sin? = 1, aright cela ylinde with the rasa the axis and rad (co tsin tent le on he elinder 32 +9? = 1; = 0 = PCy) nan the curves t= = (O11) RCI, 0,2) inom the carve. Then B= —-+ J+ and Fit = 21+ 2k a) nn the curve; se PQxPR=| 111 |=2i+2ei« vector normal othe plan of P,Q, and R. ‘Then the plane containing P, Q, and R hasan equation 2x42 = 21) +2(0) or x21. Any pont on the curve ‘il sty tis eqaion sage x-b-eoet4(I-cot)=1. Therefore, any point on te curve is onthe Intenection ofthe clindr += Land the plane x+2=1 = the curve ivan ellie, (0) v= Cain i+ con Oj + (in Qe v= VaTT FCO TART = TERT = (6) = (co i= (in 5+ 608 sm normal tothe plane x+2= 1 = - ai orthogonal to a ais pra tothe | viremia = VIF HRTE (Se pst (6) (©) Lx 164 (by Mathematics) @r#54. Chapter 10 Vectors ad Mtin in Space Ab = (An on + ie ae Fs eo FEE = VE = AVE = Length = T V9 ae =layBe]5!" = 298 (©) r= (co §)E+ (sn) b> v= (-poe ia (Few pit oe Po TaD VRE otoon-] Pali eavs (coe kept Yn P+ coe = VTFT 22, (a) r= (cont (0 #= (a8 = (an th v= (sin = Vi Length = I VidalVid y= 20Vi in tet cost) ain oct Oo IPO fie oerr = 0) = b= Since 40) = —J the curve icone dows at (1) ad he enter of the clo arate ia (50) = (x=) +07 =1- (x-§) +921 in an equation ofthe cel (AD 8 ge oteohe (a) +(e) = (E35) Gay) [$0 |-H1o-ste)VOPH =} 00 = hat {he curve in concave down at (0,~2) and the center of the cc of curvature fat +44 in an equation of the cele of carrature 10,7 THE TWB FRAME: TANGENTIAL AND NORMAL COMPONENTS OF ACCELERATION 1 em Bain + cn Hah 9 v= co OL (Sala fab avin RTE = VB 5-9 ta (Gems)i-(ban shee a(-fams)i-(FendiSection 10.7 The TNB Frame: Tangeatal and Normal Components of Acceleration 888 fale Che Ta om soak deet Sant 4 in (cn 1h; we (Bn HAE (-3 ee =) iz ume (02 eo 5-12 aa 9k Lv Bent Bent 0 = Goce Vii =18 3 eaten hah THM i =($em i= (Gain ess t= (8 co 14 in eae FF a co i=in, 409 P= (aa O44 (8 5 (en tt sin + (on tt con 43K v= (Lea LE (sin Hhi=qittsos |= Vom wo = Ban on tisa tote nt if \ 5 . tent teins dagen 8 |= [(b con t)(sin t+ coe t) =(¢ sin t)(com t—t sin t)]ke= Ak => |v xa (eae = (conte tat = (2 in tena + (208 t= tin D>458 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion n Space tet DEH (ain bt con Yj = (ein )i4- 2k ¥ =|a|- — onl samiginss(=snsgenn, Santee cont ° =20% 2 cont ° ne (-2e sn E+ (2 coe trast GBF a2 ent Ba as a i somizdas sinigeat =| foe tin in eon) con tn a cn) = [Beate 2 conan tet) flo 2 ncn ats BR (—te win te co DE Det coe t= nb toebsint Gala tet cant o int 2 cant ° Het sn t= 20 coe te cont =e int ° Tah N+ ( con 20} + Stk > w= (12 coe 20h (22a +5 in ORT RPV were ~(Hhow)i-( Hanns a Pa(-Hae em) fomSection 107 The TNB Frame Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 857 “Bl CHB aoa) Hon) ont cna 8 (24 nin 05-24 08 205 = von : i x eee -12ie — 5 Mtn ® —24coe% = (10 cos 24 = (120 sin 2)— 288K = wren) = TRH cae 27+ (120 ie B+ (— 28H) = 812 ‘ i x a naltipla ll = fs B= TN fos iss & = (yee 25 )1~( yin 20) $B = (48 cn 20-4 48 in 2 5. =()i+(B)jse> 0 veces inte VETE = WVFET, since >0-> T= “vinta ele Gr) (jr) = ip tron Baten giaphecatnse eee Bos ofa wiveai= Ve) a ware bok hae perene| aie gh 8 fectedtens rel tae wa via858 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space 6 aloo iste), 0c fon v8 cnn i +(9 ate} mints V8 eatin PH ah co = Vea T DAT ca = 8 contin sine 0c be ‘ 2 TaPF= (en 4 (dn 9 E> (da + owt Ee Vea TCaPT <1 n=l) = (0 + (08 hg w= (6 on aoe 3 aes) in cst 3? . ‘ i x sven] -teaPeaint Bala? cont ° Seae taste 3 coe Gin ont ia? o =(-1 sn? cot +0 con? a =(-t inte cost Meat inh can?t +9 nt coe) = (9 sin? cot 9 cont sin Peat Dk val 9h cn = = BL ik cnt aint o = Seattle pacha BTN int cove 0 1) = 6 on in? 8 cat) and ft) = 6 in can?t wn?) Beasts t Bein? core ° Gece att—S coe Gain conte = oa?t 0) a) ore as =o =16+(s ca f)j,a>0- vei4( sn) ive piramii(i)= Yoo?) con f T= (sen $+ (tanh fi > P= (—foeen fea §)i4 (Lee? B= OD (eos Ebon (t) 9 w= (Boa 1B fmm? em) be (i) > nH (obo to 1 aa(i) 0 © Rema(i) o =(Beosh §)k =v xcai= Ecoeh(§) > =!‘Section 10.7 The TNB Frame: Tangential and Normal Componente of Acceleration 850 boy k exa(t) unlit) -taan(s) awa(t) 9 (i), n=taN = fo den(t) = (oth ti (eink Yj + th > ¥ = (inh hon OF = Var cosh HT = VF cat cat Gara Be (dem) (ara Sivas VaR GTTTT = V8 ck eaten YAR fae pererelgens 3 te teaeap tech 0 taht cook minh 0 waht coat 0 aa eek ea Bee O14 (ooin Yj eke v= (aa 14 (om es vie Vea Pa om Tan ag = ivi 0a (acon this (asa oh tai= yoo Poa = Ve al ngs fF = VaFaO a taictaig a= (OTsiaN 108 sinh t cot 1 $= Gian gi (om gh r=880 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space 10 r= (149914 (0-24-30 +a [FSP = Vi a = Zvi says ylataa <0 2= (THON Mes (EEG MK vais gh sivi= YP E RD = VEE = ap = fl 4407 ey = 40(54402)7? > og) appa hens a) =m [at |=2 o ays Poa = ey = FBS 5 ay =f 2¥n 12 e= (con i+ tain Ys ks v= (608 t= Lela YE int + co J EB sive lem an ane PF = VERT ap = f(52 41) = Te n= tina taint BF cont tn +B a) 4 >t] = VET = 2Vi =m ay = viata = VleVAF 0 = 28 2 a0) = (r+2V = AVN Wa redit(tege)ie(t- fees vate sees = VERE FD) = VAL +2) ap = VF 9 anh says yinhoab= VET a2 2 a0) = con DiC in Oj + VI s v= (t con tet win tite win t eco e+ Veh = le cone ain FHS in 0 con A VBP = VIE = te ag = De of) 2: con tel sin tat sin te! con t)i+(et sin Chet con t+ co tet sin t)5 +Vote = (—2e! sin t)h+ (20 cont) + VIetb > a{0) = 25+ Tk = [al0)|= VF aC VAP = VE says via? ah = yl v6) -2? = V2 = a0) = 2 + VIN 18. F= (cont) in Ye v= (ain Dit (con > vis Yoana 1 T= = (ain si (con t= 1(§) =i P= (coe 9h (ony SF = me a Vor +P i+ 252k > a0) = 21 [ay] =2 (ors2N=an rene Dacmceesren ei Ginetene| ane ats ofa 7 (§) =H, he roma to he ocing lanes 1(§) = iar e(E 1) imonteSection 107 The TNB Frame: Tangential and Normal Comporentaof Acceleration $61 sige (x28) coy) o-(-2)<0-9 =n he ing pa sr seme (A Ve) (Mr )aneeinone free = y= the normal plane; Ne sormal tothe recti¥ing ple (Ble Ba(PlePJooecayann aoa 2 fe Byars nty= Vine ring 16, = (con {i+ (sin Yj + tk > v= (sin i+ (cos Ohh +k > vi= Vaasa al = VI T= “Cue Beam «ATT pen ga X= | =(-10 h(n toe M0) = Dod + Dg and 80) = ‘he normal to the telating plane (0) = 1 = P(L0,0) Hes on She eating sane = 04=1)= Ie (=0) + Jp(4=0) = 0-5 3 Othe cling las Ti nm ‘othe somal pase = (21) + Jy 0) + Jp (= 8) = 093-42 = ete somal plane M somal he rectlving plane => —1(x=1) +07 ~0)+0(2~0) =0 = x= 1 is the cectying plane Waly sai tee=0- divied=viisconant 20, x0) = x0 G(0y's > Ho = HE AO Bi = [| =| GEL VTE = 0 |= so tay 20 ery = f(r neg) = B+ + Se = vals e027? sa=F ae (el ALx=0, a(t) = 200) > P= (498) 200 pers Vial) = ef (BOO = i OF Pam Ml = Vi as F3H]1882 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space a, ea + ay§, where = ivi = G(comtant) =O and ay = ev? = P= ma soeivPN [Fle meiy? ‘= (mrv#) a comsant multiple of he curvature of the trajectory 22, ay =0= iv? =0- 00 (snce the patil a moving, we cannot have seo speed) = the crvatre 20 (0 the patil ie moving longa tzaght ine tae 1 #0) 0 [Mee or) 0 vents VPEF =le"eo|and v= V PATE = VIFTFOOF > « ta Ire [eeoyl" ! = In (com x) = SE =| (-vin 3) =~ xo ee (0) v= tn (con x) = 3 = (cobx)(-sin 2) Shane ast h reba eo se Fee cF 2h (0) Fe 54 Fi ae eas vx (0) x sven a pint of nection = (x) =O (ince fie twice dieretabe) => = 0 24 (0) PAW gi antsi > vase asso ren] & 2 lwxal= [X99] and v= VEEP x = eal = 1H Ce s9 (0) 40)= nin gy, Oct crap xm and yInGdn 9 = 1, = crt Ol cet ane “Saas (0H) = ta nh i+ Con j= x= tanh 0 ad y= In (con 1) = Am ech tema th fi tah 9 a Hy amt 25. (0) 0) = tangent othe crv at hpi (05 = [-8(54+ HOH] {P(0+ 8165] = OF HPO ‘and —n are both normal othe curve atthe pint‘Section 10.7 The TWB Frame: ‘Tangential and Norial Cornponents of Aecleraion 863 244 pin oe ene at ane ed vitae eae 0X) VIP de v= abit wahundin firgipe page m a 1-7 vin toma th concn sie of aes 4(viztisy) + fh 5 v= 145 m= 01-5 pointe toward the concave side ofthe curve when t< and <4] pinta ova be concede when > 0-9 N= y(n cad wa GegPirsliriso (9) Mom pa ohne VIF w B= alle) Ene a Ties “tics CV 1+ thon 3 (388g Byala) gage eas 40 ts 1 dows not exit at ¢ = 0, where the carve has «point ofan; 2 =|P-ti]-0n tone bli cable pomer curve which a concave down for xt <0 and concave up for x= > = 0.0 the cartere «=| eine. Since x= and y =f? youd syatmsy"= fm Be 2) 8) = a 5 W) = fi 20)(1 4 402227 (0%); thas, (3) = 0 = x= 0. Now, w(x) > Ofor x <0 and w(x) <0 for > 0 that (ha an betes t=O which be verex of the paral. Since =O be only etal pat fora), the erate as no minimum vale = (2 con ti (bain 5 > we (a in 4 eae 28 (bala Oca bh val labl= nee > b> 0 xt) = LEZ (oP sat B? owt) PF conte)” (2a in ¢ co 28 aa con) = fons Plats onthe mar ai of Jone vin 24)(a? sin? +b? cons) *”; thus, w(t) = 0 => ain 2 =0 => = 0, x identifying 4 niin pint onthe minor ain, Fathrmee (0) <0 foe{84 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space Oct cf and ore ct cf #1) >0f0eFect cx and 0. Now, 48> 01 sccband $f c0ifa> bop rie at a maximum ora = bad nb) =r y= ithe mimo vale. a (y+ ANIL (99+ BE + (tp + COR ¥= A+ B+ Ck sh a= 0 vieR= 0-5 x=0, Since the carve ina plae carve, 30. From ample 8, 1¥ and ay =t 901 ops? > a 432, Prom Example 4, the curvature of the bali x) coe 1 (aan bik 20 viz VAFEBR Por the hl of) = (8 con (9 in OF OS <4, mere vere | Veale] a |] aR From Brample 41 = boy = rt) = 2=H rt) 209 A= Me Te aR OO as ea 090. Allo bas >and b> A= 1! <0 4 ry tt hen bag EEE (i RH + HK v= FO A OEM k=O 49 (+ 0) + Ck and Ha) = Hai + alah + Co: shy=c als) =0 and C=0 = 04Section 1017 The TNB Frame: Tangeatial and Normal Compooeata of Acceleration 65 38, Prom Baample fv @) = {008 (on Yj; B= THN | sth $b at vate te“ spleen 05+ ani] = Pon = - ao ~oaks)-aahs)* cap ‘which is consinen with the rut in pfx) = Be and £0) =2 — Cs @nFP? (sae Byatt fo)at dry as? eee ltl se (ser) OH 80, y man x Fe) = 08 x and P(e) = sin wenn —[osinsl lanl (ropes (eats){886 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space Ha) =e and a) Safeg(t 42; > DEKO: > DEK, > ae 2)0) + (472M aes > DEN; > DY: 3 shen) ns) (B19) ada ‘sans “jy 15-5, ~10.4, sallag=CONSTRAINED} 0. aaling=CONSTRAINED): (ot) s050)5 Sint lesa hear) At) = ld) Sr 3 f sanfise9] (28) ParameticPlt{ (ata), ‘AspectRatlo > Automate] wae oho) so = Sal wo «v0, fa Al to) — x) x0) ys aos {oy toh 0) / 8 a} @ 28s no 20 Note: Plot the circle parametrically rather thas implicitly:Section 108 Planetary Motion and Setaliter 867 sire = ParametrcPlot{ Evaluteed + 1/k0 {Col} Sia}, {02}, AmpectRatio -> Automatic] line = Graphic {Line| 00) Show{ ply ie line ] 108 PLANETARY MOTION AND SATELLITES \ Bediie Pf? =< Gamma mn 8125.10" ac? pT VSTIBOT © 85.90% 107 ae 80.2 ln wb (14957,000,000 mye 3 O16 = aa Pig AKL AD TOM Eg)” 17 VSM RADIO" mio? vos Vode i wth 3.00010 m/e 2:22 in ne ant B= 9 = Mt oo (8710-1 Neg?) 10 2, e 0.0167 and pectin deance = 14,57,000 km nd e 00410 5 ae VOIP 8535 se)? 788 10° m2 6703 kan he mean distance from center ofthe Earth = =6185 em = RIOT om + 183 bm +580 bn 1281 b- 189 om + 889 km 180107 1,800 5. 2a diameter of Mars + pigs height + apogee beght =D + 1400 km + 35,800 km > 121,890) km = D+37,800 km => D = 6480 km. ae Ca Nae ea 2 Te VaRIT TOT a 9.900110 we 1685 in 6, 228000 kn = 2.20910" mand =r (2.208107 se) 9 9.857 10° so? 1. (a) Pei ofthe satellite =rottinalpetiod ofthe Earth = period of the etlite = 1496.1 mia (5975 10% og) (6.166 me)?88 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space 74979107 a =p a VADER TOT a 2167 107 m = 42,167 km (©) The radius of he East ie approsimately 6279 kan = the height ofthe orbit 42,161 —6870 = 3,786 km (e) Spmeom 3, GOES 4, and Intel 5 8 T1477 mia 2 out? 6 eo oP = GMT (610.107 Nig" (6418 10 be) 68.64? ge oy a VETRESTOOS (Gost 107" Nog 8 10? be) 68.64 we? nt san Vine 2.063.107 m= 20490 ken 9. Pio ofthe Moon = 2.805510 we => 4? = OMT? 2.38055 10° sa ote ST he) 2308 1 rr 90 wh am VERE 38200 kn fom the cate ofthe Earth, ar about $7682 km from the wie (ast20 10 weno! 2 10, 1 GY a ot GPL y= fA = eee OTT Neg TEP) ggg 1? ee 1, Sola System: se 2.07 107 sec oF (Cara Wess AVL TO a) pate Z 2 9.900110" een SS > ara Wa VETO) = MI (TaD TO Nant aT) 1 celta he MCD = (ED, = Spee > 19093 BL Moon 8088 10-1 eee oe Circle: = 0-9 vy 13, r= Mls = DBs y= YTB wih connate GM, and (the anf ot an consant 14 BA = He a8) ext) Ab = SEE AY) tay, 0 ex f #82 oe tn pg 89= a a 19 +00, | a t+(Chapter 10 Practice xercies 6 =} [gba |= regi] = fleet -00=( 88 [1-(F-) oon baie 16 = (ip) Vie = (BN -(#8)-2 es &iha(y9))- }- (es) = i]. (2am) oP hy) =o (3h ow tin =f = B= = 16, Let rat) denote the vector fom planet A to planet B at ime t. Then ean() =a) al) om (et) ~2 con P+ (9 in (rt) —2 sin 2 [3 con (at) ~2(con? (ot) si?) 1 int) = 4 sn (et) ont) on(rt)—4 cas (et)+2]1 + (8-4 en (rt) sn et = parametric equations for the path ace +84 con (et cont) andy) = [2 —4 on (et) int) n rt and r= 34 cond, we ae that = 2=reond and y=1 in 6 the graph ‘ofthe pth of planet B isthe aga Jb The 13-4600 # shown a plant A i ented atx = 2 Path of 8 1 (0) Perialion the te tac that J) | «mini, (8) Apbelon athe ie auch that |x) mae, (Gi) quinone the ne auch tha (0) w= 0. (Ge) Sommer slic is the time truck thatthe ange between xt) and w it & maximum, (7) Winter slice i the sme ¢ rach thatthe angle between (0) and w ea minimum, (CHAPTER 10 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1. ength=|21— 8508 = VOFTFB. 91 H5-+fu) > the cecton nifver in ae dedede Rate ei ais Dir Oe roy Ee j-viFaaT = b= Vi( Seb Fgh) th dtn vie IFT = Vals VFT#E #3, vou wv ed, vue inven 0 Sess 6 ie VIP = Vitus PRED = Vi ven 0 +00 +019) =fo49 orn) sa) (ean forss woes fetes nl fetes m fag we and ¥ $)v+ [o-Cavl=—fet-29 +[ 645 +0) -(o-a9]= Jom) +(frs f+),2 (Chapter 10 Practice Buea S71 bak wxve] 100 [=k 110 =m . O-Dx GD eae Leva nity teand wamtngitngk: Then ln— tel? = [ini yl tet ty Bw) (va ~ Bll + (#5 ~ 2 |* = ( (oy — Bm)? + Oy 2¥A + Og — 20) =(sf44 48) ale ranean) (Wf dd) itt 4-42)0) (con f) +36 = 40—24() = 40—12 = 28 9 [v2 = VE wh +b)? ssi —4 asim) coe 6441 vi 0 (4a~40}i4 (20~20)}4 R= 0 al-a)-al= VIRTST = VE : Jeremie :872 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space bye 1 10 11 01 0 [=r 410-044 15, The dvd vector my or we nce ax i perpendisar obo mand abd thre, lo psa to pase 16, fe=0 and b £0, thn the line by =€ andar par. M70 and =0, then the ne x= andj are Parallel I nd ae oth 0 thn ax-+by = conti the pints (0) and (0) = he vector 8(§5~)=<(-) and the in parallel, Therefore, the vector ia pr othe ne acy = cin every ae 17, Parametric equation fo the line ae 18, The fne in parallel to PQ = 0-45 and contain the point seh yathy ent for 0 cteh 10, P(,-2.1) and 20. P(-1,8,0) and 21, PC,—1,2), Q(2,1,8) end R(-1,2,-1) +1+k N—3) + (DK (9) + (0-1) 0 Bey te D)H-B9 8) + le—0) = 0 x= By 4 425+ PR = 24 sh and PQ 25-43 > (De =|. 2 1 |= 01-4547 normal tothe plane + (-8)6e—1) + (9+) +22) =0 aa 12, PCI,0,0), (0,10) and (00,1) > PQ= 1465, P= =i and PP bak =} 1 0 ie norma tothe plane = (1x1) +N) +(e =0) =0 aod 2 (th P tne(Chapter 10 Practice Exeries 873 ‘ais yh s=-t repr ne contaling the rg ad predic tothe plane B= y= line inte the plane Bx ~5y +24 = 6 whe te slton of (2) = (1) +2(- Payrurars ‘ > ($33) the point o intention 5+ Vik Ae dived angle neo (et) 25, my siand 121 The dvecton ofthe interecton nmyxmy=| 1-2 =2 61-85 — 19k 105+ 35+ 44 and i the ame athe dition of the sven ine. 28 (8) The coreponding normale are m, + Ok and my = 21+ 25K and ince m-mp Esha) +2) + (el) 640-60 we have that the plane are orthogonal ak (0) The ine ofinternction ie parle to myx, =| 306 |= 1214 18}+64, Now to find a pont in a the intesetion, solve |, FHA! eae = Ix + Ity = 19 > ie sin weds * [tigen STVEMA TOONS AEE fpf)» pint on thie we sek. Tre he ne x 10, = B18 nd 9 = f+ 8 1 j2t1-a)—Be and PO1,28) 00 4 Sk = 3} +B orthogonal tow and paral tothe plane74 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space 431, The vector vicw i otal othe plane fv and w => ux (vx) orthogonal to w and paral othe plsee x bak 182, A vector parallel tothe Kae of intersection ie 1a 1a BFF = VB = 2(; Sa {8 The line containing (00,0) normal to the plane in epeeeted by Intec the plane 3x —5y +2 = whe 3H) — BC) +2(-1) = 6 t= the point a (,-f,-9). 44, Thelin a repreentad by 23420) (2-8) 4211428) $2, y= 2—t and 221421 Ie meets the plane 2e—y 428 > the poat io (438 -), 2 when 35. The vector PQHPR=| 2 1 3. |= -1-11)—ak ie nord to the plane, 204 (a) No, the plane is not orthogonal to PQ x Pi. (9 Rt het quate spt a ne, - (8 Rete piam st). gt) arma 15-4 we i ot uae {8 Be eet kn lta fo the oqntom Sy Borat enon Sees $3 tc poet tt this is & plane containing the point R(~2,1,0) with normal PQx PR. 36 (8) The Hine through A and Bie 143; the line through Cand D mst be paral and ity ratshy=2—2= ine through Band Cie x +25, t= 34 te the ie ‘through A and D sust be parallel aod a Ly) x= ~i't25 485 The line by and Dy ntesct SE DG.1.8) wheet=1 and e= 1 5 (0 (Be) = pe fa0m shee ats hana wh (@) aren = 2) 448) x00}(Chapter 10 Prctce Exercises 875, go lBxel_ VISOTT _ Vi _ VB nr iar ve eve Vea va_vB Vent yee ‘38. The point P(4,0,0) lies on the plane x—y = 4, and PS lnf3l_|2sen0 1. 3 ya =| a 40, Tp (42 on he plane 24874 5 n.#3 aise = aalel+| Tei and PS = (0-0-4 (0-05 + (1042)k= 3.4 8 with aera yan 41, A normal to the pla ie 224» the dinar a d= |Ha| (a -hil-yesetel Fe 43k with si4sk={56 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space tae 3 +d-keditarisien=| 2 1 1 144 i-m) Rae | He hak a, Aba m4 4-4, Ch =t-j 4h and East a} 20 efor +3) the dtance 6 Pata ad HA 4 coe i+ (Rin +P = (2 in + (can +2 v1= Dan Few ODE “ =ViFP teen | VIF ae LViTR alee VFM =f Yio og V9)(Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 877 So reat Gada nets va (Beale 9 co sseai mite Vaan Ps Be PHO TFTA AVTTT teath= | aVTHF a =[20-+0°Ip = . 88. raf tye fa —9F +h veo sofa othe seins yffatorf +[-go-wf +g) <1 r= fas 0 go oad sth fre Palas f ay Po ahh =|o|-F by sno =dgiesimo=noxKo=| FF ‘ = F044 JO) 2 a0) = ff ad WO = FEB fe > Oya) i =| 3-4 popofecreeneBaam ates CE) 4, a gle foto +f 9 9 a0) = fr fi = r= 0 (if) the point on the curve (54. = (et ain Bt)i+ (et cos 2t)j + 20th = v= (et sin +2 cow 2t)i + (ef con 2 ~ Ret win 24) + 24 Vic in wo RF ee oa eB GST a8 Ta sin 1+ Jon) (eon fain apg s TE = Fhe +B: AE (Be 14 cin 1) 4 (Fin fem) = LO Fifi = [*T|-3vE478 Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space m4 . =n). yee Simo=roxW=| Ff | kok! = (4! con 20-84 in 20): ( 3 co 2— de sn 21)5 +2 > (0) = 4h—95+ Dk and 0) = 2 bak sroxa=] 2 1 2 4a = 0) n 9 B48, ‘= (de! con 2t — Set sin 2t — Bet sin 21 — Ge! cos 28)i+(~Be! cos Bt + Ge! sin 2 — de! sin 2t— Bet cow 2e)j + 24h i+ 4)— 10k = iv xal= VOUFTOFT = 65 and |(0)|=3 = (-te cos 2t— He sin )44+(—11 con 2-44 in 20) +2 (0) = 25 — 185428 fais “WF Sadak = 5 2) bi atgi ne 225 afl 2) = Bt and wn 2) 2144) ean) =| sod lnn i= Vif = nn) = Brg a ts(Chapter 10 Practice Exercies 679, 56. = (9 conh 244 (8 sin 205464 ¥-= (6 inh 205+ (6 enh 0} Oh 10s VS aa caPHT TT = YE ch 29 T= (Jy tah 2) 4 f(y 2) 2 Tin 2) = ligt ght atti d= (Jy ettn)f-( Gymch mh 2)» Ge 9) ~ Gay) recat = Se “f oma i be aa steed oH 485 (12 coh 201+ (12 sinh 20) afl 2) = 12( i128) =H 5 and wt ‘ = o(iP)io(Mieoe= as tfs 68 wn 2) eal 2) of ae ° we sunday = ay eas 195i +188} ~72k = Iva a 4 Pee 5 0 304k 424 oh 20 a 2) = +8 0 2) = =n (8.6102) non ste cave St rel 414) +(e 440))—(6 coe ks v= (8461+ B+ 6 sn DE EEO EF Con = VETO TOOT SE HT 3 YE H(05 +100 1007 4.26)" 00 + 200472 ant cont) > a a4 8+ (eon hla = OHI con = VIDOT HE cont = |M0)| = oP = Vi a Lea) = 15 vise = 6 oa) = 10T +6N880 Chapter 10 Veetos and Motion in Space Bee aeoreteatie(etheratsg eaten eine (Peover sao = VEER TIE oo Hn (2+ 8-4 2007 (6 +400)» og = IMO) = 25 a= 44 Oe als VE FE = VI 9 ay = ylaP—ak = V20—(2V 9) = VB = 2/5 = a0) = 22+ 2VEN 18, = sin + (Feo) + (in Y= v= (Cos i= (VF sin} + (cn Jeo Lan Fv = Voth (pe) CoS = (- dyes) os-(Jpees hol l= Fpans remo pomsy boy ok —coni-(Fgan ps B=TN=| Ipeort aint Ipc Iga cot - paint i i r cost -VEsint cont Hint —YFcoet sin t api pts ee (ae Ot oe ifn > vr = VE VB ent ind wal Boge es cont VE int cont maint VE cone —ain ont VBsint —cont are | co (VA) = (VF ain Je (on Yl-v)_ 0, 14 (6 con 5-4 (0 sn Ye -9¥ = (Bi (8 coe Yb a= (5 co YH =(8 sin 3-02 25 in con tO in ton = co + (Yin t)}— (cos 16sin t cont; va 9 16 int cont int =D orcont=0 Ofer i ranie(e §)i+(9-#)e= = 1-6-9 = 20) +( ting) 2 0=2~ > = (or tn i time) mebsbotsg 2 He) Ub Ek y aid 29498 vim VIF T [|= VEcs (Chapter 10 Practice Fxarinen_ 681 210 + Bast fas whieh in normal tothe normal plane a0) = git git igh mics » Re Dt Fal + ge = 0 ort 27 300 6 an auton ofthe normal pane. Net we ‘alelate N(1) which normal othe rectifying plane, Now, 46k = at) =3}+68-> v1) alt) a 1 428 |) xa) = VTE = wt) = Y= VB cn ba Be |e) xa) |= VIR Wt) = Fa ra =| 240 +42 seas) Fiomandpred( hye ate 3 (28). ME VAIN = n= GAH) > Pee fon fonn na vie a fa () 2s (Qi 9541) = Mx—1) By -1) +(0=1) = 0 or x ay + (ala) 9 2 3 sa = bs an equation of the oeulting plane. =e (in $01 Oks vet (ee (gL) WO) 214k: HO) i (1,06) inom the ine seat y=tand = tare parameti equate of he ine (JF cos D+ Vain htt v= (VF sin i+ Econ t+ (B) Visa F)i+ (VB $i 4k= 145 4eie a vcr angent othe ix wher t= the angen ne ia pratt ($s ao rf) = (Econ §)i+( VE en $+ §X = sh poi (11.4) on he ine Y= 14 and a= £4 are parameti equations of the line 5. A807 » 700 > B= BF hls = ses y > ¥0= Ys yy 6071 km; (Skylab) er oo war vas Po +(@) oo] eRe) nae! eso = 2st882 Chapter 10 Vector nd Motion in Space 9k? 1.839 10 kn 16,395 469 km. parentage vie esa key 5. $PTP =H oe yp eae Og CEH oe amare) are munyy ary aay Fes beynys] aye (east? Ga ete art 2 (CHAPTER 10 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1, Infrmation om aip A indicate the mba now onthe Une Ly x= 4-424 y = 84 2= fe Information tm hip B nde the sbmarne now othe ine Ly x= Is y = 82a. The ‘urent positon ofthe won (6,3,~9) and oat when the Hae interme at = 1 ad v=. “The ri ne path fee sbmaie contin bth pats F(2,-1,~) and Q(&8,—4); the ie epresenting th path fel: xa 24th, ym -144t.2=—f, The ubmerine traveled the dintance between P asd Qin 4 minates smell ME. (aa tne mv gr Me on along the ine L => 20/7 OF ETA OPO a00 = 16(¢— 17+ 6(e— 17? = 3000-1)? (aaa fax 65 the subse wil be cated (2,28,—4) in 20a, 2. My op ite fight when 6+ 1101 = 446 > «= 4 hourn Ate 6 hous yi at P(Q46S7,8) while Hy iat (446,19,0), The distance between P and Q is (246 — HO) (67—19)*+(0—0} 204.98 mile, At 180 mph, it would take about 1.87 hour fo Hy to tech Hy 2. Tonge [PQ 15 6 =| FPlain F=f iF = » 4 Let an4 44 be he vcr Ot Aan 8143424 be he vcr om to. The vor toga toa and b= vp to bx (ine te ation a cckvin). Now bas -45 ks ig h=(BeB)a= 2549162 (2,2) thn conte ofthe daar pth (13,2) oer rate = FF CUPEO = Vi we length per cond covered bythe pon Vue conta) Ait tar the tin ov BEB His Sok wl (eect in )(Chapter 10 Adaitional Exercice‘Theory, Example, Applications 689, 4 (@) I P(x2) ns point in the plan teri by the rw pints Py 7% yl an sayy) then the veto FF, FF, and Fy a le in he plane, Thee PF (PF, xP.) = 0 alan ner aoe by the determinant formula forthe triple sealar produc a Section 102 (©) Subtract row 1 fom ows 22, and 4 and evaluate the rerling determinant (whieh has the sare value [the given determinant) by eafactor expansion about eam 4. This expansion is exctly the ‘Stein in part (a) 20 we have all polats P(x) in the ple determined by Pay 0%), Patent and Paley Yo) 6 Let ys xaayet by ym att by em aetbyand Ly x= ett ysettdy so na then for eome ky =e, 1= 1,2, Sand the deteminast| yy bs ss bd since he fit column a mpl of he second clu The ine Ly and intenec if and nly if the Hatta =o sytem | a —et+ (bs) mph + (bya) =0 ontivil elution «the determisant of he coficente i zero Tat (8) be any pnt on Ax + By + Cx—D: ABC . a he dna i vere lei [Ax +Bn+C4 (A+ By +6] An +87 +n —D) Pee ORT 1. Since both tangent plans ar paral, one-half ofthe distance Been ther sequal to the rai ofthe isa bese ‘5 (clo Exercise 9}. Cleanly, the points (1,2) and (=1,~2,~8) Ya ‘eon te line conaitig tie apres center. Hence, the ne contaling the center Is x= 1 +2, See atton on tegrnsysrstetetecnta eh ca lO2BLOH090)-31_ 5pm tm htt (9) Te ‘an equation of the sphere is (x—1)? + (y-2)° +(2-3)" =3. 8. (a) (sy.ypt) Is onthe plane Ax-+ By +Ce = Dy, then the distance d between the panes i Ubi IDOL ae ty " re eC IPD ae a 481,404 Dub Bae ware »{84 Chapter 10 Vectors and Mation in Space 1p, POL+ CHE) +-0 +4)_ [2 +042-0+| FO EO aL deny +2 1, Let n= ABB and Play.) be any pot inthe plane determined by A, B and C, ‘Then the point Die in ‘his plane if and cay Ab -a=0 @ AD-(Kibx BO) =0. ~B.0r 4 the deine plane it 12 @) axv= oy = ak 5 (uxy) ew = 0; (@-wy (eve =v Ow =O x 12 24s (asm )e— (uv) = Ri 4) 28) (1425-1) bak tak 21 0 [ain-ajnake(axyewe=| 1-2 pad ro (amy =(vem)a = 2081-548) — 4045) = 4-42, bik bak vers] 2 tt [=-tigeesuxoam=| 2 10 102 2391 (oom — (oon = 0-48) 304 08) ta iu @exve] it <1 31 |e-am-ne; ao 4 ra (ene toom a2 enim,(Chapter 10 Additional Exercse-Theory, Examples, Aplications 685 ©) Me (waDi+(( © (xV-(re9) 14, The forma in always tre; w fax (wx) x((a-yu—(u-ay)- luParcyw = = 1ai?awew bak 15, m=142}46kin normal othe plane x42 460=6;yem=| 1 1 1 |=Al-8}+is parallel tothe 126 tuk plane and perpendiclar tothe plane of and n+ waax(vea)=| 1 2 6 |=8428)—15kiea sot ‘vector parallel to the plane x42 +6 ram ta he dan fe eon cer ply. Then Cat) =(GHG eet te Bee 16, tha (con A) (in A and w= (on B+ (sin BY, where B> A, then ay [ivi sin(B— A] tap = Ply ¥ toy ok | con A sn 0 |= (con Asin Bsn A coe Bk sn (BA) = eon A sin Bn Aco By snee co B sin 0 sd i= ° Mj 11, (6) The acter fom (do (0) inn, =H}? = oo ° yn Peay ma age” total fc onthe mas (0,4) to the mame Q for =a) aso vg Se) BP) Pal et CH) te) =a) P(e es > the magnitude ofthe force is886 Chapter 10 Vector and Motion in Space Pls! ae mr) 0 Yo Minted =H A tee $B vm Sy Sah 18 (6) IE-F = 0, then 8 (RHF) = (INR ~ (RRIF = (E-AHF. Thin mean tat royazsy+4, Teor ( “atte Since Zand fare orthogonal, then) Ze 9? 121? + (1-132. [7% A calelation wil how that hoe = 2. Sine] F<, the FI? <0 ve? +(1- on) (asst an) (arate)? mma iron toto g cfg) te? Wenow have| Fo)? | 9} (0 dig, £07 =243. noo ttle = a serlenina)=0 second? sony 5 aoe sooty stale cr 1. Noe that $f > 0 when sin #0 and § <0 when sin #0 Since in #<0n sHne=0> cect. andan > 00000. aman wn =O and () = R= in 22 fines 2 ince continous on (0.2) the tsermdite Valve Theorem ple thee rook between and 2 (©) Root 1496701198178 con B+ ln} v0, =f cn #4 ad (conf sin oe +n + on) by et (8), beers, rif = fin 04S 2 ratte) a fae 2 Bhar (PY +0 Bi vader ey (oe vane is (aegierenedthoone[y ee QU] ler eel"): wxats|i9 #2, where x= eon @ and y= a Then $f (in #) + (co 8) $F > Bp= an 0 LH (on ) -Csin BE + (on he = ome Hn Sroce sonal ocmnsieens oa tvxat (4 EF tah Se, = (ter mach algebra) (8) #1 CF888. Chapter 10 Vectors and Motion in Space at Hain - ENB) +207 orator (ersef” (ersef” 2. (9) Lets 2—t and 6 1 f= tan 9 Bh BEE 0, The alway poi (1,8) = fag v0) =a ey 0 [=o EY Jae 2m at) 04 tp © Wie tha he ain ote | veorsra | eo [eR o = | Reg] rio G0 Te -0 RT, = Vif VF 8) 65 2 Uy) =H + m0) He= (ffm) (rm Ep) = l= (ram) + (rem) = rxma; Pama —Syt mace enema ne (-Syt)=~jSylea0) =O Le cot eerCHAPTER 11 MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 1.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 1. (9) Domain: all pint inthe y-plane (©) Range al real numbers (c) level carves are aznght Hines yx = (@) 20 boundary poate {e) both open and loot (0 unbounded parallel vo the line y = 2 (a) Domain: set of all (xy) #0 that y—x> 0-9 y 2 () Range: 230 6) evel curves ar strught ins of he form y-— =e where €> 0 es a . 4 (a) Domain: all point inthe xy:plane () Range: 220 (G) level curves. for 2,3) =0, the igi; for fx9)—e> 0, elipaswith center (0,0) and major and minor ‘ser along thes and Yas, eapelively {) mo boundary pointe 4 (9) Domains al point nthe pane 1) Ree nnn () lev carver fr ly) the tnlon ofthe Une y = for fy) = #0, hype catered (Go) wih econ he ase We > band on the yan ifec ane (a) setounry pus {9 Soh open en ded {5 saboonded 5 (a) Domain: all pints inthe xy-plane (@) Range all real numbers (Cleve curves ar hyperbole withthe x and yanse a aymplots whe (3) 0, and the x and yee shen 3) =0 (2) bo boondary ponte (6) both open end loved (abounded 6 (4) Domain: al (x3) # (0.9) () Range all eal numbers (9) tar 9) = ha mie cig; ay) 0 pn = ie (@) boundary ia the lne x = 0800. Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Their Derivatives (6) open (9 unbounded 7 (@) Domain: all (x,y) satisfying x? + y? < 16 (0 Range #24 (eee carves re cc gtr ate cgi ha (4) Boundary is the circle x? + y? = 16 (e) open (f) bounded 8. (a) Domain: all (x,y) saistying +)? <0 () Range: O43 (6) level curves are ctclea centered at the origin with radii <9 (@) boundary isthe ctcle 3+ y?= 9 () cloeed (bounded 8. (@) Domain: (xy) # (0,0) (@) Range all rel numbers (6) level carves are cles wih enter (0,0) and ea > 0 (9 Somat shen i {8 sebounded 10. (a) Domain: all points inthe xy-plane () Range: 0<2<1 (6) level curves ace the origin itaelf and the circles with centr (0,0) and radii > 0 (@) no boundary points (6) both open and closed (©) unbounded 1M, (0) Domai: all (xy) satiafying -1- 2 = 16 -(2V 3} (V3 =6- 6 = ataye tye 30 6,2) = VET and (1,0) 9 r= VDT a0 9 2-1 0-9 x= Loree a ten= | ppt (VE yD = es tary tanta at (VE V8) 92 = tant YE as) Bhan! YB tasty tant 2 tant VE tens E (say Ewa (1.2) sa-mey syne 1% fgSection 1.1 Funetins of Several Variables 685 3 2. m. «. 2.06 Chapter 11 Mulivesable Puntions abd Their Deivatives 1) 90 = =F—In ons VI=TH-In=2 (ey 42) at 1.2.0) 20 (Peytt)a tyson £ SP aananee (2 +y 42%) at 1.2) > wan 424y Epp eon, in? a) own ata (nate 4 era)= [ve + | at so(of:) 29 in hy aie tae V8) hy na-ty 40 — 4; St = 0 400 — 01 10 18, 7= 10, 2= 20+ maximum ff aloe he ne 1010.20 Mt=2)~(47) = 184-5 along the ine y= 2-250, and 2 =2-47 = 0 = minimum of along th ine i 0,8) =()(0)~ aw wv o (@p)” [20ND AT 56m mat be (148 km oth of Nance 1. The gph fey xptyk) nA in vedimensonal pce ie the et f pita Cs sat 80) fr enn the in of The rah of yt) Ha nan (+ memo pce. 1 th ot of sate ote tat) fr Cem in the dean of 40482, Buample CAS commands rept (G7) "> xasiny/2) + ysin( 20: plotlf(cy), x= 0-5ePi, y=0-SoP,exar=PRAMED, ile =x sn 9/2 + y sin 2) fentourpot fy), x=. tei= fey) = A3ePhdeP Impltplt(oq =0-35P3,Section 111 Functions of Several Vasables 697 Clase) ‘<< Grapes TnplistPot SaOption[Pot3D, PlotPeints -> 25} ‘SiOption|ContourPlot, PatPents > 25, ‘ContourShading > Fala's fog] = x Sily/ll + 9 ints) feaad) = (0, 5 Pi (yaad) = (0, 5 Pi: {2030} = {3hi, 37; PLoAAD, ty], (xan), {y9ag9) ) ContourPe tea cxmab), {yg} IrplictPot, te ‘Hed0), (xaxd), (yaybh } 5856. Example CAS commands: withplta (= ae? +92 4 #2) = 0.25; Inpleliplotdaeg, x=, y="Iod)2=Lod, etes=BOXED saling=CONSTRAINED); Mathematica (ContourPiot30| 4 Logh2+y 2407), MM), GTA, Goltsay sure 57-0, Buample CAS commands ‘mths: E= (G0) > waco) a) > evel lot (xo), (0), fa) .26Pi, exer=F RAMED); ontouplet(e) (0) a09)ua0.2, vO 26Pi Mathematica: Note: While in Maple ic is trivial to get contours fro in Mathematica it f# not obvious for paranctric surface Zionly depends on one paraneter, 20 ve can tolve for of 2, and substitute to get x L'y ia terns of 2 and the other parameter, then paranetrically plot level curves for several equally spaced values of (aring Shable"). PerameticPlotsd| (a Coys), # Sine, 8), {ud} {v0.2} | ParameticPlot{ BvaloaeTabe (Cov = Sinf)), (40.2172) J, {020i}, AepectRasio=> Automatic ]96 Chapter 11 Multivaiable Functions and Tht Devivatives 11.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY IN HIGHER DIMENSIONS 1 tg, a8 MOO toolBloo, Faye ORT * alton WV Slim, | VPEPST = VEFFIT = VR ave ealtioy wrce-m Qo Feat Hanay SPREE 8 coli») inlt+ tat tn|+ co] = tn? cero © seahoe) TH foo) HHA) = (x)= 10. BB) (PTT) =co( VOTIT=1) = co 01 wale er » exept _ (eon orblgo) FAB Pam owe s ooh yp = him, SHES im 4) ON =O-D=0 Molly SEF apn. a+r 049 = GerbShiy FET = ebay FHI eahaay OAR HD =? 1s ways hay SET olay900 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Thee Derivatives 28, (a) All (xy) oo that xy () all (a) All (uy) except where x =0 or y=0 (@) All (3) 80, (a) Alls) 9 that 29x42 4 0 = (x= 2)(2—1) #04 xf Dand x #1 (0) AML (ary) ao that y Be 31 (a) All Gay.) (b) All (9,2) except the interior ofthe cylinder 32 +9? 82. (a) All (x,9,2) 90 that aye > 0 (@) allay) 38. (9) All (x,y) with 2 () All Gaye) with a? 1H. () All Gy) except (0,0) (8) An Gea) exept (0.0) 0 (00) ~dyo- dy ghey “ei Is -v nie yen ak 2%. 9 Re in ie wale, Fayt = Is gy ia eh ae? ig staat = iy SCD ay SSM 128 = att fr itt ao = 14K & siterent limita for v = 14K citerent limite for different values of ky k #1Section 1.2 Limite and Conia in Higher Dimensions 901 hy yp See oo gBSoo, SEX Bay SEE =1 GE att int ete vet x0 a ty fing, Rog Bp geMigea ry = Mieent lite or dierent values of kk 1 4 sfMlao, Fay HS FET T=K * 48, Le a, (2) i the point (9) Hs within a ie ‘tard a (Sy) and radi Jo thas 5, en fa) ~ L |< Ba (2), ithe point 9) les within equate enaered a (3) mith the side length les than 24 then 9) =U 0, hee ex a comeapoding6> Och that for all tora) Ry x0%) (sy. in he dino, 0< Y=ADF HG =TO4 Raa < E> Lele) E] ce, Wit our independent varicle and P=(23480 go eave Ds eatatarety ‘corresponding 6 > 0 sch that for ll Pin che domain oh, 0< yea) 4 ovo HRA HO <8 |Meyast)Llce 1 for every number €> 0, there exist 45. Let §= 0.1. Then VxTE 9? <6 VFI COL oo xy? < 0.01 => |x? +y? 0] < 0.01 = [f{x,7) ~10,0)] 16, La 6008, Thenjsicé and ir'< tet) —A00))=| 345 -of =| 2] in) < alas 05 Then the Limite ie Bae colo FHS Land 1 depending on 0 the lt det not exit © = ig (2st a) hn 3 dete 0,0) =n 2 (iy GREE fg SEEM ar bunt 0 de 0.0) 0 62. thi dpe clon he ve Ba whe (9) 64 eect Ga et 0 a a 9) = 1am (yo he Hii could have any value diferent from 8, nd need not even xis 65. (9 Ppa == sndot natn (Sine a sin 28 The value of fy) = sin 29 val with 8, which ie the tn's i 28a since I cerktioy 0,0) =0 the Sandwich Theorem, ince | tis (a! ty?) =O; thus define by te colfign #0 +2) sod tim, T= 1 ti, 9) y=, by the Sandwich Theorem © Pn ( cafe =! eal " Dey -() 102g) TT wltaa) AP lam (2-F)= Pmt ier <0, fin, = hey owe cook) T= fark) >904 Chapter 11 Multivariable Puntins aod hls Derivativer 24%) <2 ant =2. bythe Sandwich =H, Jim.) Watl=2— him, = aalloo ( teallleo THT =? as}Boo 60, The limit is O sine ein (J) | ¢1 = ~1 -y in() > y for 40. Th an (7) ~ (0.0) bth -y andy apptoch 0 yaa) ~ 0, by the Sandieh Toe. 10. Toe ite Onc oe($)| 1+ =1 Seon} <1 > -x sx cn(}) cx ford 0, and n> x x() 2x for x0 That (3) ~ (0,0 both and x aproch 0 x caa(})~ 0, by the Sandvch There. 1, The wa fs) = yEnc rrr a ste yom) shea “The graph ts SoA in recipe that fin, TTSection 11.8 Pasta Desivaties 905 sin Lin Eerie 69 vpn he i yin “The graph for fs.) =x sin } in Bsercse TO supports that Un, x sia $= fad=nay carton HF906 Chapter 11 Multivariable Fntions and Their Derivatives Ho 1 Beaty a1 2eene tk 8 RO a Re a aE to BaP) =a) pat gp_( +O —30)___ dey (ey) Gaye (2+ +P y= IN) = G+ y)9) _ =yF=1 of _ ey) = (4K) ag? fade aoe we (=I) a pO age ee ty Oey ete 13, Bla terre, lett acre, factor Berg ye) webtre con(xt3) sty hier sdy eddy Berney 207 Bow nyse fase nye inxs) +or™ entn ty ve ner Leas): my aye ny, 17, Ph m2 sin 39) sin 239) = 2 sn (x ~3y) con(x~ 85) B(x ~8y) = 2 ain (3p) c08 (x39), Fh a2 ne 9) Fn 289) =2 si 39) con x —39)-B (39) = 6 sin — By) con (x—3) 18, Pl = 2 con(de—y2)-B cool 3x—y?) = ~2 con (x—y?) sin(3x-y?)- B(x?) 6 cox 9?) sin(3e-1*, P= ron ax— 92) coo(dn~¥7) = 2 00 (Sy?) sin(x—9")-B(Se—¥7) = Ay coe(8x—y?)sin(3-97) 9, Lay, Sawin 29.09) =k» fla gan fn an, 2 Fema) $= a9) . - - 2u-n)=. E, coast 2 tex) = hy = = Re-=a - -2a-n)=—* R--ar hap 23. f= 14976, = Bay, f= A UW Gaytn extn gaytx 22.Section 11.3 Partial Deities 07 whe - ye iesrifooreat"ieemiyeerm ot Detmiylern a 2 aeabew Serre STAR t= eIn(ay) +32 Inte) 2 nea) +3509) = 2 Inf) {= laGg) +942) = Ino) auc (ote?) an tyne OD, 6 aye te), 38. fy eed (42949) f= 2 wee By HH), ech (a $29 +58) 34, ay cola) = cae (ay 2), = 20 corny 2) 35, Yaar sin 2re— 0), GE =sin Onto) ae. BE 2600) mn), 2 rg AMI (9H) = lu ng =e pe HE ME, we YW 0 em BBad Baw Baken feted fh flea Slaten Bao 8-0. 8b Bh ot xeon xy, 2h = -¥ sina, ont, Bh = p cond con 8, B= psn 6 sin 8 ol a wnt Sfaesn fat ae 2, Kaycooy,908 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Their Deivatives i oe roa on a eS “aap Rt oF (tty) wen " (+r) +¥1 a Pat Bi Bik (x, a a “ieee 0 Femby Fenty bi eta Eb Me Sea etetny sh Baftinn BE ferret eanaatea Ben tat 50. GE min y ty cont y, =x coy tain tx, LE = con y eos x41 and Pe mcm y tenet Baby 81 (#) xfint —() yfint—(@) xf (@) mL) yk yt 52. (8) yf thre times (B)y atte en) y i ice (@) x eet twice fash, i, O=ON 4-H] A-8 yy sboelLemsatlee 5.10.2) = Jin, (= fig SPEAR) yg (ANCE) B- DIL am —t-+1 = fig BEDE ty 1,Secon 1.3 Parl Davin 908 anys fig READ ACD yy [nt vtm en ny] -94 = py AEE. gy, ere = fg CPRDAD EMME i MAME wg 58. Goro) = fi, Hota tHe) 4on9) py 28 =f 28+8-2) Isha? i Es tg = fig C242 <2 58. G(eovo8e)= fy f20++ inte) fsa) eotat ote) Aree, gn 2) fig SCENIC pg (8-0 ig ego) an an. y+(20 Bea —ay fl 0 (sa) fea om 6) wehne (8-298 8. (Beet (LH se =o (+4 2s) a (hein wena 3 Bet 50, ae pet th con Aa 2a = (then AGA a YA = 5h ao 0 = B= Be coe A (the sn AIG teers A=26= (then AA GREE oo shpnatye enficnen Gea) Bb vom 90a =f = 0-9 (in ABA acon A= 05 R= ASIA, ho ya B cot Bin A 61, Diferetiatng each equation implicitly gives 1= 1a u-+(G)g and bere ycor (aos, Haat @ytoyycof 7 (62, Diteentinting each uation imply vee t= (23), — (9) and = (2053 OF910 Chapter 11 Maltivaible Functions and Tis Desivatives Con, rI7, Cm oy tive am bhen Y 42 BeBe Bhereaecnae 1 Sh mtr, = tye Sha tae 492), hm, Bh te Bh te 9 Bh ho =e Lae 65, fla 20% sna or. Ba Harare ery a = ocinnuerh earning apn, aortas (Payee ett HP eT, Eon te eA Parte tty, alata 4 ty? ne +2 a+! YP satay at oy Bh hE Le (Petar sae ast ey let eatery saat ey est] ‘ (Paya 8 98k al batt ty ae) yt eat 6 so cote ft m7 en ms 22 54 con Sn, 2 = tener wie ins Bh HY co, Sm 8 con, hans ute Bh Bh Eh tc te ea =0 glSection 11.8 Pasta Devin O11 Oleinte+e)) exalt t22) conc) = Bin (2) J = cote) Pe in e+: ice) tc) Be alc) = 42 et) 7 fecha Basta Se seo (toy BF ta 28), 1a feat tem FE ena tian (2x — 2ct) => EF mw MB sec (2x 2et) tan (2x — ey Pt wu) alt)» Be =) (2-28) ein 2+ et) + et; OF = 45 con (B+ Set), Pee Bee [5 conf te +3) +4 15. = BE Bee) BY = (00 (Soe) = ate BE Gen f= flan Co a (afih) 0 Boa Bpavehn0(e aes 76, Ite iat partial devivative are continuous throughout an open region, then by Ba, (8) in this ection ofthe text, fs) =f) + flto re) SHG Soi¥g)AY + ANC A. where yey One Bx, Ay — 0. The a8 (59) — 79s = and yO i MO) = fo) = Fi continuous very pi (rt) in R TT. Ye ce fg fy ey a8 Sy el continua on Re the seme reasoning at ln Exarcie 76 wth a= lent hain) Ae ton A+ GO brent Ste0) = 6920 abond ae send AAT SHE, Ty = 80 24 ex gra) 2?812 Chapter 11 Maltivaible Functions and Ther Devvatives 1.4 THE CHAIN ROLE 1 ( SE an Seen i Ow at ty? eat tint (dacot sf ofteo ~Pe sin 4 2y con t= =P co sn 42 int cont ode sin con > $ Doe la eo = oo in t) ~ 2(c08 t—sin t)(sin t +c08 t) = (2 cos?t —2 sin*t) ~(2 cos?t —2 sin?) 9? (on tsa +(e man P= Dea dah 2 IE 3 6) Gad. Gad, Gt a), 3 i= — Feo tant Fan can © a= 60 Beatie ace Sa spe pM a MM «steam adn tn dlr See Tae Caint ee Ky _ cot les aye) int meant faa? inl +2424) (contin? +164) = 14-161) 9 SY Hes 11) = In(2 +181) > ogo-4 $ oa ge ge et ) A uhg nett) f= (ghy O44 uate) teats 0) =(O(F)H1=4 60) SExy cnn f= cco town, =~{la toe In) = wo sin ay wo waren (ns Ee eonct infin ee (+ 0)0) =‘Scion 114 The Chain Rale 913 1 (0) Ba Ge Bea BY (40 nyt) + ($F) ton = HEE ge Meco len) MOO NEO oy aan) 4 B= B+ Be (acta BRBBY) +(e crv) =—(4e im y}tan vp 4 Agee Au con (uco8¥) = (—4u sn ) In(u sin v) 4 gE, (coe) Inula fan v) + ten =H0con) natn) fi (en) near cn R) cor) (oan) con a Be (4 an Ino an) con) (BE = (Au sin v) tn(u sin v) 4S (0) At (2f): b= dco la(2sin$) +4 con f= 2/2 n VE-+2VF = VE 2+ 2) B= (a0 wn Fia(2 in) ae DD aie vieu/i=-2Vtm2-2) @| (ein ean) (oe 69) soe feu [ess Ley pny seen sented, pew ee ee x tanH(f) = taaHoot») = B= 8-(Gam oe (0) At (13g): fE=oana ft 1) BaP Bede Ma Be Sey sanay scene etn) axtytarenirss) BREE ER =) + 421-1) +09 +2)0) ay H+ 4 0)0 = D4 ous Be HD, ay tonne = (ot) (ate) Pr unt) = Pat D0 9 BY 20 an ove? » x 1}: $=2(f)+4(f) (0) =3 and B= ~202)+2()) = (et) 4 (ev) +200 20) 20914 Chapter 11 Milsvaiable Puntions and Theis Derivatives 0.0) f=(ees si cone) crane sna) (Bae) = (worse BSP arcrare)ane 0 cna) + (gare acre) on een) + (sora errr) Ob S- (aiee) 0+ (appa) (apa) -(era MPSaram) so) + (eae) oe) + (aera)? SIn24 Dnata B= fand Sta? (0) At (230): BE By 1 and BE =? 1) ABBR BBs Bem ght Eats Bad AEE Et, 22830 20 ee atopy BRE R Rohr eo (ax. 4m) -(s ym) an i a 25 w= Inu sabe cota + ue) = in) say TPR BER RE =a = Bayly fle SND at ETA oo on, (M8 f.n1) B, Be ym an eh, 226) le TEE yom eer se 9) He Peake fexc fs Ba Epo oer tn () (oer etry 916 Chapter 11 Mulvasiabe Functions and hele Deivatives SEAR ng Si ee 18 RRR Be 0. =! ae2. s = x 4 S 5 tr, * Lat Flay) may ty? Be 3 20 Pyle) =: 2 = Ben ‘Let Fix,y) = 37 + xy +?" =Bun=-$ Section 114 The Chain Role 917918 Chapter 11 Multvaiable Punctions and Theit Deivatives Fly) =o 4 y conn and Fy) = x07 4x 008 xy +1 ~ SA Hom =e 9. La Fea) = Pay tnt 20m Bers) =n ysis) = eta Faas) 28 ty e437) nat oS aa 31 Let P(sya) sine ty) slay 2) +n (a2) = 0 Pyle sapere Tiere mente) cy 999 met) +a) Bb Te Rome age eo seesneiat DB Baga) eae ty tne Btn dO Fenn) e+, ys 2 +e, Fyluy.a) =e ofa fie CLD manny Ste Hee 55 Bamana hy wa Ge bebe let antes syn anety tania les) ey nent Pasay nit antes) em(e 4) et em(e4s)n(e taint sen) =%| aa)=12 BR RE R—1(B)o0-Do-erv(B)re= Fl =0o(4)(4) SFB (m-a)ena(n hat 36. = = nay ein Nt) # (nem 9 Hea V0) -=Luv cul uv +099) + in v0] (u) + [+ 0) coy un?) 42-4) 08 wel) Bil, rem) ALR + bey 04 (08 0+ c08 0,2) =2‘Section 14 The Chain Rule 919 % Be te(cta)° ‘eoteaht eSt= (Ea) reg] Bana bisa fo (0) ae 88 -((es) ister 8. vain en and a1 eG Hy GB -ngordh> 001 vse = (600 chs) E+ (0.04 ANS) f= -a.00008 amps/oe Wo Vente Pa MED Mle atts ood bd = (2 ma)(3 m1 face) + (1 m)(B m1 m/sec) + (1 m)(2 m)(—B m/sec) = 3 move sod the volume ace = 2a + ac the = GS 8 fp. $84 2+ Rares Parle+d) $= Fl = 465 m)(1 m/sec) +2(4 m){1 m/sec) + 2(3 m)(- Da VETTE a BoB it AH Bia ot aden fee) Rl, = (Zig) met mse +28 a +88 ne) =~ fo mln <0 the gra ae sifoc and the roc area i uot ehanging: decreasing in length HSB Pes Pe oe ey ys LO) SEs a HARE A Rosine fw--Hr flo Hehe sao ars Bntenrstane el (0) BE dn = ind con 646, sik an (9 = in 9 E+) 85; then Be = sean [n ea (22) $3] in) = tyeovo =f (at (tnt la (Cbg) monn (ON) RF 5 4600 > BIG =-t sn 645 00 sin 9 con 045, cod920 Chapter 11 Mutvariable Pantone and Their Desivatives (0 (Loto Ge) = (2an gm) Be (a8) an yay + (Ease) (a8) GY = +" = (SY ACB) Oe EBB ane fanaa een hls gle) “feo (BeBe) (ete dR) feos) (ete 8) sipse Beste Seo Be ofa oryn feo 58-828) (BE E58) obo eB)o ots) = or ay +t BH, se meet yy =O) EE Hah) EE Pt) thy) =O, ne My My 4 Fa +e) =H +e0) > BE= HN) +¥ON- my = MO 4EN( = 0) 80 > macy =O Hehehe SHON +e") =H) 48", ©.) Fa te-ty nad eo FRETS int) (8 nn t 4608 con) =A (-sin 8) += 408 1) abt 4 conte > TF = 16 in teow, Sn $e te Gm tat tent ine cnt wnt mont orn = coe a9 12, SE SFE on fons tin sotina nt) (E98) BlySection 1.4 The Chain Rae 921 = 1a BF conf <0 9 Tha maou ot (x3) = (2,42), estan fc ff> 0-9 hea minima 3) =(¥8,-%4), 11 sin IZ oe IZ 0-9 Thas maximum a (x) =(¥,-¥2) sey bey PE = tat ont Ey te the eee vl eet the four ints tant in sano: (98.98) = 0(¥8, 8) = 4(f) =f) +49) =, cian 2B.) =0(-¥8.-98) =4() yee) = 2, ein 8 0) ny ond nx a Pa FE de AE = (asin) 4 x( VB cont) Vin «)(-23 sn 8) + (29/8 cnt) VB mt A att > EB 6 sin t cont =O 4 4 sinb + 4(1 sine) 1 onthe interval 0 4 25 =-Bsin2()=-8- T has «maximum a (53) = (2) 28. 2(8)=8 9 Thea inne a 9) =a [nena none nty = 8 te BE gt=nenrey «| 6s) som roe] eFRae r= TeBans| BVT em | ae 5 Using the rel in Exercise 49, F(x) = [VFR at =~ | VOTH at = Pe)922 Chapter 11 Mativaiabe Pantone and TheleDeivatives = VF Rn] EVITA | pa a TF 11. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES, GRADIENT VECTORS, AND TANGENT PLANES. fine vie -isicnany= Meare veeteinanet a “ie Lay etn the eel eave Bao Ke, sfanaisv eat = In(x? +y?) => 2 = x2 +7? i the level curve: dozSection 1.5 Directionel Deivatves, Gradient Vector, and Tangent Planes 928 8 fame Sasa fans flo fhe Oi = 4 ak 2 fla —tesinxs Lain = Han fate oS =foun= a naephaprtte Binns Bia ore 4 Beeman gta slong) gine onsen Klong) = $a et dane > (00g) =—fistoe ve ( 42) te thea fie Bit 27 = 1069) = e9) = 67 = 8-20 ‘pte f= Hide as Bs > VE = 101-285 > (Dye, = VEu=10(§)-20(8) = 4 wis i945 aie 28 ga) adrian! FRR Hi non I = alt =) atthe $9 Oay= Pew BoB 3) Ov 1 2th hme ce af= viehis b= oan,= 9 yt OL Byard = hth NEWS 2 HES taf Pes glans) ay 422 GUb-.2) = Glare reese wtb924 Chapter 11 Mutvasiabe Puntions and Their Deivtives = vrusd+y +915 (Dip, = Vena elt Ee Se te Glut) = 2 f(b bl) 25 Glu area: Salt Sab Fgh ston a2 G09 =2 56 GCL) = 6 Gl) = He KOK) 8 VE =D b= (Dye, = Vw Yh 1. wate EEER So Beh Penton ese ears e(00.0= flee) = teen ye 7 (00,0) =0; ya) = Bye in yx (0,00) =0 2 Ve=S1-> (Dya)p, = Veru=? 50, 4 isyem Fa an be Birt basa) = yin ds (100) = SsCeasa) = snag roby (1.04) = fr Moan) <3 +P 5(1,0)=2— a= ie 42k 3 Oahpy= Veen fede fa? waed 1, Vis (xe yit e+) VI Ph eter VEE mst rapidly inthe direction « =——fot+ Jp) and decrees mos api i the dition (Opp, = Viow=! VF le VE aed D-aDp,= VE 1A Wx (Ba he ny) +L 430 hy HT cosy) o9 WALD) =) w= BE finer mo ‘rapidly in the erection .e,= 9 =2 and (0 a siok Coy aa ala ‘Cimereases most rapidly in the direction stan sel 5 Fgh gigi ond decreases spit sight hgh (ate,= Veal Vile sV5 nd 18 viabi-(S4s)i-vk= enn sont api ine det Dp, =-3v5 ey feb ‘increases most rapidly inthe diteton w=314+-25 +44 and decree most apd inthe decton fifi Day, = Va-u=| Val=3 and (D-48)p, = 0, Ven ets setts Vein af) =t4g4b>Section 11.5 Directional Desivatve, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 025 a. via(hed)ie(beg)i+(Pedes vic. Toh det Seite ‘inereasr most rapidly i the dietlon w= Zot+—Ja] + Fk and decrees mat rapidly inthe direction wae gigi gh ate, = Bena Vela AVS and Daeg = BV (etic) (east! vans t+ 2.9) is Bis fs nce mont edly the con = +854 fan dca met apiy nthe dlrecton I Vhl=7 and (bp, B-p-fu od, avi (etree) Goaese) (aatica) i 0610 = Hats con ye)h—(ae* sin yt)j—(ve¥ sin ya) => 0,0,0) =4, 1, Ji Views bh and af = +2) (0.1) = 0.0877 ait i Jte Ween dy (Vien) de vi ) ej ek vary = oti ovo =f) fs veewe pf and df= (78-0) de =(p8)(04) = 00008 pees rare pean 24(1 an 2) +(x sin ay cos 9 Vel2, 10) Jane pit git pe Verena [rxsin(rs)]}+2ak> YMCA Ve) shame: tk where Py = (0,00) 0= = 1 bows Jy Van dh (98-0) d= VSO) 012 2 (0) Vlatai 4 2yhh 2k > VAAL 1) = 2-42} 2k-> Tangent planes 6e—1) +219 —1) +240 sexay tees (6) Normal line 28. (@) VE = Bal 4 29)— Dek > VAS,5,—t) = H+ 10) +8 = Tangent plane: 6—8) + 10195) +8(244) =0 4104, 22 048 Snes msene 20, (0) Vf 24k > 9120.2) = H+ 28 Tangent plane: ~a(e~2) +2(¢—-2) Satetst2=0; (©) Normal ine: x poate 80, (0) Em (eb Bi (RB) +2ak-+ VELL, —13) <4) HO > Tangent plane Aly +1) +6(¢—3) = o928 Chapter 11 Multvaiable Functions and Thee Desivatives sin x ay +2) + ( desde tem () Normal fine Tmendse 20) yin (e+ ay} VEE 11) 1-3) Tangent plane 1-1) =4y-1)—1e +) =0 93-3 (©) Normal fine Hhy=l—she (0) = Nowa ne 28 e= fe) ee ls = gad 9) = Bag 0) = Ba 6,0) = (0) the age lane at (1,00 = 1) 4 Dor Bee Hy) 2 ay) -te (at e9) «20 Os 0,0 = an "fom E(t gt plane (48.0 or Baeflea)= VFR flea) = fo~ ~ te Ea (8 the tage lane a (12.1) 4 ==) #h=2)=(0=1) 0 nny Hoe aad 659) =H —2)-YP 402) =f and G2) =} 88, pale) =P ty G9) = Be and Glas tangeat plane a (1,1, 8(e—1)+2(9~1) (28) 3, Vio tai ety) VM V3, V3)=2V7142V75 Tanger lee 2V2(«— V2) 4+2VIly— V)=0 3 Viet viv =4 S(t 1) = 8 and (0,1) = 2 = from Ba, () the or x4 2y 2-5 20 40, Viaad-j> Vi VE1)=2VFi-5 Tangent line: 2Y9(<~ 2)~(y-1) =0 systvi-g‘Section 11.5 Diretonal Derivatives, Gradient Vector, 4 Vea ytd + VA2-2) = 24 > Tangent lines -2(5—2) 4219-42) =0 syax-4 42, VE = (Be~ yi yh => VACA) Tangent ee Aix 1) +569 ~ artsy 1te0 “48 $)+K Vga e+ 4) + Gok Vali tit) = 24) +6ks a2 AG 4 2h Tangent ine: x= 1-424 y= 1 ate 14928 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and TheleDelvtivs a1, VE =(32 +609? +a) + (6049 +5924 42)} mks A, 5) = 1+ 1) Ok; Vg = 2a 4295-42 i 3 Valls) =214 25464 v= Vix Ves y=] 18 8 22 = 1480, y=1-905,2=8 48, Ulex Bais ty) = Vi Y% VBA) = 2YBi+ AVA}; Vg = Ost By) —k > Vel VE. VIA) ig ok =2V Is 2V ki VOe VE v=] BVT 220 |=-2/14 2/75 Tangent line avi tb 1 Vi- Vit y= VE BVA 4B, VE Wt (+29) + V4G.2) =214 1h vector orthogonal to Eis w= Loi + £5) are the directions where the derivative is zero, ve Ta “aR dare ie vay oenthe gil - git giant w= a. vi 55a vector orthogonal to Wiis v= i+ 1 ae the directions wher the derivative f eo oe ony) (Be bonis VA, maximum rte of change it VRB < 14 H+ 135 | 940,2)|= CAFC! = VIRB: 2, the 82 UT aay eaves VTL) = asses] VTA snlnizum ste of change Ie V6 > —2 the and = tg ple Be = (2,902) =08(Jq) +6042) VB 6,2) 44 (12) = 45 =F Da, HlL2) = HL210) +5 (1,2)-1) = 89 G02) = (12) = 95 then (1,2) +3 = 4 60,2) =the 91,2) 143 and w= Sgt Fpl Ovtrg= View te Sea at/iwtvrin atk hue (9) (OdDp= VS 9 Othe VR wn he LHI Eo ett ah Sat Vos 00, the avi rh 3 Veal Vilas Ve=2Vi( Ft Jeb Jyh) at a-ak 0) vabeho wap pte Slt teh Oung= Vem 2( J) 42( Jp) =) =2V8Section 11.5 Ditetional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 9 58. (0) The unit anget vector t (.°¥5) nee anton f mation w= 484 is Tafa a+ (tem 94+ V1(ho%) =(un vais (cm YIs= D,0(}48)= vr = Ban fi—fece fax ooss c/n (sin 28+ (co8 20) > v8) = (2 008 21 (2 in 205 and i= BR FS (Dan) ivt, where w= hat (98) we have P= ($3 in Vf coe V8) -2 = VE an 8 con V5 987 Chee 86, VI = 2si+ 29) = 2(cos t+ sin Yi+ 2G6in tt cos tj and v= (Les Hi (Lain => — Leos Dik sin Di [cos P+ (ein = Aeon 1+ nn (cout) +sin tt cos (sin ) = 2 = (coe 11+ (cn since £> 0° (DyDp, = View 51. Gt 20h 29142 = (con i (2 nt Mkand v= (sn i Con += w= Cosa is Gon is (at), (0088s Ln Tannese (a) (Pe Pt at Om = eee (=9pt) + un 0 (OH + 29(: Bee OF Hp P10) = 0 and Coa view SE 88. (@) VT = (4e—yn)i— veg] —xpk > VT(8,6,—8) = 561+ 39) — 48k; rt) = 21+ 9 — te the particle is at the poiat P(8,6,—A) when = 2; vt) = 44+ 3}—2tk = ¥(2) =81+9)-4k > w= = att Siping Da 0 = wou 88400-8184) = Bom F- AYO - vrwa(vt-ginsa 88. 1 (9) ina point on the = Ale 9) + BOY) = vector parallel tothe line = 0. (@) r= vite VL vahe Mia }e and 0) = fit Sp fla) 249? <1 Pp= (11) 25k: therefore v= (702 the cre i normal fo the ace (0) v= Vibe Vib Ik vf MPU 4M at ety ta Rye ON and WO) = fit fi tans ey) aa tye 1209 Ufa tis abe Wi) = 24k890 Chapter 11 Maltvaiable Functions and Tht Desivatives herr 9+ VE= 42) 4 FO) 26-1) = 0th cave i tng oh ue when = 1 The dzetonal derivative isthe salar component. With Vf evaluated at Po the salir component of VF ia the dieeon of Ufa (pe esta 5.) wag = BL BOs A (fv 4 SOs Gu=a( fe fe ffe) nor 0) wees Mo My MID (BBD (eb ie (Ble) = Bi Rs Bir ela Bw Bl ie ln) (Sere Sse Btn) = vee ve (© WG-0) = UF Ve (Sate for gin at () av) (©) we = Mis My = (Bn Bis (Ste BEe)s+ (Bebe) = (Beau (See)i+ (Be) (Sto ( Bla) + (Er) =o B) oes Gof) -cvevave o (d= AP, APs (8) (85) (8), ~( Besse) (Bertie) AYE aeats # e 2. Dg= ve sna, Df'= VEi=f, and Dyf= VERE, 1.6 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS 1, (8) 0,0) = 1, (59) = 24 (0,0) =, 6649) = 27 > (0,0) =O Hfe9) =1+ 06-0) +090) =1 (0) 4,1) 3, G(1,1)=2, GC) =2 9 Uy) 9 4266-1) 4%9=1) = 229-1 2 (0) 0,0) = 4 oan) = 2le-4942) 2 60.0) 2+y 42) 510.0) =4 ony) 244 00-0) 449-0) (©) 04,2) = 25,4012) = 10, (0 8 (0) 0) =5, fy) = forall 3.) 6 448 (003) = 8 5(01) = A> Uy) 4490-1) Aly —1) = ety 48 25-+10(2-1) +1092) = 10 + 10y 5 fra (2,3) Msi) =8-+31-0)~diy=0),Section 11.6 Lintnation and Diflerentisle 981 flan) = 2094 > G1) = 8, laa) = 4097 G41) =4 43-1) Hy 1) = Se 446 ©) 0,0) = 0,600) =0,5(00) = 0-9 Ua) =0 5 (0) 0,0) = 1 (3) =o con 5 £(0,0)= 1, Gln) =e ny (00) <0 aH 1 Ua) 20 8-0.-1(9-§ ante 1s) = =e (00) = G49) = 20 G0) =2 =Ha-0) 429-0) = 242741 (02) = 2, (2) =22 = Hy) =P P14 2049-2) meet ndy 28 1 0.1) =3, Gla) = 2-97 (01) =, 4) = Be (01) = 2 ay) 234 14=2)~ 819 =1) = T4367 Sa =) = Obl 9) = 8 M3; than] B(a9)|<()(O)(x~214y— 8.2.) =14 Gey) =a 49-2) #7, Gea) exe B 4 1=2) +09 =2) = 18 tr) = lt) = a) = 3 M1; she] |< (J) (00x 2le1y~207 <(f)(01- 40.9? = 002 2 Usy) 1a) = e089 = 50.0. =1 fe) = 1mm 9 100 2 Lay) = 1 4106-0) 419-0) mxty glen) 0,660 hues) < (4) (oer (90a +037 £608 ys fyi) = sin y 9 ME 10. 1,2) = 6,607) == win lx—1) 42) = Sf Uy) = 6+ x= 1) +2) = YB gl ole) =27-sn(e—thla—11501 50 Hes) on Rs 2, the max off) on feof) 2 512) e241 yl) and y~2] $041 19 01 $y £0. thn the af) on Rie eo (04) the maf fy Cr)]onR ve cn(0.) <1 ad th as fa) ]on Rin an 01) {$0.02 = M = 1.15 thus]E(xy)|()(.11 (041+ 1y IP < (0858 \0.1 +041)? = Ooze902 Chapter 11 Maltvaiable Purtions and Their Derivatives 12) = 0,46) (0) = 1 5609) =} 5041) => Ua) 04-1) 419-0) Baty Bi fglay)= tlt) = eft) = ets 2 098 521.250 the mat V9) on Rie ele < Loily~1 02 096 y then & Leanit change ny give greater change in JA than & oie ab 2d 1 dy = tin more 16. Ty) (0-27) 9 at = Yay) de Tn oy (oF $e) (PP) dy AT ay =25 a4 3.0 dy. fle] <0. and [dy <2, hen the maximum pombe ero inthe computed value of Tie (25)(0.1) + (80)(0.2) = 0.31 in magitade, oa = Vyas Yah Yn BE AF 4 oe 10] | 200} 1 = [9-100] <|(244) aoe) +4810] 2|$-100|+| 9-100] 20) +1 = 3 = 3% 2 op dV = V, dr Vy dh dV = 20ch deb dh ob AV 1) = 10D dr 425 dy Vdc 0.1 cm andl < 0.1 em = AV < (120e}(0.1) + (25)(01) = 14.5 em; VO, 12) = 30% em? maximum percentage eerie 145100 4 469% 2g dV =Vy ar Vy dh a= toh de dy 2 a= teh sem (toh V £01 when r= 2m ad $02 dc An 000m (waned dove), Th should be a ha or eu e002 m. wing d= th m2 [2r2)9) +90) ]at he alae va ofthe torn meeaing ad 19, df=) de 40) ay = Bey dba? dy yy = BEA Mago = dy > dfn de wo that lal <1 THdel< 01 lal < Mw 0014» forthe sae [x= 11¢ 0.01 and ly-t1s 01s 0 Rearend ane (BY ne ( BY an [(a) 281+ (zp) &%]> loon on = scastive to a vation in Ry ine ane aaa + aioe be mee Toor” ToorSection 11.6 Lineainaion and Differentials 03 a. rom Baecte m9, aR=(Y aR, +( JR) yo sat changing om 29 20.1 ohne d= 01 on Andy changing fom 25 1 249 chime = aR, =-0. ohm k= ght gh => R= 1 ohms (gy cay (By aye E) 01 x00 ots roomie ses ag 80 ef, C2 ) mm (e) Pat4y? ote aR x e429 dy 9 de = Fa + Fy = de, =(Q)t40004($) e000 = 2090 = 0.014 [$109 = ppetgige oat, = maximum change in 6 cu cou 28040028 en x ad have open ge (2 vera) 2 dd = 500 ~ s 0000; ¢ = tan-(4)wo.geassane = [fx 100| =| gob 10] 030% (0) the adie oes changes in andthe ange more wit to change in 28. (9) fd) =, OGL 9-449) 2 lla =H ag) 2 Ald) a7 Hala Ua) 28-441) 40y—1) 420-1) = tay ED (0) 11,6.) =0, 6.0.0) =0,5,0,0.0)= 1, 604,00) = 1+ Lara) =0406¢-1) +=) 416-0) ye © 19,00)=0, 110.00) o1 BO MN9= 16000 = ta) #800 = lea 50.09) = sr isn) 141-1) 40-0) 406-0) (0) 41.0) = VE 561.0) = Jp, 0.0 = Jp GLO 9 Mana) = VE Spl 14 Fal 4000-0) = oe904 Chapter 11 Mltivarable Funtins and Thele Deivativs (9 2.2) =3, 4012) 4.01.22) =§ 4042.2) = 9 > Una) =34+ 42-0902) 490-2) 6. (9) Seley (5 (0) £0,1) = 0,400.1) =0,6(2,0.1) =2, 0,1) =0 Lowa) = 04+ 06-2) + 267-0) 008-1) =2y7 140(x-$)+00-)-100- 22-2 1.) £000) =2,1(000)=heae)= Wf £(000)= 800542) gg) = 9 Uo) = 2416-0) 409 0406-0) = 28 ©) (0.6.0) =1. (0.50) $1 0)-1(9-$)- 10-0) anya tH (0 0S) 4(88)=15(088)= (084 4$1l6=0)-1(y-)-1(e-$)exny etfs 0 *9leoe 2) M100) =0,6(1.00)= . “wats ‘no 40,00 TT. 6) 104.0) = 0.510.090, 504 (0) 0) = AGIA) =f GI) = Us) <0 060=1) +091) 410e— Po-ee-p sen feed sfert 29. aya) med PALA) 4.2) 24-1) Hy) M02) = Bb =F 6 By M245 thnn, [Ein (J) 1001 +001 +002} 0002 30. thay oe aya) $8 +9061) +19 = 1) +2002) = 9442-5: eg =P ey =e By = hu ay) <(G) 0014001008) Pay tye fa at Py) 2012) 285 aM 21 aa) way 40 a P.0) 9 A= 2 Uay) = 140-40 =(-0) ayy fj.= 2-5 M= 3th [Eay.9)|<(A)ON@O1 + 001+Section 1.6 Linetaation and Dilferentiale 095 3, fa) = VE con x sin 4) a Prof) (00.8 ~ Vein ints +2, {= VB coe x conly th f= Ecos xcosly 2) le) =1- Ole -0) 419-0) +(2-F) 44Gb = VF cn xin(y 43), f= VF con xin y 8 Gg = VB con x inGy #2), {yy = —VE in x only 41) fy = —VB 2 conly +8} f= “VE con xn, The abana aoe of sch ofthese eond patil derivative bounded above by VF => M= thus |B(e..2)] '<(J)(v8)001-+001-+ 000? = conse 58 (0) os 80.48 8, ah (SB a ot os) (Bs) beo steno fan (ihse +d axa ow— Ban) = Su (fy do &e—5 dv 0 dh), whee = 100 N/m p=, Mo = 02 m, hy = 04 m (©) More seasitve to change in bight HM. (9) Vinh op dV = 2th deer dh at bout 10 times mote sna to change ae teat ave dV = 10 de-+ 7 dh = the volume in de 9dr == yh chose ah =18 15-5 h= 65 in andr = 85 nin one lution for AV mV 38. sdb ad, by {ynass dfeed dee db—b e+ di sine ate much greater thn [bl Jes an dj the fneton Fie moe sensitive to a change in anc db + ab de 26. nohe)= abe pyebe py oe pynab dpm be da tac dh tb = P +B. Now 00,8109 2, anaes] = 22-10 24242 = 600 0% M1, Valwh + Y= sb, Vy 1-410 de 415 ds aL th de tw dh = BV. hn Vin = fy hd m1 fy oh = fin =f a =) +10( fy) +0 C)an+ (Jasin) ab+ (Jab arc) 46,20 = 25 = [05]; at «= 1508, 8 =200 8, ad C= 60, we tha th change aprximaaly 4A = 200 6 n+ Js 7 105+ (20)80\08 60 04D = 98 2 0349 | cadiane, da =[0.51,906 Chapter 11 Mutvaiable Puntions and Their Derivatives 38. gO say eae tin 4, = 7 con > da de + (ee +n) dy + (cons) dt 3 tala uagysbeerT a0 ae <3102)4708) =48 49, = (YH) cu = HCY), ana ca = 4 (Y (=) 4.) ea 4) aa 4a) (=a) a = HBO 2 am 2H ah] la 005 sfeeneny Yee oy 4 2) gue ENED =fegegy’ [2x a Ban 1D a f-+7 dy = magnited of the maxim pomibl or |: (0.0128)600 ak + 0 aot 32.000) i most sensitive to changes b M14 fey) = wlany8) = May) #20 aye) = C9) #78) = 069) and Bs 5 HaGFo ro faoe)) = flso20) Bylto ron) = 1808) 8nd fylXporFto Ye) = 1 the tangent lane atthe pont Pa (9p ¥)'X—Xo) +f l80)9 Ye) ~~] =O oe FFM = 20) HPI —Yo) +H 6) 17 EXTREME VALUES AND SADDLE POINTS L lsy) =2xty 49 = Oand Gls) 2429-80 x= Bandy =8-> eel pointe (8,95 fa(-8.8) =, fy(-3,8) =2, fy (33) = 1 Gaby Gy => 0 and fy, > 0 lea miaimam of A-83)=-5 2y 10440 ad Guy) = x49 +42 0x2 and y= f= ete pl (8) =a) = a ‘fa(64) Qi=0 8 GG) =tet ys fal-2 = 2-2 = 96 >0 and fy, <0 local mai of nd Gyssy) =242— 0-9 x= 2 and y = = etal pot is (2,1) f= 251) =1 5 fy fy = 1 <0 = ada plat A Glam ty 1414820 and 9) wet 0 and y= fel ot (B); foal BB) = 16 (8B) =6 SF 8. Sour) =e 6920 ad 3) =O My +4=0- x= fh and y = 9 etal pie (8-8) fal Bb—$)=6 65 (H.—9)=16 65 (1B-B) => fay = 48> Oa > 0 ae minima 5 fahyy = -25 <0 = mde pointSeton 11.7 Extreme Valuer and Sade Points 987 (H-3)-- 6 fur) =e ay Balt) = 4502 xn tad =O and fy) = e+ + 1 = eel point 2,1; 1 y(2-1) #35 Fagg By = 28> O and fy > 0 lel mini of 1,1) =-6 and G0) 2, Ga(l2) =O fly =f = —4-< 0 ane point eel point i (1,2) fC) x bly +20 =) x1 and y= 0 cel pols ie (1,0); 2 fay B= 40 ad fy > 05 lca minima of > ested point (0,1 45 0 and fy <0 local masimum of (0,1) =4 1. (9) i? -2y = 0 and Ge) a (00) and (~8.8)f0 (40) fl 0.0)= andy 0,00 =—fand y= = ete pints 5 (00)= thy =8 (00) = 2 ti by(-HA) = 4 fo(-B4) Flo) 3 fag “By =A andl point fr (98): ($4): 2 fadhy “By = 12> 0 nd fy <0 lea maxima of ($8) = ob eal pointe 3 fay “Sy <0 = sale point for (-1,—1}: f(t —1) = ~6, fl > bay By 27> Dad fy <0 local maximum of (-1,-1) 12 Sy) = 128-624 6y =O and Ga.) = y+ 6 pointe are (0,0) ad (1,1; 0 (0,0): (0.0) = 16> 0 and fy, 0 local mma of (0,0) 18 Gay Me? Ay =0 and f.9) =y* A = 0 x= O and y =O, oF andy = cit pinta (00) and ($$) (0.05 (6.0) = tee anf =4 aby “B = 16-0 me points (68): fe $) ud fy, > 02> lc salman of ((§4) =f fy (b§)= 4 aby fy988 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Tir Dsivaives 14 ny) 28 62205 S29) =3)*—6y <0 y= 00r (0,0), (0,2), (-2.0), and (2,2); for (0,0): fy(0,0) = 8x46] 5, $00.0) = 0 fay fy = -38 <0 sade pat for (0,2) (0,2), fl ,2) = 6 (02) =0 2 fylyy ~By = 88 > 0 and fg > 0 = loal minima of (0,2) = 19; for (-2,0) fy(-2,0) fy(-2.0) = ~6,yg(-200) = 05 fly 8, = 86 >0 and fg <0 local sanimam of f(-2,0) = 4 fo (2.0) fyg(-2.2)= 8, fy(-2,2) = 8, fy (2,2) = 0 fu, 8, = -36-<0- ane point 15. Gf) =4y — 29 = 0 and (6,7) = 4x49? = 059 x= y xl points are (00) (1,1, and (1, = fy(0.0) = 4 = faafyy By 3 aly fy = 128 > O and fg, <0 = loel maximums of 1,1) = 25 for (=I) f(t) fy(cbeel) 2-32; fy Ch =0=9x=0, 1,-1.2 the critical 1 (60) f(00)= 12g = 850) -12, = 160-5 sada ont for (1s fl 1) ==12, (1) = “1, fy 1, 1) 24 fay “By = 28> O ad fy <0 lel masa of {-1,-1) =2 16. (49) = 40 Hy =O and G(6,9) =p? 420-9 xe ny ow 4x a0 ale) =09x20,1,-1 = the ertieal point ae (0,0), (1,1), and (1,1) (049) = 1282, fy049) = 129% and fy) = 45 £0" (0,0): (0,0) =0, (0,0) = 0,65 (00) =4= fy = —18-< 0 = sade point fo (1 fal) = 12, (1) = 12, f(D) =4 2 fly“ = 18 > 0 and fy > 0 lca minima of CyB) = 25 for (1, f(s) = 12, Gy (11) #12, G(s) = 4 fay B= 128> 0 and {> 0 + loa minimum of (-1,1)=—2 17 f(y) = = = 0 and 66x57) = 2 = 0 = x= and y = 0 = the critical point is (0,0); d= ae Son =e y tial point is (0,0); atanie2 , at paytae oxy fy = IE fay = Ei fa 40) = 2 (040) = 2, (0,0) @+eay “Cee apa 3 baggy Sy = 4> 0 and yy <0 = local maximum of f(0,0) = —1 18,9) =—dhty =a 69) =x = 9 x= andy 1 the ce pala (10s 7 Bete de te fall) = 2, fy (ls1) =2, f(s) #1 fabyy By = 9 0 and fgg > 2 = local minimum of (41) 19, (53) =9 on =O and 9) yr m an integer, and y == the cic points are (20), a integer (Note con x and sin x cannot both Be 0 fr the ame 0 sn x mut be 0 and Sp -Y 88 fy =O fy = 608 G88) = 0, (06,0) =O, fg 0) = 1 even ad (0 if in odd => Gal =< 0 = andl pasar 0) =O for evry f 20, (4,9) = 20 cos y =0 and (4,9) =e sin y = 0-5 no soltion since 0 for any x and the funtion ‘cosy and sin y cannot equal 0 forthe eame y = no eal points => no extrema and no sade points‘Section 11.7 Exteme Values and Sade Pointe 980 21. () OnOA, tr) =M,y) =y2—4y +L on O-S¥Sm “ (08 08, (3) = (6.23) = 68? 128-4100 0x5; ‘doit vale ave ben found above; 25) ‘Siac 12-0 x=1 end y=2, bat (1,2) not sn interior plat of OB (i) For interior points ofthe langula repon, od fxg) =2y 40 ‘2, but (1.2) ot interop ofthe region. ‘Therefore, the absolute maximum is Pat (0) and the bolt mina fa (12) 7 on srsz fn =t=0 20 0 0808, f9) =m=0 =O and i na 0) (8) 09 AB, te) be fet on OS 5 f-m+2) (48) ana 0.2) (G0) For atrioe points ofthe tanga rego, fy) = Sica and y= 0, but (0,0) not an inlerioe point of minum iat (62) andthe able 22 and (47) =2) =0 io. Port the abate imu 0 (0) 28. () 08 0C, Tey) = 7040) =x? —6r42 on 0 and fy, >0 9 a eal minima (2) 12-0 sadale pata (0,0) ty ARO =D and y 2; fll?) = 2,691.2) =2, > Oand 64> 0= oe! miiman at (1,2) fo s2) #05 fay By (0) ley) <2 9 =O and (2, =2y 44 EU and y==25f(0)-2) © 18» Gylh2) = 2) £0 fly fy = 36> O and 6, > 0 acl minima a (1,2) fa(L=2) = 18, fy (-1)-2) =2,fy(-Li-2) =O Kay, = 38 <0 aad pot at (1,2) 32 (a) Minimum at (0) since fa.) > 0 for all other (x) (8) Maximum of 1a (00) since fy) <1 fr all ober (3) {e) Neither since fy) <0 for x <0 and 9) > O for e>0 (@) Nether since 3) © for x <0 and (x3) > Ofer x30 {e) Neither snc 343) <0 for <0 and y >0, but fs.) >0 forx>0 end y >0 (9) Minimum at (0,0) sine fay) > 0 for all other (x3) then fy) = 49? = F003) and y= 02 (0.0) the oly y= fr (sn) = lt ay 20 bn 42(-Fx)=0 ork= 223y-(-f)0 in any cas (0,0) oa crite point. He. (So erie 38 above fs) =2 Syl) = 2508 Gyr) > fey Ky < AK Fl ave a ude pat a (0,0) 4-1? <0 b>? oe k-< 2 wl have alc iam (0,0 14-18 > 0 32k <2 thet i inconcnve i4 =A ska at, 35. (8) Nos for example 3) = ya and pot at (6,5) = (0,0) whee f (©) Hfglab) and (4b) dle in sgn, then fy) fy (056) <0 90 fay Fy <0. The race mast ‘theteore have aval pont at (ab) bythe second Gesvative et 36, Suppose ()x=ainan interior point ofthe domnin ofthe curve = f(b) in which the plane y= b cuts the srfce F=f) (i) The aretion (i) The fasetion += (8) hae a local sina vale a x= 6 (ie) The value of the derivative of x= fyb) atx = 0 in therfre sero (Theorem 2, Section 8.1). Since ‘ths derivasive i f(a), we conlade that 18,0) = 0- 1) sows that (4,8) =0. ‘hae lacl minimum vale at an interior point (4,8) of it domain, “Then (eb) ia a diferentabe funtion of 8 x= a (the desivatve ie flab). A similar argument withthe fanetion 2‘Section 1.7 Exteme Values and Sade Points 963 An horn inthe scompanying fitters alc praboli that opens dorsward Let (2) Be 10-227, andl (5) be psn onthe plane wach ha = =20 Be We ant to masinine d= (2—)?+(9—bP +c) Subang for 2 and a ves (x+2b+ 3c)? + (y—b)* + (10-x7—y?—e)*, Now we set the first partials equal to nero: b= + B86) A101? = 7? 0) =, 4, = 249—B) A129? 0) =0, 4h = M26 +86) 27—B) = 0, dm 64 be) 2610-29? —e) =, Solve she last two equations for (=D) and for (1022 —92—<) in tra of (+ 6-2) an abate at the ft wo equations: (=) = Ae 2b +8 ad 10H 37) = 25) =~ 12+ BH (1099626486) =0. Terr the real ven mt ocr whee = -2— Se, 11/8. For pints o the paral above th pla, the maxima val fd wil oc shown inthe acompanying Sus, Theos ther O end y >0 is unbounded since x and yeas be a Inge as we please. Abacte extrema are guaranteo for cotinvs fuscia defined over cowed and sanded domain inthe plane Since the domain i unbounded, the continuous function 3,9) =x-+y need wot have aa acute simu (etthogh, inthis as, doce have an abelte minima vale f #00) = 0. y+1 for 07 <1: 14049) =2y and 0,1) =1 Met) 238 $241 0x5 1 Flu “) but (1) nota the domains 0,2) =1 and (1,1) =3 (ay) 9? +41 fr Oy St; ty) =29+1 0s y =f and is outside the domains 0) = 1 and 1) =3 (0) = 241 for 0x 1 M50) = snd (0,0) =1 (9) On the interior ofthe sare, fay) = 28-4271 =O and Gy) = 29 42x—1 ‘Then fay) =P Hey amy += (ebay) +1 sinimam vale when 25-4 2y = 1. (0) The abet maximum 8) = 5 andthe abslate minimum a fang the Line x+y = nthe sure 05x51 and 0. 0, we have = i= (Viv3)=2V3. At the sndpinsf-2,0) = -2 nd 20) =2. Therefore the abot minimum i {-2.0) ‘he avon maximum is (2, 2)= 2/7 when t= (8) On the uate +9? =4, > 0 and 920 the endive 02) = 2 an 20) ‘There thease minimums 2,0) =2 and (0,2) = 2 when = 0, respectively the abslte smasimam ie (V8) = 23 when 948M wy Beene Aaah Hea? non i) ro) soe xafady =e, act the abolte we fates ey.Stl 11.7 Extreme Value and Sade Pointe 45 © On the semicnle 2+ 20, we obtain Via = Gand x Bf, then ef ViVi) =2 and e(-Vi VA) =-2 At the ends (20) ‘Therefore the absolute minimum is g(—/3, /7) el V8, V9) =2 when t =§. (6) Oa the quarrel 2+ 2 wen = 3E; th alte asi ie 1, 120 andy 20 the endpoints gve 0,2) =O and g(2,0)=0. ‘Therefore the abate minimise ie g2,0) = 0 end (0,2) smasimum ie (V3.3) 8 4 296 © BRE RR oer g 5 yelding the points (2,0), (0,2), and (20), respectively. (i) On the semicircle 2-42 = 4 y2.0 me have (240) =8, (0,2) = 4, and b(-2.0) the abeolte minimum ie b(,2) = 4 when t =F the absolute maximum is b(2,0 when t=, x repeetvly. (i) On the quater x+y? = 4,2 0and y > 0 the ebaolte minimum ie H0,2) sbeoate maximum i 2,0) =8 when 42. (9 l= LE AY nal 6) On the wemietips, F-4 = 1, 9 244 fe) sehen t= 0, § respectively the able hen t= (can 2(-2 sn ) + (4 sn 02 cos) ‘Theetore, and b(-2,0) = when t=; the ent 46 on = 0 a sayaseaseneraf)eo( 8) fe Ab the endpoints, (240) = 6 and 13,0) = 6, The able minimum if the abucete maximum (292, 2) (i) On the quarter elie, atthe endpoints 0,2) con t= For. Vi whe 2 vet a0)=t These 0.6 doses) st intot fp dette mann (EL) = Bl oroctce (On the embeps, (s.9) = 39 = = Oost 2-3 in 9) (8 e082 ea ln cont. Then 298 a) =3 wea =f and 0) = 9,0) =0, ‘The absolute mini is test asian EV (i) On the quater elie, atthe endpintg(,2) =O and (8.0) ‘The bwcute minim snegonooaitea frapuiny he sss msineneg(°YEA) =a she946 Chapter 11 Multvaiable Pantone and The Deivatives B-BEEBE-ndeon’ safer <0 sgh ine 0 0.) an (40 6) Ontbe matin, 300s Wt) = MO) = nd 8 we (0) Oath got inh sisi iM.) 8 wen 0; ite ima Noa)stt wim o£ ete © x=tmdyetrio gt (ag (om (-3 sin) + (12 an (2 cont) = 6 in ¢ co 2, The able misizui i + respectively the abolte maximum is (0,2) = 12 when Jo xa—tandy =f win when ¢= Js te eno atte (8) Porth endpsints t= = 9 x= 2 nd y= 9 ith (20) = 0510 xO y= wth the abate main 0.3) 8 ) x= and y= 1 with (01) = 05 te x= 2 and y=2 with 22) = 4, The abialute minimum is (0,1) = 0 when ¢ = 0; the abclste ‘masimur ie (2,2) =4 when 46 Ha dey BO ned gy © eta ($8) =18+ 4. The abet misinam ie ($8) =f when t= 4; thre in 0 abslte sence lng th ie (G8) For the endpoint: ¢= 0-5 =O and y = 2 wit 0,2) = ‘The aecite maka (4,8) (0,2) =a the endpint when 0 a at Styli lay] xatandy =D moe Pty? ota 44 > HB (5a +4) 21) + 292 201-29) strapons) yd ‘The abolute maxim is (.2)=$ when =; thre ino alte minim log the ie Hace x ad y an be ng awe pane (0) For teenpate (= 0-9 Ih-8=0-9 taf sa fand yf with =] xe Landy =0 eth f,0) fa the ntvior ext! pant when = ¢ 1 ‘the able maximum ie (68-4410 +8) =09 t= $5Stein 1.7 Bxzeme Valuce an Sade Points 947 (Exle)-4E) - be) od om the at uation, b= (ym) afia-(SaJotmetenaneiestanen mbt ae ea a fatows,tmcetnteneter $a}-(Sh a) seutavemertin ite rctes eno §e-(Ba)-aea(gheen)-(Baesal a Saeed eet (S Jf the ) i" ett tha) Hab tear baby to eb Baae ed £) He )) =x) (51m)? +654) ))3 Sona?‘Section 1.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 940 (Spn} 0 tray rch that n>, Finally, thi proven that the erica point forthe lat aguas problem i «minimum becasse 2% > @ and (65)(63)-Gis) > o.on1863)91) 0.06882). 45 + Ty a.m) a lay |e sod b= Hoh 51.50.0186) = 1.28 Tonto | oor [00st ‘oa0a5 [22 [ ooo | cott Goowes [ie | eoooooosTs | aaoNse ‘a0n0iea | + [ eonoooorse | eaoo4e? ‘oraes_ [oi | o.ooo0o23 | oes 2 P= oLH6 h- 128 Fegan) sues i t 4-62, Brample CAS commands: Manle eps f= (ny) > Dake y4— 2002 ey 248, plotifty), x11, yon-1,axe==BOXED): ontourplot xy), =—3/2-8/2, Y=-8/2.8/2,axee=NORMAL), ima) ig) aliaive((erp.exp2), (x9), ‘aig ays) fe anapaly a) ‘isi ey) >) 9) Sey anapply Ela): ‘imi ey) 9) 9): f= wnapols 9): feet) ~ (a9) c= unaply (a) suerte fats) dete): tuberin fats. tnt) Ibeferial fey nee) feria (Bex aie 9); feel) xx ie); Soe etal ays)960 Chapter 11 Moitvaible Functions and Thee Desivatives Mathematica: ‘Gene ‘SetOptiony{ContourPot, PlotPointe -> 25, ‘Contours -> 0, ContowtShaing -> Fla feoglJ= 2x byt 222— 29249 feat) = (33/2 fyagb) = (23/2372); PrOBD| thy, faxed), (yry0) ContourPet Mealy teamxd)y tary) } f= Dita it = Salvel(Ge==0, ‘sipts = fey) (- fix = Ditcal Diges] Divs) fax by ~ by? (xyhalaex} / eit 118 TAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 1 Vtagiesiand Ventas itt 962185 snl = Ai ye an orate ict Borns (CASE 1: I'x=0, then y= 0. But (00) ot on the elise vox 0 CASE 2 x #09 A= YP o xm 4 Vip o(4 Vin satatoys a}. ‘here takes on ite extreme values at (+ V,})and (+ Y3—B). The extreme valu of fon theelipee vi we MO +2y)) > y= 2h and CASE 1: Ix =0, then CASED x #09 But (0) so othe cide 2 4y2—10= 050 0 shoven(s})= 429 2s(4x?-s09 00 ti oy= av ‘Toardone the oni extreme vale a ( Y8,/8) and (& YE,—/5). Te etree vale of 0 the clea 8 a= y to)= 048) a= Jandy = =(-9)+3(-B)=109 nd y= fae oni eee vl a (1, on he ie. ‘The extreme vale 4. Viatalest and V) stySection 1.8 Lagrange Multiples 951 CASE 1:10, then xty = y=3, CASE 2: Ix #6, then 29 =x 0 that xy =99 ty ty =e yal x= “Therefore tas on ite extreme values a (0,9) a (21). The exteeme vals of Fare (0,3) = 0 and fay=4 We optimiefe,7) buy) = 19-54 = 0, Thus Vf = i +295 and Vg= 774+ 24) 0 that (gD) = 24-= Ay? and 2 CASE 1 fy =0, then (CASE 2 Ify #0, then 249% the aquae ofthe dance to the og aie othe containt Vg B+ 2h ba on dunnt iy e mat? y # peo eats a(2) J Then sy? = 4 > (4)(4) = = £8. Since ay? =54 we cannot have x= -3, 20x 2 8aferat}s = 43V3 ‘Therefore (3, 3/3) ate the points on the curve xy? = 54 nearest the origin (since x4 increasingly far aay ay gts lowe tO, no points ae farthest aay) ‘We optimize fy) = x2 +2, the aquare ofthe distance tothe origin subject to the constraint (353) 0, ‘Thus i= 2xi+2yj and Vg = 2ayh+3%} wo that Vi= Ag = 2x = Bayh and 2y =: 2720 (but 60) #0). Thee x #0 and = 207(2$) 992 =? (since y > 0) > x= 4 V2. Therefore (V3.1) ae the plats onthe carve ‘ba plat incressngly far away a x ges clowe to 0, no points ate (0) Veatedood 9 xehod ale the point (44). Now, xy =16,.>0, > 0 im branch of» hypeola in the fs quadrant With the and panes a aymptain, "The equations x+y=e give e fun f pazallel lines wth Ii thr ous move aay om the eign tbe suber c increases ‘Thr the minimum value of ccus ‘Mere xy =e le tanget tothe byperbol's Dane () Vim yitsjand Vg=isj eo that VE=AVg = vit Seis) be the maximum valve The equations xy =e (2>0 andy >0 ot x < and y <0 1o get maim vales) give family of hyperbola isthe Mist and hid quadrant with the and y= ‘tc es eymptoten. The tngimom valae of occurs where the hyperbola xy =e tangent tothe ine xeyel. tx) oo that VE= AVE 9 54 das y= fend fo tea > the minim at fa) = +92 be the aguae ofthe ditance from the origin. Then V1 Vg (de + y+ (2y + wo that V ai 9) and HAV > B= Ate) a = NOY 8) = Ly 2 te=(g8hg Joey sare = yet) etayays tx das spat Sais) +2882 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Ths Desvatves (CASE 2 y= ep a 4a) +2) $09 xe Shanty son th t( Spe) =f =((-dy- dy) man 2-040, ‘herds pons nt) an (in) athe ate amas: (Jp-Hp) ad Jp Jp art het nts to the ogi sth +27 9 VS = (2eh + Anji 2 and hit joo that VS=A Vg o> (Beth + ae) 2} = ACD +5) > Deh Be and But r=0 give no phyla can,201 £059 A=3E ae dee (00) 2 0=2 > fae ateaof 24 en, Since r= 4 crn and hor r= 2 em and ‘m give the only extreme 1 em and § = Ae em? which ea asger foe area, then 24 em must be the minim mfr ara, 10, For wepinder of adi and Bight we wast to asin the wre ata $= Beth chet othe cntint eich) = 4() <0 <0. Than VS =2etie ae and Vg n+ Bj o that US = AV Yoh =P and arate Padeeiae=(D()sttW hates fade Pada re gy i (ays = 229) = fay abject to afm) =f HE —1= 0; VA= Ayia and Ve +25. tbat 9A HAVES AHO iF) = ar=(ppnaee (a> a= 28 ana x= (2)() oye shee ED) are ectee 2/2) = 2, the gt i 2= A/F the with sy = 8/3. 22. We ae x= 2/3 since x epenent ditace ‘Then y= 4 1a Petes omiesioren) Bak + Gjand Ven 21+ 2j eo that UP =AVE sant Ve= 861+ Bj wo that VP MAY, ((2x=D4+ Cy ~ Ai 29 Bu Max 2) and 2y = AQ) ~8) x= hy and y = By AF Dag y= Bee Ba ba) A) $029 x=0 andy =0,orx= 2 andy =4, Thereof) =O isthe minimum value and (2,4) = 20 theSection 1.8 Lagrange Multipliers 982 maxima value, (Note that A= 1 giver 2x = 2-2 oF 0 cy ois tees) «(-faJ) 2/10 + 6 = —0.395 is the minimum value. 4g? tsp Vents that T= AVE and 2) = Dy oe y= BEAL yao that VE = AVG > 3-= 2K and sffpo- fgets 2/0 + 8» 12.35 the masimum vale, end 3 lt =36- x= Ai (ote sad 2 AL Hei = Main) = eA a axa( Gh) =e CASE 1: 2093 =O; ba (0.0) aston? 49 25 0 HO CASE 2: A=05 y= 2x9 x4 (2x)? = 25 x= + V5 and CASES A=S 39 ===—fo2+(-F) “BYE x=2/S andy =-V5, or = -2V8 vi ‘Therefore T( V8,2V8) 1(—v6,-2V5) is the minimum value and T(2/5,—¥5) = T(-2V5, V6) is the maximum value, (Note: A= 1 = x= (0 from the equation ~4x + 2y = 2Ay; but we found x #08 CASE 1) or =O 0" box sod 16. The sufce ave i given by = Ane Beth abject to the connsint Veh) =x? +e = 6000. Ths (er 28+ and UV = (Gee + Deb) rj oak OS = AVY (e424 2h al(4e? 42k) tes Ser oh = AG? 4 te) and Det = hei? 9 2002 =A, BLE AD Flor +h) + he Oo the tank ea apne (hee no eylindial pat) and 1. Let yet) = (= 1924 (=P + 21) be the squae ofthe distance from (1,11). Then Vim Ma Di My 154-26 Nfkand Vg =1+2) 43k 50 that VPA, 25 = Wi y= 4 He — Hk = AG 5+ BH) 2G 1) = 2, 2691) = 24, le—1) = 9d 4-0 Bs cn haart so x=faad =, Therefore the point (J.2.9) x clone since 90 enon the pls fathom the oat (4) 1, Let aya) = (=1)? +7 +1)8+ (0-1) be the quate ofthe distance fom (2)—1,1), Then VE = Be I+ My + 154 2[9~ kad Vg = 2-29) + Bako that VE = AVE = xm andy} ode xe hay ply d= ply eA (PY H(A) (rh)(954 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Their Derivatives orhys spree dure dues one dete ecm whe <> and <0 ora the nt (Jp Hg. Fs) on he Fyp Tee get vate of 19, Let fOuyyt) =22 42-42 be the agua ofthe datance rom the origin, Then. Vf = 2-29) + ak and es Bai 2y)— dak ao that Vi = Ag => 2xh+-2y}+2ek = AGai +29} 20) > Bx = Beh By = yy and 2= Beh A=1, x20, and y 0, of b= land's = (CASE ts A==1,x=0, abd y =0-9 ~2?= 1, which has no soaton CASE 2: A= 1 and 2=0-4 32-499 ‘Theefote the points on the uni irl, x? +y* = 1, ate the points om the surface 22+ y? 1? = 1 clout to the 20, Let f(x,y,2) =x? +" +2? be the square of the distance to the origi. ‘Then Vf or ¥o0=1(3)= cise hotaacyaeteioe ts) cise sates i+ 2p} +20 and ys 2y =A, and oan an. oe 242-0, 0 no slution, wy and r= 1 (-y)p-1+1 20 y=0, agin, ‘Therefore (0,01) i the pnt on the euface eos tothe oii nine ths pat gives te only extreme vale ‘ad there eno masini distance fos the srface to the ota a, x! + y2-424 be the square ofthe ditance tothe origin. Then Vf De-+ 2+ 2k and jt Zekso that UP = AWg = 2-29) 4 ak Anya} tak) > Oe = yh dy Se, and aeloreo. om y and 2y = x9 y =Oand x case tsa Os e= k2and CASE 2: 1 = 0-2-4 09 y =f, Then c= $d = 8, and Pe och og -$ aso xe £2, Thus, x= 2 and y= 2, or = Bandy 92. ‘Therefore we et four pointe (2,~2,0), (~2,20), (00,2) and (0,0,~2)- Bt the pot (0,02) and (0,0,-2) ae lone to the erg since they ae 2 units away and the others ae 2/2 unite ray, 22, Let fsa) = 32 492-444 be the aque ofthe distance tothe origin, Thon f= 2+ 29) + nk and tx tag so Ut UE AV c= Aye 2y Aye, and 20 = hay = 2 = Dey and 29? = Aye “2,Section 1.8 Lagrange Multipiere 955 5. vat Fooes-pordo de Pee Fed) = S/H inthe maximum value and ((——$, 10-18.) 2-5/7 the minimum vale = . alee od (Foe Ih) = ov o 25, tbagva) =x 497 +a and gina) =chy $90 VED 2) + Bk ad Vi Via Ag 2ehb 2h +2 = Mi+I HR) 2 = 3 y= A and femets ants aotemexs + ++ that satetxt=0 hy Band 2 =. 28. aya) = aye and gag) ety HP Ufa AW go yl tanh +ayk = MLE + aah) o> But +> O40 that y =x x? = 22 and Ve =yabs ea tagkeand Vg =i 54-2 that dats Aand xy <2 pans 2 Dory =x ‘Thea 2? = 29(x3) x= Vor x 2. But x>0 vo that Pa yam athe ata a toes tf, Wemes = Spaines> 0, Then x= Bandy =¥ (BB) = 8 vic se (8 f= A 2, Va bge and gaya) ay 4et 1209 VV Ula AV g = tyr = Be fa = Ay and ay = Ae = dept a aittete n= nee 0 th denon othe box ae Fe by Je by efor main ‘volume, (Note that there tno minimum volame sige the box could be wade arbitral thin) 410i Bayh and Vig 2ah+2y-+ 2k that 3 with sy al postive and Fs E+ V maps and sy) = ber acy aba abe =O 1 VVayittnad tk and Y= bel 0+ wo tht VV=AV y= be, = Ae ad y= ab hex x May, ad nye Iabe A0. Ai,Abex = Aaey = abe = be a and aH(b) eo 4(8)(§) += endo yada tes y= x29 i4(x—1) =o x8 andy ie the maximum valve of U under ihe contain 2, VM = (642)1—2yh tak and Ve = 2ak+ 45 42 tat VM = AVG (KB) + ak hy x=teh = X= “Lory =o. Hot 648= 26-0) 2-2 and c= (CaP 4-26 20 y= 86 CASE 2: y 0,644: 243 and x= 2h = 3 (ore) a 85 ‘heron we hae the pit (8/503) (00,~8), ad (42, £4). Then M(23,03) V5 60 1068, (350.3) 60~ 27/9 12, (0-8) = 60, ad M462) M(-4,-4.2). Therefore, the meso felt in a (44,2). sad sere) Vay +n Vey ab 25k satus 8. Let glx) soma V1 hj, Vay aJ-+k, and UE a4 9)— (4) + +8) a jt Then ~t=2 tak ey = 2 H-m=2)-7 0.9 te A-y Ths equation coupled wih y44=0 imi = —f and aD 2a poh and tee wee atean sx 3h Let ina, Vapi 95 +9K, and Vi Vay + nV ah 9) 6 2k 4 Sp ad 2 = TASH. Then = y= 6 =Josmsersans(Qasdn)-02 nd i= 6 = }asnne(saefu)s(FavGn)-a9 049 Mpa y= PSB, ands BEM Se minima vale iaSection 1.8 Lagrange Maltphers 957 (GARB) — BEEBE. eta hen asi vl Fin oh coin cae st lest oe ofthe aable 3, oF an be made arbitrary and asue a value a age awe pease) 38, Le fast) =22-+32-447 be the aguae of he datance from the oii. We want to minimise fey to the consenntay(sya) =¥-4 24 12 = and p(s 42k, and Vg =i Joo tat VE = AV g, + HV, = 2 Q+$)+m- 12 fatdua its os 2. Slving there two equation for X and gives 4. The plat (2,44 the line of intesection i claws tothe origin. (Thee i 0 ‘maximum distance from the oigin since pints on he lne can be ately faraway.) fiom Exerc 38 shove 38, The maximum vale (9, 4,~4) M. Leb g(u358) #2120 and eyes) = 49247100 Vs, ok, Vey = BD +k, and ‘Vie tape ate txtyk mo that OE = AV + Vey = Dealt + ak + ta ++ Bek) Beye De Be = Dy and y= ay bd 9 KH = Don gE Hs wy ace =. ‘CASE 1: £8 ying the points (0, £81) ) = 7492-41-10 =0 (tom g) = 89? V6 ying the poate V/, # V5.1) Now (0, £31) (4 V5)41= 16/5. Therfore the maximum of fis 16/4 a + V8, 5,1), and the minimum of fie 1~ 65 at (4 V6, —V,1) 38 (@) Let gi(xys2) =a ty +20 =O and g(uysa)=xty—2=0 9, Uwe mya bj tayk oo that Uw = 20g +40, 9 ye t+ CASE 1: 22059 hy = 40 and x + CASE 2: x= y 5 2x49=40 = 0 and 2x = no slation Osram 0 and y = 10 > w = (10)(20)20) +2 is parallel to the line of intersection > the line ex = 2410, y=%410,2=20, Since 1=20, wesc that w = Shc fateasiim when = 9 = 1, 28+ 10} + 10) 20) = (417+ 100)(20) y= U0, ands = 2, 38. Let sy) =9— Vey = Bei + 29) + Bk th ad gga) =a 4? Het 420, Then Vemylt +k, Vey = AL hand Ufa AV + aU ey yh Hak = NED) + Mle 5 +k) A Deyy =A Ay aad 22 = Dy =O oF w= CASEI: =O P43" ) x= t VBand y= & VE vildng the pints ote 4 =0 (ince088 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and The Deivatives (via vio. CASE 2 A+ Be and n= A429 xy = Baty) & B= 200) since d= 0-4 2 42 ying the print (00,42) Nom, (00, $2) = 4 and (+ V+ V2.0) = 2, Therefore the maximum value af is 4a (00,2) 58 the rinimom vale of Fin? at V8, + V2.0). sxs0sy=0 40, Lat as) = 32 9-42 be the aqua he dane fom the rgn, We wat to mime a.) abet ta the contin (0) = 27 HAE 5 = aed) beer 0, This Uo =k Vay= 844k and Vy =b So) 2nk wo hat VE =AVg, + 8p Be hak = MU) + +95) = 2 = Be 29 = 20+ By and B= A= Dap 9 = 8 oe = HOP +2209 r= 47-9 2y $49) —B 09 yh VHB) vetaing the ons (01) ana (0,~§.) 2 u=40)-n(l)> 244(8) = no solution snd (0.~§§)=25(de+})= MP ste rit (0441) coe to te xg, a Attia iaAVg iti adGtta) = 1arhand =a SC ada) acini cto fetes ae, Bi 5 esata) =o nea 2059 = and e)) eo Tere to asia oman le Sansa th conn 2. LA TA.C) = F (Age By +Cma)"=C+(B+C-1P HAF DECAF +(ASC—% We want comin tHe f(AB,0) =A 20-44, (09,6) #28 44D440~—4 and {{4,B,6)= 4440 480-2, Stach patil diva ql to Dad sve the ton to gt A i 4 cal point of fis (~,3,~: Ba Juant¢ fer tect pi ot (-f.f.-9) 18.0) Minas he) = eet toad 4 4 a, Than VE aA Boe Vente tami Vi=AVE sm suiieenhant Case 1 Anos ae =o CASE a =n fae) el ad 3 2 ao (0) he pint (YB, v2) nos the phere te =, Moves, by ps (9) abe () = (ost =F a ae 1m 2a, abc? = Do, and 2a¥%e = 20d Paso A=0ore? (2) ste asia an. ( vevB, ve) #4 Let eget Eo sar tata toot agg and got wnat VE=A Vg > a = 28) By = MPa oo y= MP AO‘Section 1.9 Partial Derivatives with Constrained Vatables 950 fay 1861001) 5.2): 41196103) ,t9.)) 6562065) 2.2); 1.306562965) 0.8): hi me it = NSvivel(be==0.hy==0he==0t1==0)12==0)) Usvadsteral) ei 119 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES WITH CONSTRAINED VARIABLES HEB BB Bone anton = () = e0(-8)+ e010) + @0101=-ar+29= o(: )-(rsss)--= ee RnB Roemeteoten960 Chapter 11 Maltvaiable Puntions and Their Deivatives tem Bad =(), coo +00()+ conn =r o(:){2 ASB Ge fe Oa a fad oy eiendhs . == (BB) =e0(8)+ en +000 = 142 2 weet tyr tain and etree = (F), = 20 +004 90 +601 =-1Section 1.9 Pata Dives with Constrained Vasinbles 961 Jou seeeanrn et = 20,0) + (1) +(-190) + (08 NG) = 1 tee tee 2m, ERGR ER EER omasnn 2 (9), no e090 +e een Ca temeontett—9) 8. U=AP,V1) and PV = aT P oy =], ene enm sano, o(: x bn) d0 Bed 8b B87 | yey Jos- e-em - 1) °F LN HGR) “(ROE of Se eee (oun)962 Chapter 11 Multivariable Puntions and hele Derivatives m0) Q-2e tow ins) ery oes tna x4 (cna) =O and sy contala +(e cn) $02 Ba ERE ME ae hn, > (Byhoan = 20(R +2 = 2" 0(:)-(5) }-@)-emee-ee = (25y7)(0) +229 + 3)(1) + (9 ~ 9%) ft = Bey + (9) BE Now (2x) $+ 2y + (22) $6 = and Sno mse Shane Bab at wna) = ase Seedy > (92) lara (ORF + CH] -3-1M=5 *) (2) rey |) Reet = (208) Ba(0ey +90) +(-9)0) =(007) Bary sn Now Qo Bey + 0 and Sno cm Ms myaoe Bah semana) mitt Saf (Be) hasan =@qar(-P+oararen=s 2, Gixeet ae ant Pa “ Be ante Ben Gt > Bra (-W) Bor = (vi), = =-1 (V8 a oh (95), =coe xt ghar aes ty Mm te Mand M0 ete SE i), Ben Be & tts ya se dependent, te (Be), = BE 4 Be a Be Be = 2010) +(-00) + (910) +09 ( QE) BPE Than hte = BH LPO f=‘Section 119 Patol Derivatives with Contained Vasiablor 63 = (GB), 2 1 On he ter adit 9, and aiden, ten (BE) ARE RG Be Ge B= enn c-myn4 Ger ay0y aac 8 Thay 4 2ete=6 (Be), eerd(-Heaee yaad then fi) 0 EB BB BE sitet fcion ox ay, (24) =~ ~ (Ste) (ot) Bi) = saxty ant wary a1 gh Bt ay ato St = 04 $B ae Bw tat x Bay f 0 Bee Uc and ye indent thers) 099 Bs SE BE ad Bw BB fg = (&)= ~SHL2%, as caine. Lacan ela, Tn ie) = ene) 0nd = REHAB BE Be BE «BE Bs wm SERGE BRE Be DE Be BE Be SE Bt = ty AHAB fh bemoan dnt 940 BB Bint964 Chapter 11 Multivariable Funetions and ‘Their Derivatives Bic benlb es Oe of Oe Be ae aa IRIs FP 78 | ole ole Z ' ot a 11.10 TAYLOR'S FORMULA FOR TWO VARIABLES 1 fheay) 30 5 =O = HE yg = 0, bay sy tu) 0,0) +250.) +31 0.0)+ fe) + Be 0) 4% (0.0)] tet 49-04-4020 207-1 499-0) =scho9 quadiai approximation f= 9 bay = 8g = 2 yy 307 > fia) saunas fy 0.0) +39 0.0) + 359% (0.0) 43% 90.0) setay + Hat. 04 32y-043994-1 498-0) =: 7 + py? abi aprosimaton 2 fx con y 29 y= 0 cs yf, = -eF sin 9 fg = 0 08 fay =O Hin sf 3 lay) © 10,0) +3800) +96 (0,0) +e (.0) + 29 (00) +745 9(0.0)] Stents y 0 fet 2090-4971 Leet fey") quiet approximation; See =O 689 fay = OHO gg =A 68H yy =e 2 fly) = godine Hl 0) 4220) + 9900) 4% (0) att fey?) 4 fhe ey -0-Fa92--1) 497-0] = 144 fey) + fl — a), cae anroximation 3 fay) sin xf =y con, A505 fgg = 0 fg 0 fy M9) © 0,0) +26(0,0) +94 (0,0) +3 =, (0,0) + 2x7 (0,0) +9%%9(0,0)} 04-04 y-04 fC 04 209-1 497-0) quadratie approximation; feae = “¥ 608% fy Hsin fyy =9,fppy =O 5 flssy) & auadratic + ff yyy 0) +347 Yf 4900) + 849% 99 (0,0) + 9% (0,09) 219 +f (0-04 8047-04 3197-0+ 99-0) =, cubic approximation‘Section 1.10 Taylor's Formula for Two Variables 968, i007 fy =a xt, sn coy ay) 00) +300) +00) +H (0.0) + 200.0 49% 0.09] HO 4149-04 fe -04-207-04 97.8) =, guile aprximations em 008 Say =H HY Lgy = EOE CO, yy =a ay ty) = apnea + flO) +320) + 307% (05% (00) +He-Cot sty oy Cnty — oe) ie eomaton 5 Moun) =e n(t 9) = =e M(t) = Pye ONL by TE =e Ma) % 10,0) + (0,0) +9600) + $f %90,0) + 22% (0,0) +9%%9(0.0)) sO yed +B 4 der ty? (I) sy +f (tay—y"), quadeatle appoaimatin: (Ds bay 1p fan = Soe = fy) guano ffl 0) +320.) +889 (0) +3% (00) ars flea) feo 385-1459? (1) 497] ‘ = y+ Hl -y*)+ (8%) — S59? +27), cubic approximation 6 fay) =WOrt7 +) 9 eto Gahan ge yagi fapsbGety +) +7 FYE) "Gay aie "Bese Sy aa MH) ¥1.0) +860) 4340.0 +00) +B (0) 43%, (00)] sexe Bby A+ a? (A) ay (2) +9 (Hy) = de ty tte? day =) = (0049) -f r+ uta eosin See ay TIS 9 eae 7 Gea “Ta = fi) gondii ff (0) +3800) +267 9(.0)+ 9,0] = ety) fleet y) fle a8 4809-84 3072-44 7-2) = (Oats) fecha)? + H(O2 +1203 + 69747) = (et) fact 9+ ee, abe apeoimation 1 fa) ale yt) f= te cal? 9), 27 ena? 41) fy = 2 cal 9?) 40? snl), ey sila 492) y= cal 7 atein(st +9") 5 3) 0.0) 80,0 +9640) l0.0) #2896160) 5,0)006 Chapter 11 Multivariable Ponsions and Their Daivatives S04 x-OF 04 fla. 24 297-04 98-2) = 224 7, quadratic approximation fee = Hoe tn 34) B39 cola2 497) fgg = —Ay sin? + 92) —8ey onl? +2), fy = At sin a? +92) B19? coo) fy = IBY sna? + 92) By? con?) 1 ty) manne 0) +f 0) + 309% (0) 4% (00) Hey? He 0 ny -04 392-04 99-0) 22 49% cab approximation 8 tay) =conls? 43°) > = trial 497), y= Bala ty?) 40 col +9) y= tar cole +) G, 2 in +32)—498 cola? 49°) 3 fy) 0.0) + (0.0) +¥0.0)+ [3% (00) +204 (0.0) +9, (0.0)] = 144.043-04 fs-04257-0-437-6] 1, guna approximation; 1x coo +38)4 898 sn G2 438), fy = ea? 92) ay py en 98) ay sin), (2243), ty cont +y#) +879 sine 97) 3 fer) aera s ff (0) +3200) +30 (0) 47% (00) = 14-0436) 04092-04970) tape cyeteiett a 3 He 7) 80.0) 434100) 43640.0 F264 00.0 +2076 0.0 475500] slender L4fGe 24207 247.2)=14 (4) 4240947) =144 (499+ (+97, gundelle sppronimatins Gye, = ——2 = fay = fay = bp oF ) +¥%y0.0)] 3 Hey) muna + fl) +3700) +309 miter stat? HfO8643ey 4st 88) misty stats) 48a y gta Aa 1 4 et9) 4a) ety) eb apetinatn 10 ta) = aay TES a Ta Ta etme sig gM! S9° (crt 9 ox = Ha9) 10,0) 36(0.0 +3600) +00) #940) +%% (00) sltetty ft 2¢2g-14349) ey Lacey ta ty ty, quate approximation; [eA =x-y 499) + 644-9901 -9) U-ey+9) .(Chapter 11 Practice Fxercinen 987 gy = SM caso te) sO) ge ” “axa y Far bon aay fay) gondii ff P50) + 2% 0.0 + 389% 10) 4% (0) sled y tet boyy tH 64 88y-24 82 497-8) Sy ty 99 8 boty tt 4%, abi approximation tt hey) wezcwy ue msn senty fp =-c zon Leone, fmenaeay fy =~ cy 3) 10.0) 310.0) +1 0.0 HHO.) +20) 43% (00) 14x04 7-04 fb? (1) 4297-04 72-(C1)]= 1-9, qudtatie approximation. Since all partial deca of arpa of sin anoint alt ao of he dra a han ea to 1 Bla) =e, eco yg =H cee yiby =e any 2 fay) 10,0 +360, +3610.) + 9% (00) + 2 (0.0) 437% 0.0)] soex0s 14 H(2-04 207-1 432-8) ay tay eanatcaprsinton. Now ae say, ‘ 60 fgg = O89 A yy =O oe Since 1S Le in ye in 0.4] 0.1 and Jet conylcle cos Ole LAL, Therefore Bisa) 0, 3 Domain: All (a7) meh that x 0 and y #0 Ranges 2 #0 Level earves ate hyperbola with the x and y-n se esymptotoe 4. Domain: All (1,9) that xy 20 Range: 120 evel curves are the parables y =2?—e,€20,(Chapter 11 Practice Exercaes 960 Range: Alla! umbers Level eufaces ae paraboloid of revolution with the pais a in main: All points (8) in mpace Range: Nonnepsive real numbers Level eusfacee ae lipo with cote (00,0. Domain: All (92) aueh that (2,98) ¥ (0,00) Range: Positive real numbers emacs evel erfaces are spheres wi radive > 0 eter (0,00) and70 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and The Desivatves 8% Domain: All point (xy. in apace Range (0) O evel faces ae radius > 0 et wih enter (0,0) and 8 all ay ommeet » cen !B a cos = (2K-1) = ay _ 240 10 in, hes, = lille) EEaay = otro cathy EP Bn ET eeytrats} im EVI. ym HDG Ga 2ataie 2 sli ly SME i, (terete Patented 18 Jim, Inbetyee " nl [ecyee raha) OOH) SLE) +0) =H) =F st = A which ta took TP Fg MSS los erent mie or erent vale of k= the limit doesnot exit, 15 ety =e kt, Thea im, P= algo FF" tan ? 16. Let y = kx, ml a in Se aE ives different limits FoR EAD Tim ay A align) sy tke ils Aierent wales of the lmit doesnt exit. MT Lety be, Then fin, 5 aly =H =Est La which given diferent its for diferent values Te a shSluo) Ey AERTS "rent imi fo iteren vl f= the limit doe oot ext 20 (0,0) cannot defied in way that maken fcontauoss at the origin. samy) 18 Along the in y=0and Jim, SEP in not continuo at (00) 1x30 40th limit let eit a1 x<0 % 18, $= con On(Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 971 2 a * seilaty) Be atp rtp th } oo Mtg, Oe ey 2 Sa} a1 ym Po Sham 4 28, aa) ey co8 ley) =150 8 Bela) ATF aa BLE) =O; Bld) =p) = 8 2 Hyg Bate, Oo, BE By 2 fle tey- tes Pe, flare Bw sors dat Bao Sia 85, a9) = 29 Bel 74 TOY yl) = Oyu) = 2—08 y+ TO la) = yl) 19, Seay contay +), Bas cotey +0) 2 B= iy conlny + np feconlay +(¢ oie] cote ci(ghy)= 0. $8, Gane inn ayers tian ar ate fee V(x tin a)(14 4) cone ins . og rsarsomsorores B BEa realty), Beco $a none Pan er972 Chapter 11 Maltivariable Functions and ‘Their Deivatives > SE = [2 cos(2x y(t) + [con (Ox yN]0); t= x and a= 0% x= rand y=0 Bel y= econ 2) ~ Coe 2000) = 2 BE = [2 n(x a e08 8) + [co BI) = Bel = om Beer (om nN) 2 =(Ga pin) ovvinerom sere Bl =G-Dev=t fx de Oe eo oe oe Ba e-(s eh wen Blrl 3-$)(0)=0 & Me Ge ade Bem 6) GE and Mt By GE a AE PRs Gens esd mo 35, Figg) =1=x—y? sin ay > P= ~yeab nd Fy = ty cory = = ait? # Go) =O.) we ave BI 2 Tog) a ta set F,aty eet nd atest an fen Me = at (xy) = (0,1n 2) we have =~ 2252 = tn 24 (ey) = (On.2) Blemeay ere = 24D) ST, VE = (sin x coe y= (om sin D5 > Ele, “pet ona PCY =F tant Date, = 8s “DCN rain he dection =H, = arr 38, Vf= tae(Chapter 11 Practice Exeriea 073 2 3p,= Bm = (Fp) +-0(Jp)=0 9. ¥t=(sxhrn)!* (serdyrm)i+ (serirre)o Plena ass B= Fa th = i 4 Fk crear ot rpily in the diction ae decrees ot ail nthe dracon -u= F193 fs (Dye =1VE1= 7 (D-pg =F o-Ps $a Oe, = ePey: M0, Vix 2+ 9N4x+ D+ =2E VHloo sly inthe ition w= Js +k UE = 254 1x =f increases most rennet and daca mot ail in th ison = (Oaheg=l Vile VE ad (O-arg= VE 1=0()+0() (Sev 41, = (on 9+ (on 38} 4 BE 8) = (8 al BOL (8 co H+ 8K = ¥(B) 3 Oey = 7 fxya) = yn > f= ya eps t= Fy the peat on the el (1,02) she VE w= (on) (-JpitSak)= Jp 12. ya) 0,¥>0) dla ds percentage change in satis = tt ot = SN > dc = —_=2.05 w+ ah db thus when w = 70 and h = 180 we have 8C= arggytts gore OY arg gaa Tra ‘TO and h= 180 Chg, soy (0.000228) dw — (0.000014) 3-1 rm erin Beght has mone lect(Chapter 11 Practice Buereaes 977 05, fey) = By $2 =O and G(ay) =A BHD Fa(B=2) = fy(-25-2) 2, Bl -2.-2) = 1 bay “By off-2,-2)=-8 betty $4=0 and f(s) = Ax dy 4 =O x= Oand y 1 1 fy(O0-B) = ha f= 1) = 4 hy Gy = -S6 <0 sd print with 0-1) =2 $x + 6y? = 0 => y = 2x? and 3x + 6(4x*) = 0 > x(1 + 8x?) > thesis pointe ce (0,0) and (ff). For (040) 209 gy =O F000 = 8 Lay By = -9-< 0 anda pat wth 0.0) =0. For(- bly = Boy #3 bay =27 > A fy <0 lal mania value t((—}.-4) 8 Ga) sd (9) = 898 ola 2 (0,0) and (2,2) Fo (0 fl 0) = sy a8 andat x= 09 xle—1)=0-2 tect I) 20) = Brg) = 9s S00 = 9 fay “By =< 0 mde point with 0,0) = 15. For (251 fy B1)= 6, (11) = 6, (051) = 8 > and fy, >0= local minimum value of, 0,07) = 99 60 = 0 and 69) = 89? =f =O (042) = 9 and 90— cry 2 the cel point ae (00) (0,23 (2.0) an (-2.2)- For (0) (40) = 65+ 60 $6,500) = 09-8), = 8 S0 {0.2% Gl.2)= 66 (02) = 8 0,2) = 0 fay 8, = 96> O and fy > 0 lal minimum vale of 0,2) = =A. or (-2.05 fl-20) 9-8 =96>0 a0 hy <0 3 loa! maximum value of f-2,0)= 4. For (2,2) fy(-22) 26, f(-22)=0 hab Sy 2) 0. 1. G(s) =A? 10 = 0 dele? —4) = 0-9 0 2-25 G(s) = By FO y=. Theor the teal point are (0,1), (21), 408 (21). or (1: fy(0) = 128269) =—1, (0) = 6, f(s 3 bay = -86 <0 sae point wih 0,1) =-8. Por (21) fy(21) = 92 y(t fy(28) = 0 fly “fy = 102 > O and f,, > 0 = locl minimum value of f2,1) = 18. For (~2,1): Fa-21) = fy 2.1) = 8, fg(-2,1) = 0 fh ~ Wy = 192 > 0 and fg > 0 > lea minimum vale of 2,1) = 18.978 Chapter 11 Mutivaria no @ w ow no oy wy Ww 0 nO Functions and Thee Derivatives 08 OA, fous) =M(04) =9* +8y fr Oy <4 Hoy) = 2748 in ot inthe rein adpinis (0,0) 0n AB, fx) 1. But (5,1 ent inthe repon Bedpoints 4,0) =4 and 4) = 26, On 0, fey Endpoints: (0,0) ciel pit with (8,0) 08 16,0) =4 Bet y-9 =O and hxy) =xt 27 48=0-9 « 3, But (8-3) i not nth region. Therefore the acute maximum is 28 at (0,4) andthe volute miaium is $a (9,0). For the interior of the tanga region, f(x. ty #1 forosy <2 2 M0) =-2y+4=09 y= 2andx=0. Bat (0,2) snot in the itetion of OA. sod y=25(1.2) in an interior eel point of AB with pints (4,2) = 18 and (0,2) 00 BC, Kx) Pty 49 for 0 Sy <2 29 (hy) = By H4= 04 y=2and 4, Bat (4.2) ot in the inteioe of BC. dint: (40) = 9 and (4,2 08 06, fe.) =e.) =x? 24-41 for Ox <4 M40) =2x=2= 0-4 x= Land y= 0-9 (1,0) {san intercritical point of OC with 1,0)=0. Endpoint: £(0,0) = 1 and (4,0) = or the interior ofthe rectangular reson (5,3) = 2x2 =O and (x3) = 27 +4= 0 x=} and 2, But (1,2) ent inthe interior ofthe repon. ‘Therefore the abolute maximum i 18 at (4,2) nd the absolute inimam i 0 a (1,0) On AB, flx,y) = f(-2,y) =y?—y—4 for -2 cy <2 = f-29) sod = -2-2(-24) isn intern ie point in AB with (2,5) -# adpeints: {(-2,~2) = 2 and 2,2) = -2,Chapter 1 Pratice Berens 979 (1) 09 BG, fy) = 105.2) = -2 for -2 x52 (2) =O no ci plain the Interior of BC ndpoite (2,2) = -2 and 0,2) =—2 () On, te9) =H2,9) = 7757 +4 for -2 Sy $2 2 fly) =2y—52 0-2 y =f and x=2, But (2,8) eno in che ro. dps 2,-2)= 18 an 22) = (2) 00 AD, iy) = 2) = e410 for 26x52 Ht ef AD, Endpoints: (-2,-2) =2 and 2,-2)=18 (0) or heater ofthe wane f(69) =—¥ 42 =Oand fs) = 29 —x-3= 02 y= Pend n= 1 (2) an interior te pont he quate wth (0,2) = 2. ‘Thee the astute maim 1s 18 (2-2) aod th stole minimum HP ot (2,8). “a0 2y-y for Sy s2 00) o (02) io an interior eitel point of AB with Endpoints 0,2) = 0 and (2,2) = (Gi) On BC, 9) = 42,9) =2y—y" or OS ¥ <2 > Fy) =2-2 and = 0.1) nan intercritical point of BC with 21) =1. Endpolate 12,0) = 0 and 2,2) =. 6) 0806, ey xa for 05x25 Fl 0) =2- Bx =O x= 1 andy =O (10) in am imteior ein point of OC with (1,0) =1- Bndpointr (0,0) =0 and 0,2) =0. (0) For the inter ofthe rectangular region, f(049) = 224-0 ad 6649) y=1 5 (1s) ise ntvion tcl point ofthe agua with (1,1) = 2. Therefore the abslute maximum [2 at (11) and the abate miimam ie Oa the fou corners (0,0), (0,2), (2,2), and (20) 15.0) On AB, tay oxeland (met) = tet dor 26x52 (x42) 00 citi pint inthe Intron of AB. dpeint: f(-2)0) = 8 and (2,4) =0. 08 BC, Kx) = M23) = 9? +4y or sy <4 f(y) =-2744= 09 y =P and x22 2) in an interior cx point of BC with 10,2) = 4 Badpoite (2,0) =0 and (24) =0. (Gi) On AG, fs,y) = M0) =~ Be for “2S <2 F(s.0)=2-29% and y = 0- (1,0) lan interior etal point of AC wi80 Chapter 11 Multivariable Funtions aod Thelr Dei Bndpointe: (2,0) =8 and 120) =6. (00) or the inter ofthe angular regan, (s,3) = 2-20 and fu > (12) ivan interior critical point ofthe region wih (1,2) = 3, Therefore the absolute maxim a ($2,0) and the absolute nim in =I at (1,0). “ty +4209 x= Land m0) (nx) 2D 4 16 for 2c se B8 = 0 x=Vand y=0, 00x= eal iverion points of AB wth 0,0 and (1 (On R, te.) Vi and x= 2 = (2,8) {san inter ential plat of BC with 2.9/3) = 6, nepints: (2-2) =—82 and 2, (G8) On AC, fa.) =M,—2) = Be =x for 2.545229 H,-2) 8-42 19( V=Z,-2) isan interior crite point of AC with « /=B, (-2,-2) =O and (2-2) = 2, (G0) For the interior ofthe angus region, 3.) y=0,orxm 1and y=1. But acther ofthe points (0,0) and (1,1) te interior to the region. Therefore he abeclate maximum 18a (1,1) and (1), at he ablutemisimum is 32 a (2-2), ox-VBandyot 2) = 62. Badpoints Th) OWAB, tay) =A(-1.7) = P0942 fr 1 Sy <1 3 f(-ty) = 878 y =0- y= and x= =I, ory= 0) ean iain eel pont of AB (00 BO, fey) =5,2) x= Pand y= 109 (01) isan later eral point of BC with 0, boundary, Endpoint: f(—1y1) =O and, Gi) On CD, f.9) =H) =y 392 44 fr =I Sy $1 Fy) = By —6y =0->. y= and x =1 = (1,0) ean inten etal point of CD with 1,0) = 4% (1,2) a outa the Boundary dpints: (11) =2 aod {Q,=1) = 0. (0) Om AD, 3,9) = =1) = 9438? 4 for “1 (19) =342 43 =0-> ao sclaton, odpoints (0,1) = 6 an 0-1 n AD, 09) = 04-1) =~ Sa lor “1 SxS 19 flgpo}) = 802-90 x Landy =} ling th coer pnts (-1,=1) an (21 wh (1-1) = ad (0). Fo the inion ofthe sunt, 607) =e? +3y =O and fy) = 837 +3 = 09 y= oe and Sersdexsde (60) a nto ete pnt of he gure relon with 0,0) =; (-1,=1) lo the Boundary. Therefore the abate maximum 6 f(y!) and {he able minima in Pa (2-1 and (1s imam i (o vis ai+- ty and Ve: ay=Byhs A=lory=0 CASE 1: Ami = 2x x= 0 ore vi 1 yildng the po 4 Dy o0 that VE = Ag > BEA 29) = NOH +29) sy ASE 2: y=0=938 vox 1 pein the poles (1,0) and (-1,0) alunsions give (0,1) = 4 6(, 2°) =, «1.0 ‘maximum v1 at (0,1) and (1,0), andthe abslut minimum ist a (1,0). ‘Therefore the absate nitty} oo that VE= AVE > s+ Mai 99) > y = 2h ad (CASE 1: x=0 59 =0 bet (0,0) dos not ie on the ctl 0 no ton. CASE2: UP =t= 4 + ving the Vi jyenes iewaytent osx tdpand‘82 Chapter 11 Multvaiable Pantone aod hele Deivasiver + ling the ite (~Jp-Jp) an (J -Jp) rath ste masiam ae (pp) =4( Jpg) = fd haat mina saset(-Jech) ='(ada) = 81.) Mey) = 4378427 on Vita (6742) and Vg = xi+-2y) 9 tat VER ATE 3 Bai (6742) = Oil + By) 9 Bx = Be and 6y +2= BVA CASE 1 orn=e wistretatyoy=-fontne 2 yey te pdae(2¥8-). y= 1p y= £1 ying he pin (0,1) Balaton give (2 48,—$) =f, 0,1) =6, nd 0,1) 1. Thre fad 5 athe tee ‘alr on the Boundary the ik (8) Porth interior ofthe da, (5,3) = 2x =O and y7)=6y 42 = 0 x= 0 and y=} = (0:-f) ican interior ei point with ((0-f) ==. Thee the bute macinum ff he ik (1 and he baat iin fo hed oat (,-4) > Vix (2x~3=y)i+ (2y—x}j and Vg = 2xi+2yj a0 that 9) 9-89 = eh and 9 Kan (n)(f)-1=3 92 - Petty ty? 2 ty! + 8y— 900 (2y—S)iy + Aeyle do xe 0 yeldg he pnt (0-2) ory eft case 2: $2.0) faa) a2 47? te—y 09 49? ema (—3-yit4 2—ay (1-2) -y Band 14290 aise oe ao ce 28Y5. pvatntns gest,-s) <0, (298) a0 275 = 20001, and(2Y5, f) 0 28, 23 5 2601, (6) For the inten ofthe dh, (3,9) = 2k By = O and G(s,7) = 2y—x= 0-9 x= Band y= > (22) nan interior criti point ofthe dak with (2,1) = 3, Therefore, the able taximum off on te ik 0+ 275 ge (—2Y,8) andthe abclte minimum of fon the diss -3 at 2, 88, Viwinj+kand Ve 20+ 29}42 ww that Uf= AVE 1j+ k= Moai +2) 42k) @ 1 2, Diath Letham y meng, Thala Poe ato atom 2b lig te pie (Sarde Ja) ¢(- oe dad): Panam ive heat manu vate of (Ga Jada)= Ja Vo mt tee au vata (= Jp Sg) = VLChapter 11 Practice Exerciea O48 4 Lat aya) 22-49? be the aquare of the distance to the origin and (sy) Ufa de + 2] + 2ak and Ve=—yl—xd + Mak wo that VE= AVES es and y =f. 2(-f) = -ay and 2(, 3 2 =A aden ston, 20 2,0) a8 2,-2.0). x=%=-(-f2uar2 ‘ig te pnts (00,-2) 0 (0,2. Braet give 2,20) = 25-20) = 8 and 0,0-2) = 10.0.2) (00.2 om he aace ae clones to the oii. ‘Ts the plat (0,0,-2) and 15. The eat a sys) = Dany +2 2p abe othe conta = V, Then WAV > ay 4 Dba yD Be = ad x+y = My Dany +R = Ag, Dy + ey = ye and ‘has 4 Dee = Ae 9 Yany 4 Doe = Dany +200 y = (x Alo Dany + Rone = Phe ee 2 = (8) torn (BY ora KG)” ay" 8, The volume of the pycami nthe St octantfrzed by the plan is a,b (Ja)e=fode. Tae pene (2,1,2) on the plane o> G+ $421. We want to maximize V subject vo the contin: 2b 26+ 2ab = abe ‘Thon, OV =I ES and 9 Me-+ 2b). (2b 2ab abe) and SHE = 2b + aca) => ae 240,640 and ¢ £0 a= be and ab =be > Bett (Had —beyt(2e42 so + (20+ —ab eww that VF ve 2c 42a ne) and AP Neb +4 ab) = AEE = ae 200A, and Bab = Abe. Now A 0 sce Substitatng into the constraint equation gives sano b= Sand c=6 Therefore the deed planes $45 +5 orxtty tras. H, VEa(y tah tad tak, Vg= 21429), and Vhs takvo that VE= AV E+ ATH (2-239) + wah ak) oy b= Dict pm, x= Dy CASE2: w=ipyte=2iebes y=: oan it and (1.0 ny y= (04) 39 = Her ‘rw witht wean sh pi (402) af Pade bye nese? soe alpine ton and we bt te pit (p,— JV) a ). 4X, then su}984 Chapter 11 Muitvaiable Pusctions aod hei Deivatives wiha=ise= 43, (“Gee tote hrase ead toto te ite 8a (- Jpop) valuations give (10,1) = 1, 14 (Gade) (dee (Sede) =beet (Jpn Jp vi) 4. thet te tate mesma at (Sade) (Sa dav) at este imam fa (- prev) Corde) 88 Letts, a7 ty! be the muat ofthe distance to the origin ‘Then Vf = xi -+2y) +20, = Aston (impose) x= f> y= band =f ig te pot (4) CASE 2: p=}-\=0= 0=24(1+1) + 2=0 0 that 27429? = 0-2 x=y=0, But the origi (0,00 ta to ais theft contin x9 += 1 “Therefore, the point (hdd): Jon the curve of intersection is closest to the origin. £9. 0) yan inden ih w= 2% and yaa? 9 a PEPE a8 (200) $5 ote) + (a2 0x xd =yP a Om te Ey BEF thet (G) tae) wen lraneren (©) 5 x ae independent with w = 26" and wy 9 Bebe Be oe So t20-ty Bon Bf ty, =e slerer) Balaton (Bp), = (oten(-g) + er = Perr) (© rae independent thw = 80" and 9? A BB GeO =(20) Beale) +e) awt—y? 21 ape 3 Shas tern, (enh) enterecrenenComper 1 Practice aces 965 40, () Parades with U= AV) and PV = aT SU = BU SE BBY BU = (8B) 0+ (GY)(GY) (Gon: PvV=onT = Poy =n = $Y = AB: tet, (= (BF) +o (6) WT ae independent with U = V1) and PV = an = 9 = OU Oo BY BY 4 = (BENGE) + (BH) +(Gp)os Pv = an = v Hh + P= (00) (§)=9 = BG =F het, (5), = (GE(-#) +5 21, Note hat x= coe and y =r 09 = VPP BREE (BR) 5 HB = ()( ee) (BH) 00 sat Mat, Baral taly ands, fy 4, = bb, Seog GEA med =a 2 foaband ano GE ahtel gee sft ty nM ee) ee teh eae Se aae Greate Teme ee aaa a P wie eam ap Bo ache ata] Ee nrdne BRB Barh the [etp]o rs th ene nnom (ea Solving thi pte viel > (ct conv) Be y) cosy, hts Bs) (rb) +(e cn vf] = 0 the vector are rthogonl the angle986 Chapter 11 Moltvaible Functions and The Desivatves Bb con (BBB) own ann BEB) ose =-r8n 9 (28)- cont som (9528) tone 0-41 con 8) (008 0+ in 6) 9. NP Hea 10> Vem ey +9 +x) the smal ine i pe he ang then ie comtant > =O» 20-3) =O om 4) leben ts aatsy= tha Thee be pointe (140), tare br. 98, Let fey) ay tytn? the tangent plane i tobe parallel tothe xyplan, then Vie perpendicalar tothe xpplane > VI-i=O and Vfoj=0. Now Uf=(y-+— Dit (x+ali+(y-+x—2)k art so that VF “0 3 (foo) is one deed point 1 = 0 x= 0 andy =1- (0.10) ia mcond desired point. (ata) a and Viet 2092-2 09h or Oerad 0% Ot ath fl ee te) =e +00) rome ting = f= SE Son b> = f= 28a) Me) = ie? fer some asieey 2 aly) = fa +40) or some constant © = alae) = fy? + (Js? +0) = ftay.2) = fast + fay? + Pon? 40-9 0,0,8) = faa? 4c. A-u?+ c= £004 H+, 0-Fe0p0-44)— M000) 5 [malades 0 = fig VER ao (0,0,—) fr any constant, a laimed = ty VERS tg tte however, = aight arta + Teer allt xt athe oii (0,00)(Chapter 11 Additional Bereloe-Thoney, Examples, Appllatons 987 102. (6) s.78) =v ay} 420k > at (2,-3.9) the paint in UE = b+ 6+ 6k whic normal to the eta (6) Tangent plane: e+ 6y +62 =8 or e+ Sy480=4 Normal line: x= 2444, y= 3464, (CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1. By deliaton, 60,0) = fi, P= 40 ye ned to cleat the fit pata deivatves inte numerator. For (x3) #(0,0) we ealeuat (3,5) by applying the diferetaton role othe frmala for fork (ea) = FEI +o) BH CD = RP, 508) (ey a Bay! # Por (a = 00) weap ein 0.0) = Ji SAEZ hn, 10, he by don citys py Apt, ta = fi DEED Stony = mA ney eatery) (0) sein) i, OHO in, 5520, Then by defitony(0.0) fr (x) (0,0) we have BeBe, oe a 0) f (0) in hin ae 2 Sata enyswansctonr seis Stn-e any tdty)at-esay =a 2 enya Det nts P Cm +0 cos y + aly) =x +e con y ty? 2, 2: ubatin of) and v= in ree) ih i tone independ wpe | to do Bae +(&[-o#)a-(g [nae -(-8 Joo a)e-(s [wo “e ss) + s0) $E= ay Eaten $8986 Chapter 11 Multivariable Functions and Their Deities 4 Aplin sh hare f= EB f= (B) BY +E. mor ooh oe se aia Sa (Ole) Oe) (2 eters) Oe) *( etne) Oastan) Ge) Neh fa Hy the =O pt 28h Pgo0 & sae eh eee Bio Be fn ‘tei, SERGE B= (Geo (GE)0 = = (L(G). Tete, te c= ay BE=(0)92)+(8)(B)= 1 She. Wich ecn vasa waite) 2 B= Band B= Baty) = By Be =x QZ+y Qe. pirating with expect ot again we obtain Be Ba Se Bay Fe tery Be at Obs oy Bey Bs, ‘Alo fom pat a), 2 = 2 (2) = 2 Oe) = SE Ree IC) HR) EBB SB SF See Bi BG) BCG) SR RR = Bx» (4) Bs 8s.-(4) Bs = we—190-409 =()(BH) + (89) (Ex)=(Z)(Bs) oe 40 23, =a eta na ie) = (2) 6 (0) ay SRS fy Lo whet e(Chapter 1 Additional Beercise-Thoory, Examples Applieatons 080 0) oy = py NAO yy CHI py eats ya Hane = fy SERRE =0 ooiving iar ese) 60m). yO) 0 (0) td ig SEERRIMALD So, TEE iy Bn 1. (9) rexitgiteks =i VETER aad U2 elt era erat PVE 3 V(t ete aya yt alate 20 In pat (b}- Then } V(e2) = ep V (Jr?) = 2-2 B= He +y?42%) i the fonction. Aahy dy te dy and denny dey dy tn, de =f des hdr tft 8 a(n) =e 0m f= Be des oe, $+ Bs) (gpg), whe i SEs he tangent tor EY Stele r)sisiek, Since (4540) 1) = 01+ 054-4 > is contained in the plane. ) =1't)- Vt=0, ri paral to the plane and 10 D4 Pedinges V6 (Se —ye)i (92 («aeons (2): V6 0 rin pall to the plane, and 2) + (0? xy) 980,141) 14354 Baa)is(f-a)i+(cote—2ye 1, B= bey = 0 and B=)? 00 = 0 y= fa? and (fst) x= 09 fat oe x(x = 27) 20 > x= 0 or x=3. Now x= 0 y=0 or (0,0) and x=3 = y =3 of (8,3). Next Biya tx, Sy =o, and pe = 9 For (0) 25 23- (6) oa ot sot 4.0.24 24-( fp) 20> 0d = 11> 05 ime 51 + no extremum (a saddle point),900 Chapter 11 Multivariable Pensions and Their Derivatives 12, fa) = aye (9) = lt —2e)AP 0 and (5,9) = Be Bye" OH) = 0m x= 0 and 4. On the postive yin, and y= 4. The value (0,0) =O onthe boundary, and (5.3) = (0.9) = 0, and onthe potve xs, {00) = 0. An x 2 0+ 20 we et ta iy) 0. Th the tact maximum of in the closed ist qundeaat eat he point (2,3) 18 Lat BHyte-1s vee fade y BB -26(3)(Bo(a# eta ane ‘han ofthe abn med Pabsorord (28)e+(BP)y £2)(2) = neal omsinie ers = 529) a thot in) = E [2 ela.) 2, [ont ‘| 2,)= 3 nal S22) = 3p Maltply the ft equation by ay, the second by b?sa, and the hed by Pay. ‘Then equ byte lina te ote pn v= (44) the at and second = ay? = bet fx, x> 0; ebatiate into fe.y.8) =0 A x= ffoy= hor ffs v= Bare. svt case v= ands = 15, Let (uf) be any pst in Re We must show {5.9 = fey or, eaivalently that erro) 1 Mah 6 +8) 0, Comer ag ae +8) fap) "Theorem: thee exata§wlth xy <¢- =? (ence t> 0). "Than the ballet it the tute atthe pint (2,220) Now, the vector 4x + 6y5—Kie normal tothe mrface a ay (9 19)—K is normal to the race at (22,20). If v=i4-5~ 5k, then the velocity ofthe pate ster vain v2 yy = ¥— (BE) (Rn =) (BS) so that 21 (a) kins vector normal to yt the point (00,10). So dietions tangential vo a (0,010) wil be unit vets w= a+). Alto, TG 9.2) = (Day +4) i+ (02+ 290 + 14)5+(9? +1) + VT(0,0,10)= 454164. Ween the unit vector w =a +h such that DT(G0,10) (4145+) (+8) = (4-4 14)-(ah+) a maimam. The masimum wil oeur when a+ bas the sme direction as +14), or w= (+1)02 Chapter 11 Moltvaiable Purctions and The Desivatives (b) A vector moral to at (1,8) nm =21425-44, Now, WT(Is 18) = 61431) + 2h and we sok the sat wectaew ouch that DT(Lsn8) = Vea bas its aget value. Now write UT = w+, where vis paral fo UT and w i ithogonal to UT. Thon DT= VT-w= (v+m)-a=v-utwen= wen, Tht (8 (612) (0 + (2H) BS Gln va he — yah Ot +m, DT) in « masimum when w has the sme dzetin aw. Now, =tassu-+29 (42852) rene 22. Suppoe the sree (bandry) of he ial eon be raph +=) (wha he naa point wp Int tes), Then ~~ f+ an ster orto the miner dps a.) and Bs pit he dstion of eet eet ofthe mia deat, ‘Thit inn the dition ofthe vco i a0. (ihe lcaton fhe iat bral) tha the ult oul lth fourth bel. To approximate hie vecor we we the fat sha (0,010, (010,880, nd (1080-1085) be on he raph f+ =) “The plane contsining the thre points ea good apprximation vo the angen plase to + = f(x,y) atte point bak (0,010). A normal to thin plane la] 0 100 50 |= 2600+ 5000} 10,000, of ~i-+2}~ Ah. So a 10 0-25 (0.0) ee fi fe eosin 14, The tl al oth bra In the dvetion of b(-1 +2) fom the fit bordel. git 20, wae in cw are sn ne and wy ng wn te sive connate yh tera fh od = ein x= ye in) 3 (46) sin 209 12 8 aw 24, we sin be op ye in be and wy = he cae be yy PE cn bx tag =m 232 wae in 2 HO sine ean ts) = (e+ 2A) atx ow, wl) A in kL = 0 kh = frm an integer 9 k= Ew CoH wal 2) ba, 0 Onn) <1 aneCHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 12. DOUBLE INTEGRALS 1 | Jeera | fog any ane i on ]Jtorren| oT | ‘| (4-28) a= [22 el, <0 2 [J erimane fone], “| (2y+2)dy =a, = 1 +] frenae=| [toon scouig ¥ =| eonynetesaysnittaae904 Chapter 12 Maltpe Integrala | J mneee fine ge fro] ED a] pore al (coe 2 de = fff in 2a] = PL ors itt anf gene Hive oP" =n 8-1) -8-40= 8 n= 16-46 «| fae] o-nofe-zt (-2)-G-=F-e SSection 12.1 Double Integrals 995 |[perccar= | tres ss | (a0? <2) =[o-s?],=e-2 p . Pane] sen ae-o | Vide=[fe-n@)er]iene—n joroce | friniterncam | xarnfine | ever | doe2-ten ara cnn f dora 02? [cesroue | foveg] ec | feo ost 4]oce| fees] a -¢ [g—t- 254], =(4-4-0)-(0-0-1h) = i row cars| fowls ar= | denrdr=[-forn|.=-fei-nak va | [Bowel ae | [evan (evfnesee) anal peg demsfet] added fede beda06 Chapter 12 Multiple Ftegrala 16. Tomtaas]emattas| (omt-moareffinef-ainses} 4 (ema-1-2in242)-(-f+1)= =-alvP,=8 On vt | [ mase | tole ; [teed 6 P Pececaae T (aceon! nt oth oT saan if speovane | [Bell a af" ] (a-m)daaloew=0998 Chapter 12 Multiple Integrals Yow |= | (oe? s)acalpet-g asp | sores] | 209 dydn | [elf ax1000. Chapter 12 Multiple Intorale avea Vins Vey s Paes | Toe 4 ve fs of taal neers wf ftmnanef faim a of stent oe oe =|] aoe] fee & | =| pe stnote- Be Px » [Joeman] P o-srees) [o-srea =f rene ace | poral = | Goren pont eatin nee + hoe? -2¢ 9 foe 4 2% —aeSection 12 Double Integrals 1001 oJ (4x) anse | Gowan afteg] fata [SE ated “ff saan [ Tovoeee | Tous Tibetans) tort - i (2 -fa)ex a [Jue-0? fo] ex “| Fras | ome =f EP be -Fe], OU+C-D-1E- OHA ave IT ernane| f pe acm | an eap g op] =G-a-b)-(0-8-f)=4 ra ve] T Poe | nae | eet eealfe pee, BAB BB) (BBB) (BE) BB ave] v cern arene f po sorte oem | lw bee(ee) alee “] (ota tc 0) deat foo ste! =(-}-Fot)-(-4)1002 Chapter 12 Mlle Intorale we fT enna | gl Pa | oer (42) [VF 6.01)-g] =6(§)-4efaar- atest ve | | (e-pectre | fo viar= | (2-29) ality Pema wave | v (earns | [oer ¥[P oe | fo-vF ae | (e-seg)ac [oe fp2 etl =o p= ove] T (o2-a7)ayac= fay ac= | [24-10 2-9] [ones] on wre] Pewee] Pocmamce) oodmst] eanmeenn f+) dpa j fevsa) a= | [t-(-1-d)Je2 | (14})ae amin) w vee f Tormames | bil mee f (exon Ale tance alae tan 92 = Gl (2+ V8) +25] [tyes Whee G1 aff ee ee} ot tal L pre gten | ptent ig btSection 12.1 Double Intepaln 1003 brats] Gale, we jentge | aire tanta) = 29)(§) =? “I a [oman [eta beetee | om un, Get etna | [raed in CoP H=} [J eananadho) hm HC) ACD AC ak wm i fom) an Hi(G.§)+1(8.8) +18) +E) eh) PR) oo) aC.) sas) +B) + (TB) QB) = Ppl 25427 427 4204314994 31+99-495 437437439) = Hh = oe . ome mces esa en le enryrm on va sav = [es sala gga | ve] Terres | [evga =| be -F seepage1004 Chapter 12 Mulipl Integrals ibe «. | (artrnetdaen | Toa | I rips] I ree =] Bear Darya sm fours mtn = (Spl te 542 aorta gh tng te?) =2 tat gh ns eta 2 arta gilt) IKE 61 Toman hina wan hanno el pint a hard ie no clue all ont mere th nora egative ‘Ths erin ae met bythe pot (63) meh ak Toe apf So ar +278 cy which nthe llipe x23" 4 togeter wilh nero (62, To minimis the integral, we want the domain t acide all pint mere the integrand i egative and to ‘ele all points where the integrand i pontive ‘Tews ctrin are met bythe pate (wa) seh th Sey“0S0or 4y# 0, whlch ithe cowed dik of adion 3 centered the ell (6, No ii aot all ight. By Fabia’ cheorem, the wo order of lntgration ma give the same rst tu er ld tte tine ng Soper rte er ie ere ener meee ee ee arn "Fam [Jena] Pensa] P tarae Partitioning R with the line x 1 woud let ut write the Integral off over Ran sen of Kerner iterae with corer dy crete] oo(]ee}o(] a)(] 5) ots) Pa) tats mnt1006 Chapter 12 Multiple Integrate Show{{pt), AxesLabel ~ (x,y), Tks ~ (Automatic, (03,6,9)}, Display Function — $Diepay Function; Maple: Die 3; Dplow(te, 9}, x=0.3, ‘led=tue,Iabele={s, ys "The following graph was generated using Mathematics, blue, valuta the neg os 38 vi | [ xemb*evac= i eel?) andy = mone 3, Plot the region of integration withthe following commands: Mathematica: ‘<< Graphics FilledPlot™ pl = FilledPot(x2/32,x(1/2)), {30,8}, DisplayPunetion — Identity} ‘Show{ (pl), AxeaLabel ~ {x,y}, DeplayPunction ~ SDiplayPunctio] Maple: Slot fe2/32,2(1/3)}, 2-0-8, color=[white, bse lled=tre,Inbele=x ‘The following graph was generated uring Mathematica, Braaate the intepale a | | r-w?) axaSection 12.1 Dose Lnepale 1007 74, Plo he seo of intepaton withthe allowing commands: Ee Graphics Pied i= less, (0, ia Pnction — ens Btontinth label = (o,Bopay Penton SDlayFencon “Solan comet The flowing rach wae gered ing Mathie on belts) Evaluate the integral | 27 dy dx = 20.5688 15, Plt the regio of integration with the following commandst ‘Ce Grapes Filed pl = FiledPot{ (0,2), (1,2), PlosRange ~ {(03), (0,89), DsplayPuntion ~ deny} Bo = Plt, (36,2), DaplayFunction Teast Showt{ptsp2},AueeLobel ™ {vy}, Ticks — (Automaie,(1,2,38,5,6,7.89)), ‘DuplayPancton ~ SDiapayFusetion: Maple: Soliant x2} x = 1.2, “alar=[lul flog tre, labels), plot, x=0.3) 3,0.) “The flowing graph was generated ung Mathematica1008 Chapter 12 Matpe Integrals Balaae the integrals ‘| 16, Pls the region of integration with the following commands: [fave javeos] | peers 4) sommes Pa [Joanie oe a, thar of) se I0s ay *™s)*(eaen a) “ELE seems) ena) eeters)+m yin) = E n)ocnenn =e» Spit ot Meet ‘mathematical induction the statement follows, Bast ttt AS ad by mathemati incon th fot SSD $14 5) 09 gay HE +8) +64 238488 = Pnay = 0)Section 123 Double Integrals in Polar Form 1019 fo) = MBELN SSE 2D) Bnd y ah (eco MED #204 3551400048) ME Maa pad a eotliea) e049 orem eg igen) _atty ore Banay =i 55, Plc he midpsn of he wang’ bse a he vgn and above the semi. Then the enter of tn af he ng i (0,8, ad th center of rma he dk a (2,~ $8) om Fae 25, From wooo) (msm (e+) ae Itoh? =209 = 0 = b= 26? > h-=ay/Z. In order for the centr of mas tobe inside T we most have ak 209 > 0 or > Papp’ fora 40 the ented ison the boundary +. ace te tldpnt of the triangles bas atthe origin and above the square. From Pappu’ formals, sath cent on the bundy AE 0a th V “p Pewey | wk worries | | seat] weyoo Londo av " OP erraoef [rasan f oom “pews ~ | ] Pemsaarar | cottcctede= lente = ae eA a & t | vous ["Tearauet | tan ote 8 =f af Lae TT Arawes | | (i-rbewer [oomne =(-In op ap

sete): rt) ‘appl ete) int eta), 2.9) hata, tbead), topolar = {x -> + Cov, y > & Sil) Se Graphs tng iciPle f= Sonisey] ‘a Note: Mathematica cannot solve thi the equation by the right-hand side: san) Solve % 1 directly, 60 we need to by dividing‘Section 124 Toile Integrals in Reetangule Coerinaea 1028 © topo £ = Simpl Integrate (41281), (ela?) ) Nom 124 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES | Th sraien [Pannen aie =e | pa [oneness] | mel =m [se] > . | [a 20-9) —fac Phe PP Pee ETT6. The projection of D ont the 3y-plane has the Boundary Say "These the we ntgrla re iain vireo tai Pa? ll ‘| Section 124 Tepe lntegels in Rectangles Coodiotes 1027 =2y 932 +(y- 1) = 1, whleh ia cee wer erraavare | (eors)oe| (249)a=2 vi vi “fears Tf fo-se-wyaar= | (mde sf (2ay =p? 1m) =i? I] =u =-6 j secon | [lyelow=] | psvace | [el af dons TP wae] Petree | feoasrjoonalecng | este =o he j | | eerie $ | aera oon) I forse arose | I fushten]t aoa “| J cota eae} lets aedl a ano fo era] [vim aven= | -e)er=[ocg] a81028 Chapter 12 Multiple Integral VF meas a Vo Ve «| OE Tones] patent a=] evens Ve Ve ve [evi] darn w LTT seme] Tonsneae|foner-jacutact] enna (or +2) +608 (w+ 1)) + (coe (w+) ~ con w)} dor = [Hsin gw $26) +sin(w #9) = “ll tsingw tng =o wrnncatcre f tecnnnecutaaee | aginst eatecatet | ST Leaowef ie ae ededter I "Fm, | =f spiel Hrepeadr= | [baw | sent a otent| sre2.) @ av Section 124 Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 1029 as VE off Tao off Jase Pa aoee] 7 never f [vee (Ap)) “Hecaehecalcter-lenc kok wae [ovens] J onee}enes "PP awe [Te sey) aac | l- oP facia} te atde=[-(—aP=11090, Chapter 12 Muliple Integrals NES vit vi vid 1 ». veal j [ awaea] [ Pewee] tant 1» ve] v T feayan= | T (6-2 -y)eee | [oP -ya-aF ox a] toate] (e-atagf) aa 4 (Vian ay Wea [Pewee fT wna | Bane + vive jf WP ay oly VP se Ys [fo s2P 7] =10(§)- 40" 07-8 Ve a eT E -nniens | oliaFa = Pei slgeerf me “| [s-#)e-9-4e-" ee =| fee [oes pO -c2ierern ferSecon 124 Tle neal Ractnglr Caries 10 u vf | Towa] l o-maee| mea | (4a) = [oue—int ge] Be wee] TP Pasecs| FP esnnee | meavere “| iB ax +f WH teal oat gl offen, P sesayet | T (2498) acey=2 | [Reel o wv] 'T | jar F ay'faree | (afer fot)er=d | ose =tb-¥] O04 sewomn=p] | [enaaetf'f erewaang] (oreadacn soment] | [or-vasans] | evrneadf enene someon] | [eoremaaa-] | orasaae] eden owmont] | | waou-t] [aneed] xe oe || Teo =[ein ne] 2aej | [metonue} | afin =3[¢—t}=-0 af [Petal dacareee ff setae evar fT 9 aay [JP atawen| [eaten | [eager -j ‘zy sin xy®) dy =[-2 con(ny?)), = ~2(-1) +20) =4 "fe? aan | Jrotaee | bole ® [T [penne] Poepase] P (npyene-] (eaniene “fT ] aon=t>| [ee enaeit 2 | [eee teeta toad | ere ange | acer ation eatin afee [ao feos] athe wt fan eff mo? a) -s0 a -fotcnetoanHoracs in 43 oo that MIGNON 2 gy > =3. ‘41, To minim the integral, we want the domain toinlade ll olnte where the integrand i negative and to ‘excude all poate wher it postive, Thos crite are met by the polka (3,2) ach that $4 ay? 419-4 0 08 42 44724294, whl oa old elie centered a the og 6 Tenant 1B 48, To mime the intgrl, we want the domain to inclnde all pointe where the integrand in postive and to ‘exclude all pata where it a negutve. Than criteria are met by the pointe (3,2) eh that 1aatyh 820 a 92-437 C1, which a old epee of radio I centered a the ogi.Section 125 Mass and Moments in Three Dimensions 1088, 48.52. Brample CAS commande: igen 24r 2/2 see) yore Daa ¥ BH ID ral) Inco 2/(¢2492492)(3/2), Ceertl) (Sarin, Sarl), ane 125 MASSES AND MOMENTS IN THREE DIMENSIONS p J i Poremanans tt fo epaens | & ntl ae Tew )onolied, (8) Ore Hore: an OE tnt = EE ae = YEE, ert ay tema 2 Taper atin teropotibewedee tee | ff Gt) aarae [Llp ae sciettloe | ems] | T (242) aay “| I (phe atti | (0202-498) an= 20, he I re (+y)aaare il le +(§-B) avec | ese 0 sie]] formne] [Gr-8)ome] (Gg )a ete? = MCP +A) wher M mab: = Mle +2) and = M40), by ermmey +o «| T [ ave] [o-snaee] (Faded1894 Chapter 2 Mabie tepals =] T T sendyée= | y som neg] (mt snloend srcretsh irom =| T T ormawe =| Tbr ee tetoeed | cotta ytd tv omman (0 R= Vit Vb Besar te ns tm hci the nei VOTH VME 0380s sues] f [onaet] [seat fan, a4] ] Jeu =| | oo-twerecnap | eae ref utterentreamun soe] ene] ee (omen ac soo] ronan] | ent (orton eva Ai] | Jlevnawten | eerararne =| (Fea) Wn ay (Wein tome] oy | eed, i ea (Ven ae | [raoee OeSection 12.5 Maser and Moment in Thee Dimension 1095 al enn [tgt SGel]occo x= panty eo . -} (Ve a. dim T: edgar = al NT, even] (2-a9(VirP ee sivas} [| | watie= ff | ssa | conte on-§.antzar=o, 3 t by amy oucwene| | | cesear= 7 I[« Pecan = [tendeee Pasecarvi, 2 ayer va] | | 2 joet | ron de = §®; er aware | | (esf)are =t] oomeny, 4 seapan=2 | | teararecnt | (ater 8Oe ama VB oye tm ptey tte tieteiopatise weirs | | f o-oPstlearae “il [sass allovanmercsr anne | (ipfeut siesta103 Chap 1 Mail neal M=}0y6 (0) =38-= R= = VF Wetman seasiotnnsste wine | | T o-oreyldeayax a j (eomamarnicnarae | tesco one vi a weone| | [i +0-anewee| [or -o-Hjonny] anf onoitevi eee a] | | (on orerteer=| | [eo ylavare | foo? sfJacng tededy x= i TP (e-28 29) ac= | (2-48 440) axnf one] TT manne] Tears] Stacie y T ae dedyer= | T Be-x-2) dre | (x2? aif omer | woe] i T aoeer] fF aleeaeh coo) ome] TT wy aayae= | Perenet | (02-2 aca lf oxehite= i TT vay apc | i wee ayee=h | oe 97) aeSection 128 Mane nd Monet in The Dimensions 1057 ae ¥ | [ weawuet| [ote eva =p] Oot ets arated eye 9 = OF, me «| | | terrane daraen | J @rsaome | evneed » wo] | | woreesnaneey] [erredosea] oped 3 Mag = Myg = Mag by rmmey 2 == @ ul | [eerie seem aaa - | (@s2tfrsi)ecn on, === Vite VE 16, The plane y+2¢ = 2 ie the top ofthe wedge. J wearieersdare Sh =H by nmmeey ernaivers | I (ern(e-faaceie | e ico ardyde~ | J x00 0-Pesens Vn [o reendieree= | f xasn(e-g)ararnor woe} ] PP wernaoeceg | | ern (ar)arercoonafiat <0 ous] tT (or n(ster)dntrde I cooled Fad0-H]oenss vf I Tv nla f i ern [aee}-See4(0- Fora:{E28 Cape 12 Map ttegre ope ue] [TP crntesmacrere ] fovn(e-pernmaaee to neiievine evan fev 1 Me ry ern avecae| P ssvanie= | essyna—ne ! a] 1-80 Daa ft -a Jo) al Ba eo ve wwe] el arena | Lee ha fea? a(xtey?) oe af | Mothraaree | [e-ef ene] fen 18, (2) Le AV be the volume af the ith pie, and lt (335) be ® pint in he ith pice, Then the work done by gravity in moving the ith pie to the yl in approximately W, = mgs, = (5 49145 + EV > cde cite naga | | | ervseede sere oe] [Ueber ededel ene] | Gerrsfomee| boritsbla | oe] GB onelath (6) From Exercise 16 the cater (fff) od he a ofthe the wok done by moving the enter of mas othe sy-lanee W = mgd = (a) (,&) = fas which the ame aa VE at 39-0) Frm teeta) wemettew onieing |“ natant ave ol | potatF nant v PU 2 ae Se] owe states alte bed] =Section 126 Mast and Moments in Three Dimensions 1039 (0) From Bueeise 14 the center of mana (§,S0Y7,8) andthe maa ofthe ui SRK he work done by vila moving the center of mas othe x-plane lo W = mad = (38) )(9)= "ae ac xeMpaee ff [mano deeraeaoe ign Oh= sf! Iy—hiP dm = J [Jie-oisat ene J [Joram er an =| fJororianca ff fos ff fomeiconentaate 22H, =log tb = frat tna? = Loe? ss canna (Qh) = tan te) = en ue en no fe RE oo ean ET ay) ose a ala eel) 9 «fj FE nue] re aune] fiucnaee | aed eoe | core from Exec 2 by =Tey, + T0VPEDY =o, 2 he hon + 2( Yi) +72(1f2) = 1488 %. Monge [fee x8 Menton te RS tn, Mow, Moog Men Mio ote ogy Min Mon = abe (Mon, + Monn) (Many * Mes) (Mea, Mn) 4] cameyiem = bloat +8) i+ (ms tmaTa i mh, +m]1040 Chapter 12 Mabie fterals saben itns tne) em(nieys enn) Mate men Bees) Pele yy eg yea tebiet) eae) ase i oon tieordy (or Hy oN yee g cy on Cine) a(n gpa) eae eB sine He? <0, or b= a, the the ented i on the commen base {(b) See the solution to Exercise 85, Section 122, to ase that h = ay/. 2). (0-0 on eo BIR AC) (Oem a cemsees aatcatca, oh < Viste tants 126 ‘TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL, AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES a ] be-2" Alaura f [He-2P*-g] a (22-4) orton) ap 130 sane? Thy sree] Ponran-[ perl at] (Bogt)e‘Section 12.6 Teiple Integrals in Cline and Spherical Coorinaen 1081, | der drdt = [ f Yo?) (4-2 eae = | ‘Tree [le “| @-8)e- ePID seccwes] J bocorelnans] Let ele =] (vi-4)#=H(6v-8) “ Th i rernareer] | (eatregjoa | (Aitog)o$ [| Poenee] | eos] aot LTT enwen] Poseurs | wan “hfe cote) ravénds= [Trew oi] reson if Yn? = [btw] | ewe tatel ss LE Loseeencame | Fama] acai -renle ane 4e2 Ge] ae-free dior] oe1042 Chapter 12 Malle Intagrale 1 der drae OTE Jeoeee] | Penne a Ver ay | [rwee | off fame mT =e oT «PPT emeee f tentaanat f otaa} " t T | f.6)de drao TT PesaranSecon 126 Tipe nepal in Cyne and Spal Condi 148 * (aan dpa = i [womans] I(t seen dl” oh] area wouane | fatal a] ree (peo pind dpanae = { f toxin stnar | oatalare | ae aM | " Pang apseas= af fe sowphanadoure gs [(0-snotiga sale aig] w= 4on=§ on "LJ J rearense ont { [ Joel gerd] af oe ou)e op [roa at wal «TT L Pansanse =] T (somtadin gavin | [separa =f en-ceplengf was tT T Panccasintra=tf T mwomtoaearat ipsa a afer a] LPessaneee | | peeihoe-] [eae] te ll»1044 Chapter 12 Multiple Taveras LT [roseaen ee | Pf mesmo | (olamtpene suf aea)ae ll Te sin sapap= #firm onesies (Gemstone [Oe Beers] tone GL a(tv2-5)e VE ~ LT Jrewenaief Penman? Poaceae arf ose atsytonr[-tasipene]” oa f [eseaes soc ” =x) thet ott (v= e+ (H6)(¥8) 894 a nevi and pla $= 1 p =e $ thar tt | rosessuar i Ppa csene OTP PP emeane eT | T ascawe nol f "TP ame snaave ‘Section 126 Tile Integral in Cylindeial and Spheeal Coordinates 1045 ae | Pain 6 dbdode aioe + | Pain 6 dbdoas cy Th ‘nee orn [lemeesttl wet] 6-De-(ione ve onan fovnene =) -fareerejowi aad] edant | o-(yeoe Pin oarsear=} | ] o-ewotonsaearad { [Oe] w “sor aoa fon = t TT Panosrsara§ TL coomoten carer { [Eee] a= HON =F TT camel [ore (Ch) | #=ben=s ” ve] i | Panparvar- tf [aneawat] eovonzunt] wate1046 Chapter 12 Maltipe Integrals ne “pa Vea ooel L | pamesaen oof PT area wy - [ beat danare [gi gle “| (44-82)‘Section 126 Tile Integrals in Cylndial and Spheveal Coordinates 1047 = rerninn ae wa vet [OT forsee] P eenet | oaee walleye, 14] mee) e-oaertann mvs T 17 dere of T wetawe | [yo-ee afl site)" a) aoe Uf teenine i(eegnel" yf mn)” «eT “Ph aaa f Tete fot -f Leta silae (0nd ano ssa” tT aoa ae footh pee1066 Chapter 12 Multiple Entegra ov] t reer] T acosenag ]coeatgtaras] (oienigt “ TT] Peneteeead | Pome f onag | ap =] | (omen 6neredaos “A [bem odor al [hen ss]orng | fa fone T pnsae of ff mts momsue P mosnosnarnt f y ssomeeanera gf [festaSection 12.6 Teiple Integral in inva and Spherical Coorinatea 1049, svat {T araaee ff vrawes'f Lye-2t"] a a The paisa when 44 aba yea "phe ay ent ae wT] Parsee] [osrawen [galore f wate nme enytaeni oa stan aan vat EL Pevemee Jmcrramee | bead faee | (ea af (04) 40 ot2852V9) 62, The epee and paraboloid intensct when x24)? 44% = 2 and r=? 4)? o? 42-220 meee naemretate seen) 1 ince #20. Ths x24)? 1 and the volume is T eracanaa | | fa-v)* ener =f eet alana fg) ester ~ front te teaepnv ot | |1050. Chapter 12 MulipleInterale 8. vowed | | I pase | | wewag| ont Panera, | | 2eVi=F oar 28 [eo reeled | enema] a onet 6s woes | | Pamesrorarte ‘ [ [een fot we moran | [Pomemotesendsf f menneuans [fess] AE =((B) 9? sin? =: pein dma or pang = psn ae 4 ince <8 utv= ‘The transformed rion ie setchod at the righ. 2 (a) xh2y= wand xy j i (0) The ingle repo nthe plan ba vert (0,0, (2,0) and (3.9). The ne memes y= rom (0,0) oder from (8) 0 (20) = 0 from (,§) 92.015 0 eshte a he rg vo by =unvand cavity y= f(en0) and em fled 2e 0; the ie segment y = 0 the in segment + 2y = “The transformed regionSection 12.7 Substations im Mulple Integrals 1057 2 () det ty av andx44y eves Sem tov and y= Hate) 9 x= fe) and y= (yu) (©) The ean the line cy 3 HW) + r= lwansormed region is sheched atthe ight. Be-tornstv=d, Sv=tyexs “evn. The uanaormed region ie the parallelogram, leche tthe ht wee sone & LT epee fle af ot | [67-0 Go @le sfo-nedf ondo=s & [Joew-viear= [farnocen ser =[Jo(Bazlerad [forers Wefnd he oud of G tom th onda oR ‘shown Inthe ecompanying figure:1058 Chapter 12 Multiple Integrals TE CaaS SETS — ST GetoudayoeR forhebobiarystG_ eveguaone yeteet Getay=-fernre ne pesmet Jemaye-Jarmer ver yeu Jomenaforn-2 wee rexel fomeysfermer we =} Jorear=pf f worannpf oe] ony =8 J [le itm +87) anay = ff xtanicren axa =[J=Begjeent [fvees We find the boundaries of G fom the boundaries of shown inthe eccompanying gue: Taian Crepe natn Sane the boundary of R ‘orb bundy of veuatins vad en Sean w=? yeofus fats use ye-}e v0 perpen AEti vat © [fae ¥) dxay = Ie 2 {J-rew=] T waa ludy = iJ '~2v dud; the region G in sketched in Exercise 4Section 127 Substations in Mulpe Integrals 1050 8, em and y= uv op Fav? and ay = pero weberehelyetea venga! secede [J(%-ve)er=] | crn(@)e-| | (e422). = | (2u4ntia2)da=[et4fut ina]? =84F20002) 28+ Fa) 10. () $7 a | ow] fomeee-| =} | (4) se =e wihafine coe arin nd te coe Ate) a arconO and y xb in 8-9 LEY) = 36, = abe co abe sin? = abr; n. and Hep =a y= f forean “| | ae esstacniaeniaare | | sh c+ at arco =A] (oomtnewaoaraseittapat ie wapat]” sles) vin aa= [fevers [forsee] Eo = ableartt iat 2) =abl-(-)] abe Ate) . 2 Bevo] F ==} Vin a = an lgV Ime ° »1060. Chapter 12 Multiple Integra 18, The region of integration Min the xp: plane is , etched in the gure atthe righ. The Soundaris of the imege G are obtained as {olows, with G shetchod at the right: pega ts Cop OS erbocaday oR trthe bound of sey or = 0-9) feta) =2-Ju-n o=}e-v) poy ; 03) ‘Ao tom Bers 2, 27 30. al =Hor?e re osser | [ ermermanaref | we [202 4e-4) 240-1) —lpe=} | soe doa yore Bre], Mo eau tfandy avo oe HB asa and» =, 40 the houndaros ofthe eon of Integration R inthe xy: plane are transformed 1 the oundatie of G bE fvenecsSection 12.7 Substations in Multiple Integrals 1061 “ay aga Tar ——Caraponng wagons — Sapa Geboundary of forthe boundary of _wragaions x= ut} aoe wapeys2 y=0 v0 yet na , >| J Pernt anar=f f pone ean y 9 AE _| COPY “H 16, (0) x=womvand y= usin y > SET = rc 200 Oram yews rafr-g a FEBa| 0 2 0 [a @ya(f=s mm too sin cond pean cond —psin guind | sngsint peagaint pein cont cus ping ° pooped psn guind an geoet tne) poorgsin® pring cond Pom! again = (0? con Asin 8 con § cost + ing can aa)+(pP xin (cin? con? 8+ in? wn?) = Pin 6 cog + ant g =? an g)(con? 4 4 in?g) =, ing1062 Chapter 12 Multiple Inteprals , ® se tava snepadterays | een] tate enone ot & Section 48, Note that gx) reprerent the J ‘examples are presented in Section 4.6 of the tranafeeantion um ge) 0: sgn) ssi) lyn I! J (Se2+8)aue=| | lea] aae| [Bo+9-feg]oe =| ee atolag | ogee | Oot henfaotgl 0, the sada of dos provide «minimum fo he polar moment ner 1). wre] feces] (eae) an1076 Chapter 12 Multiple Intagraie nef] vate | (foes) oot) w= f [paw (ot-otactodeon} f [ows] feat an Bebe SpE gas at faci (t) pve vl” we Pe =] 6-Boeh-al tos “je re ont] (8-949 a= fio (410) “jo thadioense buh ese 1 | mayan ] t oars] T oF aay =] poten] (ny erie] se oak adele) = He) Id =n) acy | [ Sinn fal =| GY Gea atan roe = Flayrg) Plaats) FO 70)+ Flea) 21, (0) () Fabia Theorem Trig (a constant Algebra eae {hs} The state ega ee contat numerChapter 12 Additional Pxrcine Theory, Examples, Appliatons 1077 of [emroee(Yeal[f mre) erranyeegainys cine: 0 | Jsee-([4e)(-*) HBL, Ca a2, (9) Ufmady} > Dufour tuys the ae of the = | f (eet uy) ayaa? | fost—a) fos nF] ee ee Joon egzation Is reas [ert Fay) ar= qe oP ayaa $) = Vawter = Vi ) me a= roe saga ABT onsen ar -tBio vn =n vi vet 25: Fra tigh bin he bol the alae satel = | J awe Mi shat ent Toe anne fT o-mreae] bea] oe]1078 Chapter 12 Mlle fntagrals 28, (a) An equation for te sas-vinBa-}s = to-v+ 8-4) ie an qustion ofthe plane af the wate level, Therefore ‘the volume of water la V = ff J Aedy ts where Ris the interior of te ep 3+ b-a( 3-1 RG, bee) aes S| “eee” ae 1 dededy (0) x= 0-9 1a fy? and hn yy = 19 $= 1-9 the angen ne a ope 2A lant 1 #45 and thera, thes wl ot bld wir Thc aby Pay? ems ttocom ff false av oad T | (ase “= J, j } (Vecarr Oa Ja, [tes fer] ae [pore germ ioe wen afyerer 4(8)-1Wedl-af- 4] “TE TagueChapter 12 Additional Bxereis-Theory, Examples, Applistons 1079 28, Late net ‘The length of the “unit” line segment i: baa[oee Thea ofte wit cide A=4| [oar Tee rolune cenit be v= 8] | aedyax= fr, “Therefore, the hypervolume of the unit phere should Be: Vue" [7 ovtenes [Mathematica a able to handle this otgzl, bat we'll ue the bre force appotch. vee T “T * srsaenie|"| [0 era Feee ne vizafo2)-152 Jaf | aa ]- +] ae - te] eet - ae] restate] ( f= 2 cn 48) a =1080 Chapter 12 Malte integraCHAPTER 13 INTEGRATION IN VECTOR FIELDS 181 LINE INTEGRALS: | athe (L-gje xs tandy=tntey sine (@) 2 emititike xs ty=tandeats (©) 2 r= (2 coe + (2 sin 9 x= 2 cont and y= Pain bs 2437 24 > (@) 4 rads eat y=0and 2209 6) er aod idethscety 20 ja 4 (2-20 yatand a2 a2 0) 1 ea (P—a)jettes yatta syefiso A, r= (2 con t+ (2 in tk 9 x= 2 con and 2 = Pain tes 42= 4 = 0) 9. 1) =us 0-0, 08ts 19g ja |ff|=Viisxetaayat-taxty=tea—o = [ soars | ws-sotes| (n(vaealvib= vi 10.) 84 (0-8) 4k StL > yel-handea te xay4e-2 sorritancts [toee| (ann) vias Vile—alh= vi Le wQ=mi+yHe-meoststog inte [f= VEFTF I= si tyes (5-442) =eesese—m) = [ fon en] (29-142) ec=afge p+ 4 12,0) = (Coon + (sin 4k 2 <2 a |= vitae ri <5 VP = Vite a Tea == { taney a= faye) a = 120035, = 808 “1 8. 1, 16, I82_ Chapter 18 Integration in Vector elds NQ=(648-+88) +458) = HHI} BAH, OSE ST f= 1-9-2 Pgh TIE Miser sen ove -apaceayatte [eens = | 6-0 vita =evis-¥) VT) = 3 Hate ietk, Letcw oe faisitk alt= Vig a = [ease] (Bet ayaa Gp Hi) =H4 8), 0gtctodateay [ite Vit WF tg, (-§+1)=1 te VE omesitient * tree] aire a o[f.s42P"] =f" fp oys—)s t+toctsie gens |slanae yy-P at vi-eer8 = [ tore ee | (2-200) =fo-fo] 2} fi hee io =| era oes fre eee} # fxn ae | Cormae[-g]'= Gy H)=U+hoctei fai lft + f ts a= | (vine av=[ge" 4 aSection 181 Line Integra 1088 1) atsdtu, ocast sha faitsek = |ftl= Vi FEN = ett ah = [ova] (Pv ae = [v5 nist f= VF Ia()s since 0 [eae | (See Ree | (os eel el de i= fata), osxsto|ge|= VIFF tan =e(x¥) = H=(hea 014 Gin ns ots Fa $= Casa nts a5 ff] a2 fon) =f 2 ao ~ cremiain [tn P ontensegen cette 0 Then Mots) = 7g and Nan) = SEL 2 ROT Tea aa nacho Pa stray cmt 0 ATE no ne aig a VAT coe tend y = -VeER int, Then 1 =(VaTEE cos ti —(VaTEF ain); trace the ctl ina clckwioe direction a ges fom 0 to 2 6. Given + y? =a? sb Je (-VATTT sin A= (VATFTF cos 4) in angen to the tle na lcknne divction, Th et Paves Payi-s and 0.0)1088, Chaper 18 Integration in Vector ide 1 Subatiut the pares representation for 8) = x(0i+y()+s(0)k representing each pth into the vector ‘eld P and calelat the work W. ar rede ae (a) Pam 25 + 4 and jek Pie sows] me (0) P84 26+ 04k ond $F = 1425 +40 Poff = 7? 4107 > we | (+10) Font =H w= | sede kaeaewewengel 8. Suto the prmetic opontatn fr) = (9) (0 (erating ch path note vcr nt ae ow ora (ghy)ioeit to ra(ghy ime gt Substitute the parametric representation for HY) (i+ (0H + a() repreentng each path into the vector 48 an aan wo We [Ff (o) Pe vit—25+ Vik and GE = 14) Hh = Po ime we | (eyi=m)are| 2a af 25 44k (0) Fah 25 + teand ft ataa8 > We | (at-20) at =[ge?-2] =-}10, Section 182 Vector Fields, Work, Creation, end Fx 1089 O netededg atte F=-25+ Vika hates Bh ae w= Fy = Vil tht hand ake Py-Gea ls Wye | dats WaWy+W,=0 ‘Sobettute the parametserepreenation for) = x(0i+y()-+a(0)k repeating each path nt the vector a ants tevo Ww [fh ( P=Pisths Pena Pee tema fais 25 +00 Fe O42 eats We feesarsana -[eeteae] Hh Ox ‘Subettte the pacametscrepreentation for) = x0i++9(1-+a(0)k repeating etch path into the vector Sa adeeb wok W = [Pf ( P=(0?—a1)i4 35 +k ane fates arrows] GPedesteal (0) (oP asa rand Gf = 2g 4th Pfft 40 eae owe | (ot 4449? —a)ara[itetee fe] af (© a8 4G andy atts (se s0)i+ and ais j ry haa? ou] (e-n) a=[e-fo], rye item ae oie [ans aWew tie}1000, Chapter 18 Intgrtion in Vector Filde 12, Substitute the parametsic representation fret) = (01+ y(H + a()k representing each path into the vector tanta non ( Penisajeniand ffaisiers Foffano w=] a aalaeltas 0 Pa(O HHH (+e Rand fats 2 + atk BES Ose? swe [orssrssre =[eseee), ( natedandy steht h surgrabad einen 3 i+} + uk OSt stand gity-yiks Pa i+ 3) kand gait 25 +4 coe + (on t+ fk, OS ¢ < ey and P= yi +a +(e +9) oF P= (sn (8 5+ (onan hk and = (— in + (oe tf Fo mseottaaafemtspanio won =[ (Seattaaepemtspans)at ode 20-264 fala teow sir-trae ie (in 1+ (cor) +k, 0. 2, and txt =P. + (in + (6 tk and $f = (co8 Hi—(in + Poff = t coe tain + con t > work | (s.c00 t—sin?t-+e08 t) dt mfr tang st y+ tak = Path + (conte + (12 in pk and $= con Oka + fu PofE = coe tsi om? zaiSectlon 18.2 Veelor Field, Wotk,Cieslaton, and Flax 1001 ss work= [ (conten teott 42 an dt =[eon tn b+ feos? ent] Me xetandya ato ratigt, 1162, and Pagls ety) > Pathe (C4) and Hating P(t +28) = 30 420? fx atte oli edel =(e+¥)-G-DBeF8 18 Alon (0,0) to (1,0): reggae | (sna Ost Wit (ets Along (1,0) t (0 O14, 0st 1 and pit (etn = 201+ and A850 ct <1, and F ister F 14 (ey ane a [onesies fms] mae] eves] ane » ? 20,1 = (00 OF (60 95, 0S tS and F=yt—ah 9 P= (in (con and f= 4) $1642) = (1401+ (4205, OSS 1 and Pgh feiss rte riper [ssa 22, = (2ooe i+ (2 in StS and P= VE > P= Aon tn i (cor tn and i+ (ea 0 2 oes site cont i ow § eb 2O ij and eel 8 me: ee bi anti PGE = -8(sin contin?) + 6(core contin) = (can?t sine) = 8 on t= work = [ VEede1002 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fila 18, (9) = (on tn OSB, Rag and Fy = yi ff = (in Di (we, F, = (co i+ (int, and By = (sin oe > Fy GE =O and Fy GE = ine caste = 1 (0) vm on t+ (in 0 StS $F = (on i oe Fy = oe i ad Fy = (Asin i (oe jo Fy $= 18 noon and Fy Gf=4-> Cie, = fn cont dt (eGo Spain co 9 Pon = if @mmae [are 4 si tcont) VF ani) at 0d Cre -j Aaiete strani | trrarmae | (- condi (asin 0¢4¢2n fy), and Fy =D (=v f= Cain Di (60, (2x can i (in and Fy = (acon (acon tase avin Co + (nan vin 2a atu lay ad Py-nivi= 2a? cotta in oe mah =F -j (oot ate) pep oa 1) at = a ie sme] tahoe ep aa My =a cont, (0? cotta? sinks) atSection 18.2 Veetor Fields, Work, Cireaation, and Flax 1055 b= 0; My =U, Ny = 0, d= a dy > Fix a [ marry ace | 0440 theo cies CnC #0 and Fa Fn + = me Fala ele antl, Sh aa O14 (ce gh Fy ih ea co a ae 3 iy = | (Painter? cn tant) e-Bay at Ny a ah dye on ae in dt -> Phy [oaromare earn rahi le nGtaesonm= | antpay sri [ety -Ry den ts Ge 4a anf Fyn i (ocnhSe -asa 4 ace BH 3 Cre, = Pane sori [aroma | ( in H+ (aco ae some] (6 ante ei) ate fs ay ors [oem Jee taaterean ccotddtaferath, Bate 3 Gitey = 05 My ay Fang = [My dy Ny d= fat Fes hrs, Gite = Gite, + Cire, = fa? and Fax1084 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fede 20, (a) r= (on + sn Ot and P= (xt yli—(aP +98) = = (an 1+ (0 and P= (cont sin ti (coin?) op Fo = msn con tin? con to Feta = | scent) afte = (0) £=(1-291, 064 ¢ Land P= Gti (2-+y2)i f= dad P= (1-9-2 rgfenate [era] @-paaleale0 (© m=C-i-G, 0st St and P= Gt yin (ety?) 2 Ht = “ij and P= (1 29i-(1-214 27) 27 Saernali-neat)entonm = [rh [eecbaeseen, soe O Pong vg|= 1) 414) ga Fun | (244-27) at =[-m safe]! =—§ (C1421, OSES tard P= (x yi (e 98) = 40449), and m= 25 Pegg] = 204040) ase] -f> ‘Flux = Flux, + Flux + Fluxy = 2 Fina? | (aeraetn Vt a Gin at a1. Pet ion tata , pecans retin $9), rae, in “EO Gidira(29) Ke rei Fin GL) 1 LG 32, Pasisyjon Pty? = sat (0), P= Bats 2491+ Qa et havea magnitude VAT FEF and to be tangent tox? y7?= al +b ounterlockwiediretion. ‘Thus x? +)? =a? +68 = Det 2yy! = Os y/ = fe the slope ofthe tangent mat (ab). Let aj > ivi= VETER, with vin countrelockwisedireton and tangent tothe cc. Then let PCy) = -¥ and QC) +353 for (ab) ona +? 20? 45? we have G = bia) and |= VoD? VEEP IP = (VETTE, since ty? a 4 a) Hine at any pont on the cle =» 13. (a) Prom Exetcie 83, pata, =yi-+ x) ia vector tangent tothe cic and plating in «counterclockwise ition = six) vector tangent othe cle pointing in aki direction > G = Fis anit vector tangent tothe circle and pointing in locks direction. e » 38, The lope ofthe line through (x,y) and the origin is = v= ais: +i vector parallel otha ine ad ating away ffom the origin ‘ecto plating toward the origin.1006. Chapter 18 Integration i Vector leds 36, (0) Prom rere 38, ——Iy ina unt vector trough (39) plating toward the origin and me want IPlio have mapitade VTTF! = P= VIFF (J. (0) We wnt Phe Oy = P= a (——F ato non =| ant at ole a8 i. 454 8054 2h and HE =i4 25 9B. 2+ 00 a jouer fer onon =f rata aoe 29, P= (contin (on kad sia 1+ (eo Dk Fe oro | (concent aalfeote se] =(h)-(fe (2 in (208 + Dead f= an i eae +R Fe twee 44 =0 = Flow =0 41 Cy e=(eant (ia gjsusostes> 2 Poff = 2 contain 2 cont Ban t= sin 42 cont Bln - orm = [ cm menenteninn a [oom aisin tence 2.cont] = Gy e=54 900k, Ot ct Pa a(t 04th and stone | rats oy rade.) ogi gis Panis —0y ana gf rome | mata = Gielen = (-14¢8)-r41=01008 Chapter 15 Integration in Vector Fede > vector (M(x) (0.8), NC) x0). => vector((D(a)(1), DU), DON: osprod( F(t), 42), orthogonal; int(ategrand, ta); eval) D. PDA Clear.) ate fe, Sydee « cata - wa Sept, tegen! ] 183 PATILINDEPENDENCE, POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS, AND CONSERVATIVE FIELDS Beat Bar Be ara Bo Comeratve 2 Boro Bayern, Nas 1 41= B= not Comratve 5 Bhn0¢1 Gil na Cmte 6 Bod Bin =$E, Ga ering flan) =2? talna) > f= QM > conservative 2M > Conserat 4 Bhat -1 = Ba nae Conmeive > Conservative = 97 tne) =F +h) = tan) =P HE +) WG) = 42 NG) <2 +0 = fans) ate eat c te Oe se ays) = tain) flax Mantes Bers shadow th) = fina) = (9 babe bay +040) > flax ty +e) anty he) =0-980) <0 fara) Hotorin se # Bevo nnnoenrt sain fessin Baste arate xe 4 (a) = OE = xe 4 biG ro 2 HG) = 0 C= fey,Section 13.8 Path Independence, Potential Functions and Conservative Fields 1088 2 fheesie nef anaes Mao go)=0) xy cos 2 => bs) = 0 = hs) +C = fx,ys8) sine at, 10 ley sie ss tan sins 0) Play cones) uw Jinty? +2) +5(c9) 9 f= OE atm x tect 9) > abe) (ln x3) + taney) +B) fara) =f ln? 442) (ct xx) Fan +9) +09) a 2 agate een +H) M60) = 0 He C= fhe)‘Section 18.3 Path Independence, Potential Functions and Conservative Filia 1101 ea) : aSatingsce | a8 ace Payezeiny dr=M.23)—M010) lay =(4902+0)-04040)=91n2 Fan) Shae Ba a so Macenarse bene flame yes tay) =e ny ape tetya) = Lah a2 iny-ayn th) 9 fla xy +0) = a9 yaPnyemnsce | Gxler-m de+( Sm) éy aye 20, Let Flay) = (Bela yy =H a a0 2 a0) =H) = hwy he) 20 > fee, = 2,13) 1,21) = 41-20) (22+ siemens) a ()o(l-8)-(Eeo Beef enh Bad Setone ena Sena -ho vo =02ny=c 3 Made dy +P nena Bh} Yolo Fh(a) = fans) =F+¥+n(e) 2 f= ean stannaptivee | pace(}-S)a—hernne.a.9—en=(e$+e)-(Fef+0) ota 0 2 Mars) = EERE (ada Past stn nh ada Bad) Sp, Ma pe, BaF Bio mecnast ecm Beata ters anit t se) 9 fat Beata (tars) ena 4) 4) = fle swe ofan ss ee =apha? > bia) = C = fx, (x+y? +27) +0 on tie de, J aa (2,22) —A-1,-1,-1) = In 12—In =n c Bh relish eG) = (L4H (L M6 C-Media gy a2 dB peng , oP raeaetan | ernarernearena| an os s : =[28 0]1102 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fede Mra) deen are Peenae(S)a ea =| G2) 0.494(%2) aay = | se alas <8 =D MB, WN 9 Mo M dx +N dy +P dis exact > Fi ive 2 Boon Mane Bh, Woon Mo wacen pera courte = path independence ee -N. RRR aaa me oa a => M ax-N dy +P dei exact Fis conerative > path independence 2 Sfn0- 8 Blane Gb Ba Ba Blo rhcamanes tev aia FE Hah tan =F +00) =F $1460) =F =e) == si =-}+e > fay) -}oo P= o(Bp1) 2 On, Ba $ = OM pis commrvatves there nts an fo that P= 9h 18 Bacon Baetiny ste) =tinrteia) = LaF a Finn OE Hy si eb) fe: asain) ons +) yews) <0 ot tny-sy sin rh) = 2 = flax) =e iny ty sin g+C— P= V(etIny ty sin) 2. Pan, Ba on, Ba 18M win conmraives thee an fo that Batty tar =f sar tainn 2 lane Par tne Bay 2 so) = frome) Je tay +f? +He = flan) are he Sty tft ante o2 r= Ope tay tft tate) ve >t Sat 40 5 flay) tron to-] Fedral? oy yee e‘Section 12.3 Path Independence, Potential Functions and Conservetive Fields 1108, tas Soa cman, | atta een 80) 90. Ba tenet cory BE Bn yor, Ba Bo Pie cameras ht ena fo that P= 06 ao ey) = a0 + lhe) > Som ae FE = aw 42 con y 2 FE =x cory 1 058) =n 9 +(e) He) = x4 a y+) 9 Baye sin y +N) =e slay (0) $0 ble) = C= fins) =ae asin y +O P= (ee +1 a y) (o.e/20) tnona] roeslomense IQ b= Band e= 2 1000) = Saf 8 an = VE ale afl ves 35, The path will ot mater; the work along any path wll be the same becuse the Geld i conservative £6, The ei ina comervatv, rote the wok wold be he tne long Cy a0 Cy 5. Let the cordate f pints A and B be e444) A (Bg¥pia); rpetvely, The force P= al ho ln conmervatve bea all the aria evar of M,N, and Pare em. Therefore, the potential anton ie co SO lacus cone ‘le 2a aa eater ara | 2B Be ate te ead rer wae rere aaa) - “ f=—20 = Voc sm fx SoSection 194 Gren’ Theorem in the Plane 105 ae) oft-. x0. + 05 & wana? aaa area? po +0) oh) 2G, fan) be ore a a OEE 20 tera) ptt eto ta Lat = (b) Heist antec 9) bo ei then s= VF)" Fa", The work done by the gravitational ipM GoM fel Bie wok = [rafts] SM = oma (ff), a cme 194 GREEN'S THEOREM IN THE PLANE i = tat > Bh sin ty Nau acon’, deme int dt, dy =a cont ot => BE an esa Beason (9): § Mey =¥de= I {ain (ecm) = (con ain t= if ease uation (4) HM $B) axer= ff 8 dedy =0, Flux juan] [fesse sncennr ssn tec vr i (B-M)ea het" =28(§+§) = 20%, Circaation AEF ay elf VHT ot 2 Mey sin N20, dem wala ay wont ah Sn, Be, Bao and B=; Dat f mayne [ aPansencatanfat am [festyo nme Bauation (A: fener fo si) at = aff 88," = SG BE) exes1106, Chapter 18 Integration in Veter Fede = [fee tl tras = | a= ne, ean 3, M = 2x = 20 con t, Nm —3y = —Ba sin in dt, dy = 0 cont at = M. 32, Mao, Bie Bas enn 0} f tyne fase s(n f-asn oa - (abc a) an” af” eaten [J (@E+B)- [f-sae-F J cee] Pera ra brain): f acne f(s cnsfeaa) 4 toun ecm =| (ae amtennt aetenslanselp sel on [Jossr=0.cretain indi dy =a conta Prati oy: f ayn een | Catetvansestenssniel itt atta ae JJ (Be) oer | ft +0) arty re ution): frsinon] ioreatetorsaae | tateata fis re #] sate em ag | (BB oer [Jorn J] dre = [ae $f cresaion sn BiaoGhetemues [freer | racers cree fJ1-cayanay=0Section 144 Gress Theorem In he Plase 107 6 Maat ey Wea? o Bats Sng, Ba, nny rx ff (ee) day -| | ermaer| Wetalar= | orm aatrertban cue [fan see 1 WaPo Neng a Bete Ban gE (tay dear =] [rman | rere : (x=29 ady -] omen eos 8 Meet Nala) = Bat Bhat ia as Bla ty ran | [yay Jreenacar= | | roma o] | omens =| none A Maxtetany Nextt ey Bate any, Bad ony Bae cay Bee say 1 am so race [Janay J if drat = | (pow 2)a¢=[f =n gm Gren [ttre eny-etemrpanty= [farer= | | veers | houm)arn} 10. Mate Nain ey) = Bh ty, Ma oh, Baty, Be ay rms] | (4) re | nna one | (gtiprrtp)er=| | (spt)ar= | eearee1208 Chapt 1 Intpton a Vs Fe 8 Monaro Gln Ban Bienginare men [fosnparae |] saa -| (FB efron [faeee] | rome [eee a-nsny orm {ferinaa= fT coanaee f (-fans)en 12. Ma msiny.Naxcony = Bo, Ba acon y . fae a owe ftercorniaas=[ Prensa fy eetoanfar By Masg—y Neetatne ty Magy, Bah mem {fo ripsty) wer [Joe] osama -j 204 ota =| Herp 4? (40) <0 Me Mayeetiny naa Bar s¥, Bag w oven | [f-(vo§)}ocar= [fon exe =| nee Jlocortentin [ose oie g , 1 Mena Ne tert Bh Ba ta? wrk f da anata = | I (ay —ta andy -[forom] Jeteceg 6 Metaty Haaren Bhi 2 Gino wok f (60-29) x4 (x49) dy = fte—cancedy a4 | faxar =a othe ce =e = te Map Nast Bilary, Blanes f ytd dy [fara dyeSection 194 Gren Theorem inthe Plane 100 Saat =| P ee-merac=| (steeds pe-ts2-1e0 ® seaynence lan ghar fvdcetare [fo-naare | T ~léya | sin x d= —2 Hare f emesosinars | fe-ower = —M¢hes of he cele) = 168 0, Manes Nene Bat Bl tr § (et?) a4 Gar) a= [cya exay=0 seo Neyeaaa tin dea int dh dy macs ain Aref f ym a sh] eoteewtardang | teen Maas. ect Ney abaint > de —asin tat dy =b cos baton Area = bf x dy—y de ap] ortemacnaay f meen sn Mancecntsnysibn dee teed cpesivent ate en f apo7 8 ate exteat Moor issatdar=p f sated] wonani | sah “a “Ie my alata ana at as dy (1) at Area =f f dyna de Md -1 [fee Gonder | Geoedendiies el eebievion1110. Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fede “Ww (9 mata, aa 9 Ban Bint fe scoutor= [f(a = [Joasre © Mot nance Bian Bik f my ashear | [(BE-B) seay = | [ © dey = 6 —by(Arn ofthe region) Mont nates Bla. Batt f i acster anions | {(BE-BH) xay = | [ter +2-am) axdy 2 | [ axdy=2 ten the ares of the guare 27. The nga i for any simple coe plane carve C. The eosing: By the tangential form of Gres Tinoco, wih M= tea Wea fay xt aye | [| L8)— Pcs) txey = [ fWecwe)erdy =, as 28, The intel is foray simple dred crv C, The eosig: By the normal form of Gre’ theorem, with Ma-Pandnan f eee |B") +f (nay q * 7 26 ee 2. tamexmdnoe Baran Baas fcarn den | (BB) cero f xa = [foro aayatenatns [fereref say stn tay net esa Bare fnecens= [| BoB) oue foe =[Jo-neicef ra = [erm amon 7 tom eee»Set 14 Gre Thee inh Pa 8 ana ak ta depts ‘om de * le Ame ne [Joans [ferme =f fou J = [Jena ays raf omatire [fee [feeb ew sbeentfen foe 32, 1iy) = 1, thea = [JPuenen= [fra [J@roeand { Pay [Jea- [Jorean-f yd and [Jaa [JQ sda) are =f bronbiactf Fansreodf Bayan f tyarah f Pay-xvaxnl, sine Hfe Bodh te fhe facta [JCE-B ee carves © or sch Mo Ma bey fe, Na Be bat yt, Ba cut = BEB (fst 94) > the ines the eipse 2-44 top work= [ Pears | {(1-Jp?—y?) dedy wil be maxi on the repion = {(xp) eat ¥) 0 or ve th ein nce by T= bat? 0 veil) (stp ie Mette et O, be the cinele x= 0.08 ty ean t a>, ee wanna} M ay-N ae M,N ate dacoatnwous at (0,0), me cae §,y bin 8, Och Sa and den pBig tet f Big ty gly de. In thet neg Mx aan yaa “le weep 1 ty dy = con dt, M20 cont, N= 2a 01 <2, Inthe cond 0-5 Gc hin 9, dy = co 6, M= 2 con 8, N= TH sn 8,050 <2, anf she gia} we we1112 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fede =f QeetNlgenod Cade o edna, ¢ Chew nib nd Gham Kenan D w# — * ¥ ® , 4 -| pace | 2d=0.or every (8) 1FK is any simple closed curve surrounding C, (K contains (0,0), chen { viends ayn -{ Mdy—W det f M dy —N dx, and in polar cooedinats, WF. n & = (BSR) tecont ao rsin cs ~ (RRL) cor sin 0 d6-+con 0 i) =F a9 = 28. Now, toontna § enseno 29 increase by 4 a Kis reversed once counterclockwise rn @ (umf May—Ne te) a a on af ‘Vien dn = 4 when (0,0) isnot inthe 98 Amines ub andi in Rand eC beep Cen py omc gan N= Gasset thn aor sf Fnac on Pa ras fronnee [BB amamer, contention, Thurefore, C, cannot be's clo tractor. tanget to Cy, Bat hich ie op a) 5 oF] Berenson» |] Bajar [oadnn-nerore =] maoine-[ macro | sasooners | xaorner= [reefne =f ero f were | [Blane ‘ se. I | oan] Has) -meoh a | wi ce] as = [ee [ue Because xin constant along Cy and Cy, [ Md J Max=0 & “ o{frerfner] uae] wo)e-fuee] [ Sew f ue‘Section 184 Green's Theorem in the Plane 1113 40, The cao canmrtv two-dimensional el ro, ‘The renigs A two-dimensional ed P= MNJ canbe conde tobe theron tthe ae of tre dimensional eld whan kcompenn 20 tnd wiow an components indapendn For ih fd 0B orate we mt hve aN om it teat in Section 14.3 => curl P = NM = IRM yt component a in Seton 148 9 eel P= BEB 40, Gea har al ht the cation a comerive to meno dso ny simple lal carve ln the xylose, The tong: Fora conralive Bld F= MIAN, we ave SM = (compoaeat at for conarative el, Seon 149, Ea (9) 00 ul P= QM 0, By Grn’ hoe, the courteclckie cealaten sod single clad ae cre Cm eo enteral of etl Fever the region Renn by C. Sine crt P =, tener integer nd heres the ceulstion ‘The circulation {PT dei these athe work {de don by P around 20 our obuvaton tht citcalation ofa conservative wo-dimensional i i vero agrees with the fact that the work done by 8 conservative eld aroun closed curve i always 0 41-44. Beample CAS commande: Male: tpt) Impleiplo({y=4—200), Mim (xy) > seen; Nes (ea) > dort) Mye= ditzy): Nex a0) nen 7 cra) 0.5, caliog=CONSTRAINED), FO.) x= 0.2), ‘ Automatic Roaes4 Pos{ (712). (202), Aspect -> Automatic ] iste! Disa fe ~ Die) Gla) = 7% Intopatel integrand, {502}, (varhy2) 1 Simi) NoeUIE Chapter 1 Iteration in Vector Plede 185 SURFACE AREA AND SURFACE INTEGRALS. 1 pak, Vim ad 29)—b=l Viele Gs) + OVD = VIFF RTT and | VF-pl= i =f + [[ vera ecey - [J vererearaerst caf if Verve | [yee ot =f eee 2 perk, Vi=2xi+2yj—ko| Vim VET FAH and | Vi-pl= 1 2 p= band Cras! Viet ad] plate ernances [fee (On the ce inthe sane, Veeks| Vile and] 9 tovaenscere ffesen [fraem] | races (he nga in the plan x= weave Shy) 2 ad fae) = 8) wy + pean | Tesoua Visto) Vila tnd] ve =f 1o-ye=h seaaes [fe JensSection 13.5 Sarface Area and Surface Integzala 1117 (On the tanga face inthe ye plane, we have fara) and ex) Oy) sae so [freee [fore Finally, onthe ped fac, we have y +521 4 52) sod ein = pakend Veni +ke| Vile V3 ana] Vea Le de= Yidndy = [Jes [Jorne siepepeaviafeave VA. Toertore, {ey 8) de de 1. 0 the intel over thse acs (03.2) a2 > p=iand V1 and gu 2) = (0.0) Soy 9 p= Rand Vi=k-=| Viele 1 [Jovse=] | ooeser=2. tot 16, On the face x= a, we have fs.7.8) [fonsen ] f ar dniyo. means cibe emmy sti venletearnttre [fe ct gona te as neal and ffs dr 17 fly) = Beh 2y 422 VERB Hand gleya) Vm yj tk =| Ves Va FI6 = AV 9744 and p= >| VE-pl=4 oe Tsay {fare | | vera ES) ane | | Hae “I Yorsdar aiff] i Gou)=¥ 1 eeors) an pak Vgntes|Val=Land| Ver|=t Mace [Paden | fea -| | soveem npecte Vestal valet eset mes [fears [Jorpan 21 Va tat >| Vale VOFSWTR atu na MERLE AH pg, [Weentess dean = rem | f(a [Jeers [J Vee Aecay 8 Dennis i+ ake | Vale VETTE = ts n= MEME BHR pg EE my stl vetlnte den fpato mans | [rnar= | fodemo 28. From Brerie 21, a= S+H*% nd do = $aA 2 Fon YY bape race { [GAA = [fanartSection 188 Surface Arn and Surface Integrals 1119 cab apa te) (aren of R) = at 24, From Exercie 21, n= "+H and do orm= [Jonas [feme- 25, Prom Exercise 21, n= ++ god do =f dA o Pa=Et Ly Baas Flux = [fomen= [J Pane ff ai | gig Vaal as =p annette acer. orm= [free [J roteaeos | | premeg! WM. gays) =? 44-4 Vente the | Vel= VirFi oan FEE Pen Ep pak Vecpla dem VOTH Ah o Px =|) GBRVeT [J oom acoateserares aren | tea -ate-van | Joven, |wnrt -| 8 dx = 32 gears) ae ayPnn09 Vande tylko | Vee VTTOTST = (Pa pis pick setsytt aa . eras 21 verrin te de= Vereen es) Meer Werk errs nuff (Geet) Oo [I (oe 4092-2) dhs re and Pty?1120, Chapter 18 Integration In Vector Fede oe erctonme | | (802) aras=2" M auna)eyaea0e Ven ets) | Vele OFT eae th ws Sati est wl veerinwtn are ME ane rc |f (SeB (EE an | f teen “i tune] | ta 30. gays) =y-lnx= 0 Ve oer igesieivs ones {I (PAE) =] Jeane | [rssnee] anew = 2x 51 Vale r= VE ana tcace VF ay = 1 de Y= mee) 210-1) =2 Onthe en gas) =4 ob Vek | Vala links Pantie wars dom dnay store { [ tacanty= | | acacay aot On the face =O g(xj8) =4-9 Vg=k-s| Vel=lim=—k-> Pontes =O since #20; do =dady Flux { [ 0 xdy =. On the fice xa: a(t) <4 Va=ice| Vel= eetiew nice) | area nthe <0: gays) =a-9 Vgciss|Valatianote Pash <0 sec — Ont the =e: gaya) 3-9 Veni] Vela and Fon pes trey 2 ex detx tin | J te ceenaet On the face y =O: gix.ys8) my = Ve=j=| Vel=: <= 0. Then tl =Stein 13.5 Surface Ares and Surface Intra 1121 32 Acre the cap: gay) xt ey bP a 08 2 V; one Phe to rae pete vel rasee[] (BoA) Da=[foearenaar=| | renreaae <[ nese Acros the bottom: g(eya) =2= 8-2 VE=K=| Vel= oP ascipets|veale! tah thn ff Pontes [J teem | taki ti = Abe, Therefore, Put = Fat ag + Fig = 18 Uf = axi4 2954 20k | VEl= VEE ETERS = Dy poke | Viop|= De since 92 0-9 do = BB AA pesca [J sara fmtecwmctntan pty ff ares | aan 0 | Prp|=msneer20 serene [J deeeniarnnt | TEE un -#] | za - “| [oveseqie-eP"[ ana Je = Mfatthe moment nin i ft for the whole sphere +m, where i the mas ofthe body and hi the distance between the paral lines; nom, am pas at [ftir [fom “aa VHA aa | { sd0=ontand ne 28, (0) et n= BVTTGT be the cone rm x= 0 tosh, A> 0, Bean of mies, KO and Y= se VFFF = ture) Ele ty") 209 = BP BE‘Section 18.8 Surface Ara and Surface Integrals 1123 aan (2) VIFF ee 12 0; pak Vipin 2 a= vue re a EE ane ff «-/f AEE ay VEER) aT [J wee= ff (8 A beer ea MEE | | row area = tect (00) Peers aman irl frie «and center a (0,08) (00,8) athe centro ofthe bas andthe mas is (©) Tete sem [fare er te hm = VTE 2 EE ao te nate (oo EEE) (6) Ie thebemiapere i stings ts base in the plane 2 =, the its centroid in (0,0\h +) and its mas is 2a}, im Pappu! formula, let = Mk, ¢=(b-+)k, m, = rave, and m= 20a? ee R(t HD an ETT 50886 ae cata waa ae a(VRT rah eta) (oomepregase Sea 2) th fh ction te pla he ba emt ve = hs 2aVRTF + tah +3? = ahVET FA Gah = Be? = RVI? tt BP 4a) Batata nt ITED ce postive ot) @ he LEVIN? 18 ead te ea) ear VTE FT = VETO « Anas | [ VEFGTT anty TT VOT cdeas = {18 V—1)1124 Chapter 1 Integration in Vector elds 18. 50.8) ==, Soy) =~» HEH = VOTHETTT = Aen | | VGTRRFTT aye =] | eau gvs-0 41 G(s) = Zale ble) = ahaa > WEFT = Poet areas | [ VBdcay = yA(Ate beowen the eipe and the ctl) = Y2(6r—*) = 3/2 (2, Over Ry: #=2-Ba—2y 2 Hear) =F Gea) = 2 ERs = T=} [J $ee Gla.) =-3, Ginn) =F > GFE T I = Ys ah 1 shoes | Fth= fn te tong ee =())= 18,92? a2) =0,660 ss ET iy -ifn afoot sam] | verte Vari ae = Yove-1) 1s YET = i= anes | finns] P vis yates Ge) 20, ove] oat 186 PARAMETRIZED SURFACES 1» (VEEP) =e, Then colic coordinates, let x= 86, 6) = (cos +(e sn +k, OSSection 186 Parameteied Surfaces 1125 In clindrical coordinates, let x= en 8, ay 0) = (6008 i+ (run O5+(0—A)Rj 2209 9-F 0-9 FCO SPE O CDCI, Bat 351 £0 gives the came points as 0 <1 $3, e01et OS <3. 2. Thee ia - wae Jn elndriel coordinate, let x= eae ee sah. The He) = (cn LA Cran +(e Fors 0:58 05160 get only the ft etn et oxech In elindvcal coordinates, let x= rem 8, y = ran 0,2 = 2YRTRFF = a= Be, Then 8) =(co8SL+ (sin B42, For 2S2S4, 25249 15<2,and et OS PSI, i einen eoordnates, let 22 VF, 230, Then of ae VET and Patt oreo tsrs Jen oodnaen, 6,6) = (60-4 (can + VAR on Ea above wth 2 4243 = 4, insted of x2 432422 = 9), For the fit otal tO 6-5. For the domain os 2 = VTE ad Past ata taste (VET a4 1h ty) 2? eee VE Than et VSS? (1 et he portion of the epee betwee the aa athe an). 066, y = in Banca x? +p? 4a = Dee PO (P +) (cos i+ (rin + VOTPR, Les 0< 8S 2x, For the domain Sty (VIE) <0 208 +y")=90 2 =o In boil otinatn, x= pin $008, y= pln dn 6 p= VPI 2 stad 9 VE 12 Vie str tents 2= Yn Yi cn coe bapa oa fire Ye fin Vins peo de— hae aA. Then (0,8) = (VS sin ¢ con 6)i+( V5 sin 6 ain 6) +( V5 oom 4), feveHueoseste In aphevcal coordinates, x= pln $086, = pein sin, p= VTEPAT w pt 809 p= YP=2VT 3 x=2V iin con ly = AV Foi sn and x= 2VF con. Thu let sie) =(2V/E sin # con B+ (2V Fin $n O+(2V/ Feng) = 2-2 = BVT seo pen dp oa Nfs r=tVis 2/8 2V Fem 6 Thue 4s and ososoe1128, Chapter 18 Integration in Vetor Fisk Since #=4—y%, wo can lt x bea fanetion of andy He SOadyt y= 42 Thay et -2cy <2 and xt y)+(4-y*)k. Then 20 x2. 10. Since yo, we can lt be a fonction of and => ofa.2)=ai4-s4} +k. Then y Peters tVF, Tht —Vices fiand Orcs 1, When x= let yx? = he the cela ttion inthe yplane. Use pol coordinate in the ye plane + y=3 cond and = in. Thus et x= wand #= v= oy) = 24+ (8 conv) + (8 ala vk where Dewctandocvere, 12, When y =0, let x4 423 = he the cinclar ection inthe xe-plane. Use por coordinates inthe xx plane 3x22 cond and 22 in 6. Thon let yw and 0 + o(uy)= (2 eoe vial +(3 inv where -2.Su$2, and 0 v < (since we want the portion shave the y-plans). a J etytents: 80 and «ranges fom I (when x24? = 1) 0 (ben x = 0 and y =0 atthe vets). Let 2. ThenSection 13.6 Pararetrinad Series 1129 . rye (rein d+ (rn 8-9 4,xRp=| coe inte crtind rome 0 00 con #42? in Oh 48 pt = VEE ETT RTT VET oa-| | vera | Let x rear 8, yersin Band sx? +3? =e Then 00) = (ec0eOi+ (ein +e, 14 <2, 0.50 <2 4, = (om 4+ (i 5420 and in + (ron i o5 cm snd fin? reas 0 snot 20 con Oi? win 8) +8 4) Vireo A= if j vara aera | [ioe sa] a =] (A528) jorvr-nvn AVR tT Let x= p sin #co8 8, y= pin dain and 2 = pcon $9 p= VTTFTFH = VF onthe were, Next Styetatades VOT steP ate False potion of the spore cut bythe cone, we get d=. Thea 16,6) = ( VE sin 6 con) +( YEsin in OSH VE exe Gk, FESS HOS 1g =( V5 co con i+ (YF co in 8} —( VF an 8) and ry =(—V3 ince 20> ¢ =F. For the lower oo sin + (VT aa 8 co 5 : 4 x ratte] Ven gene VB gained —VIsing Vina gin? Jiangcat 0 =(2 ea? 6 con E+ (2 sin? sin 6) + (2 sn # cos 3 ratte = VERS TET A aaTS POT TARTS ca = (TARTS = 2 Ion 4|= 2 sn 6 oT] sie sarare [ 6 Darr “ Lak = pin 6 com 8, y = psn ¢ in 8 and x= pcan go> p= VETEST HRT =2 on the aphere Nest, sacle tntenga cage ba batts Vie Viqre06 sede Masog. The1130 Chapter 13 Integration in Vector Felde in Seo 4 an pan FA cme OL FSSA OSA Ie (2 cos # cos i+ (2 cos # sin )}—(2 cn g)k and fla ¢ sin 6)E-+ (2a ¢ con 8)5 i i x ss rgety=| Deon dead 2eoegsing — -2eing ~Bein Gin 0 Dain g coo 8 ° = 3 lr6x0| in? § con O)-+(4 sn sin 5 + (4 sin g os gk VIC ag coeTT TE TG oP OT IO GIG conG = VIF ARG = Asin |= 4 in ¢ ap » aan] { ssn geen | (24 avi)ar=(aravie ao tak iti tke gaittbandyakonxne| 1 ae 0 oon 27, Lat the parametrization be x5, ih unui VET [J ctr ar= | f eT ae] [oral a -| flrvit-1 a= tot 28, Lat the paemetintion bern) =a+ VEGF, 2 Sy S94 handy, i= Le 7 x saxty 0 laa n= [eae mF 2 [f een ef [ vrGep)e ). Let the parametrization be fon the sphere), 0S 64,0 (sn ¢ cos )i+ (sn 6 win 8) + (co ¢k(opherical coordinates with p = S24 rg = (C00 ¢ con Dit (co8 6 sn Hj (on gk and i i x in sn O54 (cin $ con D5 => 14x19 =| com Geom? con ssin® — —sing tin bin @ sin geo 0‘Section 1346 Parametied Surfaces 1181 1 § con B)i-+ (sin? ¢ sin 0)}+ (sin ¢ con dk rg xty|—= Vala G con" O + ain G nO alo COND sn xn bene Glas) cabo atd = [J ctr dem | | (on enatdoin 9 eos woeee Jf | leoroner—ad ener p= 4020, on the aphere), OS 6s § (snee x20), 0< 02 14 = (4608 $ co B+ (a coe Gala (an and : i x ty= (asin din (ain 6 con ryrery=] Aeon geod we sin acing arin gsind asin scone 0 9 con OI (a ain? sin 9) (0 in om rg tty|= VERA CaO TANG aTT TO TTS COPS woinnsyastaton [f omnnarn | f Weateteran ne 45th exes I= | [ Flxss) de ic =») Viayae =| loo a= | gs vlie-g] ave 12, Let the parametrination be 6.) = (6608 #4 (rn +k, OSS (since O<4 <1) and 00S 2x ig k como ine crs? rome 0 4p (co 0+ (in OF +H and ny = (sin r+ (con = (reo = in }-+ 3 |epenyl= Creme PH ean OP VI nm rand x= 7 60081132 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fields srtanadar-rom ee ff Random f | (0-1 (0/8) rap = a“ | nese eae 88, Let the parametiztion ber) = (con i+ (rin }+(1 13), OS F< (since O< 2 <1) and OS 0S 28 toa ok 355 (0+ Gin OD ad ry = (Fin Econ > syxty=| cond ind =e stein remo 0 = (2r? con + (27 sin 0)5 41 = [rtp] = VC2e coe 0) + (2 win OP oP = VTS a = te and aren > (sy, Peas) VTFER = | fay) ae -{ | (2c ATEN ATTA aes = f | C44?) deds {U, Let the parametrization be x40) = (Zn co + (2 sn in 6 + (2 con (peal coordinates with p=2on the phen), OS 6 SF: xt+yt4s? ad andes VFI Ptah Baten V7 (nce +20) 09 20nd = Vive cond Yn 628,050 5 try (2c coe it (2 cn ala} (2sn oe i i k and ty = (-2 sn 6 sin + (2in 6 con Oj =o 1x29 =| Peon # con? Yeon Grin ——2eing “Bain gsin# Dein geoes 0 =(4 sin? ¢ con #)E-+(4 wn? sin 05+ (4 an # con sk [tate] = VIG cost TO aa" wT TO cS ca =: Fa Peon $9 Hire) =A pain gain ff Hee sing in 8 and {conga 4a do ay /4 . off eee agde=0 ‘85. Let the parametrization be x(x,y) = xi-+y5+(4—y*)k, 0 Pom de feet ron anas ng code ace Past ak J ene coarse? =O ang cath sa lab +a ing an?) a = (asin con i+ (ain 6 sin A} + (0.08 4) => iJ Pemde1134 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Fields 30, Let the parametization be 14,9) +954 Ca-x-y)k, OSS 8,057 Sao m= i—band 5, tuk Saxe] io oi = Bey + By(20—2—9) + 23(20—1—)] dy de since P= Dey yah-+ Dek = Bey +2y(20—2— yh + 20(20—x— k= | f Pendo -| | tartan) tate) de | | (orton tear =| emt) oc= (fod B it 40, Lat the parametriation be 10,2) = (ot 8)L+ (sn hak, 0<2 19 = (~sin + (C00 Oj and ep= R= ryxt,=| —1in 6 cond 0 |= (cow B)-+(sin Oh o 0 4 ‘41, Let the parametsization be 1,0) = (* co #L+ (ela B+, 0- Fondo enone 8) nde dnce P= (ren (ean +P | [ Ponde i [cr rae 4A, Let the paramesisaton be 8) = (+ on + (ran 0-4 9%k, OS F< (ence O< 2S 1) and 00 28 oye ino cmd 0 cm neo en B+ ( 006 D5 > 1, = (Con + (nO + nk and = (2 con 400 sn 5k Pom = FT gabe (8? cok? a2) aa (61°21) dae since P= (Arco Di +(e sin +28 f [ Pome econ + (rin Oj ne, 1< 252 (ence <4 <2) and 09S Ie | (0? =m) dete 45, Let the parametrization be1136, Chapter 19 Integration in Vector Fields tog 3H = (con i+ (sin +H and rg = (or sin + co8 OF + ryx4,=| rain @ recone 0 coo cing = (0 co8 1+ (¢ sn Aj —rk = frye |= VP COTTA aI HT = VB, The mass ie atx [Jeane] | viel te tnt mney = | sien] | deve (esgiet et re ‘moment of inert is a= a= vi 46, Let the parametrization be 11,0) = (F608 +(e = Yb the centr of mam i cated (0,0, by mete. The = Jae +9?) do= [ | a8) deas = CEES he ean of gyration in O)+tk, Or <1 (since O<2 <1) and 0 8 < 28 ik 5 = (C00 B)L+ (ain 8+ K and rg = (rin + (a8 Oh => yx fin rene 0 fing. = (0 cm (sin One [gn = VT ERTOA PETITE = VE The moment of nein ie Re iJ ceertaen | 62%(ry/) deas = 47. The parametrization 1,8) at P= (V3, v2.2) 9 = 2, = (coe + (dn Oj + y= (1 ain E+ (6 008 OY = VB + VB co sae toi k se axty=| V32 V2 1 * " -vi vio =-VEi~ 3-428 = the tangent plane ie (Vi V+) (x- VEi+(y— VI)i+ (29k) = V+ V2y—28=0, of x+y Vin =0. The parametrization 1¢,8) > x= con 8, y =r sin @ and x =0 = x2-4y2 = = > the ourlece in = VEEPSetin 13.6 Parametrined Surfaces 1197 48. The parametrization 160) = (din 6050 OU (Cain 9 + (con Po =(VEVERVA) = px tandem ays WERE ye cote shen = firabox= Via y= Vi 20a}. Theat = eon 6nd ofetate (6008 $n (Un 8k = Voit Vaj- 2k and in 8 in OL (Ain 6 con . , Vii Vat Py hoaok sp rexten| VE VE 2 | 2% 4 av +4 the tangent lane is Vi vio (atts 28+ 4/8). [x= VB) + (9 VAI +(4=2V5)k]= 0» V+ Vl +25 6, orzty+Vfi=8V2. The parametination 9 x= 4 ind cae 8, y=4.in dan cond 3 thera net 4 yh? = 18120. od (Brn ” shane sie )|(22Y8)4(o-$s+0 1 Vin-+y 9, The parametization x= 8 in 20 and y=6 sn? # 9 22-4)? 9 sin?24-+(6 ain? = 9(4 sin? cow?) +36 aint (i rte ert eto1188 Chapter 18 Integration in Veto Fede 50. The parametrization r(s,7) ad +3) kat = and ry =5 at Po = 1%, bak =] 10-2 [mais he tangent plane ie poe in +H) [fei y-25 +64 = 0 BEF , ‘The parameteetion > x= 3, y =y ands =x? the set alae in a? 51. (2) Am asbitrary point on the ele Ci (8,8) =(R +60 nw) = (3,2) om the tor wth tiny 0. [J von here Bl the cece 22 +92 =1 in the xp plane v2 [J varaees[f varntes[f voreuncaes tsi lod core C, each ofthe above integral wil be eal oa cesation integral on. Bt for on urface the circulation wil be countercloekwie, and fr the other surface the rulation wil be elackwise. Since the Integra ate the same, the um wil be = | [ V xP-ade =o. . B | eoesmemes,= (eosin pm and 8 ik sin me fe lat can) sla in ey ks nm EEE ad ey a le = (9 xP) (et ded = (co 6 tan 6) a» ff xP nde -f | (10 ca 0-44 in tesdaare | [PP emeageancs}elice1142 Chapter 18 Integration in Vector Piel | (em 049 ain 040) op 2) = 12r |— 2h x, 49 = (2x? com 0) + (20? sin 05 + rk and i 3 a : uw vxre] £ rn UW aFen r= (V=R pd ow Bein 1 ae) = [fF de =] formeseanesnaae | preeejrserol iw (conan 0-9) 40-9128) = 108 io x -| 2 3 owl & § & ty ays Be (con )k—(6 sin 8+ rand V XP om de = ('V x F) (s.r) dr dd (ne Exercise 13 above) emo eine 1 oak +0) Pky ry ores 0 * [J vareaen ff (207 con ee) ara | J (2s sn 0 coe 9? cr?) drat [Bemte-4(g ange” =| (Ga 0c few 16. VxF=! (con B+ (sin O)h+ hand V xP om de = (V xF)-(e,x) de dd (oe Exerlse 18 above) =] | cossseenaee | [imseierent a + 0) BkSection 13.7 Stoke! Theorem 1149, ‘ i x Vicor $coed Vico dsintd Vining Jasin grind Yisingee 0 (30 con Oi sab in 6) + (in #008 0): Vom d= (9 Var= Va Vint meno f Pedra [{ UxPinde (9 Poaienieat cairo f rare [fo = [Jowne (0 Pa Vx(sit vite) 20 vareen $ Fr a= J vxP nde {I Ode=0 (re ves vaPe Ux vE=Os f FH [ vara [jeu1144 Chapter 18 Integration a Vetor Fisk oF: f= fea 4D Mant ey Man flat eta ane saab ey emote malt eee (0) r= (const (asin Ui, St c 20 f= asin + (eae Peden alate yt 48a cn lat ay eet a cont) “(gs ca-(eps aoe f 09 free [J vornee=|f oxen [J enie= [f oarau 21 at Ps yi bj make VP. 2 Parana f ty aestar—nien ana | {aes whare [ {an the area ofthe region enloed by C onthe plane S: 2-429 +2=2 frame f rnaenf maranien |f (Blogs) ce = [ fluetarveeevattastenens [J ibtestvannie {f Pansie [f sten 16, +16 Po, =P a Ee ar e Pap, a, OM m8, B= 0, Bao 4 1 ate wie 138 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM AND A UNIFIED THEORY Le oP = 2 PaxityjdivPaltl=2 are sth ayo ets nt 8") Grteeh” aae sn ater arl Patera!) [ora anh? ays) | ateet oa =nonfeetaet stevie tg (ease) on ae 1? in elindscl coordinates > 2 = 4? (42-492) 9 v= 8 es avy=0 & Ron Benen Zo-a a2 0-9 | | sagas 1 fle)= mes V Pate sty te1148, Chapter 18 Integration in Vetor Fisk ©) rm] J osnemana| | wemosataee| | (1429428) dyde -| hase eeaen| erayacterehas «|| Jeemeone| Jiesentane} forinee -| lay? sant, «| sede 6) moa tin Fas ff say 439 ey ste & a te 5 5 : i z g i ' ore [fina , -[fboeste- Beier fieran fade voters mes | fonssar HT] | cote senvenetaicsdarsece= | | [stan ssn eel ain seu Tl [omeonremanossar | [(f-+ settee] mat 8. Blea an, 2-20) = ae te) = 09 Fan il mectye ! p ” -f t | orseronntrancranieare | 1 in? cm 9 aps = | Sn cw 0d = 8Secon 188 Te Divegeace Them ad Ualed Theory iL 10. (604207) = 12429, Boy te)=2, Blot) nom V-raiaetay +? -” arias |[fomemenave] | | ome dein 642) donde +p ‘| [ (rmeaianess)etie | (neareyansiroe Gam) =m, fea) =n A) vps nes rune [ff xe IT [ sxotree] — (oy ace f [fait 40) tava afer fat fuse], = 2. Pla) = 802, B99) = 392, BGM tet oe VP = Be 4984S Flan sf aGP ay ee) av al | [rosneeaans i Sun scounes | Boop 1 tet pa VPTTTR, Then Bn, Caf, Bahn Lion) =(E)ere= ttre, Rim) =(Se vee afin fone (eree ere vr Z IE ape tnatne ps ape vi sora [[foveve |] | aniranedavasare f | sano asar ef oar 14, Lat 9 = VR Then =F ah BB R(B)4-(B)ead-S: Similarly, Be R)=b-oo oem fffie=[ ] | Corsnariossn = || sain gatae= [saree eter Sate ag1148 Chapter 18 otgaton in Vestn Pies 15, $6 +1097) = 150 +187, B07 40 sna) = 97240 ain £60948 cot) = to wns 9 V-Pe tbe 4 15924 16 = 72 Flux= If spare] | *Fewnserera ‘| | (0avi-s)en pagan | (26Vi-0) a0 =(48yi-ta)e 16. Glin st + y= PR, 2-H ean? 9-0) Death Biveervrer wy ovat glia Parone |] (gig gta VFP) noe Bey Pep FA Ty tI (22-tes) ov aare ] oot ?) =] (vine taaie visavicslaete(fnts2vi-1) Ho) Gamsreres vxG= ot O=(E-$)i4(M- B+ (B—M)ew v9 x6 = div(curl G) =8(E-B)+3A-B)+8(B-B) = BR BB BE BEL oie tt ad cnt pride ates (©) By the Divergence Theorem, he otward fis of Gerona fae eo ene nwa tect 7 x= | [ (7x0) nde =| [J v-vxeav [Divergence Theotem with P= V x Gi =[[f meres by me 18, (9) Le, = MLE NY + Pykand Fy = MLS NS + Pk AF, HOF, M, +BM,)L+ (ON +N + (AP, +P) V-(aF, +0F,) = (oS) + (a Bese) (Fire) aoe Ba) (es MMM) a7 nye)Section 18.8 The Divergence Theorem and a Used Theory 1149 (0) Den and Farin pr a> (6 +8) =) Bf) BB) afoot eye) ( o(-tmy] of -92)E-)io(B-B)pJeso ar ory ny hue CORRE] ML NL PL |= QGP —PINI~ (P= PIM ON, = NMI VCE HF) Mz Nz Pa 290,72 PND- OF, PINE +O, NAN = £06", -P.9)-B06P,— Pah) + LON, Nay) =(P, BE 9, Ent w M2) (ngpre nem) (geen) =m (Fe -) + (GE) rsa) (Ge-Se) +m (Ge-S) 7 (MBM) an, 9 xR, B 19, aviary = 9 ar = Leann + Leer) + Zar) = (wfBle Gl) + (aGh-ew Bt) + (eGBr ft) = (ueneor See BBs) an0 re ver ©) vxan =[fien-fien}+[ Zeon Zar + [BeBe = (PGE ag wf) (w 9E gM pO 22); + (9h m ee) ~ (9) 0B) (BED gs) +(B-eBi mae aes vent 20, Let By = My-+ NG +PyKand Fy = MLNS +P (0) Fy Fy = O%gPa~ PANG) Py My —MyPaI+ (MN NMR V CFT) =[Bouss many Berats-marafi4| Pours Pmy) Rawr, May1150 Chap 18 Intagrion ie Vor Fe +[Geems mr —Fovrs-rvyfe sno temp ir ON MBF) wha Mn a Mg (Bt) (ston Rh) (Bt Be oS Sts (oe P(g) (Aa, (Fe eB), Now, bcomp of (F,- ¥)F; =(mhrmhereh)a = (nmap oF» WF, = (mn a team 09 FF = 284 8) ad emp 9 = (4 BB EH, Similar rel bold forthe jad Keomponents of 7 x(FXF,)- In uy, since the orepoding components ae equal, we have the ret VCP P= Pa> VIR =F VIF #(9 FI (©) Here aguin we consider aly the bcomponent of each expres Zoo y+) (a Ly on a), 2 Pa), (Bea) re) ae eon ot (9 xn =f) (M8), Sic crept cmponnts ual at WH PD e- WYP ye YR HF AC HF) Aye AF) cine oF he Feomp of x (Fy) St) Heap of (,-9) eomp of (= V), oomp of x(V xF,) 2 Teel rat's value never exceds the surface area ofS. Since |F|<1, we have [P-al =I ifs verde = {J Pade [Divergence Theorem] (1) = 1 ane < [irae (eet dbant f= 2-24 hana f= 4 inde babe 1 Fue -20- maximum Hx. a [J rneen|[[vorav= [ff aerod|f rae [for=vameato [[J vere Jf eee 27, (a) From the Divergence Theorem, iJ venare {fv veave | [J oxave | [foarno 28, Peo V-P=02Fhx= { {Ps ©) ran rap thw, [| 19ende= | oF. tow, (een 9 101 =f (BF ] oe) ] eo] af041 vt aos] vet sue Cebus ff r0teade= {fF ava cn2 rumah dermrtiwe, [f wenden [ff v-vrav fff (Pheer on aya) ate VETTTF =f alta 42) 2 flay fle Bet Se Sraap aap Be ihcae ea ae 2 [fv sel ti T eon “| [mesa = Peemeyre T. sang w. ff venar= {ff vitveav= ff 1v-(eSti +g BE) av J]! (Ghat gat) ow J [i [Gi Bi-2s) eer aw a)jor= [ff ore ve veav 0. [ J Vee 9-mde on v-(Vg-eV av -S[fe 1¥g-V-g¥N av (Exercise 188) ~f[Jev Vet Vf Vg—g¥- I Ve VOY (Cerne 194) “fl (°V%4— 9979 dV, since VE. Vg = Ver VE 31 (8) Thesntegrat { [ [ r(x.) AV representa the mast ofthe Mid at any tie ‘The equation ays that ‘the instantaneous rte of change of mas is flux ofthe Mud through the surface S enclosing the region D: ‘the mas decreases if the Dux is otward (00 the Mud flows ot of D), and increase if the Bow i inward (Gatrpeting a the outward pointing unit normal othe sec) © fff Berek [ff eave Jf sere [[f wma Benohap 18 Pen B18 Vpn 42 (@) VT pont in the dteton of maximum change ofthe temperate, of the aid ie heting up atthe lat the temperatare ie greater in reglon surrounding the point => VT pots away fom the point 2 —V'T points toward the pont > — VT points inthe dcction the heat flows (©) Assuming the Law of Conservation of Mas (Execs 31) with -k UT = vand pT =p, we have BI Jone eon 0 -kVT) =4V7T Fuh VT AKVPT, ws caned [[ ao 2-n ae the cniny eto, VEN «fle =0 (CHAPTER 13 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1. Path ts HU tke xt yah rehosts Al. M0,4(0) = 8-30 and = 1+ FQ) @a- ae | carne | Vile-a? 4-28 Pah 2 =uty Osts lx: 250-2 Mgt), he) k(0) = 28-32 +8 and deo (a) +(2) +a) a= view J tera] alae 3643) 20 ’ juke ce yah eat ty k(Q) = 2-2 and $= = a+) +a ane =| ena) a-| 2-2) det )esyied a) da [A & 0 raha.) =? ana t= 1, E00 Bp l4) 9 = yt 420 fe MOK) = 141 and $= 0, =a @) +a Jovnaet sycttitthes ce y= tent fle sh(.k(®) =2—t and sat -J foxy)1154 Chapter 13 Inapration in Vector Fede = Meet +(%) +(@) aaa °J Heya) de -| @-aey wf terrae enna] tenvee tanmant hh , 4 Path 2 tab oem y at r= 0 fd) Ko) = 24 and = ~ ey (BY a- vee | ty 14) (0c above) >] fxg) d=} =| viesangve we nae | tea envied Get Pah sya then x= 0,9 =0.2=1,05tS1 9 Kal A(AUO) =tand $f =0, =o, fh teed ie gan d= 0 > Bh (BY +ah ama [ eonae| (-ndee—f natssthonaty=hanh Ostet. ba()) =e an d=1, a0, f= 0 CCRC toate | tarntee | fash =f, aya) of fava) «| fey) of faye) dem f-bad=—§ gaUtbe xa yatr= 1 Ostet Mata(ad)) = 5 (acon tht (asin Yk os x= 0, ye cae tx = nln Eth) A(0) = VaF aT = en tan nace (dey «(Q) #(Gf anne > [muvee] sionslen | ansaeT “ean hat? 4. re (Cont tt in i+ Gin tt con J x coe Lt aint, y sin tt coe 0 = fs). 40,40) = fF Pa Gate P= VI and = ain lnChapter 18 Practice Exercaen 1155 teat: ncnt cont tents caint dao 2 (gay +(@ x) +(@) ya = VT eae F TART dt =It| dh tat since 0 cts YE J tine) 1 Was Baers Be fers Beery aM ae ay +P ein cnc f= el 9 Hur) = AVF 0 fle ele BE wgeesy 2 BRO = non 20) he) 2) FE SN =» la He 3.0) agri Moatenoacetuw=ryrTavcs | Seat an = £4,-8,0)- (11,1) =2V7-2Vi=0 $--de BBlockh Bae Biowassorranamficre tary ar strs) + Sn a = ff ao) = BYTE NG) = fra) =x —2YF +8) 2 fla VEtwin=-VEoMo 0 me) =0> thane) ax2yst+e Goaay 2 | cn yfa-vFa=1003.9-0149 = odin nities 2a) (0-2 ny cons dy cma (E> Pin nt comeratig r= 202s iH O StS 26 wae snu-tenge [rane [case arenicnieeaenienngeranya wcant | eeatn ete) oe es La teany wd X= ty ne Bn tan nt ntsc [any tye =[Jermsneanaan'f [ eruseupame | (atts aaa1156 Chapter 18 Integration in Veto Fede 10, Let My? and N=? ty and late [Pants ay | f (2x29 ay =] ferme -sannseaen | eosin arno Ue takes Lanny ile) =—1 and fea) = te YAFGTT = Vi Scan eas | fy deay = VAre of the crue region in the sy-plane) = nV Vis S14 295420, pais | Vil= VIF OTTE and | UEpl=s see ten | f FEE ous] {qe 1dr Te (fvat-8) a0 =grvai-») Vim tit ty) + Bak, p= ko) Vil VERT ERE A = VTE = 2 and | VF-p|=|20| = 2s since see sutee tenn ff gaan ff dan ff gree [Pg Joven T (ayes) (0) Vim Beh 29) + Bek, p= b> | VEl= VOTE ETH = VST m 4 and | Vi-p|= 2 since sen senec ons | hans [f tel Tae osecy fora) Ee fsbo = vi=(E)i+ (s+ (Del vile (Fade dand pak evr sovcon sient [| ERE TFT [fa sce th aa ofthe ings gon Ri fab(Chapter 13 Practice Berns 1197 fo) Vea ae k, pk] Ville VRTET and | VE-p|=1 = de = VGFFT dedy > [J deaner= [J aia vOAT Ie i or-nae=] | arena J at—ray=aftt-¥] 0 0 ff etann a= iJ gare aa= | j (2-1) éedy “| say ofa =k ol Vil= Vat Ea = Ve 2 do = Bacay =f axay = ff tra) dom | f (eNO? +#)(G) axes “ff se ( gain) aer= | | Define the coodinie sem so Ut the agin ea the center of the est, the rales the earth axs (north isthe postive deton), and the xuplane contains the earth's prime meriian. Let § denote the sure whichis Wyoming oo then Sis part of the suface 1 =(R2—22—y2)?. Let Ry be the prietion of S ato vie nite ood | Vi-p|=2e since 220 the xpplane Te ut eat Wain | f wef i+ (Bey +(Be) aa (rere 6, and ate the saan ouivalet to 1043! and 1113 respectively) | ontar—e)R = (nine —n? ates! —a(e? ta) wo y= 4 Re tn 8) = (eA = (080 =e 4) 97751 ‘A pile prantsination i (60) = (6 sin # cn B+ (6 sin 6 i + (coe 3) pbs coorntn tow p= 6 and = =1- 1 =6 008 $9 con $=} = end 1 = BY3 = BV 8 cond sedan gah Fos Hi aloo 6c158 Chapter 19 Integration in Vector Feds 20. A posible parametiaton is 8) teers 5-(G) oti enn. Gant agasve-as-GstwszPz0mesrsruereh a, coe i+ B+ (149 (yndial coordinate); now e= VEEP seal trand 1 ce539 1c141sd4 Ose 2 ako DSO SI 122, A posible parametelation i tit (d-x-P)atorocxctandocys? 1 Lat x=uconvand here w= VET and vis the angle in hexane with he wai = Hu) = (uot vh+ 20} +n Okina pone praeeatin;0 Wo Over Path 2: <4, 0ctS exe y shen 0 and dy =(45) ato, Fas 1241) abe Work = f (41) a= $i aitsatk OSes texetyetentand 4 dntasnansinnetednedn not | dot Rok Wah a M6, Over Path is P=G4U tk OSE ST a eet y aaa tnd de= (44H) a> Hiatiek (312+ 1) at = Work = | (e41)aa2;1160, Chapter 13 Integration in Veetor Fede t J ra] dr, where C; isthe path from (0,00) to (1,1,0) to ( (Over Path 2 Since fe conser free ‘hom (1,11) t (00,0) Nos tom Fath aio | rare caeoe | rare] Pedr +(-2) ofr ‘ 00) © around ay simple cloned curve C, ‘Thus cosder 1) and Ci the path cou )it(e sin tj op xe con ty =e sin from (1,0) t0(e?%0) 0 i + tj and B ero (cosh +o it) = Work = 247°)" + ety) 2 fe OP Satna) = ant 3 e072) =C = fxr.) = (+ 92" in potential fneton wre ear =He*0) 10,0) =1 38. (a) B= Vee”) = F in conservative = { Fedr=0 for any closed path © a2 0) [ Pete fv bre ara Ge Megan) Ml 9) = 2 0= 2 = ay; anit norma tothe plane en = BORD 354 Viniars tga) = Bettye] VE paso dew LPH Maya) B04 ty 20e| Voplad & dem BEL(Chapter 15 Practice Berea 1161 toa ok wena] £ & & [ptiaraeneiateniaetiona)ayse=0eth antl Sty xty tye se dpitggte varnces f rare J waraaes [Jose (0) #2 Vi Vi AAP Ot gt 9x2 Vi y= Vine 2 f= VE = VE Hate = aay GY + = vera me | oeo.0) a= | VE afar], =i wae f sare «| AFH ava le lt VRP = VE alt + VB) retig25sJOM octet sxatyamrafels haan gael? ROR Ree Cored | verve = [seme esnee | us| 4) de 28 J vse | ox tsi ar =7s Mg [wate | emer alti ra Halt oMp a =i 6 rasis(2¥20")j4(B)aosecae ean 2em af ada Be Viel oe * fay GF shes storota PrP aves yonmamnen we[ee ince] orn [oes e+ a [res wee [na] Cefn one] erat =] @eyeva-| act saelpel1162. Chapter 13 Integration in Vector Fede te [orreme| (este)enttacnyfi- (28.0, (fie Bs, nov @14 44, 120 because the arch ain the xy plan, and X= 0 becaie the mas i ditribatedeynmetcally with repect ish osisaa um y(h +() o(B) a -f sae | (aa-y) tan 2, ef wal vlaamy) dem f (asta yaa—aain edt f 0a an ta ats) Degue [oman] (eg = | erie | (e+s)ate A =| (@-aeing) oat alt cont) J ate oy rie) =(e coo Ni+(e a Uj +k, Otc In 2 eel con ty =e Fala receo nd eae = ey (BY +H a eo Fe TTT aa THF a Ee Ve | sae fie ‘ ms ue [Corte T (eattee seasseran' | View 2fben= yf - ie MI 48, HO) = (Ein 4 8 oon 4 tk, OS LS Be x= Teint, =P ow 62 = Ste m2 cont, Latins, H=8= (a) +(S) +a) = Vee Vib asa san] V8 dt = pV (6 caste sin), ES ova =f sae] (sean Vitaea. (Chapter 1 Practice Brescia 1168 May = steam | (0(oViB) a= Ope'VIE My [28 anf (2 in t)(o 73) a = 05 oo Vi SeeVE 3n= (.0.) ete Because of eymmety 210 VRTOTTe, 0, Let Byte 26-> Vemma + ty + tek sad p=k| Pilates 202m [J Ans de =I sen ff 5h de tte earn) ty ff warn lf beds “i waerea=[ | (Prete | Saratienra (bag meoran=(oof)iue [J Oearresen [[ scearanare | fears [ane nate VE-v8 (nthe face 2 = gf sod poke Vg=ke|Ugl=tand| Vet dr=ah ‘ewe [Te scarafionetmere sn otf f Ga = Ve=kandp=k = [Vs]=199| Verpi=tsdoman ots | { (24s) aA= (On the ace y =A a(x, = Vanja paj = |Vgle1 | Vep=1sdr=dh t= ff wavene] | Béeds (the fee stay) yao Va=dand p=J = | Vel=1 Iv Lee de naa, - [frrvmar=| | eerauaforaemeres Alay) exet = Upsiand pat loslareivevintméenda t= [['eyai=| | Gevravasion dete xe 0:thaysdeneden Upetand pats [Val=t-9] Vecple = de =dk =1[J woven] | Paanponapdebededyet1164 Chapter 1 Iteration in Vector Feds 9 Mater txand Naas y= Bla ty +1, Bate Bias, Baxi riers | (Ble) axa {J erties ndaee| | Crosser fice ff (EG!) ar = [fonmerse| fom eae Mey ted sets ei Bat Ba Baty wee [J (Bag at = [Jemma] | caemae | reoet one {f (-BJoe={f o-veway 51 Me Stands clan Binet and Batts f texans dy Stee ={J (BB) oar= [J G2 acane 52. (0) Let Mme and Way on Mao, Wn vormee Jf (t+) sen =f ern eares {J arate (0) tet C be a lnc to which Greets Theorem api and beth ul oral vert G, Lat P= 3843} od ewume Pv rtogpal to mat every tof. Then te fx dey of Fat eey pent e£Cie Dance Pon = Oa every pit of C= GH + BN 0a evry pit of © se rice [J (+98) sear [J odedr =o. at a ahve hath 2h ofthe eon) = the aren ofthe region wuld be 0 contacto, ‘There, Peano be xihogonl mat very pit fC 88, Lem) = 2 Bean) =m, Bian) =a Pearemens run | [| (eh2y-428) ev =] [ormemeoe=| [orm oes[armans