NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept.

of Aerospace Engineering


1
Module5:
Multi - Dimensional
Problems



Lecture 24:
Linearized Compressible Flow
(Contd.)



















NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


2


1 1 1
2 2 2
j j
i i i
ij ijk k
j j i j i
u u
u u u
e
x x x x x
c e
| | | |
c c
c c c
= + + =
| |
| |
c c c c c
\ . \ .


Irrotational flow
i
i
x
u u
c
c
= V =

,




Kelvins theorem:

In an inviscid flow of a homogeneous fluid without body forces the circulation along a closed fluid line
remains constant with respect to time.

Irrotational Flow

Consider adiabatic, irrotational flow. From Croccos theorem, these flows are isentropic. The equations
are

( ) 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
j
j
u
x t

i j
i
j
i
x
p
x
u
u
t
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c



o o
p
p

| |
=
|
\ .
or, = S constant

Auxiliary conditions

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


3

0 =
c
c

c
c
i
j
j
i
x
u
x
u


i
i
u
x
c
=
c

( )
2 2 2
1 2 3
1
;
2
O
h u u u h + + + =
for a perfect gas
2
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1 2 1
-

+
=

=
+ +
+

a
a u u u a
O

Consider steady flow. Pressure can be eliminated from the momentum equation using

2
i i i
s
p p
a
x x x

| | c c c c
= =
|
c c c c
\ .

Scalar multiplying the momentum equation by
i
u
2
i i
i j i
j i i
u u p a
u u u
x x x

c c c
= =
c c c

k
k
x
u
a
c
c
=
2
(introducing steady continuity)
Expanding

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 2
1 2 3 1 2
1 2 3 2 1
3 3 2 1
2 3 3 1
3 2 1 3
0
u u u u u
u a u a u a u u
x x x x x
u u u u
u u u u
x x x x
| | c c c c c
+ + + +
|
c c c c c
\ .
| | | | c c c c
+ + + + =
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .

In terms of the velocity potential, the equation becomes

j j j i j i
x x x x x x a c c
c
=
c c
c
c
c
c
c
2 2
2
1


NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


4
or

2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 0
y
x z
xx yy zz
x y y z
z x
xy yz xz
a a a
a a a

| |
| | | |
+ +
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
=

Reduces to standard Laplace equation for incompressible flow (
2
a )
In natural coordinates ( ) n s,

2
2
1
1 0
u u
a u s n
u
| |
c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .


Small perturbation theory

Free stream
( ) ( )

a T p x along U , , ,
1

=
a
U
M


0 , 0 ,
3 2 1
= = =

u u U u


Small perturbation
w u u u U u = = + =
3 2 1
, , v

1 , , <<

U
w
U U
u v

The equation of motion can then be written as

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


5


( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 3 2 1 3
u w u w
a U u w
x x x x x x
u w w u
U u w U u w
x x x x x x
v v
v
v v
v v

| |
c c c c c c
+ + = + + +
|
c c c c c c
\ .
| | | | | | c c c c c c
+ + + + + + + +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ .

From the energy equation

( )
2 1 1 2
2 2
2 2 2
2

+

+
+ + + U a a w u U

v


or
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1
w u u U a a + + +

=

v

Substituting and dividing by
2

a

( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

3 2 1
2
1
x
w
x x
u
M
v



( )
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
x
u
U
w
U
u
U
u
M
c
c
(

+
+
+
+ +

( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
x
U
u w
U
U
u
M
c
c
(

+
+
+
+ +

v v

( )
3
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
x
w
U
u
U
w
U
u
M
c
c
(

+
+
+
+ +

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


6
2
2
2 1 3 1 2 3
1 1
v u u w u u w w w
M
U U x x U U x x U x x
v v v

(
| | | | | || | | |
c c c c c c
+ + + + + + + +
( | | | | |
c c c c c c
(
\ .\ . \ .\ . \ .





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