Chemical Formulae And Equations

A. Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

Based on the theory of particles:

particles are very small and discrete. A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly Thus, the mass of an atom is obtained by comparing it with another atom which is taken as a standard.

 3 types of scale to determine the mass of the particles

a) Compared with a hydrogen-1 scale b) Compared with an oxygen-16 c) Compared with carbon-12 (modern comparison

UNTILL TODAY)

Relative atomic mass, RAM

Meaning;

The average mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. Relative Atomic Mass, RAM = Average mass of one atom of the element 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

 Example:

RAM of magnesium = 24 = 24 1/12 x 12 = magnesium is 24 times larger than carbon-12 ** THE VALUE OF NUCLEON NUMBER IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT = RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS, RAM

Relative molecular mass, RMM

Meaning;

The average mass of one molecule when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. Relative Molecular Mass, RMM = Average mass of one molecule 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Calculate RMM/RFM by adding up the relative

atomic mass of all the atoms that present in the molecule/ionic compound

B. The Mole and the Number of Particles

The number of particles in matter is measured in

mole. Definition: The amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 Symbol of mole: mol

How many atoms are there in 12 g of carbon-12? = 6.02 1023

The value of 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro

constant or Avogadro number Avogadro constant, NA The number of particles in one mole of a substance

Point to note: One mole of any substance contains 6.02 1023 particles 1 mol of atomic substance contains 6.02 1023 atoms 1 mol of molecular substance contains 6.02 1023 molecules 1 mol of ionic substance contains 6.02 1023 ions

Relationship between the number of moles and the number of particles

NA

Number of moles, (mol)

Number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions)

NA

Number of particles

Moles

NA

Example 1:
A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2 (a) How many oxygen molecules, O2 are there in the bottle? (b) How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle? [Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol-1]

Number of particles

a) The number of oxygen molecules, O2

= 0.5 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1 = 3.01 1023 molecules

b) The number of oxygen atoms

Moles

NA

= 0.5 mol 6.02 1023 mol-1 2 = 6.02 1023 atoms

Example 2:
Find the number of moles of 9.03 1023 molecules in a sample containing molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2 [Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol-1]
The number of moles carbon dioxide = 9.03 1023 6.02 1023 mol-1 = 1.5 mol
Number of particles

Moles

NA

C. The Mole and the Mass of Substances

The mass of one mole of any substance is called molar

mass Units: g mol-1 The molar mass of substances are numerically equal to relative mass

Element Helium Sodium Water, H2O Ammomia, NH3 4 23

Relative mass

Mass of 1 mol
4 23 18 17

Molar mass
4 g mol-1 23 g mol-1 18 g mol-1 17 g mol-1

2(1) + 16 = 18 14 + 3(1) = 17

Relationship between the number of moles and the mass of a substance

molar mass

Number of moles, (mol)

Mass (g)

molar mass

Mass (g)
RAM / RMM / RFM

Moles

Example 1:
What is the mass of (a) 0.1 mol of magnesium? (b) 2.408 1023 atoms of magnesium? [Relative atomic mass: Mg=24; Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol-1]

(a) Molar mass of Mg = 24 g mol-1

Mass (g)
RAM / RMM / RFM

Mass of Mg = 0.1 mol 24 g mol-1 = 2.4 g (b) The number of moles Mg atoms = 2.408 1023 6.02 1023 mol-1 = 0.4 mol Mass of Mg atoms

Moles

Number of particles

Moles

NA

= 0.4 mol 24 g mol-1 = 9.6 g

Example 2:
How many moles of molecules are there in 16 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2? [Relative atomic mass: O=16, S=32] RMM of SO2 = 32 + 2(16) = 64 Molar mass of SO2 = 64 g mol-1
The number of moles = 16 g 64 g mol-1 = 0.25 mol
Mass (g)
RAM / RMM / RFM

Moles

D. The Mole and the Volume of Gas

The volume occupied by one mole of the gas is called

molar volume One mole of any gas always has the same volume under the same temperature and pressure The molar volume of any gas is 22.4 dm3 at STP or 24 dm3 at room condition

Relationship between the number of moles and the volume of gas

molar volume

Number of moles, (mol)

Volume of gas (dm3)

molar volume

Volume (dm3)
22.4 dm3 (STP) / 24 dm3 (room condition)

Moles

Example 1:
What is the volume of 1.2 mol of ammonia gas, NH3 at STP?
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]
Volume (dm3)

The volume of ammonia gas, NH3 = 1.2 mol 22.4 = 26.88 dm3
dm3 mol-1

Moles

22.4 dm3 (STP) / 24 dm3 (RC)

Example 2:
How many moles of ammonia gas, NH3 are present in 600 cm3 of the gas measured at room conditions?
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition] The number of moles of ammonia gas, NH3 = 0.6 dm3 24 = 0.025 mol
dm3 mol-1 = 600 cm3 1000 = 0.6 dm3
Volume (dm3)
22.4 dm3 (STP) / 24 dm3 (RC)

Moles

Relationship between the number of moles, number of particles, mass and the volume of gas
NA molar mass

Number of particles

Number of moles, (mol)

Mass (g)

NA molar volume

molar mass

molar volume

Volume of gas (dm3)

E. Chemical Formulae
A chemical formulae

A representation of a chemical substance using letters for atom and subscript numbers to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance

Symbol of hydrogen atom

H2

Shows that there are two hydrogen atom in a hydrogen gas, H2 molecule

Symbol of hydrogen atom

Symbol of oxygen atom

H2 O
Shows that there are two hydrogen atom in a water molecule Shows that there are one oxygen atom in a water molecule

 Compound can be represented by two types:

1. Empirical formula 2. Molecular formula

Empirical formula
Meaning

Formula that show the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Example
A sample of aluminium oxide contains 1.08 g of aluminium and 0.96 g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of this compound? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16; Al = 27]

Element Mass of element (g) Number of mole (mol) Ratio of moles

Simplest ratio

Al

Experiment question:
Describe how you can carry out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. Your description should include Procedure of experiment Tabulation of result Calculation of the results obtained [Relative atomic mass: O = 16; Mg = 24]

Procedure:
1. Clean (5-15 cm) magnesium ribbon with sandpaper and coil it
2. Weigh an empty crucible with its lid 3. Place the magnesium in the crucible and weigh again 4. Record the reading 5. Heat the crucible strongly 6. Open and close the lid very quickly

7. When burning is complete, stop the heating

8. Let the crucible cool and then weigh it again 9. The heating, cooling and weighing process is repeated until a constant mass is recorded

Result:
Description Crucible + lid Crucible + lid + Mg Mass (g) x y

Crucible +lid + MgO

Calculation:
Mg Mass (g) No. of mole y-x (y-x)/24 O z-y (z-y)/16

Ratio

Empirical formula = MgO

Discussion
1. H2 gas must be flowed through the apparatus to remove all the air 2. H2 gas must be flowed throughout the experiment to prevent the air from outside mixing with the H2 gas 3. H2 gas flowed through the apparatus during cooling to prevent copper being oxidised by air into copper(II) oxide 4. Repeat heating, cooling & weighing process to ensure all the copper(II) oxide changed into copper

5. This method is to determine empirical formula of oxide of metals which are less reactive than H2 in the reactivity series 6. Other example: Lead(II) oxide, Iron(II) oxide 7. Anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the H2 gas

Molecular formula
Meaning

Formula that show the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

Example:
(CH3)n n [12 + 3(1) ] 15n n = 30 = 30 = 30 = 30/15 =2

Molecular formula = (CH3)2 = C2H6

Ionic formulae

Ionic compounds
Positive ions Negative ions

(cation)

(anion)

Formulae of cations & anions

Cation Sodium ion Potassium ion Zinc ion Magnesium ion Calcium ion Aluminium ion Iron(II) ion Iron(III) ion Copper(II) ion Ammonium ion Formula Na+ K+ Zn2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+ Anion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Oxide ion Hydroxide ion Sulphate ion Carbonate ion Nitrate ion Phosphate ion Formula ClBrIO2OHSO42CO32NO3PO43-