PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT EXPERIMENT 3

HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION-CALORIMETRIC METHOD

4TH MARCH 2014

NAME : BHINITHA A/P CHANDRASAGARAN ID :18802 PARTNERS NAME :RAGAVI A/P PALANIAPPAN GROUP :1B COURSE : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB DEMONSTRATORS NAME :

OBJECTIVES To determine the heat of ionization of water and the heat of the second
ionization of malonic acid

PROCEDURE

1.

The experiment is set up as shown in figure 3.1.As seen from figure,the calorimeter consist of a 1-qt Dewar flask and a thermometer supported on a magnetic stirrer. 2. The water is stirred at a moderate rate and the temperature is read every 20 seconds until it becomes constant within 0.5 C 3. Then pipette 50 ml of ice water into the flask.Withdrawn the ice water for this purpose with a chilled pipe from an ice-water mixture in 1-pt thermos bottle. 4. The temperature of the ice water in the thermos is then recorded. 5. The water is stirred in the calorimeter and the temperature is read every 20 seconds until a value constant within 0.05 C is obtained.This process is repeated and the average of the data taken for the calculation of the heat capacity 6. Dry the Dewar flask thoroughly and carefully measure 250 ml of the 0.2 N sodium hydroxide into the calorimeter 7. Stir the solution and record the temperature reading every 20 seconds until three value constant within 0.05 C is obtained 8. Quickly add 50 ml of the 2.0 N hydrochloric acid solution.Its temperature before addition should be close tot the temperature of the solution in the calorimeter 9. A duplicate determination is the made. 10. The procedure is then repeated with 2.0 N sulphuric acid and 2.0 N acetic acid solutions to substitute hydrochloric acid.

DISCUSSION
i. OBSERVATION a) In the beginning of the experiment, the change in temperature of calorimeter after the ice water being added into the distilled water in the thermos was observed in order to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter by using the equation (50 x 4.18)( - T) = C( )

b) The temperature of calorimeter decreases as heat always flows from the hot body to the cold body according to the second law of thermodynamics and in this situation heat flows from the distilled water to the ice water. c) The second part of the experiment is to determine the heat of neutralization for the neutralization reaction which involves both acid and base. d) After hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and acetic acid are added into sodium hydroxide respectively, the temperature rises immediately for these three reactions as neutralization is an exothermic reaction in which heat is evolved from the reaction resulting in H<0.

ii.

DIFFERENCE IN RESULTS Theres a difference in results in terms of the change in temperature in table 2. This is because heat of neutralization strongly favors the formation of product which is water, in . Thus, the mole of is higher than that in determines the rate of reaction. As the mole of and so it has the highest rate of . In short, the change

reaction. As for HCl, it is a stronger acid compared to

in temperature reading from highest to lowest for the three reactions is in such arrangement, iii. > HCl > .

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EXPERIMENT The effectiveness of this experiment is moderate overall. Heat is dissipated when reaction occurs and there is a high possibility that the heat will flow to the surroundings although we assume that theres no heat transfer to the surroundings. Heat can be easily lost to the surrounding during the experiment especially the moment when we remove the top of the flask to add acid into it. The heat loss can be

reduced by making a small hole on top cover of the flask and then pipette the acid into the flask through the hole.

iv.

MODIFICATION a) The calorimeter used in this experiment does not result in accurate results as heat is dissipated to the surroundings when the chemical substance is added into the flask. From that, the experimental value deviates from the theoretical value. The modification that can be done by making a small hole on the top cover of the flask so that the chemical substance can be added into the flask by using pipette through that hole. This can reduce the heat lost to the surrounding.

b) The thermos flask used also results in an inaccurate data. This is because after each part of the experiment is finished we need to dry the thermos flask before adding in new chemical substance and it is difficult to scrub the bottom of the flask so the leftover droplets will be added into the newly added chemical substance resulting in a slight increase of the volume of the solution. The modification that can be done is to heat up the thermos flask until all the droplets evaporate.

c) The volume of the chemical substance used is also insufficient. Apparently, the thermometer should not be in contact with thermos but with the chemical substance that is going to be tested. However, due to a small amount of chemical substance used, the thermometer has to be in contact with the basement of the thermos flask to obtain the temperature reading of the liquid. Therefore, the modification that can be done is to change the volume of the chemical substance to be more appropriate.

v.

SCIENCE FACTS AND THEORIES a) Every chemical change is accompanied by a change in energy, usually in the form of heat. The energy change of a reaction that occurs at constant pressure is termed the heat of reaction or the enthalpy change. The symbol H is used to denote the enthalpy change. If heat is evolved, the reaction is exothermic (H<0) and if heat is absorbed, the reaction is endothermic (H>0) and this experiment heat is evolved this neutralization is an exothermic reaction.

b) The theory states that 57,200 joules are evolved when 1 mole of a strong base is neutralized by 1 mole of a strong acid in a sufficiently dilute solution at 25C. In such a process the only chemical change taking place is the reaction between the hydrogen ions, and the hydroxyl ions, to form water. In this experiment,

the result is less than the theoretical value stated due to some errors. For instance, the volume of the acid or base may not be measured accurately so not all substances react each other completely as there must one of them that is in excess.

c) Besides, the theory also states that if acids which are only partly ionized are used, the quantity of heat evolved is much less than 57,200 J and it is verified in this experiment in which the heat of neutralization evolved from the reaction between (Weak acid) and NaOH is much less than HCl and respectively. d) Large concentrations of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion cannot coexist in solution, because the neutralization reaction strongly favors the product (water). H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (l) with NaOH

e) In this experiment, three various acids are used to neutralize sodium hydroxide solution. The neutralization reaction will occur until either H+ or OH- is entirely consumed. The reactant which is consumed entirely first is called the limiting reactant.

f) The molar enthalpy of neutralization is defined as H = where q is the heat of neutralization, measured calorimetrically, and n is the number of moles of the limiting reactant.

g) The equivalent concentration or normality of a solution is defined as the molar concentration, divided by an equivalence factor, : Normality = vi. ANALYSIS OF ERROR AND PROBLEMS FACED a) Systematic Error: - Parallax error occurs when the eye level is not perpendicular to the reading scale of the measuring cylinder. Treatment of error: The eye level must be perpendicular to the reading scale of the measuring cylinder. Heat can be easily lost to the surroundings when the top cover of the thermos flask is removed to add in the chemical substance resulting in a deviation from the theoretical value. Treatment of error: Make a hole on the top cover and pipette the chemical substance into the flask through the hole to reduce heat lost to the surrounding.

b) Random Error: - During the process of drying the thermo flask, it is difficult to scrub the basement of the flask thus theres some leftover droplets and thus the volume and concentration of the acid or base is affected. Treatment of error: Heat up the thermo flask until all the droplets evaporate or substitute with another dry flask.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, heat of neutralization can be determined through calorimetric method. If solutions of moderate concentrations are used, a higher value for the heat of neutralization is often obtained. This is verified by the results obtained which are 60.49 kJ/mol and 73.26 kJ/mol from the reaction between strong acids, HCl and and base, NaOH respectively. If acids which

are only partly ionized are used, the quantity of heat evolved is much less than 57,200 J. This is proven by the result obtained from Reaction III which is 56.50 kJ/mol as a weak acid is being used. Besides, the heat of ionization of water can be found from the heat of neutralization as water is produced from the neutralization process. The experimental value obtained deviates from the theoretical value due to heat lost to the surroundings.

REFERENCES
Crockford H.D., Baird H.W., Nowell J.W., Getzen F.W.; Laboratory manual of Physical Chemistry; Second Edition; John Wiley & Sons; 1975. Atkins P., Paula J.D.; Physical Chemistry; Ninth Edition; Oxford University Press; 1978.