1.

1 Background Information Public transports a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the general public. Public transport modes include buses, taxis, trains and ferries. Most of the public transport runs to a scheduled timetable with the most frequent services running to a headway. Urban public transport may be provided by one or more private transport operators or by a transit authority. Public transport services are usually funded by government subsidies and fares charged to each passenger. Services are normally regulated and possibly subsidized from local or national tax revenue. As more and more people move into major population areas, and as more of the people in those areas drive their own private vehicles to and from work, it put a heavy strain on the local infrastructure. It can cause traffic congestion, increases the probability of vehicular accidents, and causes many people to stress out, which can lead to everything from health issues to road rage. Traffic congestion is a condition on road sequences that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times and increased vehicular queue. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles shows the speed of the traffic stream this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road, extreme traffic congestion sets in. when vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is officially known as a traffic jam. Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a traffic jam may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents may cause ripple effects which

then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when normal flow might have continued for some time longer.

1.4 Statement Of Problems Public transport has its own importance to the country. Nowadays, many countries agreed to introduce the use of public transportation among their citizens in order to avoid congestion in major cities due to the presence of private vehicles. According to the article of Integrated Urban Of Transportation System by KLMT (2005), Kuala Lumpur is the one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. For now, there is no research or study being conducted to establish the fatality index of public transport in Malaysia especially for express bus. Until now, we only we only know the total accidents in our data storage involving public transport in Malaysia. Hence, this study has been conducted to develop the safety index of public transport (express busses) in Malaysia. It is important to know the safety index of public transport (express busses) in this country as compared to other developed countries since express bus is one of the main modes for long distance transportation in Malaysia. Besides, when the fatality index is obtained in this study, it could be used as a guideline or reference to improve the safety level of public transport in Malaysia. The data analysis in this study is done using Mileage Deaths Rate Method (MDR) and the measurement unit is in passenger kilometers travelled (PKT). Thus, the fatality index is stated as per billion PKT which has been used by Department for Transport of United Kingdom. In this study, the fatality index of public transport (express busses) in Malaysia is 0.000009 per billion PKT as compared to the fatality index in United Kingdom which is 0.4 per billion PKT for year 2005 and shows the use of express busses in Malaysia is much safer than the United Kingdom.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Let the drivers focus on the job only Ensure the drivers have enough sleep Make sure there is backup driver for long journey Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Account

FIGURE F : Ways to Improve Public Transport Services Figure F shows the proportion of Module 1, Module 2, Module 3 and Account students in their choices of ways to improve public transport services according to the options of let the drivers focus on the job only, ensure the drivers have enough sleep and make sure there is backup driver for long journey. In the section of let the drivers focus on the job only, module 1 students made up 12.5% of the respondents while the percentage of account students is 18.75%.

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Do promotion Provide advance services Provide relaxing condition Help loading Wheel chair Make sure and accessible for the schedule unloading needed is systematics packages people Male Female

FIGURE G : Ways To Improve Public Transport Services Figure G shows the proportion of male and female students in their choice of ways to improve public transport services according to the options of do promotion, provide advance services, provide relaxing condition, help loading and unloading packages, wheel chair accessible for needed people and make sure the schedule is systematics. In the section of make sure the schedule is systematics, male students made up 3.13% of the respondents. On the contrary, the percentage of female students who selected make sure the schedule is systematics was 28.13%. However the trend was reverse when it comes to the option of provide advance services. Here, male students choose with 34.38% whereas female was just 15.63%.

JOHOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE ENGLISH WB 023 TOPIC : A STUDY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT

PREPARED BY: MUHAMAD AKHMAL HAZIQ BIN ABD. HALIM NUR FATIN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZLAN NUR SYAHRAEN BINTI AHMAD AMIN NURUL NAJWA BINTI QAYYUM INTAN SHAFINAZ BINTI MD. ZAIN MS12165 MS1216524748 MS1216524982 MS1216525368 MS1216522933

TUTORIAL GROUP : MT9 PREPARED FOR : MISS WOON CHUI MEE

Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 Background Information Definition of key terms Objectives of study Statement of problems i ii

METHODOLOGY 2.1 2.2 2.3 Respondents Instruments Research procedures

3.0

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 3.2 3.3 Reason of using public transport Problem when using public transport Ways to improve public transport services

4.0

CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES Appendix A : Questionnaire Appendix B : Questions for Interview Appendix C : Interview Transcript