Introduction

Forests cover 31% of the land area in our planet. They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Many of the worlds most threatened and 1.6 illion people rely on enefits forests offer! including food! fresh water! clothing! tradition! medicine and shelter. "n #angladesh there is 16% forest of the total land. #ut most forests around the world are under threat from deforestation. $eforestation comes in many forms! including fires! clear cutting for agriculture! ranching and development! unsustaina le logging for tim erland degradation due to climate change. This impacts peoples livelihood and threatens and a wide range of plant and animal species. %ome &6'() thousand s*uare miles of forest are lost each year'e*uivalent to 36 foot all fields every minute. Forest play a critical role in mitigating climate change ecause they act as a car on sin+'soa+ing up car on dioxide that would otherwise e free in the atmosphere and contri ute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. $eforestation undermines this important car on sin+ function. "t is estimated that 1(% of all greenhouse gas emissions are the result of deforestation. $eforestation is a particular concern ecause these forests are home to much of the worlds iodiversity. For example! in the ,ma-on around 1.% of the forest has een lost in last (/ years! mostly due to forest conversation for cattle ranching. ,ccording to the ecologists! for live a le environment there should e forest on the 0(% land of the total area.

Objectives of Study
The main o 1ectives of the study is To find the causes of deforestation. To find the effect of deforestation. To find the pro a le solution of deforestation.

Causes of Deforestation
The deforestation causes include many factors. The destruction of the forests is occurring due to various reasons! one of the main reasons the common causes. eing the short'term economic enefits. 2atural disaster! industriali-ation! salinity and sedimentation! mining! and ur an construction are some of

Natural disaster
, natural disaster is a ma1or adverse event resulting from deforestation including floods! volcanic! earth*ua+es! tsunamis and other geologic process. , natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage! and typically leaves some economic damage in its wa+e! the severity of which depends on the affected populations resilience or a ility to recover.

Urban construction
Forests are cleared to ma+e way for the expansion of ur an areas. Trees are cut down for lum er that is used for uilding materials! furniture! and paper products which creates a ma1or impact on forest life. This result in loss of forest area and massive deforestation.

Industrialization
$eforestation can also e caused y clearing forests for oil and mining explosions! ma+ing highways and roads! slash and urn farming techni*ues! wildfires and acid rain. Forest fires can occur naturally or in most cases are deli erate attempts y man to clear huge forests. These

forests can still recover! ut usually the cleared land is used for construction and agriculture purpose. This leads to loss of ha itat for the local wildlife.

Salinity & Sedimentation

3hile water is one of the most essential ingredients that is re*uired that is re*uired for the normal growth of crops! the use of water with a high salinity! that is! water that contains higher amounts of salt! adversely affects the soil as well as crop growth. The salt present in the water accumulate in the heater accumulate in the top layer of the soil! resulting in decreased yields! and ultimately ma+ing the soil and the land unfit for crop yielding and other agricultural practices. %edimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entertained !and come to rest against arrier day y day it is increasing and it effect on deforestation.

Fueling
Trees are cut down to e used as firewood or turned into charcoal! which are used for coo+ing and heating purpose. Fuelwood gathering is often concentrated in tropical dry forests and degraded forest areas 45epetto! 16))7 166/7 5owe et al.! 16607 ,non.! 166&a8. Fuelwood is not usually the ma1or cause of deforestation in the humid tropics although it can e in some populated regions with reduced forest area such as in the 9hilippines! Thailand and parts of :entral ,merica. Fuelwood gathering was considered to e the main cause of deforestation and forest degradation in ;l %alvador 45epetto! 166/8. "n the drier areas of tropics! Fuelwood gathering can e a ma1or cause of deforestation and degradation.

Mining
Mining causes deforestation in many ways. First of all! the process of mining releases many chemicals into the water ways of the rainforest cyanide and mercury can! and are often released into tri utaries of the rainforest! +illing the animals that line in of the water. The mining process

also involves many explosions! which clear out land that is home to plant and animal species. The already poor soil is lown away! ending all planet life that can ever thrive there. ,s miners enter a rainforest! they create massive roadways that are needed to ta+e all the materials into the rainforest. These roadways result in the cutting down of trees! and +illing of wildlife that could possi ly threaten the well' eing of the wor+ers. ,nd lastly! the miners ring in diseases to the rainforest when they come. ,nd often time these disease +ill of whole indigenous tri es. The mining process +ills nations! animals and wildlife. ,nd it spreads deadly chemicals into the pure ecosystem.

ffects of Deforestation
There are num ers of adverse effect of deforestation that include environmental and economical. %ome of these are listed elow.

Destroying ecological balance

$eforestation is the cause of destroying ecological alance. $eforestation causes extinction! changes to climatic conditions! deforestation and displacement of populations as o served y current conditions! desertification and displacement of populations as o served y current conditions and in the past through the fossil record. $eforestation is a contri utor to glo al warming. Tropical deforestation is a responsi le for approximately 0/% of world greenhouse gas emissions. The drin+ing water cycle is also affected y deforestation. 9lants and plants s+etch out ground water through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. $eforestation reduces the content of drin+ing water in the earth. $eforestation reduces floor communication! so that loss rising and landslides happen. $eforestation on a human range results in decrease in io'diversity.

!tinction of endangered s"ecies

$eforestation has caused ha itat loss to many animal species. %pecies that are native to 1ungles and tropical rain forest! such orangutans and tigers! are endangered y ha itat loss. Mined three' toed sloths and the slender <oris are endangered solely ecause of deforestation. ,sian elephant! giant others and mountain -e ras are all threatened y ha itat loss.

Soil erosion
3hen the soil is exposed to the sun upon deforestation! it ecomes very dry and infertile due to loss of nutrients. 3hen there is rainfall! it washes away the rest of the nutrients! which flow with the rainwater into eater ways. 5eplanting trees may not help to solving the pro lems caused y deforestation. #y the time the trees mature! the soil will e totally devoid of essential nutrients. ,s a result! the land will not e suita le for cultivation and will ecome useless large tracts of land will e rendered permanently improvers due to soil erosion.

Climate c#ange
"t is well'+nown that glo al warming is eing caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases li+e car on dioxide into the atmosphere. =owever! what is not +nown *uite as well is that deforestation has a direction association with car on dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Trees act as a ma1or storage depot for car on. %ince they a sor car on'dioxide from atmosphere! which is then used to produce car ohydrates! fats and proteins that ma+e up trees are urnt or they are allowed to rot! which results in them as car on dioxide. This in turn! leads to greater concentration of car on dioxide in the atmosphere.

$ad im"act on %orld economy

$eforestation and its effects can change the living standards of the people .=uman societies utili-e tim er and wood from forest uilding houses and ma+ing paper. >n an average it is estimated that three million people depend on wood for coo+ing and other purposes. 5apid increase in economic growth also has the impact on forests. ,s population increases! there is demand for new homes and empty spaces. 5oads are laid to expand cities and results in the reduction of forest cover.

Solution of Deforestation
$eforestation doesnt 1ust threaten our climate7 it threatens the livelihoods of 1.6 illion people that rely on forests for food and economic activity. Forests also serve as ha itats to rare and undiscovered animal and plant species and play a +ey role in providing water and preventing flooding and erosion. "t is our foremost duty to stop deforestation.

&ree "lantation
Trees should e regularly planted to save the man+ind and the animal world. 3e can get much pleasure in planting trees and in ta+ing care of them. 3ithout oxygen! the animal world will die away. %o! we should plant trees near our villages for a forestation with a view to raising new forests.

'lanned urbanization
5efers to the increasing num er of people that line in ur an areas planned ur ani-ation is needed for all living things. To reduce deforestation pro lem ur ani-ation should e properly planned. 9lanned ur ani-ation! strict good rules and laws! conscious people are responsi le governor are per*uisites to live in eautiful city.

Ma(ing alternatives to fueling

,lternative fuels are derived from resources other than petroleum. %ome are produced domestically! reducing our dependence on imported oil! and some are derived from renewa le sources often! they produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel. ;thanol? ;thanol produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.

Natural gas
2atural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.

$iodiesel
#iodiesel is derived from vegeta le produces less air pollutants than petroleum ased diesel.

ffective cam"aign for "ublic alertness

There have een many campaigns against deforestation across the glo e that has played a huge role in ma+ing more people aware of the situation and the repercussions that will result from it. The 3orld 3ide Fund have een one of the most original when it comes to their campaigning against it and have created very alarming advertisements that leave a dent in those that witness the adverts mind. @reenpeace created a campaign against deforestation from a different angle and instead of scaring the pu lic7 they decide to ma+e their campaign humorous to gain more attention. @reenpeace is campaigning for -ero deforestation! glo ally! y 0/0/. The A2 has created the 5;$$ program to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. The strategies in 5;$$ place a value on the car on stored in trees! and once assessed! developed countries then pay developing countries car on offsets for the standing trees. <i+e other countries #angladesh has also started different campaigning programs. :reative #angladesh tries to increase awareness among people against deforestation and unplanned ur ani-ation.

nacting ne% la%s for land and forest

Forest law enforcement has long een considered as the most useful approach to prevent illegal logging and widely practiced across the countries. =owever their efficacy and role to prevent illegal logging has *uestioned very often! particularly in the tropics! where there exists a complex socio'political context favored y chronic poverty and unemployment. "n #angladesh till now enforcement of customary forest law has considered as the only way to control illegal logging! which is in accordance with the Forest ,ct 160. formulated during the #ritish colonial period with little amendments on it y the @overnment of #angladesh 4@o#8 in 166&. %ome important features of the ,ct are? 4i8 Ander the purview of the Forest ,ct! all rights or claims over

forestlands have een settled at the time of the reservation. The ,ct prohi its the grant of any new rights of any +ind to individuals or communities7 4ii8 ,ny activity within the forest reserves is prohi ited! unless permitted y the Forest $epartment7 4iii8 Most of the violations may result in court cases where the minimum fine is Ta+a 0!/// andBor two monthCs rigorous imprisonment7 and 4iv8 The ,ct empowers the Forest $epartment to regulate the use of water'courses within 5eserve Forests. ;nforcement of customary forest law has no or very little impact on overall situation7 even in some cases it has further worsened the condition as some illegal loggers continued their activity 1ust to manage the fees of their court and lawyer. #angladesh @overnment has to impose new strong laws li+e other develop country such as A% D 9araguayan. The 9araguayan government has extended the EFero $eforestation <awG for a further five years! resulting in an important conservation win for this highly threatened eco' region. The <and :onversion Moratorium for the ,tlantic Forest of 9araguay! also +nown as the EFero $eforestation <awG was enacted in 0//& and dramatically slowed the countrys deforestation rate y prohi iting the transformation and conversion of forested areas in 9araguayCs eastern region.

Substitute "lace for friendly firing of military

Militari-ation has also responsi le to cause deforestation and forest degradation in #angladesh through heartening the military esta lishment in hill forest areas. #engali expansionism is another countenance of militari-ation in hill forest areas. This phenomenon is present in :hittagong hill forest areas. The militari-ation in the hill tracts is also responsi le for the deforestation of those areas. 9articipants from F@$s and interviews reported that! huge amount of forest had een cleared y the military for ma+ing of their camp! training centre and infrastructural development. "t is found from the field that! firing range which is uilt y the military is another reason for deforestation. @overnment and military of #angladesh has to thin+ regarding this matter and they have to find out another su stitute place for ma+ing camp! training center and firing range.

Conclusion
$eforestation is a vital issue that has to e solved. "t has adverse effects on each living eings life. $eforestation has ecome a huge concern in todays life as there has een a rise in the decline of forest. "f ma1or steps towards afforestation are not ta+en! then even the great adapta ility of human eings may not e enough to cope up with the harsh climate future. $eforestation does have solutions. "ts 1ust that the people must step forward. The safe +eeping of our precious planet lies with each and every mem er of its human population. 3e are the ones accounta le for our action even though it is ourselves! we are accounta le too.