Physics 107 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #9b

Cutnell & Johnson, 7

th
edition

Chapter 11: Problems 52, 58, 66, 67, 100

52 Concept Simulation 11.1 reviews the concept that plays the central role in this problem.
(a) The volume flow rate in an artery supplying the brain is . If the radius of the
artery is 5.2 mm, determine the average blood speed. (b) Find the average blood speed at a
constriction in the artery if the constriction reduces the radius by a factor of 3. Assume that the
volume flow rate is the same as that in part (a).

58 See Multiple-Concept Example 15 to review the concepts that are pertinent to this problem.
The blood speed in a normal segment of a horizontal artery is 0.11 m/s. An abnormal segment of
the artery is narrowed down by an arteriosclerotic plaque to one-fourth the normal cross-sectional
area. What is the difference in blood pressures between the normal and constricted segments of
the artery?

*66 The concepts that play roles in this problem are similar to those in Multiple-Concept
Example 15, except that the fluid here moves upward rather than remaining horizontal. A liquid
is flowing through a horizontal pipe whose radius is 0.0200 m. The pipe bends straight upward
through a height of 10.0 m and joins another horizontal pipe whose radius is 0.0400 m. What
volume flow rate will keep the pressures in the two horizontal pipes the same?

*67 An airplane has an effective wing surface area of 16 m
2
that is generating the lift force. In
level flight the air speed over the top of the wings is 62.0 m/s, while the air speed beneath the
wings is 54.0 m/s. What is the weight of the plane?


100 Concept Questions Water flows straight down from an open faucet. The effects of air
resistance and viscosity can be ignored. (a) After the water has fallen a bit below the faucet, is its
speed less than, greater than, or the same as it was on leaving the faucet? (b) Is the volume flow
rate in cubic meters per second less than, greater than, or the same as it was when the water left
the faucet? (c) Is the cross-sectional area of the water stream less than, greater than, or the same
as it was when the water left the faucet? Give your reasoning.













52. REASONING
a. According to Equation 11.10, the volume flow rate Q is equal to the product of the cross-
sectional area A of the artery and the speed v of the blood, Q = Av. Since Q and A are known,
we can determine v.

b. Since the volume flow rate Q
2
through the constriction is the same as the volume flow
rate Q
1
in the normal part of the artery, Q
2
= Q
1
. We can use this relation to find the blood
speed in the constricted region.

SOLUTION
a. Since the artery is assumed to have a circular cross-section, its cross-sectional area is
A
1
=
2
1
r , where r
1
is the radius. Thus, the speed of the blood is

( )
6 3
2 1 1
1
2 2
3
1 1
3.6 10 m / s
4.2 10 m/s
5.2 10 m
Q Q
v
A
r

= = = =

(11.10)

b. The volume flow rate is the same in the normal and constricted parts of the artery, so
Q
2
= Q
1
. Since
2 2 2
, Q A v = the blood speed is v
2
= Q
2
/A
2
= Q
1
/A
2
. We are given that the
radius of the constricted part of the artery is one-third that of the normal artery, so
1
2 1 3
. r r =
Thus, the speed of the blood at the constriction is

( )
( )
6 3
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1 3
1
2 2
1 3
3
3.6 10 m / s
0.38 m/s
5.2 10 m
Q Q Q
v
A
r
r

= = = = =
(

58. REASONING We assume that region 1 contains the constriction and region 2 is the normal
region. The difference in blood pressures between the two points in the horizontal artery is
given by Bernoullis equation (Equation 11.12) as
2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 2
= P P v v , where v
1
and
v
2
are the speeds at the two points. Since the volume flow rate is the same at the two points,
the speed at 1 is related to the speed at 2 by Equation 11.9, the equation of continuity:
A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
, where A
1
and A
2
are the cross-sectional areas of the artery. By combining these
two relations, we will be able to determine the pressure difference.

SOLUTION Solving the equation of continuity for the blood speed in region 1 gives
v
1
= v
2
A
2
/A
1
. Substituting this result into Bernoullis equation yields
2
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= =
v A
P P v v v
A

| |

|
|
\


Since
1
1 2 4
= A A , the pressure difference is

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 4
2
3 1
2
= = 16 1
1060 kg/m 0.11 m/s 15 96 Pa
v A
P P v v
A

| |
|
|
\
= =


We have taken the density of blood from Table 11.1.



66. REASONING AND SOLUTION As seen in the figure, the lower pipe is at the level of zero
potential energy.


A
1
v
2
v
1
A
2
h


If the flow rate is uniform in both pipes, we have (1/2)v
1
2
= (1/2)v
2
2
+ gh (since
P
1
= P
2
) and A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
. We can solve for v
1
, i.e., v
1
= v
2
(A
2
/A
1
), and plug into the
previous expression to find v
2
, so that


( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
2 9.80 m/s 10.0 m
2
3.61 m/s
0.0400 m
1
1
0.0200 m
gh
v
A
A

= = =
| | (

| (

\
(



The volume flow rate is then given by

Q = A
2
v
2
= r
2
2
v
2
= (0.0400 m)
2
(3.61 m/s) =
2 3
1.81 10 m /s










67. REASONING In level flight the lift force must balance the planes weight W, so its
magnitude is also W. The lift force arises because the pressure P
B
beneath the wings is
greater than the pressure P
T
on top of the wings. The lift force, then, is the pressure
difference times the effective wing surface area A, so that W = (P
B
P
T
)A. The area is
given, and we can determine the pressure difference by using Bernoullis equation.

SOLUTION According to Bernoullis equation, we have

2 2 1 1
B B B T T T 2 2
P v gy P v gy + + = + +

Since the flight is level, the height is constant and y
B
= y
T
, where we assume that the wing
thickness may be ignored. Then, Bernoullis equation simplifies and may be rearranged as
follows:
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
B B T T B T T B 2 2 2 2
or P v P v P P v v + = + =

Recognizing that W = (P
B
P
T
)A, we can substitute for the pressure difference from
Bernoullis equation to show that

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 1
B T T B 2
2 2
3 2 1
2
1.29 kg/m 62.0 m/s 54.0 m/s 16 m 9600 N
W P P A v v A = =
(
= =
(



We have used a value of 1.29 kg/m
3
from Table 11.1 for the density of air. This is an
approximation, since the density of air decreases with increasing altitude above sea level.


100. Concept Questions
a. Since the effects of air resistance and viscosity are being ignored, the water can be treated
as a freely-falling object, as Chapter 2 discusses. It accelerates with the acceleration due to
gravity. Therefore, it has a greater speed at the lower point than it did upon leaving the
faucet.

b. The volume flow rate in cubic meters per second is the same as it was when the water left
the faucet. This is because no water is added to or taken out of the stream after the water
leaves the faucet.

c. The cross-sectional area of the water stream is less than it was when the water left the
faucet. With the volume flow rate unchanging, the equation of continuity applies in the
form of Equation 11.9. The volume flow rate is the cross-sectional area of the stream times
the speed of the water. When the speed increases, as it does when the water falls, the cross-
sectional area decreases.

SOLUTION Using the equation of continuity as stated in Equation 11.9, we have

{ {
2 2
1 1 2 2 1
1
Below faucet At faucet
or
A v
Av A v A
v
= =

To find the cross-sectional area A
1
, we must find the speed v
1
. To do this, we use Equation
2.9 from the equations of kinematics:

2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 or 2 v v ay v v ay = + = +

In using this result, we choose downward as the positive direction. Substituting into the
equation of continuity gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 2
5 2 2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1.8 10 m 0.85 m/s
9.3 10 m
2
0.85 m/s 2 9.80 m/s 0.10 m
A v
A
v ay

= = =
+
+