Chapter 3.

3 Solutions and Suspensions Name: ______________________(

CHAPTER MAP & OVERVIEW CHAPTER 3.1 SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS

) Class: ______ Date: ____________

Solutions Nature Homogeneous Clear Light can pass through Solution can pass through filter paper

Suspensions

Solubility

Non-Homogeneous Cloudy Light cannot pass through Residue collected when passed through filter paper Formed when Substance does not dissolve in solvent

Small amount of solute present

Large amount of solute present (<solubility limit) Concentrated

Large amount of solute present (=solubility limit) Saturated

Large amount of solute present (>solubility limit) Supersaturated

Dilute

Learning Outcomes: Pupils are expected to (a) distinguish among solute, solvent and solution (b) deduce the nature of solutions and suspensions by simple laboratory tests (c) investigate the factors that affect the solubility and rate of dissolving of substances (d) recognise the importance of these factors in homes and industries (e) interpret solubility graphs and draw suitable conclusions from it

Solutions All solutions are mixtures that consist of 2 parts: Solvent: The substance that the solute or solutes dissolve in and it forms the bulk of the solution Solute: The substance that dissolves For example, we can dissolve salt (_solute__) in water (_solvent__) to form a salt solution. You can no longer see the salt particles in the water. Most common types of solutions: solid, liquid or a gas dissolves in a liquid solvent. However, there are also many solutions which are formed by dissolving a solid in another solid, a gas in another gas or by other combinations of the 3 physical states For our syllabus, we shall focus mainly on liquid solutions with water as the solvent, which is known as an _aqueous__ solution. There are many other liquid solvents like oil, ethanol, acetone, hexane and so on. Lets think! Why are solutions considered mixtures? No chemical changes take place, No fixed composition (i.e. can be in different concentration)

Nature of Solutions A solution is homogeneous when the colour, density, appearance and other physical and chemical properties are the same in every part of the solution The solute particles which are spread evenly in the solvent are too small to reflect or block any light passing through the solution, the light will pass through the solution. Lets think! What will happen if a solution is filtered? Will there be any residue left?

No residue as solute particle is too small

Solubility The solubility of a substance in a solvent is the maximum quantity of that substance which can dissolve in 100 g of the solvent at a given temperature (Units: g/100g) E.g. Copper(II) sulfate has a solubility of 32 g / 100 g of water at 20 C. This means that a maximum of ____32______g of copper(II) sulfate can dissolve in 100 g of water at 20 C. Describing solutions A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a large volume of solvent. A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute dissolved in its solvent.

A saturated solution is one which contains a large amount of solute dissolved in its solvent such that no further solute can dissolve. 2 100 dilute 30 100 concentrated 32 100 saturated 40 100 Suspension (not covered yet)

Copper(II) sulfate / g Water / g Description

Table of Solubilities Substance Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate Iodine Iodine Sodium chloride Sodium chloride

Solvent Water Water Water Ethanol Water Water

Temperature / C 20 80 20 20 20 80

Solubility / (g / 100 g) 32 84 <1 21 36 38

From the table of solubilities, what do you think are the factors affecting the solubility of a solute in a solvent? Temperature, Nature of Solvent and Solute Solubility graphs A solubility graph shows clearly how the solubility of different solutes vary with different temperatures. We can see that solubility usually increase as the temperature increases. Which substance has the highest solubility at 0 C? Sucrose What is its solubility? 180 g / 100g What is the maximum amount of sucrose can be dissolved in 50 g of water at 20 C ? 100 g

Rate of Dissolving Rate of dissolving is the time taken for the dissolving process, from the time the solute is added to the solvent, until it has completely dissolved. Important: Rate of dissolving is not solubility!

Activity Think about dissolving sugar in water to make sugar syrup. What do you think are the factors affecting the rate of dissolving of the sugar? 1. Temperature 2. Rate of stirring 3. Surface area of solute Suspensions When we add sand to water, the sand does not dissolve in the water, and we obtain a suspension of sand in water. We can see the sand particles in the water.

Solution

Suspension

A suspension is formed when the substance does not dissolve in the solvent or when the amount of substance present is over its solubility limit Nature of Suspensions A suspension is usually non-homogeneous. The insoluble particles in a suspension are big enough to prevent light from passing through the suspension. When a suspension is left to stand for some time, the particles will settle to the bottom. Activity Compare between the properties of a solution and a suspension. Solution What happens when it is passed through filter paper? What happens when it is left to settle? Is it homogenous (same throughout)? Can light pass through? Solution passes through No visible change Yes Yes Suspension Insoluble particles collected as residue Particles settle at bottom No No