The American Pageant, 13th Edition Textbook Notes Chapter 01 - New Wor d !

eginnings "# The $haping o% North America 1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was 500 years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin coloni ation !. "he theory of Pangaea e#ists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega$continent. "hey then spread out as drifting islands. %. &eologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Roc'y (ountains. ). "he &reat Ice Age thrust down o*er +orth America , scoured the present day American (idwest. ""# Peop ing the Americas 1. "he -and .ridge theory. o As the &reat Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers o*er +orth America. o "he theory holds that a &and !ridge emerged lin'ing Asia , +orth America across what is now 'nown as the .ering /ea. 0eople were said to ha*e wal'ed across the 1bridge1 before the sea le*el rose and sealed it off2 thus populating the Americas. o "he -and .ridge is said to ha*e occurred an estimated %5,000 years ago. !. (any peoples o "hose groups that tra*ersed the bridge spread across +orth, 3entral, and /outh America. o 3ountless tribes emerged with an estimated !,000 languages. +otably4 Incas4 0eru, with elaborate networ' of roads and bridges lin'ing their empire. (ayas4 5ucatan 0eninsula, with their step pyramids. A tecs4 (e#ico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of con6uered peoples. """# The Ear iest Americans 1. 7e*elopment of corn or mai'e around 5,000 ..3. in (e#ico was re*olutionary in that4 o "hen, people didn8t ha*e to be hunter$gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers. o "his fact ga*e rise to towns and then cities. o 3orn arri*ed in the present day 9./. around 1,!00 ..3. !. P(eb o "ndians o "he 0ueblos were the 1st American corn growers. o "hey li*ed in adobe houses :dried mud; and pueblos :1*illages1 in /panish;. 0ueblos are *illages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stac'ed one on top the other and often beneath cliffs. o "hey had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from ri*ers to grown corn. %. (ound .uilders o "hese people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the <hio =alley.

3aho'ia, near East /t. -ouis today, held )0,000 people. ). Eastern Indians o Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and s6uash in three sister farming4 3orn grew in a stal' pro*iding a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stal', s6uash8s broad lea*es 'ept the sun off the ground and thus 'ept the moisture in the soil. "his group li'ely had the best :most di*erse; diet of all +orth American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw :/outh; and "ro)(ois :+orth;. 5. "ro)(ois Con%ederation o *iawatha was the legendary leader of the group. o "he Iro6uois 3onfederation was a group of 5 tribes in +ew 5or' state. o "hey were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line. o Each tribe 'ept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, li'e war>defense. o "his was not the norm. 9sually, Indians were scattered and separated :and thus wea';. 6. +ati*e Americans had a *ery different *iew of things as compared to Europeans. o +ati*e Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe did. :Europeans li'ed pri*ate property; o Indians felt nature was mi#ed with many spirits. :Europeans were 3hristian and monotheistic; o Indians felt nature was sacred. :Europeans felt nature and land was gi*en to man by &od in &enesis to be subdued and put to use;. o Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. :Europeans lo*ed money or gold;
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"+# "ndirect ,isco-erers o% the New Wor d 1. "he 1st Europeans to come to America were the +orse :=i'ings from +orway;. o Around 1000 A7, the =i'ings landed, led by Erik the .ed and &ei% Erikson. o "hey landed in New%o(nd and or +in and :because of all the *ines;. o ?owe*er, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn8t get the credit. o "he only record is found in =i'ing sagas or songs. !. "he 3hristian 3rusaders of (iddle Ages fought in 0alestine to regain the ?oly -and from (uslims. "his mi#ing of East and @est created a sweet$tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the e#otic East. +# E(ropeans Enter A%rica 1. /arco Po o tra*eled to 3hina and stirred up a storm of European interest. !. (i#ed with desire for spices, an East to @est :Asia to Europe; trade flourished but had to be o*erland, at least in part. "his initiated new e#ploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier :all water; route. %. 0ortugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the $pice "s ands, e*entually rounding Africa8s southern 3ape of &ood ?ope. ). +ew de*elopments4

cara-e 4 a ship with triangular sail that could better tac' : ig$ ag; ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from Africa coast. o compass4 to determine direction. o astro abe4 a se#tant gi mo that could tell a ship8s latitude. 5. /la*e trade begins o "he 1st sla*e trade was across the /ahara 7esert. o -ater, it was along the @est African coast. /la*e traders purposely busted up tribes and families in order to s6uelch any possible uprising. o /la*es wound up on sugar plantations the 0ortuguese had set up on the tropical islands off Africa8s coast. o /pain watched 0ortugal8s success with e#ploration and sla*ing and wanted a piece of the pie.
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+"# Co (mb(s Comes (pon a New Wor d 1. Christopher Co (mb(s con*inced "sabe a and 0erdinand to fund his e#pedition. !. ?is goal was to reach the East :East Indies; by sailing west, thus bypassing the around$ Africa route that 0ortugal monopoli ed. %. ?e misAudged the si e of the Earth though, thin'ing it 1>% the si e of what it was. ). /o, after %0 days or so at sea, when he struc' land, he assumed he8d made it to the East Indies and therefore mistoo' the people as 1 "ndians.1 5. "his spawned the following system4 o Europe would pro*ide the mar'et, capital, technology. o Africa would pro*ide the labor. o "he +ew @orld would pro*ide the raw materials :gold, soil, lumber;. +""# When Wor ds Co ide 1. <f huge importance was the biological flip$flop of <ld and +ew @orlds. /imply put, we traded life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. !. 3olumbian E#change4 o Brom the +ew @orld :America; to the <ld corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pump'in, s6uash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis o Brom the <ld @orld to the +ew cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Centuc'y bluegrass, etc. de*astating diseases :sma pox, yellow fe*er, malaria;, as Indians had no immunities. "he Indians had no immunities in their systems built up o*er generations. An estimated D0E of all pre$3olumbus Indians died, mostly due to disease. +"""# The $panish Con)(istadores 1. Treat1 &ine o% Tordesi as 1)D)4 0ortugal and /pain feuded o*er who got what land. "he 0ope drew this line as he was respected by both. o "he line ran +orth$/outh, and chopped off the .ra ilian coast of /outh America

0ortugal got e*erything east of the line :.ra il and land around>under Africa; /pain got e*erything west of the line :which turned out to be much more, though they didn8t 'now it at the time; !. Con)(istadores F 1con6uerors1 o +asco !a boa4 1disco*ered1 the 0acific <cean across isthmus of 0anama o 0erdinand /age an4 circumna*igates the globe :1st to do so; o Ponce de &eon4 touches and names Blorida loo'ing for legendary 0o(ntain o% 2o(th o *ernando Cortes4 enters Blorida, tra*els up into present day /outheastern 9./., dies and is 1buried1 in (ississippi Ri*er o 0rancisco Pi'arro4 con6uers Incan Empire of 0eru and begins shipping tons of gold>sil*er bac' to /pain. "his huge influ# of precious metals made European prices s'yroc'et :inflation;. o 0rancisco Coronado4 *entured into current /outhwest 9./. loo'ing for legendary El 7orado, city of gold. ?e found the 0ueblo Indians. %. Encomienda s1stem established o Indians were 1commended1 or gi*en to /panish landlords o "he idea of the encomienda was that Indians would wor' and be con*erted to 3hristianity, but it was basically Aust sla*ery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary wor'.
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"3# The Con)(est o% /exico 1. *ernando Corte' con6uered the A tecs at "enochtitlan. !. 3orte went from 3uba to present day =era 3ru , then marched o*er mountains to the A tec capital. %. /onte'(ma, A tec 'ing, thought 3orte might be the god Guet alcoatl who was due to re$appear the *ery year. (onte uma welcomed 3orte into "enochtitlan. ). "he /panish lust for gold led (onte uma to attac' on the noche triste, sad night. 3orte and men fought their way out, but it was smallpo# that e*entually beat the Indians. 5. "he /panish then destroyed "enochtitlan, building the /panish capital :(e#ico 3ity; e#actly on top of the A tec city. 6. A new race of people emerged, mesti os, a mi# of /panish and Indian blood. 3# The $pread o% $panish America 1. /panish society 6uic'ly spread through 0eru and (e#ico !. A threat came from neighbors4 o English4 4ohn Cabot :an Italian who sailed for England; touched the coast of the current day 9./. o Brance4 5io-anni de +erra'ano also touched on the +orth American seaboard. o Brance4 4ac)(es Cartier went into mouth of /t. -awrence Ri*er :3anada;. %. "o oppose this, /pain set up forts :presidios; all o*er the 3alifornia coast. Also cities, li'e /t. Augustine in Blorida. ). ,on 4(an de 6nate followed 3oronado8s old path into present day +ew (e#ico. ?e con6uered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of sur*i*ors Aust so they8d remember. 5. 7espite mission efforts, the 0ueblo Indians re*olted in 0ope8s Rebellion.

6. .obert de &a$a e sailed down the (ississippi Ri*er for Brance claiming the whole region for their Cing -ouis and naming the area 1-ouisiana1 after his 'ing. "his started a slew of place$names for that area, from -a/alle, Illinois to 1-ouis*ille1 and then on down to +ew <rleans :the American counter of Hoan of Arc8s famous *ictory at <rleans;. I. ! ack &egend4 "he .lac' -egend was the notion that /paniards only brought bad things :murder, disease, sla*ery;2 though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, 3hristianity, language, ci*ili ation, so that the .lac' -egend is partly, but not entirely, accurate. Chapter 07 - The P anting o% Eng ish America "# Eng and8s "mperia $tirrings 1. +orth America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the /panish had much control in 3entral and /outh America. !. /pain had only set up /anta Be, while Brance had founded Guebec and .ritain had founded Hamestown. %. In the 1500s, .ritain failed to effecti*ely coloni e due to internal conflicts. o Cing ?enry =III bro'e with the Roman 3atholic 3hurch in the 15%0s and launched the English 0rotestant Reformation. o After Eli abeth I became 6ueen, .ritain became basically 0rotestant, and a ri*alry with 3atholic /pain intensified. o In Ireland, the 3atholics sought /painJs help in re*olting against England, but the English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and de*eloped an attitude of sneering contempt for nati*es. ""# E i'abeth Energi'es Eng and 1. After Brancis 7ra'e pirated /panish ships for gold then circumna*igated the globe, E i'abeth " 'nighted him on his ship. <b*iously, this reward angered the /panish who sought re*enge. !. (eanwhile, English attempts at coloni ation in the +ew @orld failed embarrassingly. +otable of these failures was $ir Wa ter .a eigh and the .oanoke "s and Co on1, better 'nown as KThe &ost Co on1.L %. /ee'ing to get their re*enge, /pain attac'ed .ritain but lost in the $panish ArmadaJs defeat of 15MM. "his opened the door for .ritain to cross the Atlantic. "hey swarmed to America and too' o*er the lead in coloni ation and power. o =ictory also fueled England to new heights due toN /trong go*ernment>popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism &olden age of literature :$hakespeare; .eginning of .ritish dominance at sea :which lasts until 9./. tops them, around 1D00; o .ritain and /pain finally signed a peace treaty in 160). """# Eng and on the E-e o% the Empire

1. In the 1500s, .ritainJs population was mushrooming. !. +ew policy of enc os(re :fencing in land; for farming. "his meant there was less or no land for the poor. %. "he woolen districts fell upon hard times economically. "his meant the wor'ers lost Aobs. ). "radition of primogenit(re F 1st born son inherits A-- fatherJs land. "herefore, younger sons of rich fol' :who couldnJt inherit money; tried their luc' with fortunes elsewhere, li'e America. 5. .y the 1600s, the 9oint-stock compan1 was perfected :in*estors put money into the company with hopes for a good return;, being a forerunner of todayJs corporations. "+# Eng and P ants the ::4amestown /eedlingOO 1. In 1606, the +irginia Compan1 recei*ed a charter from Cing Hames I to ma'e a settlement in the +ew @orld. o /uch Aoint$stoc' companies usually did not e#ist long, as stoc'holders in*ested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then 6uic'ly sell for profit a few years later. !. "he charter of the =irginia 3ompany guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in .ritain. %. <n (ay !), 160I, about 100 English settlers disembar'ed from their ship and founded Hamestown. o Borty colonists had perished during the *oyage. o 0roblems emerged including :a; the swampy site of Hamestown meant poor drin'ing water and mos6uitoes causing malaria and yellow fe*er. :b; men wasted time loo'ing for gold rather than doing useful tas's :digging wells, building shelter, planting crops;, :c; there were ero women on the initial ship. o It didnJt help that a supply ship shipwrec'ed in the .ahamas in 160D either. ). -uc'ily, in 160M, a 3aptain 4ohn $mith too' o*er control and whipped the colonists into shape. o At one point, he was 'idnapped by local Indians and forced into a moc' e#ecution by the chief 0owhatan and had been Ksa*edL by PowhatanJs daughter, Pocahontas. o "he act was meant to show that 0owhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists. o Hohn /mithJs main contribution was that he ga*e order and discipline, highlighted by his Kno wor', no foodL policy. 5. 3olonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, e*en other people. <ne fellow wrote of eating Kpowdered wife.L 6. Binally, in 1610, a relief party headed by &ord ,e &a Warr arri*ed to alle*iate the suffering. I. .y 16!5, out of an original o*erall total of M,000 would$be settlers, only 1,!00 had sur*i*ed. +# C( t(ra C ash in the Chesapeake 1. At first, 0owhatan possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and e*entually, war occurred.

!. "he 0irst Ang o-Powhatan War ended in 161) with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of 0ocahontas to colonist 4ohn .o %e. Rolfe , 0ocahontas nurtured a fa*orable fla*or of sweet tobacco. %. Eight years later, in 16!!, the Indians struc' again with a series of attac's that left %)I settlers, including Hohn Rolfe, dead. ). "he $econd Ang o-Powhatan War began in 16)), ended in 16)6, and effecti*ely banished the 3hesapea'e Indians from their ancestral lands. 5. After the settlers began to grow their own food, the Indians were useless, and were therefore banished. +"# +irginia; Chi d o% Tobacco 1. HamestownJs gold is found and it is tobacco. o RolfeJs sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Hamestown had found its gold. o "obacco created a greed for land, since it hea*ily depleted the soil and ruined the land. !. Representati*e self$go*ernment was born in =irginia, when in 161D, settlers created the ?ouse of .urgesses, a committee to wor' out local issues. "his set America on a self$rule pathway. %. "he first African Americans to arri*e in America also came in 161D. ItJs unclear if they were sla*es or indentured ser*ants. +""# /ar1 and; Catho ic *a-en 1. Religious 7i*ersity o Bounded in 16%) by -ord .altimore, (aryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth o*erall colony to be formed. o It was founded to be a place for persecuted 3atholics to find refuge, a safe ha*en. o -ord .altimore ga*e huge estates to his 3atholic relati*es, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly 0rotestant, creating friction. !. ?owe*er, (aryland prospered with tobacco. %. It had a lot of indentured ser*ants. o <nly in the later years of the 1600s :in (aryland and =irginia; did .lac' sla*ery begin to become popular. ). (arylandJs statute, the Act o% To eration, guaranteed religious toleration to all 3hristians, but decreed the death penalty to Hews and atheists and others who didnJt belie*e in the di*inity of Hesus 3hrist. +"""# The West "ndies; Wa1 $tation to /ain and America 1. As the .ritish were coloni ing =irginia, they were also settling into the @est Indies :/painJs declining power opened the door;. !. .y mid$1600s, England had secured claim to se*eral @est Indies islands, including Hamaica in 1655. %. "hey grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations there. ). "housands of African sla*es were needed to operate sugar plantations. At first, Indians were intended to be used, but disease

'illed an estimated D0E of all +ati*e Americans. /o, Africans were brought in. 5. "o control so many sla*es, KcodesL were set up that defined the legal status of sla*es and the rights of the masters. "hey were typically strict and e#acted se*ere punishments for offenders. "3# Co oni'ing the Caro inas 1. In England, Cing 3harles I had been beheaded. <li*er 3romwell had ruled for ten *ery strict years before tired Englishmen restored Char es "" to the throne in KThe .estoration.L :After all the turmoil 3i*il @ar, they Aust went bac' to a 'ing.; !. "he bloody period had interrupted coloni ation. %. 3arolina was named after 3harles II, and was formally created in 16I0. ). 3arolina flourished by de*eloping close economic ties with the @est Indies, due to the port of 3harleston. 5. (any original 3arolina settlers had come from .arbados and brought in the strict K $ a-e CodesL for ruling sla*es. 6. Interestingly, Indians as sla*es in 3arolina was protested, but to no a*ail. /la*es were sent to the @est Indies to wor', as well as +ew England. I. Rice emerged as the principle crop in 3arolina. o African sla*es were hired to wor' on rice plantations, due to :a; their resistance to malaria and Aust as importantly, :b; their familiarity with rice. M. 7espite *iolence with /panish and Indians, 3arolina pro*ed to be too strong to be wiped out. 3# The Emergence o% North Caro ina 1. (any newcomers to 3arolina were Ks6uatters,L people who owned no land, usually down from =irginia. !. +orth 3arolinians de*eloped a strong resistance to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors. %. "wo Kfla*orsL of 3arolinians de*eloped4 :a; aristocratic and wealthier down south around 3harleston and rice , indigo plantations, and :b; strong$willed and independent$minded up north on small tobacco farms ). In 1I1!, +orth and /outh 3arolina were officially separated. 5. In 1I11, when "uscarora Indians attac'ed +orth 3arolina, the 3arolinians responded by crushing the opposition, selling hundreds to sla*ery and lea*ing the rest to wander north, e*entually becoming the /i#th +ation of the Iro6uois. 3"# &ate-Coming 5eorgia; The !(%%er Co on1 1. &eorgia was intended to be a buffer between the .ritish colonies and the hostile /panish settlements in Blorida :/panish, Indians, runaway sla*es; and the enemy Brench in -ouisiana. !. It was founded last, in 1I%%, by a high$minded group of philanthropists, mainly 4ames 6g ethorpe. %. +amed after Cing &eorge II, it was also meant to be a second chance site for wretched souls in debt.

i*. Hames <glethorpe, the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier$statesman, repelled /panish attac's. O ?e sa*ed Kthe 3harity 3olonyL by his energetic leadership and by using his own fortune to help with the colony. 1. All 3hristians, e#cept 3atholics, enAoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to con*ert the Indians. o 4ohn Wes e1 was one of them, and he later returned to England and founded (ethodism. !. &eorgia grew *ery slowly. 3""# The P antation Co onies 1. !. %. ). /la*ery was found in all the plantation colonies. "he growth of cities was often stunted by forests. "he establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out. In the /outh, the crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of /3. 5. All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration. 6. 3onfrontations with +ati*e Americans were often. 3"""# /akers o% America; The "ro)(ois 1. In what is now +ew 5or' /tate, the "ro)(ois &eag(e :ACA the "ro)(ois Con%ederation; was once a great power. !. "hey were made up of the (ohaw's, the <neidas, the <nondagas, the 3ayugas, and the /enecas. %. "hey *ied with neighboring Indians and later Brench, English, and 7utch for supremacy. ). "he longhouse was the building bloc' of Iro6uois society. o <nly !5 feet wide, but o*er !00 feet long, longhouses were typically occupied by a few blood$related families :on the motherJs side;. 5. "he (ohaw's were middlemen with European traders. 6. "he /enecas were fur suppliers. I. "he Bi*e +ations of the Iro6uoisJ ri*als, the neighboring ?urons, Eries, and 0etuns, were *an6uished. M. "hroughout the 1600s and 1I00s, the Iro6uois allied with the .ritish and Brench :whiche*er was more beneficial;. D. @hen the American Re*olution bro'e out, the 6uestion of with whom to side was split. (ost sided with the .ritish, but not all. 10. Afterwards, the Iro6uois were forced to reser*ations, which pro*ed to be unbearable to these proud people. 11. An Iro6uois named ?andsome -a'e arose to warn his tribeJs people to mend their ways. 1!. ?is teachings li*e today in the form of the longhouse religion. Chapter 03 - $ett ing in the Northern Co onies "# The Protestant .e%ormation Prod(ces P(ritanism 1. 151I, /artin &(ther nailed his D5 "heses to the door of the @ittenberg 3athedral. -uther had se*eral e#plosi*e ideas includingN

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"he .ible alone was the source of &odJs word :not the .ible and the church or pope;. o 0eople are sa*ed simply by faith in 3hrist alone :not by faith and good wor's;. o ?is actions ignited the 0rotestant Reformation. 4ohn Ca -in preached 3al*inism which stressed KpredestinationL :those going to ?ea*en or hell has already been determined by &od;. o .asic doctrines were stated in the 15%6 document entitled Institutes of the 3hristian Religion. o /tated that all humans were wea' and wic'ed. o <nly the predestined could go to hea*en, no matter what. o 3al*inists were e#pected to see' Kcon*ersions,L signs that they were one of the predestined, and afterwards, lead Ksanctified li*es.L o 3al*inists are famous for wor'ing hard, dus' to dawn, to Kpro*eL their worthiness. o "he impact of 3al*inism has been *i*idly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and been called the KProtestant Work EthicL In England, <ing *enr1 +""" was brea'ing his ties with the ?oly Roman 3atholic 3hurch in the 15%0s. /ome people, called P(ritans, were influenced to totally reform :KpurifyL; the 3hurch of England. "he 0uritans o .elie*ed that only K-isib e saintsL should be admitted to church membership. o /eparatists *owed to brea' away from the Ch(rch o% Eng and :ACA, the Ang ican Ch(rch; because the KsaintsL would ha*e to sit with the Kdamned.L "hese fol's became the 0ilgrims. o <ing 4ames ", father of the beheaded 3harles I, harassed the /eparatists out of England because he thought that if people could defy him as their spiritual leader, they might defy him as their political ruler.
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""# The Pi grims End Their Pi grimage at P 1mo(th 1. "he Pi grims or /eparatists, came from ?olland, where they had fled to after they had left England. o "hey were concerned that their children were getting too K7utchified.L o "hey wanted a place where they were free to worship their own religion and could li*e and die as good 0ilgrims. !. After negotiating with the =irginia 3ompany, the /eparatists left ?olland and sailed for 65 days at sea on the (ayflower until they arri*ed off the roc'y coast of +ew England in 16!0, a trip in which only one person died and one person was born. o -ess than half of the pilgrims on the (ayflower were actually /eparatists. o 3ontrary to myth, the 0ilgrims undertoo' a few sur*eys before deciding to settle at 0lymouth, an area far from =irginia. o "he 0ilgrims became s6uatters, people without legal right to land and without specific authority to establish go*ernment. %. 3aptain /1 es $tandish :ACA, K3aptain /hrimpL; pro*ed to be a great Indian fighter and negotiator. ). .efore lea*ing the ship, the 0ilgrims signed the /a1% ower Compact, a set of rules by which to obey.

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"hough it wasnJt a constitution, it did set the standard for later constitutions. It also set the first step toward self$rule in the +orthern colonies. In the winter of 16!0$!1, only )) of the 10! sur*i*ed. 16!1 brought bountiful har*ests, though, and the first "han'sgi*ing was celebrated that year. Wi iam !rad%ord, chosen go*ernor of 0lymouth %0 times in the annual elections, was a great leader, and helped 0lymouth to sur*i*e and trade fur, fish, and lumber. In 16D1, 0lymouth finally merged with the (assachusetts .ay 3olony.
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"""# The !a1 Co on1 !ib e Commonwea th 1. In 16!D, some non$/eparatist 0uritans got a royal charter from England to settle in the +ew @orld. /ecretly, they too' the charter with them and later used it as a type of constitution. !. It was a well$e6uipped group of 11 ships that carried about 1,000 people to (assachusetts. %. 4ohn Winthrop was elected go*ernor or deputy go*ernor for 1D years, helping (assachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding. "+# !(i ding the !a1 Co on1 1. /oon after the establishment of the colony, the %ranchise :right to *ote; was e#tended to all Kfreemen,L adult males who belonged to the 0uritan congregations :later called the Congregationa Ch(rch;, ma'ing people who could enAoy the franchise about two fifths of the male population. o 9n$churched men and women werenJt allowed into matters of go*ernment. !. "he pro*incial go*ernment was not a democracy. o &o*ernor @inthrop feared and distrusted the common people, calling democracy the Kmeanest and worstL of all forms of go*ernment. %. Religious leaders wielded powerful influence o*er the admission to church membership. ). 4ohn Cotton, a prominent clergy member, was educated at 3ambridge and had immigrated to (assachusetts to a*oid persecution for his criticism of the 3hurch of England. 5. ?owe*er, congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will. 6. /till, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught 'issing in public. I. "he 0uritan concept of ?ell was *ery serious, frightening, and *ery real. o (ichael @igglesworthJs K7ay of 7oom,L written in 166!, sold one copy for e*ery twenty people. +# Tro(b e in the !ib e Commonwea th 1. "ensions arose in (assachusetts. !. Gua'ers were fined, flogged, and>or banished. %. Anne *(tchinson was a *ery intelligent, strong$willed, tal'ati*e woman who claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of sal*ation and that the truly sa*ed need not bother to obey the law of either &od or man. A notion 'nown as KantinomianismL. o .rought to trial in 16%M, Anne boasted that her beliefs were directly from &od.

/he was banished from the colony and e*entually made her way to Rhode Island. /he died in +ew 5or' after an attac' by Indians. ). .oger Wi iams was a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to ma'e a clean and complete brea' with the 3hurch of England. o ?e went on to deny that ci*il go*ernment could and should go*ern religious beha*ior. o ?e was banished in 16%5, and led the way for the Rhode Island colony.
o o

+"# The .hode "s and =$ewer> 1. 0eople who went to Rhode Island werenJt necessarily similar2 they were Aust unwanted e*erywhere else. !. "hey were against special pri*ilege. %. K-ittle RhodyL was later 'nown as Kthe traditional home of the otherwise minded.L ). It finally secured a charter in 16)). +""# New Eng and $preads 6(t 1. In 16%5, ?artford, 3onnecticut was founded. !. .e-erend Thomas *ooker led an energetic group of 0uritans west into 3onnecticut. %. In 16%D, settlers of the new 3onnecticut Ri*er colony drafted in open meeting a trailbla ing document called the 0(ndamenta 6rders. o It was basically a modern constitution. ). In 16%M, +ew ?a*en was founded and e*entually merged into 3onnecticut. 5. In 16!%, (aine was absorbed by (assachusetts and remained so for nearly a century and a half. 6. In 16)1, the granite$ribbed +ew ?ampshire was absorbed into (assachusetts. o In 16ID, the 'ing separated the two and made +ew ?ampshire a royal colony. +"""# P(ritans +ers(s "ndians 1. .efore the 0uritans had arri*ed in 16!0, an epidemic had swept through the Indians, 'illing o*er three 6uarters of them. !. At first, Indians tried to befriend the @hites. o $)(anto, a @ampanoag, helped 'eep relati*e peace. %. In 16%I, though, after mounting tensions e#ploded, English settlers and the powerful 0e6uot tribe fought in the Pe)(ot War, in which the English set fire to a 0e6uot *illage on 3onnecticutJs (ystic Ri*er, annihilating the Indians and bringing about forty years of tentati*e peace. o In an attempt to sa*e face, the 0uritans did try to con*ert some of the Indians, though with less eal than that of the /panish and Brench. ). In 16I5, /etacom :called <ing Phi ip by the English; united neighboring Indians in a last$ditched attac' that failed. o "he <ing Phi ip8s War slowed the colonial western march, but (etacom was beheaded and 6uartered and his head was stuc' on a sharp pi'e for all to see, his wife and son sold to sla*ery. "3# $eeds o% Co onia ?nit1 and "ndependence 1. In 16)%, four colonies banded together to form the New Eng and Con%ederation.

It was almost all 0uritan. It was wea', but still a notable milestone toward American unity. !. "he colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths. %. After 3harles II was restored to the .ritish throne, he hoped to control his colonies more firmly, but was shoc'ed to find how much his orders were ignored by (assachusetts. o As punishment, a sea$to$sea charter was gi*en to ri*al 3onnecticut :166!;, and a charter was gi*en to Rhode Island :166%;. o Binally, in 16M), (assachusettsJ charter was re*o'ed.
o o

3# Andros Promotes the 0irst American .e-o (tion 1. In 16M6, the ,ominion o% New Eng and was created to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to .ritain by enforcing the hated Na-igation Acts. o "he acts forbade American trade with countries other than .ritain. o As a result, smuggling became common. o ?ead of the 7ominion was $ir Edm(nd Andros . Establishing head6uarters in .oston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated 3hurch of England. ?is soldiers were *ile$mouthed and despised by Americans. !. Andros responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and re*o'ing all land titles. %. ?e ta#ed the people without their consent. ). At the same time, the people of England staged the 5 orio(s .e-o (tion, instating Wi iam and /ar1 to the crown. o Resultant, the 7ominion of +ew England collapsed. o (assachusetts got a new charter in 16D1, but this charter allowed all landowners to *ote, as opposed to the pre*ious law of *oting belonging only to the church members. 3"# 6 d Nether anders at New Nether and 1. In the 1Ith 3entury, the +etherlands re*olted against /pain, and with the help of .ritain, gained their independence. !. "he 7utch East India 3ompany was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 1D0 ships :including )0 men$of$war;. %. "he 7utch @est India 3ompany often raided rather than traded. ). In 160D, *enr1 *(dson *entured into 7elaware and +ew 5or' .ay and claimed the area for the +etherlands. 5. It was the 7utch @est India 3ompany that bought (anhattan Island for some worthless trin'ets :!!,000 acres of the most *aluable land in the world today;. 6. +ew Amsterdam was a company town, run by and for the 7utch company and in the interests of stoc'holders. I. "he 7utch ga*e patroonships :large areas of land; to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them. M. +ew Amsterdam attracted people of all types and races. o <ne Brench Hesuit missionary counted 1M different languages being spo'en on the street.

3""# 0riction with Eng ish and $wedish Neighbors 1. IndianJs attac'ed the 7utch for their cruelties. !. +ew England was hostile against 7utch growth. %. "he /wedes trespassed 7utch reser*es from 16%M to 1655 by planting the anemic colony of New $weden on the 7elaware Ri*er. ). "hings got so bad that the 7utch erected a wall in +ew Amsterdam, for which @all /treet is named today. 5. In 1655, the 7utch sent one$legged Peter $t(1-esant to besiege the main /wedish fort, and he won, ending /wedish colonial rule and lea*ing only /wedish log cabins and place names as e*idence that the /wedes were e*er in 7elaware. 3"""# ,(tch .esid(es in New 2ork 1. In 166), 3harles II granted the area of modern$day +ew 5or' to his brother, the ,(ke o% 2ork, and that year, .ritish troops landed and defeated the 7utch, 'ic'ing them out, without much *iolence. !. New Amsterdam was renamed +ew 5or'. %. "he 7utch -egacy o "he people of +ew 5or' retained their autocratic spirit. o 7utch names of cities remained, li'e ?arlem, .roo'lyn, and ?ell &ate. o E*en their architecture left its mar' on buildings. o "he 7utch also ga*e us Easter eggs, /anta 3laus, waffles, sauer'raut, bowling, sleighing, s'ating, and golf. 3"+# Penn8s *o 1 Experiment in Penns1 -ania 1. "he @(akers :characteristics; o "hey K6ua'edL under deep religious emotion. o "hey were offensi*e to religious and ci*il rule. o "hey addressed e*eryone with simple KtheeLs and KthouLs and didnJt swear oaths because Hesus had said K/wear not at all,L this last part creating a problem, since you had to swear a test oath to pro*e that you werenJt Roman 3atholic. o "hough stubborn and unreasonable, they were simple, de*oted, democratic people against war and *iolence. !. Wi iam Penn, a well$born Englishman, embraced the Gua'er faith. %. In 16M1, he managed to secure an immense grant of fertile land from the 'ing. o It was called 0ennsyl*ania, in honor of 0enn, who, being the modest person that he was, had insisted that it be called /yl*ania. o It was the best ad*ertised of all the colonies. 3+# @(aker Penns1 -ania and "ts Neighbors 1. "housands of s6uatters already li*ed in 0ennsyl*ania. !. 0hiladelphia was more carefully planned than most cities, with beautiful, wide streets. %. 0enn bought land from the Indians, li'e 3hief "ammany, later patron saint of +ew 5or'Js political "ammany ?all. ). ?is treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Gua'ers could wal' through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.

5. ?owe*er, as more and more non$Gua'ers came to 0ennsyl*ania, they mistreated the Indians more and more. 6. Breedom of worship was a*ailable to e*eryone e#cept for Hews and 3atholics :only because of pressure from -ondon;, and the death penalty was only for murder and treason. I. +o restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturali ation was made easy. M. "he Gua'ers also de*eloped a disli'e toward sla*ery. D. 0ennsyl*ania attracted a great *ariety of people from all races, class, and religion. 10. .y 1I00, only =irginia was more populous and richer. 11. 0enn, unfortunately, was not well$li'ed because of his friendliness towards Hames II, the deposed 3atholic 'ing, and he was Aailed at times, and also suffered a paralytic stro'e, dying full of sorrows. #ii. +ew Hersey and 7elaware prospered as well. 3+"# The /idd e Wa1 in the /idd e Co onies 1. +ew 5or', +ew Hersey, 7elaware, and 0ennsyl*ania o All had fertile soil and broad e#panse of land. o All e#cept for 7elaware e#ported lots of grain. o "he /us6uehanna Ri*er tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the ri*ers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls. o "he middle colonies were the middle way between +ew England and the southern plantation states. o -andholdings were generally intermediate in si e. o "he middle colonies were more ethnically mi#ed than other colonies. o A considerable amount of economic and social democracy pre*ailed. o !en9amin 0rank in, born in .oston, entered 0hiladelphia as a se*enteen$year$old in 1I!0 with a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city. o Americans began to reali e that not only were they sur*i*ing, but that they were also thri*ing. 3+""# /akers o% America; The Eng ish 1. !. %. ). 5. 6. I. M. D. In the 1600s, England was undergoing a massi*e population boom. About I5E of English immigrants were indentured ser*ants. (ost of them were young men from the Kmiddling classes.L /ome had fled during the cloth trade slump in the early 1600s while others had been forced off their land due to enclosure. /ome )0E of indentured ser*ants died before their se*en years were o*er. -ate in the 1Ith century, as the supply of indentured ser*ants slowly ran out, the southerners resol*ed to employ blac' sla*es. Brom 16!D to 16)!, 11,000 0uritans swarmed to the (assachusetts .ay 3olony. In contrast to the indentured ser*ants, 0uritans migrated in family groups, not alone. 0uritans brought the way of life from England with them to America. o i.e. (arblehead, (ass. had mostly fishermen because most of the immigrants had been fisherman in England. o i.e. Rowley, (ass. brought from 5or'shire, England their distincti*e way of life. o In Ipswich, (assachusetts, settled by East Anglican 0uritans, the rulers had long terms and ruled with an iron hand.

?owe*er, in +ewbury, people rarely won reelection.

Chapter 0A - American &i%e in the $e-enteenth Cent(r1 "# The ?nhea th1 Chesapeake 1. !. %. ). -ife in the American wilderness was harsh. 7iseases li'e malaria, dysentery, and typhoid 'illed many. Bew people li*ed to )0 or 50 years. In the early days of colonies, women were so scarce that men fought o*er all of them. "he 3hesapea'e region had fewer women and a 641 male to female ratio is a good guide. 5. Bew people 'new any grandparents. 6. A third of all brides in one (aryland county were already pregnant before the wedding :scandalous;. I. =irginia, with 5D,000 people, became the most populous colony. ""# The Tobacco Econom1 1. "he 3hesapea'e was *ery good for tobacco culti*ation. !. 3hesapea'e .ay e#ported 1.5 million pounds of tobacco yearly in the 16%0s, and by 1I00, that number had risen to )0 million pounds a year. o (ore a*ailability led to falling prices, and farmers still grew more. o "he headright s1stem encouraged growth of the 3hesapea'e. 9nder this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured ser*antJs passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres land, undoubtedly at a cheap price. "his meant land was being gobbled by the rich, and running out for the poor. o Early on, most of the laborers were indentured ser*ants. -ife for them was hard, but there was hope at the end of se*en years for freedom. 3onditions were brutal, and in the later years, owners unwilling to free their ser*ants e#tended their contracts by years for small mista'es. """# 0r(strated 0reemen and !acon8s .ebe ion 1. .y the late 1600s, there were lots of free, poor, landless, single men frustrated by the lac' of money, land, wor', and women. !. In 16I6, Nathanie !acon led a few thousand of these men in a rebellion against the hostile conditions. o "hese people wanted land and were resentful of =irginia go*ernor @illiam .er'eleyJs friendly policies toward the Indians. o .aconJs men murderously attac'ed Indian settlements after .er'eley refused to retaliate for a series of sa*age Indian attac's on the frontier. %. "hen, in the middle of his rebellion, .acon suddenly died of disease, and .er'eley went on to crush the uprising.
/till,

.aconJs legacy li*ed on, gi*ing frustrated poor fol's ideas to rebel, and so a bit of paranoia went on for some time afterwards.

"+# Co onia $ a-er1 1. In the %00 years following 3olumbusJ disco*ery of America, only about )00,000 of a total of 10 million African sla*es were brought o*er to the 9nited /tates. !. .y 16M0, though, many landowners were afraid of possibly mutinous white ser*ants, by the mid 16M0s, for the first time, blac' sla*es outnumbered white ser*ants among the plantation coloniesJ new arri*als. %. After 1I00, more and more sla*es were imported, and in 1I50, blac's accounted for nearly half of the =irginian population. o (ost of the sla*es were from @est Africa, from places li'e /enegal and Angola. ). /ome of the earliest blac' sla*es gained their freedom and some became sla*eholders themsel*es. 5. E*entually, to clear up issues on sla*e ownership, the s a-e codes made it so that sla*es and their children would remain sla*es to their masters for life :chattels;, unless they were *oluntarily freed. o /ome laws made teaching sla*es to read a crime, and not e*en con*ersion to 3hristianity might 6ualify a sla*e for freedom. +# A%ricans in America 1. /la*e life in the 7eep /outh was *ery tough, as rice growing was much harder than tobacco growing. o (any blac's in America e*ol*ed their own languages, blending their nati*e tongues with English. o .lac's also contributed to music with instruments li'e the banAo and bongo drum. !. A few of the sla*es became s'illed artisans :i.e. carpenters, bric'layers and tanners;, but most were relegated to sweaty wor' li'e clearing swamps and grubbing out trees. %. Re*olts did occur. o In 1I1!, a sla*e re*olt in +ew 5or' 3ity cost the li*es of a do en whites and !1 .lac's were e#ecuted. o In 1I%D, /outh 3arolina blac's along the $tono .i-er re*olted and tried to march to /panish Blorida, but failed. +"# $o(thern $ociet1 1. A social gap appeared and began to widen. o In =irginia, a clutch of e#tended clans :i.e. the Bit hughs, the -ees, and the @ashingtons; owned tracts and tracts of real estate and Aust about dominated the ?ouse of .urgesses. "hey came to be 'nown as the Birst Bamilies of =irginia :BB=;. !. In =irginia, there was often a problem with drun'enness. %. "he largest social group was the farmers. ). Bew cities sprouted in the /outh, so schools and churches were slow to de*elop. +""# The New Eng and 0ami 1 1. In +ew England, there was clean water and cool temperatures, so disease was not as predominant as in the /outh. !. "he first +ew England 0uritans had an a*erage life e#pectancy of I0 years.

%. In contrast to the 3hesapea'e, the +ew Englanders tended to migrate as a family, instead of indi*idually. o @omen usually married in their early twenties and ga*e birth e*ery two years until menopause. o A typical woman could e#pect to ha*e ten babies and raise about eight of them.
7eath

in childbirth was not uncommon.

1. In the /outh, women usually had more power, since the /outhern men typically died young and women could inherit the money, but in +ew England, the opposite was true. o In +ew England, men didnJt ha*e absolute power o*er their wi*es :as e*idenced by the punishments of unruly husbands;, but they did ha*e much power o*er women. !. +ew England law was *ery se*ere and strict. o Bor e#ample, adulterous women had to wear the letter KAL on their bosoms if they were caught :as with "he /carlet -etter by +athaniel ?awthorne;. +"""# &i%e in the New Eng and Towns 1. -ife in +ew England was organi ed. o +ew towns were legally chartered by colonial authorities. o A town usually had a meetinghouse surrounded by houses and a *illage green. o "owns of more than 50 families had to pro*ide primary education. o "owns of more than 100 had to pro*ide secondary education. !. In 16%6, (assachusetts 0uritans established ?ar*ard 3ollege to train men to become ministers. o :+ote4 in 16D%, =irginia established their first college, @illiam and (ary.; %. 0uritans ran their own churches, and democracy in 3ongregational church go*ernment led logically to democracy in political go*ernment. "3# The *a %-Wa1 Co-enant and the $a em Witch Tria s 1. As 0uritans began to worry about their children and whether or not they would be as loyal and faithful, and new type of sermon came about called K9eremiads.L o In Aeremiads, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety in hope to impro*e faith. !. 0arado#ically, troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership in 166!, calling it the K*a %-Wa1 Co-enant.L o In the ?alf$@ay 3o*enant, all people could come and participate in the church, e*en if they fell short of the K*isible$saintL status and were somehow only half con*erted :with the e#ception of a few e#tremely hated groups;. %. In the early 16D0s, a group of $a em girls claimed to ha*e been bewitched by certain older women. o @hat followed was a hysterical witch$hunt that led to the e#ecutions of !0 people :1D of which were hanged, 1 pressed to death; and two dogs. o .ac' in Europe, larger scale witch$hunts were already occurring.

@itchcraft hysteria e*entually ended in 16D%.

3# The New Eng and Wa1 o% &i%e 1. 7ue to the hard +ew England soil :or lac' thereof;, +ew Englanders became great traders. !. +ew England was also less ethnically mi#ed than its neighbors. %. "he climate of +ew England encouraged di*ersified agriculture and industry. o .lac' sla*ery was attempted, but didnJt wor'. It was unnecessary since +ew England was made of small farms rather than plantations as down /outh. ). Ri*ers were short and rapid. 5. "he Europeans in +ew England chastised the Indians for KwastingL the land, and felt a need to clear as much land for use as possible. 6. Bishing became a *ery popular industry. It is said +ew England was built on K&od and cod.L 3"# The Ear 1 $ett ers8 ,a1s and Wa1s 1. !. %. ). Early farmers usually rose at dawn and went to bed at dus'. Bew e*ents were done during the night unless they were Kworth the candle.L -ife was humble but comfortable, at least in accordance to the surroundings. "he people who emigrated from Europe to America were most usually lower middle class citi ens loo'ing to ha*e a better future in the +ew @orld. 5. .ecause of the general sameness of class in America, laws against e#tra*agances were sometimes passed, but as time passed, America grew. 3""# /akers o% America; 0rom A%rican to A%rican-American 1. AfricansJ arri*al into the +ew @orld brought new languages, music, and cuisines to America. o Africans wor'ed in the rice fields of /outh 3arolina due to :a; their 'nowledge of the crop and :b; their resistance to disease :as compared to Indians;. !. "he first sla*es were men2 some e*entually gained freedom. %. .y 1I)0, large groups of African sla*es li*ed together on plantations, where female sla*es were e#pected to perform bac'brea'ing labor and spin, wea*e, and sew. ). (ost sla*es became 3hristians, though many adopted elements from their nati*e religions. o (any African dances led to modern dances :i.e. the 3harleston;. o 3hristian songs could also be code for the announcement of the arri*al of a guide to freedom. o Ha is the most famous e#ample of sla*e music entering mainstream culture. Chapter 0B - Co onia $ociet1 on the E-e o% .e-o (tion "# Con)(est b1 the Crad e 1. .y 1II5, &reat .ritain ruled %! colonies in +orth America.

!. %. ). 5.

<nly 1% of them re*olted :the ones in whatJs today the 9./.;. 3anada and Hamaica were wealthier than the Koriginal 1%.L All of them were growing by leaps and bounds. .y 1II5, the population numbered !.5 million people. "he a*erage age was 16 years old :due mainly to ha*ing se*eral children;. (ost of the population :D5E; was densely cooped up east of the Alleghenies, though by 1II5, some had slowly tric'led into "ennessee and Centuc'y. About D0E of the people li*ed in rural areas and were therefore farmers.
o o o

""# A /ing ing o% the .aces 1. 3olonial America, though mostly English, had other races as well. !. 5ermans accounted for about 6E of the population, or about 150,000 people by 1II5. o (ost were 0rotestant :primarily -utheran; and were called the K0ennsyl*ania 7utchL :a corruption of 7eutsch which means &erman;. %. "he $cots-"rish were about IE of the population, with 1I5,000 people. o <*er many decades, they had been transplanted to +orthern Ireland, but they had not found a home there :the already e#isting Irish 3atholics resented the intruders;. o (any of the /cots$Irish reached America and became s6uatters, 6uarreling with both Indians and white landowners. o "hey seemed to try to mo*e as far from .ritain as possible, tric'ling down to (aryland, =irginia, and the 3arolinas. o In 1I6), the /cots$Irish led the armed march of the 0a#ton .oys. "he 0a#tons led a march on 0hiladelphia to protest the Gua'erJ peaceful treatment of the Indians. "hey later started the +orth 3arolina Regulator mo*ement in the hills and mountains of the colony, aimed against domination by eastern powers in the colony. o "hey were 'nown to be *ery hot$headed and independent minded. o (any e*entually became American re*olutionists. ). About 5E of the multicolored population consisted of other European groups, li'e Brench ?uguenots, @elsh, 7utch, /wedes, Hews, Irish, /wiss, and /cots$?ighlanders. 5. Americans were of all races and mi#ed bloods, so it was no wonder that other races from other countries had a hard time classifying them. """# The $tr(ct(re o% the Co onia $ociet1 1. In contrast to contemporary Europe, America was a land of opportunity. o Anyone who was willing to wor' hard could possibly go from rags to riches, and po*erty was scorned. o 3lass differences did emerge, as a small group of aristocrats :made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen; had much of the power. !. Also, armed conflicts in the 16D0s and 1I00s enriched a number of merchants in the +ew England and middle colonies. %. @ar also created many widows and orphans who e*entually had to turn to charity. ). In the /outh, a firm social pyramid emerged containingN

o o o o

"he immensely rich plantation owners :KplantersL; had many sla*es :though these were few;. K5eomanL farmers, or small farmers. "hey owned their land and, maybe, a few sla*es. -andless whites who owned no land and either wor'ed for a landowner or rented land to farm. Indentured ser*ants of America were the paupers and the criminals sent to the +ew @orld. /ome of them were actually unfortunate *ictims of .ritainJs unfair laws and did become respectable citi ens. "his group was dwindling though by the 1I00s, than's to .aconJs Rebellion and the mo*e away from indentured ser*ant labor and toward sla*ery. .lac' sla*es were at the bottom of the social ladder with no rights or hopes up mo*ing up or e*en gaining freedom. /la*ery became a di*isi*e issue because some colonies didnJt want sla*es while others needed them, and therefore *etoed any bill banning the importation of sla*es.

"+# C erics, Ph1sicians, and 4(rists 1. "he most honored profession in the colonial times was the clergy :priests;, which in 1II5, had less power than before during the height of the K.ible 3ommonwealth,L but still wielded a great amount of authority. !. 0hysicians were not highly esteemed and many of them were bad as medical practices were archaic. o .leeding was often a fa*orite, and deadly, solution to illnesses. o 0lagues were a nightmare. /mallpo# :afflicting 1 of 5 persons, including &eorge @ashington; was rampant, though a crude form of inoculation for it was introduced in 1I!1. /ome of the clergy and doctors didnJt li'e the inoculation though, preferring not to tamper with the will of &od. %. At first, lawyers werenJt li'ed, being regarded as noisy scumbags. o 3riminals often represented themsel*es in court. o .y 1I50, lawyers were recogni ed as useful, and many defended high$profile cases, were great orators and played important roles in the history of America. +# Workada1 America 1. Agriculture was the leading industry :by a huge margin;, since farmers could seem to grow anything. o In (aryland and =irginia, tobacco was the staple crop, and by 1I5D, +ew 5or' was e#porting M0,000 barrels of flour a year. !. Bishing could be rewarding, though not as much as farming, and it was pursued in all the American colonies especially in +ew England. %. "rading was also a popular and pre*alent industry, as commerce occurred all around the colonies. o "he Ktriang( ar tradeL was common4 a ship, for e#ample, would lea*e :1; +ew England with rum and go to the

). 5. 6.

I.

:!; &old 3oast of Africa and trade it for African sla*es. "hen, it would go to the :%; @est Indies and e#change the sla*es for molasses :for rum;, which itJd sell to +ew England once it returned there. (anufacturing was not as important, though many small enterprises e#isted. /trong$bac'ed laborers and s'illed craftspeople were scarce and highly pri ed. 0erhaps the single most important manufacturing acti*ity was lumbering. o .ritain sometimes mar'ed the tallest trees for its na*yJs masts, and colonists resented that, e*en though there were countless other good trees in the area and the mar'ed tree was going toward a common defense :it was the principle of .ritain$first that was detested;. In 1I%%, 0arliament passed the /o asses Act , which, if successful, would ha*e struc' a crippling blow to American international trade by hindering its trade with the Brench @est Indies. o "he result was disagreement, and colonists got around the act through smuggling.

+"# *orsepower and $ai power 1. Roads in 1I00s America were *ery poor, and they only connected the large cites. o It too' a young .enAamin Bran'lin D days to get from .oston to 0hiladelphia. !. Roads were so bad that they were dangerous. o 0eople who would *enture these roads would often sign wills and pray with family members before embar'ing. o As a result, towns seemed to cluster around slow, na*igable water sources, li'e gentle ri*ers, or by the ocean. %. "a*erns and bars sprang up to ser*e weary tra*elers and were great places of gossip and news. ). An inter$colonial mail system was set up in the mid$1I00s, but mailmen often passed time by reading pri*ate letters, since there was nothing else to do. +""# ,ominant ,enominations 1. "wo Kestab ished ch(rchesL :ta#$supported; by 1II5 were the Anglican and the 3ongregational. !. A great maAority of people didnJt worship in churches. %. "he Ch(rch o% Eng and :the Ang ican Ch(rch; was official in &eorgia, both 3arolinas, =irginia, (aryland, and a part of +ew 5or'. o Anglican sermons were shorter, its descriptions of hell were less frightening, and amusements were less scorned. o Bor Anglicans, not ha*ing a resident bishop pro*ed to be a problem for unordained young ministers. o /o, @illiam and (ary was founded in 16D% to train young clergy members. ). "he Congregationa church had grown from the 0uritan church, and it was established in all the +ew England colonies e#cept for Rhode Island. o "here was worry by the late 1600s that people werenJt de*out enough. +"""# The 5reat Awakening

1. 7ue to less religious fer*or than before, and worry that so many people would not be sa*ed, the stage was set for a re*i*al, which occurred, and became the 0irst 5reat Awakening. !. 4onathan Edwards was a preacher with fiery preaching methods, emotionally mo*ing many listeners to tears while tal'ing of the eternal damnation that nonbelie*ers would face after death. o ?e began preaching in 1I%), and his methods spar'ed debate among his peers. o (ost famous sermon was K/inners in the ?ands of an Angry &od,L describing a man dangling a spider o*er a bla ing fire, able to drop the spider in at any time P Aust as &od could do to man. o ?is famous metaphor4 K"he road to hell is pa*ed with the s'ulls of unbapti ed children.L %. 5eorge White%ie d was e*en better than Edwards when he started four years later. o An orator of rare gifts, he e*en made Honathan Edwards weep and persuaded always s'eptical .en Bran'lin to empty his poc'ets into the collection plate. o Imitators copied his emotional sha'ing sermons and his heaping of blame on sinners. ). "hese new preachers were met with s'epticism by the Kold lights,L or the orthodo# clergymen. 5. ?owe*er, the &reat Awa'ening led to the founding of Knew lightL centers li'e 0rinceton, .rown, Rutgers, and 7artmouth. 6. "he &reat Awa'ening was the first religious e#perience shared by all Americans as a group. "3# $choo s and Co eges 1. Education was most important in +ew England, where it was used to train young future clergymen. o In other parts of America, farm labor used up most of the time that would ha*e been spent in school. ?owe*er, there were fairly ade6uate primary and secondary schools in areas other than +ew England. "he only problem was that only well$to$do children could afford to attend. !. In a gloomy and grim atmosphere, colonial schools put most of the emphasis on religion and on the classical languages, as well as doctrine and orthodo#y. o 7iscipline was 6uite se*ere, such as a child being cut by a limb from a birch tree. %. Also, at least in +ew England, college education was regarded more important than the A.3Js. ). E*entually, some change was made with emphasis of curriculum change from dead languages to li*e ones, and .en Bran'lin helped by launching the school that would become the 9ni*ersity of 0ennsyl*ania. 3# A Pro-incia C( t(re 1. "hough there was little time for recreation :due to farm wor', fear of Indians, etcN;, the little free time that was there was used on religion, not art. !. 0ainters were frowned upon as pursuing a worthless pastime.

4ohn Tr(mb( of 3onnecticut was discouraged, as a youth, by his father. Char es Wi son Pea e, best 'now for his portraits of &eorge @ashington, also ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry in addition to his art. o !en9amin West and 4ohn $ing eton Cop e1 had to go to England to complete their ambitious careers. %. Architecture was largely imported from the <ld @orld and modified to meet American needs. o "he log cabin was borrowed from /weden. o "he classical, red$bric'ed &eorgian style of architecture was introduced about 1I!0. ). 3olonial literature was also generally undistinguished. o ?owe*er, a sla*e girl, 0hillis @heatley, who had ne*er been formally educated, did go to .ritain and publish a boo' of *erse and subse6uently wrote other polished poems that re*ealed the influence of Ale#ander 0ope. o !en 0rank inJs Poor Richards Almanack was *ery influential, containing many common sayings and phrases, and was more widely read in America and Europe than anything but for the .ible. .en Bran'linJs e#periments with science, and his sheer power of obser*ation, also helped ad*ance science.
o o

3"# Pioneer Presses 1. Bew libraries were found in early America, and few Americans were rich enough to buy boo's. !. <n the e*e of the re*olution, many hand$operated presses cran'ed out leaflets, pamphlets, and Aournals signed with pseudonyms. %. In one famous case, 4ohn Peter Cenger, a +ew 5or' newspaper printer, was ta'en to court and charged with seditious libel :writing in a malicious manner against someone;. o "he Audge urged the Aury to consider that the mere fact of publishing was a crime, no matter whether the content was derogatory or not. o Qenger won after his lawyer, Andrew ?amilton, e#cellently defended his case. o "he importanceRfreedom of the press scored a huge early *ictory in this case. 3""# The 5reat 5ame o% Po itics 1. .y 1II5, eight of the colonies had royal go*ernors who were appointed by the 'ing. !. "hree had go*ernors chosen by proprietors. %. 0ractically e*ery colony utili ed a two$house legislati*e body. o "he upper house was appointed by royal officials or proprietors. o "he lower house was elected by the people. ). /elf$ta#ation with representation came to be a cherished pri*ilege that Americans came to *alue abo*e most other rights. 5. (ost go*ernors did a good Aob, but some were Aust plain corrupt. o I.e., -ord 3ornbury, first cousin of Gueen Anne, was made go*ernor of +ew 5or' and +ew Hersey in 1I0!, but pro*ed to be a drun'ard, a

spendthrift, a grafter, and embe ler, a religious bigot, a cross$dresser, and a *ain fool. 6. "he right to *ote was not a*ailable to Aust anyone, Aust white male landowners only. o ?owe*er, the ease of ac6uiring land to hard wor'ers made *oting a pri*ilege easily attainable to many people in this group. 3"""# Co onia 0o kwa1s 1. Americans had many hardships, as many basic amenities that we ha*e today were not a*ailable. o 3hurches werenJt heated at all. o Running water or plumbing in houses was none#istent. o &arbage disposal was primiti*e at best. !. 5et, amusement was permitted, and people often wor'ed>partied during house$raisings, barn$raisings, apple$parings, 6uilting bees, hus'ing bees, and other merryma'ing. %. In the /outh, card playing, horse racing, coc'fighting, and fo# hunting were fun. ). -otteries were uni*ersally appro*ed, e*en by the clergy because they helped raise money for churches and colleges. 5. /tage plays were popular in the /outh, but not really in the +orth. 6. ?olidays were celebrated e*erywhere in the colonies :+ew England didnJt li'e 3hristmas, though;. I. America in 1II5 was li'e a 6uilt, each part different and indi*idual in its own way, but all coming together to form one single, unified piece. 3"+# /akers o% America; The $cots-"rish 1. -ife for the /cots was miserable in England, as many were e#tremely poor, and .ritain still ta#ed them, s6uee ing the last cent out of them. !. (igrating to 9lster, in Ireland, the /cots still felt unwelcome, and e*entually came to America. %. "hey constantly tried to further themsel*es away from .ritain. o (ost went to 0ennsyl*ania, where tolerance was high. ). "he /cots$Irish were many of AmericaJs pioneers, clearing the trails for others to follow. 5. <therwise independent, religion was the only thing that bonded these people :0resbyterian;. 6. "heir hatred of England made them great allies and supporters of the 9nited /tates during the Re*olutionary @ar. Chapter 0D - The ,(e %or North America "# 0rance 0inds a 0ootho d in Canada 1. -i'e England and ?olland, Brance was a latecomer in the race for colonies. o It was con*ulsed in the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife. o In 15DM, the Edict of +antes was issued, allowing limited toleration to the Brench ?uguenots. !. @hen Cing -ouis SI= became 'ing, he too' an interest in o*erseas colonies. o In 160M, Brance established Guebec, o*erloo'ing the /t. -awrence Ri*er.

%. $am(e de Champ ain, an intrepid soldier and e#plorer, became 'nown as the KBather of +ew Brance.L o ?e entered into friendly relations with the neighboring ?uron Indians and helped them defeat the Iro6uois. o "he Iro6uois, howe*er, did hamper Brench efforts into the <hio =alley later. ). 9nli'e English colonists, Brench colonists didnJt immigrate to +orth America by hordes. "he peasants were too poor, and the ?uguenots werenJt allowed to lea*e. ""# New 0rance 0ans 6(t 1. New 0ranceJs :3anada; one *aluable resource was the bea*er. !. .ea*er hunters were 'nown as the co(re(rs de bois :runners of the woods; and littered the land with place names, including .aton Rouge :red stic';, "erre ?aute :high land;, 7es (oines :some mon's; and &rand "eton :big breasts;. %. "he Brench -o1age(rs also recruited Indians to hunt for bea*er as well, but Indians were decimated by the white manJs diseases, and the bea*er population was hea*ily e#tinguished. ). Brench 3atholic missionaries ealously tried to con*ert Indians. 5. "o thwart English settlers from pushing into the <hio =alley, Antoine Cadi ac founded 7etroit :Kcity of straitsL; in 1I01. 6. -ouisiana was founded, in 16M!, by .obert de &a$a e, to halt /panish e#pansion into the area near the &ulf of (e#ico. o "hree years later, he tried to fulfill his dreams by returning, but instead landed in /panish "e#as and was murdered by his mutinous men in 16MI. I. "he fertile Illinois country, where the Brench established forts and trading posts at Cas'as'ia, 3aho'ia, and =incennes, became the garden of BranceJs +orth American empire. """# The C ash o% Empires 1. <ing Wi iam8s War and @(een Anne8s War o "he English colonists fought the Brench coureurs de bois and their Indian allies. +either side considered America important enough to waste real troops on. o "he Brench$inspired Indians ra*aged /chenectady, +ew 5or', and 7eerfield, (ass. o "he .ritish did try to capture Guebec and (ontreal, failed, but did temporarily ha*e 0ort Royal. o "he peace deal in 9trecht in 1I1% ga*e Acadia :renamed +o*a /cotia;, +ewfoundland, and ?udson .ay to England, pinching the Brench settlements by the /t. -awrence. It also ga*e .ritain limited trading rights with /panish America. !. "he War o% 4enkins8s Ear o An English 3aptain named Hen'ins had his ear cut off by a /panish commander, who had essentially sneered at him to go home crying. o "his war was confined to the 3aribbean /ea and &eorgia. o "his war soon merged with the War o% A(strian $(ccession and came to be called <ing 5eorge8s War in America.

Brance allied itself with /pain, but EnglandJs troops captured the reputed impregnable fortress of 3ape .reton Island :Bort -ouisbourg;. ?owe*er, peace terms of this war ga*e strategically located -ouisbourg, which the +ew Englanders had captured, bac' to Brance, outraging the colonists, who feared the fort.

"+# 5eorge Washington "na(g(rates War with 0rance 1. "he <hio =alley became a battleground among the /panish, .ritish, and Brench. o It was lush, fertile, and *ery good land. !. In 1I5), the go*ernor of =irginia sent !1 year$old 5eorge Washington to the <hio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 =irginia minutemen. o Encountering some Brenchmen in the forest about )0 miles from 0ort ,()(esne, the troops opened fire, 'illing the Brench leader. o -ater, the Brench returned and surrounded @ashingtonJs hastily constructed 0ort Necessit1, fought KIndian styleL :hiding and guerilla fighting;, and after a 10$hour siege, made him surrender. o ?e was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war. +# 5 oba War and Co onia ,is(nit1 1. "he fourth of these wars between empires started in America, unli'e the first three. !. "he 0rench and "ndian War :ACA $e-en 2ears8 War; began with @ashingtonJs battle with the Brench. %. It was England and 0russia *s. Brance, /pain, Austria, and Russia. ). In &ermany :0russia;, Bredric' the &reat won his title of K&reatL by repelling Brench, Austrian, and Russian armies, e*en though he was badly outnumbered. 5. (any Americans sought for the American colonies to unite, for strength lay in numbers. 6. In 1I5), I of the 1% colonies met for an inter$colonial congress held in Albany, +ew 5or', 'nown simply as the A ban1 Congress. o A month before the congress, .en Bran'lin had published his famous KHoin or 7ieL cartoon featuring a sna'e in pieces, symboli ing the colonies. o Bran'lin helped unite the colonists in Albany, but the Albany plan failed because the states were reluctant to gi*e up their so*ereignty or power. /till, it was a first step toward unity. +"# !raddock8s ! (ndering and "ts A%termath 1. In the beginning, the .ritish sent haughty 60 year$old 5en# Edward !raddock to lead a bunch of ine#perienced soldiers with slow, hea*y artillery. !. In a battle with the Brench, the .ritish were ambushed routed by Brench using KIndian$ tactics.L o In this battle, @ashington reportedly had two horses shot from under him and four bullets go through his coat, but ne*er through him. %. Afterwards, the frontier from 0ennsyl*ania to +orth 3arolina felt the Indian wrath, as scalping occurred e*erywhere. ). As the .ritish tried to attac' a bunch of strategic wilderness posts, defeat after defeat piled up.

+""# Pitt8s Pa ms o% +ictor1 1. In this hour of .ritish trouble, Wi iam Pitt, the K&reat 3ommoner,L too' the lead. !. In 1I5I, he became a foremost leader in the -ondon go*ernment and later earned the title of K<rgani er of =ictoryL %. 3hanges 0itt madeN o ?e soft$pedaled assaults on the Brench @est Indies, assaults which sapped .ritish strength, and concentrated on Guebec$(ontreal :since they controlled the supply routes to +ew Brance;. o ?e replaced old, cautious officers with younger, daring officers ). In 1I5M, &o(isbo(rg fell. "his root of a fort began to wither the +ew Brance *ine since supplies dwindled. 5. %! year$old 4ames Wo %e, dashing and attenti*e to detail, commanded an army that boldly scaled the cliff walls of a part protecting Guebec, met Brench troops near the 0lains of Abraham, and in a battle in which he and Brench commander (ar6uis de (ontcalm both died, the Brench were defeated and the city of Guebec surrendered. o "he 1I5D !att e o% @(ebec ran's as one of the most significant engagements in .ritish and American history, and when (ontreal fell in 1I60, that was the last time Brench flags would fly on American soil. 6. In the Peace Treat1 at Paris in 1ED3N o Brance was totally 'ic'ed out of +orth America. "his meant the .ritish got 3anada and the land all the way to the (ississippi Ri*er. o "he Brench were allowed to retain se*eral small but *aluable sugar islands in the @est Indies and two ne*er$to$be$fortified islets in the &ulf of /t. -awrence for fishing stations. I. BranceJs final blow came when they ga*e -ouisiana to /pain to compensate for /painJs losses in the war. M. &reat .ritain too' its place as the leading na*al power in the world, and a great power in +orth America. +"""# .est ess Co onists 1. "he colonists, ha*ing e#perienced war firsthand and come out *ictors, were *ery confident. o ?owe*er, the myth of .ritish in*incibility had been shattered. !. <minously, friction de*eloped between the .ritish officers and the colonial Kboors.L o I.e., the .ritish refused to recogni e any American officers abo*e the ran' of captain. o ?owe*er, the hardwor'ing Americans belie*ed that they were e6uals with the Redcoats, and trouble began to brew. %. .rits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders during the war2 in fact, in the last year of the war, the .ritish forbade the e#port of all supplies from +ew England to the middle colonies. ). Also, many American colonials refused to help fight the Brench until 0itt offered to reimburse them. 5. 7uring the Brench and Indian @ar, though, Americans from different parts of the colonies found, surprisingly to them, that they had a lot

in common :language, tradition, ideals; and barriers of disunity began to melt. "3# War8s 0ate%( A%termath 1. +ow that the Brench had been beaten, the colonists could now roam freely, and were less dependent upon &reat .ritain. !. "he Brench consoled themsel*es with the thought that if they could lose such a great empire, maybe the .ritish would one day lose theirs too. %. /pain was eliminated from Blorida, and the Indians could no longer play the European powers against each other, since it was only &reat .ritain in control now. ). In 1I6%, <ttawa Chie% Pontiac led a few Brench$allied tribes in a brief but bloody campaign through the <hio =alley, but the whites 6uic'ly and cruelly retaliated after being caught off guard. o <ne commander ordered blan'ets infected with smallpo# to be distributed. o "he *iolence con*inced whites to station troops along the frontier. 5. +ow, land$hungry Americans could now settle west of the Appalachians, but in 1I6%, 0arliament issued its Proc amation o% 1ED3, prohibiting any settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. o Actually, this document was meant to wor' out the Indian problem by drawing the Kout$of$boundsL line. .ut, colonists saw it as another form of oppression from a far away country. Americans as'ed, K7idnJt we Aust fight a war to win that landTL o In 1I65, an estimated one thousand wagons rolled through the town of /alisbury, +orth 3arolina, on their way Kup westL in defiance of the 0roclamation. 6. "he .ritish, proud and haughty, were in no way to accept this blatant disobedience by the lowly Americans, and the stage was set for the Re*olutionary @ar. 3# /akers o% America; The 0rench 1. -ouis SI= en*isioned a Brench empire in +orth America, but defeats in 1I1% and 1I6% snuffed that out. !. "he first Brench to lea*e 3anada were the Acadians. o "he .ritish who had won that area had demanded that all residents either swear allegiance to .ritain or lea*e. o In 1I55, they were forcefully e#pelled from the region. %. "he Acadians fled far south to the Brench colony of -ouisiana, where they settled among sleepy bayous, planted sugar cane and sweet potatoes, and practiced Roman 3atholicism. o "hey also spo'e a Brench dialect that came to be called 3aAun. o 3aAuns married the /panish, Brench, and &ermans. o "hey were largely isolated in large families until the 1D%0s, when a bridge$building spree engineered by &o*ernor ?uey -ong, bro'e the isolation of these bayou communities.

). In 1I6%, a second group of Brench settlers in Guebec began to lea*e, heading toward +ew England because poor har*ests led to lac' of food in Guebec becauseN o "he people hoped to return to 3anada someday. o "hey notably preser*ed their Roman 3atholicism and their language. o 5et today, almost all 3aAuns and +ew England Brench$3anadians spea' English. 5. "oday, Guebec is the only sign of Brench e#istence that once ruled. o Brench culture is strong there in the form of road signs, classrooms, courts, and mar'ets, elo6uently testifying to the continued *itality of Brench culture in +orth America. Chapter 0E - The .oad to .e-o (tion "# The ,eep .oots o% .e-o (tion 1. In a broad sense, the American Re*olution began when the first colonists set foot on America. !. "he war may ha*e lasted for eight years, but a sense of independence had already begun to de*elop because -ondon was o*er %,000 miles away. o /ailing across the Atlantic in a ship often too' 6 to M wee's. o /ur*i*ors felt physically and spiritually separated from Europe. o 3olonists in America, without influence from superiors, felt that they were fundamentally different from England, and more independent. o (any began to thin' of themsel*es as Americans, and that they were on the cutting edge of the .ritish empire. ""# /ercanti ism and Co onia 5rie-ances 1. <f the 1% original colonies, only &eorgia was formally planted by the .ritish go*ernment. "he rest were started by companies, religious groups, land speculators, etcN !. "he .ritish embraced a theory that Austified their control of the colonies called mercanti ism4 o A countryJs economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or sil*er in its treasury. o "o amass gold and sil*er, a country had to e#port more than it imported :it had to obtain a fa*orable balance of trade;. o 3ountries with colonies were at an ad*antage, because the colonies could supply the mother country with raw materials, wealth, supplies, a mar'et for selling manufactured goods etcN o Bor America, that meant gi*ing .ritain all the ships, shipsJ stores, sailors, and trade that they needed and wanted. o Also, they had to grow tobacco and sugar for England that .rits would otherwise ha*e to buy from other countries. %. EnglandJs policy of mercantilism se*erely handcuffed American trade. o "he +a*igation -aws were the most infamous of the laws to enforce mercantilism. "he first of these was enacted in 1650, and was aimed at ri*al 7utch shippers who were elbowing their way into the American shipping. "he Na-igation &aws restricted commerce from the colonies to England :and bac'; to only English ships, and none other.

laws stated that European goods consigned to America had to land first in England, where custom duties could be collected. Also, some products, Ken(merated goods,L could only be shipped to England. /ettlers were e*en restricted in what they could manufacture at home2 they couldnJt ma'e woolen cloth and bea*er hats to e#port :though, they could ma'e them for themsel*es;. Americans had no currency, but they were constantly buying things from .ritain, so that gold and sil*er was constantly draining out of America, forcing some to e*en trade and barter. E*entually, the colonists were forced to print paper money, which depreciated. 3olonial laws could be *oided by the Pri-1 Co(nci , though this pri*ilege was used sparingly :)6D times out of M,56% laws;. /till, colonists were infuriated by its use.

<ther

"""# The /erits and /enace o% /ercanti ism (erits of mercantilism4 1. "he +a*igation -aws were hated, but until 1I6%, they were not really enforced much, resulting in widespread smuggling. "his lac' of enforcement is called Ksa (tar1 neg ect.L o In fact, 4ohn *ancock amassed a fortune through smuggling. !. "obacco planters, though they couldnJt ship it to anywhere e#cept .ritain, still had a monopoly within the .ritish mar'et. %. Americans had unusual opportunities for self$go*ernment. ). Americans also had the mightiest army in the world in .ritain, and didnJt ha*e to pay for it. o After independence, the 9./. had to pay for a tiny army and na*y. 5. .asically, the Americans had it made4 e*en repressi*e laws werenJt enforced much, and the a*erage American benefited much more than the a*erage Englishman. o "he mista'es that occurred didnJt occur out of malice, at least until the re*olution. o Also, Brance and /pain embraced mercantilism, and enforced it hea*ily. (enace of mercantilism4 1. After .ritain began to enforce mercantilism in 1I6%, the fuse for the American Re*olution was lit. !. 7isad*antages of mercantilism included4 o Americans couldnJt buy, sell, ship, or manufacture under their most fa*orable conditions. o "he /outh, which produced crops that werenJt grown in England, was preferred o*er the +orth. =irginia, which grew Aust tobacco, was at the mercy of the .ritish buyers, who often paid *ery poorly and were responsible for putting many planters into debt.
(any

colonists felt that .ritain was Aust mil'ing her colonies for all they were worth. "heodore Roose*elt later said, KRe*olution bro'e out because England failed to recogni e an emerging nation when it saw one.L

"+# The $tamp Tax ?proar

1. After the /e*en 5earsJ @ar :Brench , Indian @ar;, .ritain had huge debt, and though it fairly had no intention of ma'ing the Americans pay off all of it for .ritain, it did feel that Americans should pay off one$third of the cost, since Redcoats had been used for the protection of the Americans. !. Prime /inister 5eorge 5ren-i e , an honest and able financier but not noted for tact, ordered that the +a*igation -aws be enforced, arousing resentment of settlers. o ?e also secured the $(gar Act of 1I6), which increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the @est Indies2 after numerous protests from spoiled Americans, the duties were reduced. %. "he @(artering Act of 1I65 re6uired certain colonies to pro*ide food and 6uarters for .ritish troops. ). In 1I65, he also imposed a stamp ta# to raise money for the new military force. o "he $tamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affi#ing of stamps, certifying payment of ta#. o /tamps were re6uired on bills of sale for about 50 trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents. o .oth the /tamp Act and the /ugar Act pro*ided for offenders to be tried in the admiralty courts, where defenders were guilty until pro*en innocent. o &ren*ille felt that these ta#es were fair, as he was simply as'ing the colonists to pay their share of the deal2 plus, Englishmen paid a much hea*ier stamp ta#. 5. Americans felt that they were unfairly ta#ed for an unnecessary army :hadnJt the Brench army and 0ontiacJs warriors been defeatedT;, and they lashed out *iolently, especially against the stamp ta#. o Americans formed the battle cry, K+o ta#ation without representationUL o Americans were angered, mostly, to the principle of the matter at hand. o Americans denied the right of 0arliament to ta# Americans, since no Americans were seated in 0arliament. 6. &ren*ille replied that these statements were absurd, and pushed the idea of K -irt(a representation,L in which e*ery 0arliament member represented all .ritish subAects :so Americans were represented;. I. Americans reAected K*irtual representationL as hogwash. +# 0orced .epea the $tamp Act 1. In 1I65, representati*es from D of the 1% colonies met in +ew 5or' 3ity to discuss the /tamp "a#. o "he $tamp Act Congress was largely ignored in .ritain, but was a step toward inter$colonial unity :similar to the Albany 3ongress of Brench , Indian @ar days;. !. /ome colonists agreed to boycott supplies, instead, ma'ing their own and refusing to buy .ritish goods. %. /ons and 7aughters of -iberty too' the law into their own hands, tarring and feathering *iolators among people who had agreed to boycott the goods. o "hey also stormed the houses of important officials and too' their money.

/tunned, demands appeared in 0arliament for repeal of the stamp ta#, though many wanted to 'now why I.5 million .rits had to pay hea*y ta#es to protect the colonies, but ! million colonials refused to pay only one$third of the cost of their own defense. In 1I66, 0arliament repealed the /tamp Act but passed the ,ec arator1 Act , proclaiming that 0arliament had the right Kto bindL the colonies Kin all cases whatsoe*er.L

+"# The Townshend Tea Tax and the !oston =/assacre> 1. 3harles K3hampaign 3harleyL "ownshend :a man who could deli*er brilliant speeches in 0arliament e*en while drun'; persuaded 0arliament to pass the Townshend Acts in 1I6I. "hey put light ta#es on lead, paper, paint, and tea, which were later repealed, e#cept tea. 1. In 1I6I, +ew 5or'Js legislature was suspended for failure to comply with the @(artering Act . !. "ea became smuggled, though, and to enforce the law, .rits had to send troops to America. %. <n the e*ening of (arch 5, 1II0, a crowd of about 60 townspeople in .oston were harassing some ten Redcoats. o <ne fellow got hit in the head, another got hit by a club. o @ithout orders but hea*ily pro*o'ed, the troops opened fire, wounding or 'illing ele*en KinnocentL citi ens, including Crisp(s Att(cks, a blac' former$sla*e and the KleaderL of the mob in the !oston /assacre. Attuc's became a symbol of freedom :from sla*e, to freeman, to martyr who stood up to .ritain for liberty;. o <nly two Redcoats were prosecuted. +""# The $editio(s Committees o% Correspondence 1. Cing &eorge III was %! years old, a good person, but a poor ruler who surrounded himself with sycophants li'e &ord North. !. "he "ownshend "a#es didnJt really do much, so they were repealed, e#cept for the tea ta#. %. "he colonies, in order to spread propaganda and 'eep the rebellious moods, set up Committees o% Correspondence which was a networ' of letter$writers and forerunner of the 3ontinental 3ongress2 the first committee was started by $am(e Adams. "hey were 'ey to 'eeping the re*olution spirit rolling. +"""# Tea !rewing in !oston 1. In 1II%, the powerful !ritish East "ndia Compan1, o*erburdened with 1I million pounds of unsold tea, was facing ban'ruptcy. !. "he .ritish decided to sell it to the Americans, who were suspicious and felt that it was a shabby attempt to tric' the Americans with the bait of cheaper tea and paying ta#. %. <n 7ecember 16, 1II%, some @hites, led by patriot /amuel Adams, disguised themsel*es as Indians, opened %)! chests and dumped the tea into the ocean in this K!oston Tea Part1.L

o o o

0eople in Annapolis did the same and burnt the ships to water le*el. Reaction was *aried, from appro*al to outrage to disappro*al. Edmund .ur'e declared, K"o ta# and to please, no more than to lo*e and be wise, is not gi*en to men.L

"3# Par iament Passes the ="nto erab e Acts> 1. In 1II), by huge maAorities, 0arliament passed a series of K .epressi-e Acts L to punish the colonies, namely (assachusetts. "hese were called the Intolerable Acts by Americans. o "he !oston Port Act closed the harbor in .oston. o /elf$go*ernment was limited by forbidding town hall meetings without appro*al. o "he charter to (assachusetts was re*o'ed. !. "he @(ebec Act o A good law in bad company, it guaranteed 3atholicism to the Brench$3anadians, permitted them to retain their old customs, and e#tended the old boundaries of Guebec all the way to the <hio Ri*er. o Americans saw their territory threatened and aroused anti$3atholics were shoc'ed at the enlargement that would ma'e a 3atholic area as large as the original 1% colonies. 0lus, Americans were banned from this region through the 0roclamation -ine of 1I6%. 3# ! oodshed 1. "he Birst 3ontinental 3ongress o In 0hiladelphia, from /eptember 5th to <ctober !6th, 1II), the 0irst Continenta Congress met to discuss problems. o @hile not wanting independence yet, it did come up with a list of grie*ances, which were ignored in 0arliament. o 1! of the 1% colonies met, only &eorgia didnJt ha*e a representati*e there. o Also, they came up with a ,ec aration o% .ights. !. "hey agreed to meet again in 1II5 :the ne#t year; if nothing happened. %. "he K/hot ?eard VRound the @orldL o In April 1II5, the .ritish commander in .oston sent a detachment of troops to nearby &exington and Concord to sei e supplies and to capture /am Adams and Hohn ?ancoc'. o (inutemen, after ha*ing eight of their own 'illed at -e#ington, fought bac' at 3oncord, pushing the Redcoats bac', shooting them from behind roc's and trees, Indian style. 3"# "mperia $trength and Weaknesses 1. @ith war bro'en open, .ritain had the hea*y ad*antage4 :1; I.5 million people to AmericaJs ! million, :!; superior na*al power, :%; great wealth. !. /ome %0,000 *essians :&erman mercenaries; were also hired by &eorge III, in addition to a professional army of about 50,000 men, plus about 50,000 American loyalists and many +ati*e Americans.

%. ?owe*er, .ritain still had Ireland :which re6uired troops; and Brance was Aust waiting to stab .ritain in the bac'2 plus, there was no @illiam 0itt. o (any .rits had no desire to 'ill their American cousins, as shown by @illiam 0ittJs withdrawal of his son from the army. o English @higs at first supported America, as opposed to &ord NorthJs "ory @higs, and they felt that if &eorge III won, then his rule of England might become tyrannical. o .ritainJs generals were second$rate, and its men were brutally treated. o 0ro*isions were often scarce, plus .ritain was fighting a war some %,000 miles away from home. o America was also e#pansi*e, and there was no single capital to capture and therefore cripple the country. 3""# American P (ses and /in(ses Ad*antages 1. Americans had great leaders li'e &eorge @ashington :giant general;, and .en Bran'lin :smooth diplomat;. !. "hey also had Brench aid :indirect and secretly;, as the Brench pro*ided the Americans with guns, supplies, gunpowder, etcN %. /ar)(is de &a%a1ette, at age 1D, was made a maAor general in the colonial army and was a great asset. ). "he colonials were fighting in a defensi*e manner, and they were self$sustaining. 5. "hey were better mar'smen. A competent American rifleman could hit a manJs head at !00 yards. 6. "he Americans enAoyed the moral ad*antage in fighting for a Aust cause, and the historical odds werenJt unfa*orable either. 7isad*antages 1. Americans were terribly lac'ing in unity, though. !. Healousy was pre*alent, as colonies resented the 3ontinental 3ongressJ attempt at e#ercising power. /ectional Aealousy boiled up o*er the appointment of military leaders2 some +ew Englanders almost preferred .ritish officers to Americans from other colonies. %. Americans had little money. Inflation also hit families of soldiers hard, and made many people poor. ). Americans had nothing of a na*y. 3"""# A Thin &ine o% *eroes 1. "he American army was desperately in need of clothing, wool, wagons to ship food, and other supplies. !. (any soldiers had also only recei*ed rudimentary training. %. &erman !aron -on $te(ben, who spo'e no English, whipped the soldiers into shape. ). African Americans also fought and died in ser*ice, though in the beginning, many colonies barred them from ser*ice. o .y warJs end, more than 5,000 blac's had enlisted in the American armed forces. o African$Americans also ser*ed on the .ritish side.

In +o*ember 1II5, -ord 7unmore, royal go*ernor of =irginia, issued a proclamation declaring freedom for any ensla*ed blac' in =irginia who Aoined the .ritish Army. o .y warJs end, at least 1,)00 .lac's were e*acuated to +o*a /cotia, Hamaica, and England. 5. (any people also sold items to the .ritish, because they paid in gold. 6. (any people Aust didnJt care about the re*olution, and therefore, raising a large number of troops was difficult, if not impossible. I. <nly because a select few threw themsel*es into the cause with passion, did the Americans win.
o

Chapter 0F - America $ecedes %rom the Empire "# Congress ,ra%ts 5eorge Washington 1. After the bloodshed at -e#ington and 3oncord in April of 1II5, about !0,000 (inutemen swarmed around .oston, where they outnumbered the .ritish. !. "he /econd 3ontinental 3ongress met in 0hiladelphia on (ay 10, 1II5, with no real intention of independence, but merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the 'ing and 0arliament would consent to a redress of grie*ances. o It sent another list of grie*ances to 0arliament. o It also adopted measures to raise money for an army and a na*y. o It also selected &eorge @ashington to command the army. @ashington had ne*er risen abo*e the ran' of colonel, and his largest command had only been of 1,!00 men, but he was a tall figure who loo'ed li'e a leader, and thus, was a morale boost to troops. ?e radiated patience, courage, self$discipline, and a sense of Austice, and though he insisted on wor'ing without pay, he did 'eep a careful e#pense account amounting to more than W100,000. ""# !(nker *i and *essian *ire ings 1. In the first year, the war was one of consistency, as the colonists maintained their loyalty while still shooting at the 'ingJs men. !. In (ay 1II5, a tiny American force called the &reen (ountain .oys, led by Ethan Allen and .enedict Arnold, surprised and captured the .ritish garrisons at Borts "iconderoga and 3rown 0oint o "he importance of this raid lay in the fact that they captured much$needed cannons and gunpowder. %. In Hune 1II5, the colonials sei ed .un'er ?ill :prior 'nown as .reedJs ?ill;. o Instead of flan'ing them, the Redcoats launched a frontal attac', and the hea*ily entrenched colonial sharpshooters mowed them down until meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat. ). After .un'er ?ill, &eorge III slammed the door for all hope of reconciliation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair.

5. "he 'ing also hired many &erman mercenaries, called ?essians, who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citi ens. """# The Aborti-e Con)(est o% Canada 1. In <ctober 1II5, the .ritish burned Balmouth :0ortland;, (aine. !. "he colonists decided that in*ading 3anada would add a 1)th colony and depri*e .ritain of a *aluable base for stri'ing at the colonies in re*olt. o Also, the Brench$3anadians would support the Americans because they supposedly were bitter about .ritainJs ta'ing o*er of their land. o &eneral Richard (ontgomery captured (ontreal. o At Guebec, he was Aoined by the bedraggled army of &en. .enedict Arnold. o <n the last day of 1II5, in the assault of Guebec, (ontgomery was 'illed and Arnold was wounded in one leg, and the whole campaign collapsed as the men retreated up the /t. -awrence Ri*er, re*ersing the way (ontgomery had come. o .esides, the Brench$3anadians, who had welcomed the Guebec Act, didnJt really li'e the anti$3atholic in*aders. %. In Hanuary 1II6, the .ritish set fire to +orfol', =irginia, but in (arch, they were finally forced to e*acuate .oston. ). In the /outh, the rebels won a *ictory against some 1,500 -oyalists at (ooreJs 3ree' .ridge, in +orth 3arolina, and against an in*ading .ritish fleet at 3harleston ?arbor. "+# Thomas Paine Preaches Common $ense 1. In 1II6, "homas 0aine published the pamphlet 3ommon /ense, which urged colonials to stop this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and Aust fight. !. +owhere in the uni*erse did a smaller body control a larger one, so 0aine argued, saying it was unnatural for tiny .ritain to control gigantic America. %. ?e called Cing &eorge III Kthe Royal .rute of &reat .ritain.L +# Paine and the "dea o% =.ep(b icanism> 1. 0aine argued his idea that there should be a KrepublicL where representati*e senators, go*ernors, and Audges should ha*e their power from the consent of the people. !. ?e laced his ideas with .iblical imagery, familiar to common fol'. %. ?is ideas about reAecting monarchy and empire and embrace an independent republic fell on recepti*e ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already e#isted. o "he +ew Englanders already practiced this type of go*ernment in their town meetings. ). /ome patriots, though, fa*ored a republic ruled by a Knatural aristocracy.L +"# 4e%%erson8s =Exp anation> o% "ndependence

1. (embers of the 0hiladelphia !nd 3ontinental 3ongress, instructed by their colonies, gradually mo*ed toward a clean brea' with .ritain. !. <n Hune I, 1II6, fiery Richard ?enry -ee urged for complete independence, an idea that was finally adopted on Huly !, 1II6. %. "o write such a statement, 3ongress appointed "homas Hefferson, already renown as a great writer, to concoct a 7eclaration of Independence. o ?e did so elo6uently, coming up with a list of grie*ances against Cing &eorge III and persuasi*ely e#plaining why the colonies had the right to re*olt. o ?is Ke#planationL of independence also upheld the Knatural rightsL of human'ind :life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;. ). @hen 3ongress appro*ed it on Huly !nd, Hohn Adams proclaimed that date to be celebrated from then on with firewor's, but because of editing and final appro*al, it was not completely appro*ed until Huly )th, 1II6. +""# Patriots and &o1a ists 1. "he @ar of Independence was a war within a war, as not all colonials were united. o "here were 0atriots, who supported rebellion and were called K@higs.L o "here were -oyalists, who supported the 'ing and who often went to battle against fellow Americans. "he -oyalists were also called K"ories.L o "here were (oderates in the middle and those who didnJt care either way. "hese people were constantly being as'ed to Aoin one side or another. !. 7uring the war, the .ritish pro*ed that they could only control "ory areas, because when Redcoats pac'ed up and left other areas, the rebels would regain control. %. "ypical -oyalist :"ory; o -oyalists were generally conser*ati*es, but the war di*ided families. Bor e#ample, .enAamin Bran'lin was against his illegitimate son, @illiam, the last royal go*ernor of +ew Hersey. o -oyalists were most numerous where the Anglican 3hurch was strongest :the /outh;. o -oyalists were less numerous in +ew England, where 0resbyterianism and 3ongregationalism flourished. -oyalists were more numerous in the aristocratic areas such as 3harleston, /3. ). "ypical 0atriot o "he 0atriots were generally the younger generation, li'e /amuel Adams and 0atric' ?enry. o "he 0atriot militias constantly harassed small .ritish detachments. o 0atriots typically didnJt belong to the Anglican 3hurch :3hurch of England; but were 3ongregational, 0resbyterian, .aptist, or (ethodist. 5. "here were also those 'nown as KprofiteersL who sold to the highest bidder, selling to the .ritish and ignoring star*ing, free ing soldiers :i.e. &eorge @ashington at =alley Borge;.

+"""# The &o1a ist Exod(s 1. After the 7eclaration of Independence, -oyalists and 0atriots were more sharply di*ided, and 0atriots often confiscated -oyalist property to resell it :an easy way to raise money;. !. /ome 50,000 -oyalists ser*ed the .ritish in one way or another :fighting, spying, etcN;, and it was an oddity that the .rits didnJt ma'e more use of them during the war. "3# 5enera Washington at !a1 1. After the e*acuation of .oston, the .ritish focused on +ew 5or' as a base for operations. o An awe$inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in Huly 1II6, consisting of some 500 ships and %5,000 menRthe largest armed force seen in America e*er until the 3i*il @ar. o @ashington could only muster 1M,000 ill$trained men to fight, and they were routed at the .attle of -ong Island. @ashington escaped to (anhattan Island, crossed the ?udson Ri*er to +ew Hersey, reaching the 7elaware Ri*er with taunting, fo#$hunt calling .rits on his heels. o ?e crossed the 7elaware Ri*er at "renton on a cold 7ecember !6, 1II6, and surprised and captured a thousand ?essians who were sleeping off their 3hristmas 7ay celebration :drin'ing;. o ?e then left his campfires burning as a ruse, slipped away, and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller .ritish detachment at 0rinceton, showing his military genius at its best. o It was odd that &en. @illiam ?owe, the .ritish general, didnJt crush @ashington when he was at the 7elaware, but he well remembered .un'er ?ill, and was cautious. 3# !(rgo1ne8s ! (ndering "n-asion 1. -ondon officials adopted a complicated scheme for capturing the *ital ?udson Ri*er *alley in 1III, which, if successful, would se*er +ew England from the rest of the colonies. "he plan was such thatN o &eneral .urgoyne would push down the -a'e 3hamplain route from 3anada. o &eneral ?oweJs troops in +ew 5or', if needed, could ad*ance up the ?udson and meet .urgoyne in Albany. o A third and much smaller .ritish force commanded by 3ol. .arry /t. -edger would come in from the west by way of -a'e <ntario and the (ohaw' =alley. !. ?owe*er, .enedict Arnold, after failure at Guebec, retreated slowly along the /t. -awrence bac' to -a'e 3hamplain, where the .ritish would ha*e to win control :of the la'e; before proceeding. o "he .rits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a tattered flotilla from whate*er boats he could find. o ?is Kna*yL was destroyed, but he had gained *aluable time, because winter set in and the .ritish settled in 3anada, thus, they would ha*e to begin anew the ne#t spring.

%. ).

5. 6.

Arnold not contributed his daring and s'ill, the .rits most li'ely would ha*e recaptured "iconderoga and .urgoyne could ha*e started from there and succeeded in his *enture. .urgoyne began his mission with I,000 troops and a hea*y baggage train consisting of a great number of the officersJ wi*es. o (eanwhile, snea'y rebels, sensing the 'ill, were gathering along his flan's. &eneral ?owe, at a time when he should be starting up the ?udson, deliberately embar'ed for an attac' on 0hiladelphia. o ?e wanted to force an encounter with @ashington and lea*e the path wide open for .urgoyneJs thrust. ?e thought he had enough time to help .urgoyne if needed. o @ashington transferred his troops to 0hiladelphia, but was defeated at .randywine 3ree' and &ermantown. o "hen, the fun$lo*ing ?owe settled down in 0hiladelphia, lea*ing .urgoyne Kto the dogs.L o .en Bran'lin, in 0aris, Ao'ed that ?owe hadnJt captured 0hiladelphia, but that K0hiladelphia had captured ?owe.L @ashington finally retired for the winter at =alley Borge, where his troops fro e in the cold, but a recently arri*ed 0russian drillmaster, .aron *on /teuben, whipped the cold troops into shape. .urgoyneJs doomed troops were bogged down, and the rebels swarmed in with a series of sharp engagements, pushing /t. -egers force bac' at <ris'any while .urgoyne, unable to ad*ance or retreat, surrendered his entire force at "he .attle of /aratoga, on <ctober 1I, 1III. o "his was perhaps one of the most decisi*e battles in .ritish and American history. o "he importance of /aratoga lay in the fact that afterwards, Brance sensed America might actually win and came out to officially help America.

?ad

3"# .e-o (tion in ,ip omac1G 1. Brance was eager to get re*enge on .ritain, and secretly supplied the Americans throughout much of the war. !. "he 3ontinental 3ongress sent delegates to Brance. "he delegates were guided by a K(odel "reatyL which sought no political or military connections, but only commercial ones. o .en Bran'lin played the diplomacy game by wearing simple gray clothes and a coons'in cap to supposedly e#emplify a raw new America %. After the humiliation at /aratoga, the .ritish offered the Americans a measure that ga*e them home ruleRe*erything they wanted e#cept independence. ). After /aratoga, Brance finally was persuaded to enter the war against .ritain. o -ouis S=IJs ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if .ritain regained control, she might then try to capture the Brench @est Indies for compensation for the war. o +ow was the time to stri'e, rather than ris' a stronger .ritain with its reunited colonies. 5. Brance, in 1IIM, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America e*erything that .ritain had offered, plus recognition of independence.

"he Americans accepted the agreement with caution, since Brance was pro$3atholic, but since the Americans needed help, theyJd ta'e it.

3""# The Co onia War !ecomes a Wider War 1. In 1IID, /pain and ?olland entered the war against .ritain. !. In 1IM0, 3atherine the &reat of Russia too' the lead in organi ing the Armed +eutrality :she later called it the Armed +ullity; that lined up all of EuropeJs neutrals in passi*e hostility against England. %. America, though it 'ept the war going until 1IIM, didnJt win until Brance, /pain, and ?olland Aoined in and .ritain couldnJt handle them all. ). .ritain, with the Brench now in the seas, decided to finally e*acuate 0hiladelphia and concentrate their forces in +ew 5or', and e*en though @ashington attac'ed them at (onmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstro'e, the .ritish escaped to +ew 5or'. 3"""# ! ow and Co(nterb ow 1. Brench reinforcements, commanded by 3omte de Rochambeau, arri*ed in +ewport, Rhode Island in 1IM0, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the Brench. !. In 1IM0, feeling unappreciated and lured by .ritish gold, &en. .enedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the .ritish to sell out @est 0oint. o @hen the plot was disco*ered, he fled with the .ritish. o K@hom can we trust nowTL cried &eorge @ashington in anguish. %. "he .ritish de*ised a plan to roll up the colonies from the /outh. o &eorgia was ruthlessly o*errun in 1IIM$1IID. o 3harleston, /outh 3arolina, fell in 1IM0. o In the 3arolinas, 0atriots bitterly fought their -oyalist neighbors. o ?owe*er, in 1IM1, American riflemen wiped out a .ritish detachment at CingJs (ountain, and then defeated a smaller force at 3owpens. o At the 3arolina campaign of 1IM1, Gua'er$reared tactician &en. +athanael &reene distinguished himself with his strategy of delay. .y slowly retreating and losing battles but winning campaigns, he helped clear the .ritish out of most of &eorgia and /outh 3arolina. 3"+# The &and 0rontier and the $ea 0rontier 1. 1III was 'nown as the Kbloody yearL on the frontier, as Indians went on a scalping spree. !. (ost of the Indians supported .ritain and belie*ed that if they won, it would stop American e#pansion into the @est, and sa*e Indian land. %. (ohaw' chief Hoseph .rant, recently con*erted to Anglicanism, and his men ra*aged the bac'country of 0ennsyl*ania and +ew 5or' until chec'ed by the Americans in 1IID. ). In 1IM), the pro$.ritish Iro6uois :the <neidas and the "uscaroras had sided with the Americans, the other four with the .ritish; signed

5. 6. I. M.

the "reaty of Bort /tanwi#, the first treaty between the 9./. and an Indian nation. o 9nder its terms, the Indians ceded most of their land. E*en in wartime, pioneers mo*ed west, showing their gratitude to the Brench with such town names as -ouis*ille while remembering the re*olution with -e#ington, Centuc'y. &eorge Rogers 3lar', an audacious frontiersman, floated down the <hio Ri*er with about 1I5 men in 1IIM$1IID and captured forts Cas'as'ia, 3aho'ia, and =icennes in 6uic' succession. "he tiny American na*y ne*er really hurt the .ritish warships, but it did destroy .ritish merchant shipping and carried the war into the waters around the .ritish Isles. /wift pri*ateers preyed on enemy shipping, capturing many ships and forcing them to sail in con*oys.

3+# 2orktown and the 0ina C(rtain 1. .efore the last decisi*e *ictory, inflation continued to soar, and the go*ernment was *irtually ban'rupt. It announced that it could only repay many of its debts at a rate of !.5 cents on the dollar. !. ?owe*er, 3ornwallis was blundering into a trap. o Retreating to 3hesapea'e .ay and assuming that .ritish control of the seas would gi*e him much needed bac'up, 3ornwallis instead was trapped by @ashingtonJs army, which had come %00 miles from +5, RochambeauJs Brench army, and the na*y of Brench Admiral de &rasse. %. After hearing the news of 3ornwallisJ defeat, -ord +orth cried, K<h &odU ItJs all o*erUL ). /tubborn Cing &eorge wanted to continue the war, since he still had 5),000 troops in +orth America and %!,000 in the 9./., and fighting did continue for about a year after 5or'town, especially in the /outh, but America had won. 3+"# Peace at Paris 1. (any .rits were weary of the war, since they had suffered hea*ily in India and the @est Indies, the island of (inorca in the (editerranean which had fallen, and the Roc' of &ibraltar was tottering. !. .en Bran'lin, Hohn Adams, and Hohn Hay met in 0aris for a peace deal. o Hay suspected that Brance would try to 'eep the 9./. cooped up east of the Alleghenies and 'eep America wea'. o Instead, Hay, thin'ing that Brance would betray American ambition to satisfy those of /pain, secretly made separate o*ertures to -ondon :against instructions from 3ongress; and came to terms 6uic'ly with the .ritish, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance. %. "he "reaty of 0aris of 1IM% o .ritain formally recogni ed 9./. independence and granted generous boundaries, stretching maAestically to the (ississippi Ri*er to the west, the &reat -a'es on the north, and to /panish Blorida on the /outh. o "he 5an'ees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of +ewfoundland.

Americans couldnJt persecute -oyalists, though, and 3ongress could only recommend legislature that would return or pay for confiscated -oyalist land.

3+""# A New Nation &egitimi'ed 1. .ritain ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its Brench alliance. o Remember, &eorge Rogers 3lar' had only con6uered a small part of that western land. !. Also, during the time, the American$friendly @higs were in control of the 0arliament, which was not to be the case in later years. %. Brance appro*ed the treaty, though with cautious eyes. ). In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if e*er, ha*e any people been so fa*ored. 3+"""# /akers o% America; The &o1a ists 1. -oyalists were conser*ati*e, well$educated, and thought that a complete brea' with .ritain would in*ite anarchy. "hey felt that America couldnJt win against the most powerful nation in the world. !. (any .ritons had settled in America after the /e*en 5earsJ @ar, and they had reason to support their home country. %. "housands of African$Americans Aoined the .ritish ran's for hope of freedom from bondage. o (any .lac' -oyalists won their freedom from .ritain. o <thers suffered betrayal, such as when 3ornwallis abandoned o*er ),000 former sla*es in =irginia and when many .lac' -oyalists boarded ships e#pecting to embar' for freedom but instead found themsel*es sold bac' into sla*ery. o /ome .lac' e#iles settled in .ritain, but werenJt really easily accepted. ). (ost -oyalists remained in America, where they faced special burdens and struggled to re$establish themsel*es in a society that *iewed them as traitors. 5. ?ugh &aine, though, succeeded in building bac' his name. o ?e reopened his business and e*en won contracts from the new go*ernment. o ?e also published the new national army regulations authored by .aron *on /teuben. o @hen +ew 5or' ratified the 3onstitution in 1IMM, &aine rode the float at the head of the cityJs celebration parade. o ?e had, li'e many other former -oyalists, become an American. Chapter 0H - The Con%ederation and the Constit(tion "# The P(rs(it o% E)(a it1 1. "he American Re*olution was more of an accelerated e*olution than a re*olution. !. ?owe*er, the e#odus of some M0,000 -oyalists left a great lac' of conser*ati*es. o "his wea'ening of the aristocratic Kupper crustL let 0atriot elites emerge. %. "he fight for separation of church and state resulted in notable gains.

"he 3ongregational church continued to be legally established :ta# supported; by some +ew England states, but the Anglican 3hurch was humbled and reformed as the 0rotestant Episcopal 3hurch. ). /la*ery was a large, problematic issue, as the 3ontinental 3ongress of 1II) had called for the abolition of sla*ery, and in 1II5, the 0hiladelphia Gua'ers founded the worldJs first antisla*ery society. o "his new spirit that Kall men are created e6ualL e*en inspired a few sla*e owners to free their sla*es. 5. Another issue was women. "hey still were une6ual to men, e*en though some had ser*ed :disguised as men; in the Re*olutionary @ar. o "here were some achie*ements for women such as +ew HerseyJs 1II6 constitution which allowed women to *ote :for a time;. o (others de*oted to their families were de*eloped as an idea of Krepublican motherhoodL and ele*ated women to higher statuses as 'eepers of the nationJs conscience. @omen raised the children and thereby held the future of the republic in their hands.
o

""# Constit(tion /aking in the $tates 1. "he 3ontinental 3ongress of 1II6 called upon colonies to draft new constitutions :thus began the formation of the Articles of the 3onfederation;. o (assachusetts contributed one inno*ation when it called a special con*ention to draft its constitution and made it so that the constitution could only be changed through another specially called constitutional con*ention. o (any states had written documents that represented a fundamental law. o (any had a bill of rights and also re6uired annual election of legislators. o All of them deliberately created wea' e#ecuti*e and Audicial branches since they distrusted power due to .ritainJs abuse of it. o In most states, the legislati*e branch was gi*en sweeping powers, though some people, li'e "homas Hefferson, warned that K1I% despots Xin legislatureY would surely be as oppressi*e as one.L !. (any state capitals followed the migration of the people and mo*ed westward, as in +ew ?ampshire, +ew 5or', =irginia, the 3arolinas, and &eorgia. """# Economic Crossc(rrents 1. After the Re*olution, -oyalist land was sei ed, but people didnJt chop heads off :as later in Brance;. !. &oods formerly imported from England were cut off, forcing Americans to ma'e their own. %. /till, America remained agriculturalist by a large degree. Industriali ation would come much later. ). 0rior to war, Americans had great trade with .ritain, and now they didnJt. .ut they could now trade with foreign countries, and with any nation they wanted to, a pri*ilege they didnJt ha*e before. 5. 5an'ee shippers li'e the Empress of 3hina :1IM); boldly *entured into far off places.

6. ?owe*er, inflation was rampant, and ta#es were hated. "he rich had become poor, and the newly rich were *iewed with suspicion. 7isrespect of pri*ate property became shoc'ing. "+# A $hak1 $tart Toward ?nion 1. @hile the 9./. had to create a new go*ernment, the people were far from united. !. In 1IM6, after the war, .ritain flooded America with cheap goods, greatly hurting American industries. %. ?owe*er, the states all did share similar constitutions, had a rich political inheritance form .ritain, and America was blessed with men li'e @ashington, (adison, Hefferson, ?amilton, and Hohn Adams, great political leaders of high order. +# Creating a Con%ederation 1. "he new states chose a confederation as their first go*ernmentRa loose union of states where a federal and state le*el e#ist, yet the state le*el retains the most so*ereignty to Kdo their own thing.L o Bor e#ample, during the war, states had created their own indi*idual currencies and ta# barriers. !. "he Articles of the 3onfederation was finished in 1III, but it was finally completely ratified by the last state, (aryland, on (arch 1, 1IM1. %. A maAor dispute was that states li'e +ew 5or' and =irginia had huge tracts of land west of the Appalachians that they could sell off to pay off their debts while other states could not do so. o As a compromise, these lands were ceded to the federal go*ernment, which pledged to dispense them for the common good of the union :states would be made;. o "he +orthwest <rdinance later confirmed this. +"# The Artic es o% the Con%ederation; America8s 0irst Constit(tion 1. "he main thing to 'now regarding the Articles is that they set up a *ery wea' go*ernment. "his was not by accident, but by plan. "he reason a wea' go*ernment was desired was simply to a*oid a strong national go*ernment that would ta'e away unalienable rights or abuse their power :i.e. England;. !. "he Articles had no e#ecuti*e branch :hence, no single leader;, a wea' 3ongress in which each state had only one *ote, it re6uired !>% maAority on any subAect of importance, and a fully unanimous *ote for amendments. %. Also, 3ongress was pitifully wea', and could not regulate commerce and could not enforce ta# collection. o /tates printed their own, worthless paper money. o /tates competed with one another for foreign trade. "he federal go*ernment was helpless. ). 3ongress could only call up soldiers from the states, which werenJt going to help each other.

E#ample4 in 1IM%, a group of 0ennsyl*anian soldiers harassed the go*ernment in 0hiladelphia, demanding bac' pay. @hen it pleaded for help from the state, and didnJt recei*e any, it had to shamefully mo*e to 0rinceton 3ollege in +ew Hersey. 5. ?owe*er, the go*ernment was a model of what a loose confederation should be, and was a significant stepping$stone towards the establishment of the 9./. 3onstitution. 6. /till, many thought the states wielded an alarmingly great of power.
o

+""# &andmarks in &and &aws 1. "he -and <rdinance of 1IM5 answered the 6uestion, K?ow will the new lands in the <hio =alley be di*ided upTL It pro*ided the acreage of the <ld +orthwest should be sold and that the proceeds be used to pay off the national debt. o "his *ast area would be sur*eyed before settlement and then di*ided into townships :si# miles s6uare;, which would then be di*ided into %6 s6uare sections :1 mile s6uare; with one set aside for public schools :section Z16;. !. "he +orthwest <rdinance of 1IMI answered the 6uestion, K?ow will new states be made once people mo*e out thereTL It made admission into the union a two stage affair4 o "here would be two e*olutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal go*ernment. o @hen a territory had 60,000 inhabitants, they wrote a state constitution and sent it to 3ongress for appro*al. If appro*ed, itJs a new state. o It wor'ed *ery well to sol*e a problem that had plagued many other nations. +"""# The Wor d8s ?g 1 ,(ck ing 1. ?owe*er, .ritain still refused to repeal the +a*igation -aws, and closed down its trading to the 9./. :pro*ed useless to 9./. smuggling;. It also sought to anne# =ermont to .ritain with help from the Allen brothers and .ritain continued to hold a chain of military posts on 9./. soil. o <ne e#cuse used was that the soldiers had to ma'e sure the 9./. honor its treaty and pay bac' debts to -oyalists. !. In 1IM), /pain closed the (ississippi Ri*er to American commerce. %. It also claimed a large area near the &ulf of (e#ico that was ceded to the 9./. by .ritain. o At +atche , on disputed soil, it also held a strategic fort. ). .oth /pain and England, while encouraging Indian tribes to be restless, pre*ented the 9./. from controlling half of it territory. 5. E*en Brance demanded payment of 9./. debts to Brance. 6. "he pirates of the +orth African states, including the arrogant 7ey of Algiers, ra*aged 9./. ships in the area and ensla*ed 5an'ee sailors. @orse, America was Aust too wea' to stop them. "3# The *orrid $pecter o% Anarch1

1. /tates were refusing to pay ta#es, and national debt was mounting as foreign credibility was slipping. !. .oundary disputes erupted into small battles while states ta#ed goods from other states. %. /haysJ Rebellion, which flared up in western (assachusetts in 1IM6. o /haysJ was disgruntled o*er getting farmland mortgages. +otably, the inability to get land is the same moti*ation for rebellion as .aconJs Rebellion bac' in 16I6 in =irginia. And, the desire for land was also the moti*ator of the 0a#ton .oys in 0ennsyl*ania in 1I6). o 7aniel /hays was con*icted, but later pardoned. o "he importance of /haysJ Rebellion[ "he fear of such *iolence li*ed on and paranoia moti*ated fol's to desire a stronger federal go*ernment. ). 0eople were beginning to doubt republicanism and this Articles of the 3onfederation. 5. ?owe*er, many supporters belie*ed that the Articles merely needed to be strengthened. 6. "hings began to loo' brighter, though, as prosperity was beginning to emerge. 3ongress was beginning to control commerce, and o*erseas shipping was regaining its place in the world. 3# A Con-ention o% =,emigods> 1. An Annapolis, (aryland con*ention was called to address the ArticlesJ inability to regulate commerce, but only fi*e states were represented. "hey decided to meet again. !. <n (ay !5, 1IMI, 55 delegates from 1! states :Rhode Island wasnJt there; met in 0hiladelphia to Kre*ise the Articles only.L o Among them were people li'e ?amilton, Bran'lin, and (adison. o ?owe*er, people li'e Hefferson, Hohn and /am Adams, "homas 0aine, ?ancoc', and 0atric' ?enry were not there. +otably the 0atriots li'e /am Adams were seen as too radical. 3"# Patriots in Phi ade phia 1. "he 55 delegates were all well$off and mostly young, and they hoped to preser*e the union, protect the American democracy from abroad and preser*e it at home, and to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in *arious states :li'e rebellions, etcN;. 3""# *ammering 6(t a !(nd e o% Compromises 1. "he delegates 6uic'ly decided to totally scrap the Articles and create a new 3onstitution. o =irginiaJs large state plan called for 3ongressional representation based on state population, while +ew HerseyJs small state plan called for e6ual representation from all states :in terms of numbers, each state got the same number of representati*es, two.; o Afterwards, the K&reat 3ompromiseL was wor'ed out so that 3ongress would ha*e two houses, the ?ouse of Representati*es, where representation was based on population, and the /enate, where each state got two representati*es

All ta# bills would start in the ?ouse. !. Also, there would be a strong, independent e#ecuti*e branch with a president who would be military commander$in$chief and who could *eto legislation. %. Another compromise was the election of the president through the Electoral 3ollege, rather than by the people directly. "he people were *iewed as too ignorant to *ote. ). Also, sla*es would count as %>5 of a person in census counts for representation. o Also, the 3onstitution enabled a state to shut off sla*e importation if it wanted, after 1M0I.
o

3"""# $a%eg(ards %or Conser-atism 1. "he delegates at the 3on*ention all belie*ed in a system with chec's and balances, and the more conser*ati*e people deliberately erected safeguards against e#cesses of mobs. /uch asN o Bederal chief Austices were appointed for life, thus creating stability conser*ati*es li'ed. o "he electoral college created a buffer between the people and the presidency. o /enators were elected by state legislators, not by the people. o /o, the people *oted for 1>! of 1>% of the go*ernment :only for representati*es in the ?ouse;. !. ?owe*er, the people still had power, and go*ernment was based on the people. %. .y the end of the 3on*ention, on /ept. 1I, 1IMI, only )! of the original 55 were still there to sign the 3onstitution. 3"+# The C ash o% 0edera ists and Anti-%edera ists 1. Cnowing that state legislatures would certainly *eto the new 3onstitution, the Bounding Bathers sent copies of it out to state con*entions, where it could be debated and *oted upon. o "he people could Audge it themsel*es. !. "he American people were shoc'ed, because they had e#pected a patched up Articles of the 3onfederation and had recei*ed a whole new 3onstitution :the 3on*ention had been *ery well concealed and 'ept secret;. %. "he Bederalists, who fa*ored the proposed stronger go*ernment, were against the anti$federalists, who were opposed to the 3onstitution. o "he Bederalists were more respectable and generally embraced the cultured and propertied groups, and many were former -oyalists. "hese fol's li*ed nearer the coast in the older areas. ). Anti$federalists truthfully cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti$democratic. o "he Anti$federalists were mostly the poor farmers, the illiterate, and statesJ rights de*otees. It was basically the poorer classes who li*ed westward toward the frontier. o "hey decried the dropping of annual elections of congressional representati*es and the erecting of what would become @ashington 7.3., and the creation of a standing army. 3+# The 5reat ,ebate in the $tates

1. Elections were run to elect people into the state con*entions. !. Bour small states 6uic'ly ratified the 3onstitution, and 0ennsyl*ania was the first large state to act. %. In (assachusetts, a hard fought race between the supporters and detractors :including /amuel Adams, the KEngineer of Re*olutionL who now resisted change;, and (assachusetts finally ratified it after a promise of a bill of rights to be added later. o ?ad this state not ratified, it would ha*e brought the whole thing down. ). "hree more states ratified, and on Hune !1, 1IMM, the 3onstitution was officially adopted after nine states :all but =irginia, +ew 5or', +orth 3arolina, and Rhode Island; had ratified it. 3+"# The 0o(r &aggard $tates 1. =irginia, 'nowing that it could not be an independent state :the 3onstitution was about to be ratified by the Dth state, +ew ?ampshire, anyway;, finally ratified it by a *ote of MD to ID. !. +ew 5or' was swayed by "he Bederalist 0apers, written by Hohn Hay, Hames (adison, and Ale#ander ?amilton, and finally yielded after reali ing that it couldnJt prosper apart from the union. %. +orth 3arolina and Rhode Island finally ratified it after intense pressure from the go*ernment. 3+""# A Conser-ati-e Tri(mph 1. "he minority had triumphed again, and the transition had been peaceful. !. <nly about 1>) of the adult white males in the country :mainly those with land; had *oted for the ratifying delegates. %. 3onser*ationism was *ictorious, as the safeguards had been erected against mob$rule e#cesses. ). Re*olutionaries against .ritain had been upended by re*olutionaries against the Articles. o It was a type of counterre*olution. 5. Bederalists belie*ed that e*ery branch of go*ernment effecti*ely represented the people, unli'e Anti$federalists who belie*ed that only the legislati*e branch did so. 6. In the 9./., conser*ati*es and radicals ali'e ha*e championed the heritage of democratic re*olution. Chapter 10 - &a(nching the New $hip o% $tate "# 5rowing Pains 1. In 1IMD, the new 9./. 3onstitution was launched, and the population was doubling e*ery !0 years. o AmericaJs population was still D0E rural, with 5E li*ing west of the Appalachians. o =ermont became the 1)th state in 1ID1, and Centuc'y, "ennessee, and <hio :states where trans$Appalachian o*erflow was concentrated; became states soon after. o =isitors loo'ed down upon the crude, rough pioneers, and these western people were resti*e and dubiously loyal at best.

!. In the twel*e years after American independence, laws had been bro'en and a constitution had been completely scrapped and replaced with a new one, a go*ernment that left much to be desired. %. America was also hea*ily in debt, and paper money was worthless, but meanwhile, restless monarchs watched to see if the 9./. could succeed in setting up a republic while facing such o*erwhelming odds. ""# Washington %or President 1. At 6J!L, 1I5 pounds, with broad and sloping shoulders, a strongly pointed chin and poc'mar's from smallpo#, &eorge @ashington was an imposing figure, which helped in his getting unanimously elected as president by the Electoral 3ollege in 1IMD. !. ?is long Aourney from (t. =ernon to +ew 5or' :capital at the time; was a triumphant procession filled with cheering crowds and roaring festi*ities, and he too' his oath of office on April %0, 1IMD, on a balcony o*erloo'ing @all /treet. %. @ashington established a di*erse cabinet :which was not necessary 3onstitutional;. o /ecretary of /tate4 "homas Hefferson o /ecretary of the "reasury4 Ale#ander ?amilton o /ecretary of @ar4 ?enry Cno# """# The !i o% .ights 1. (any states had ratified the 3onstitution on the condition that there would be a .ill of Rights, and many Anti$Bederalists had critici ed the 3onstitution for its lac' of a .ill. !. "he necessary number of states adopted the .ill of Rights in 1ID1. %. .ill of Rights o Amendment I4 Breedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition. o Amendment II4 Right to bear arms :for militia;. o Amendment III4 /oldiers canJt be housed in ci*ilian homes during peacetime. o Amendment I=4 +o unreasonable searches2 all searches re6uire warrants. o Amendment =4 Right to refuse to spea' during a ci*il trial2 +o 7ouble Heopardy. o Amendment =I4 Right to a speedy and public trial. o Amendment =II4 Right to trial by Aury when the sum e#ceeds W!0. o Amendment =III4 +o e#cessi*e bails and>or fines. o Amendment IS4 <ther rights not enumerated are also in effect. :K0eopleJs RightsL Amendment; o Amendment S4 9nlisted powers belong to the state. :K/tatesJ RightsL Amendment; ). "he Hudiciary Act of 1IMD created effecti*e federal courts. 5. Hohn Hay became the first 3hief Hustice of the 9nited /tates "+# *ami ton .e-i-es the Corpse o% P(b ic Credit 1. .orn in the .ritish @est Indies, Ale#ander ?amiltonJs loyalty to the 9./. was often 6uestioned, e*en though he claimed he lo*ed his adopted country more than his nati*e country. !. ?e urged the federal go*ernment to pay its debts of W5) million and try to pay them off at face *alue :KBunding at 0arL;, plus interest, as

well as assume the debts of the states of W!1.5 million :this was 'nown as 1assumption1;. o (assachusetts had a huge debt, but =irginia didnJt, so there needed to be some haggling. "his was because =irginia felt it unfair that all debts were to be assumed by the entire nation. Essentially, its ri*al states would be at the same le*el as =irginia, e*en though they had obtained larger debts. o "he bargain[ =irginia would ha*e the 7istrict of 3olumbia built on its land :therefore gaining prestige; in return for letting the go*ernment assume all the statesJ debts. %. "he KBunding at 0arL would gain the support of the rich to the federal go*ernment, not to the states. +# C(stoms ,(ties and Excise Taxes 1. @ith the national debt at a huge WI5 million, Ale#ander ?amilton was strangely unworried. !. ?e used the debt as an asset4 the more people the go*ernment owed money to, the more people would care about what would happen to the 9./. as a whole nation. %. "o pay off some of the debt, ?amilton first proposed custom duties, and the first one, imposing a low tariff of about ME of the *alue of dutiable imports, was passed in 1IMD. o ?amilton also wanted to protect AmericaJs infant industries, though the 9./. was still dominated by agricultural programs. -ittle was done regarding this. ). In 1ID1, ?amilton secured an e#cise ta# on a few domestic items, notably whis'ey :at I cents per gallon;. +"# *ami ton !att es 4e%%erson %or a !ank 1. ?amilton proposed a national treasury, to be a pri*ate institution modeled after the .an' of England, to ha*e the federal go*ernment as a maAor stoc'holder, to circulate cash to stimulate businesses, to store e#cess money, and to print money that was worth something. "his was opposed by Hefferson as being unconstitutional :as well as a tool for the rich to better themsel*es;. !. ?amiltonJs =iews4 o @hat was not forbidden in the 3onstitution was permitted. o A ban' was Knecessary and properL :from 3onstitution;. o ?e e*ol*ed the Elastic 3lause, ACA the Knecessary and properL clause, which would greatly e#pand federal power. "his is a Kloose interpretationL of the 3onstitution. %. HeffersonJs =iews4 o @hat was not permitted was forbidden. o A ban' should be a state$controlled item :since the 10th Amendment says powers not delegated in the 3onstitution are left to the states;. o "he 3onstitution should be interpreted literally and through a Kstrict interpretation.L ). End result4 ?amilton won the dispute, and @ashington reluctantly signed the ban' measure into law. "he .an' of the 9nited /tates was created by 3ongress in 1ID1, and was chartered for !0 years.

o o

It was located in 0hiladelphia and was to ha*e a capital of W10 million. /toc' was thrown open to public sale, and surprisingly, a milling crowd o*ersubscribed in two hours.

+""# /(tino(s /oonshiners in Penns1 -ania 1. In 1ID), in western 0ennsyl*ania, the @his'ey Rebellion flared up when fed$up farmers re*olted against ?amiltonJs e#cise ta#. o Around those parts, li6uor and alcohol was often used as money. o "hey said theyJd been unfairly singled out to be ta#ed. o "hey cried Kta#ation without representationL since many were from "ennessee and Centuc'y which were not yet states and had no one in 3ongress. !. @ashington cautiously sent an army of about 1%,000 troops from *arious states to the re*olt, but the soldiers found nothing upon arri*al2 the rebels had scattered. %. @ashingtonJs new presidency now commanded new respect, but anti$federalists critici ed the go*ernmentJs use of a sledgehammer to crush a gnat. ). "he lesson of the @his'ey Rebellion[ this go*ernment, unli'e the Articles, was strongU +"""# The Emergence o% Po itica Parties 1. ?amiltonJs policies :national ban', suppression of @his'ey Rebellion, e#cise ta#; seemed to encroach on statesJ rights. !. As resentment grew, what was once a personal ri*alry between ?amilton and Hefferson gradually e*ol*ed into two political parties. %. "he Bounding Bathers had not en*isioned *arious political parties :@higs and Bederalists and "ories, etcN had e#isted, but they had been groups, not parties;. ). /ince 1M!5, the two$party system has helped strengthen the 9./. go*ernment, helping balance power and ensuring there was always a second choice to the ruling party. "3# The "mpact o% the 0rench .e-o (tion 1. +ear the end of @ashingtonJs first term, in 1ID%, two parties had e*ol*ed4 the Heffersonian 7emocratic$Republicans and the ?amiltonian Bederalists. !. ?owe*er, the Brench Re*olution greatly affected America. %. At first, people were o*erAoyed, since the first stages of the re*olution were not unli'e AmericaJs dethroning of .ritain. <nly a few ultraconser*ati*e Bederalists were upset at this KmobocracyL and re*olt. ). @hen the Brench declared war on Austria, then threw bac' the Austrian armies and then proclaimed itself a republic, Americans sang K"he (arseillaiseL and other Brench re*olutionary songs, and renamed *arious streets and places. 5. After the re*olution turned radical and bloody, the Bederalists rapidly changed opinions and loo'ed ner*ously at the Heffersonians, who felt that no re*olution could be carried out without a little bloodshed. 6. /till, neither group completely appro*ed of the Brench Re*olution and its antics.

I. America was suc'ed into the re*olution when Brance declared war on &reat .ritain and the battle for +orth American land beganNagain. 3# Washington8s Ne(tra it1 Proc amation 1. @ith war came the call by the H7RJs :Heffersonian 7emocratic$Republicans; to enter on the side of Brance, the recent friend of the 9./., against .ritain, the recent enemy. !. ?amilton leaned toward siding with the .rits, as doing so would be economically ad*antageous. %. @ashington 'new that war could mean disaster and disintegration, since the nation in 1ID% was militarily and economically wea' and politically disunited. ). In 1ID%, he issued the +eutrality 0roclamation, proclaiming the 9./.Js official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial. 5. H7RJs were furious, and this contro*ersial statement ir'ed both sides, Brance and England. 6. /oon afterwards, 3iti en Edmond &en\t, landed at 3harleston, /outh 3arolina, as representati*e to the 9./. o <n his trip to 0hiladelphia, he had been cheered rousingly by Heffersonian 7emocratic$Republicans, who supported Brance, and he came to wrongly belie*e that @ashingtonJs +eutrality 0roclamation didnJt truly reflect the feelings of Americans. o Also, he e6uipped pri*ateers to plunder .ritish ships and to in*ade /panish Blorida and .ritish 3anada. o ?e e*en went as far as to threaten to appeal o*er the head of @ashington to the so*ereign *oters. Afterwards, he was basically 'ic'ed out of the 9./. I. Actually, AmericaJs neutrality helped Brance, since only in that way could Brance get needed American foodstuffs to the 3aribbean islands. M. Although Brance was mad that the 9./. didnJt help them, officially, the 9./. didnJt ha*e to honor its alliance from the "reaty of 1IIM because Brance didnJt call on it to do so. 3"# Embroi ments with !ritain 1. .ritain still had many posts in the frontier, and supplied the Indians with weapons. !. "he "reaty of &reen*ille, in 1ID5, had the Indians cede their *ast tract in the <hio country to the Americans after &eneral K(ad AnthonyL @ayne crushed them at the .attle of Ballen "imbers on August !0, 1ID). It was here that the Americans learned of, and were infuriated by, .ritish guns being supplied to the Indians. %. Ignoring AmericaJs neutrality, .ritish commanders of the Royal +a*y sei ed about %00 American merchant ships and impressed :'idnapped; scores of seamen into their army. ). (any H7RJs cried out for war with .ritain, or at least an embargo, but @ashington refused, 'nowing that such drastic action would destroy the ?amilton financial system. 3""# 4a18s Treat1 and Washington8s 0arewe

1. In a last$ditch attempt to a*ert war, @ashington sent Hohn Hay to England to wor' something out. !. ?owe*er, his negotiations were sabotaged by England$lo*ing ?amilton, who secretly ga*e the .rits the details of AmericaJs bargaining strategy. %. "he results of the Hay "reaty with England werenJt pretty4 o .ritain would repay the lost money from recent merchant ship sei ures called KimpressmentL, but it said nothing about future sei ures or supplying Indians with arms. o America would ha*e to pay off its pre$Re*olutionary @ar debts to .ritain. ). Result[ the H7RJs from the /outh were furious, as the southern farmers would ha*e to pay while the northern merchants would be paid. HayJs effigy was burnt in the streets. ?owe*er, war was a*oided. 5. At this time, the 0inc'ney "reaty of 1ID5 with /pain ga*e Americans free na*igation of the (ississippi and the large disputed territory north of Blorida. <ddly, it was the pro$.ritish Hay "reaty that prompted /pain to be so lenient in the 0inc'ney "reaty :since /pain didnJt want America buddying up to their enemy, England;. 6. After his second term, @ashington stepped down, creating a strong two$term precedent that wasnJt bro'en until B7R was president. o ?is Barewell Address warned :1; against political parties and :!; against building permanent alliances with foreign nations. o @ashington had set the 9./. on its feet and had made it sturdy. 3"""# 4ohn Adams !ecomes President 1. ?amilton was the logical choice to become the ne#t president, but his financial plan had made him *ery unpopular. !. Hohn Adams, the ablest statesmen of his day, won, I1 to 6M, against "homas Hefferson, who became *ice president. %. Adams had a hated ri*al and opponent in ?amilton, who plotted with AdamsJ cabinet against the president, and a political ri*al in his *ice president. ). ?e also had a *olatile situation with Brance that could e#plode into war. 3"+# ?no%%icia 0ighting with 0rance 1. Brance was furious about the HayJs "reaty, calling it a flagrant *iolation of the 1IIM Branco$American treaty, and so began sei ing defenseless American merchant ships. !. In the S5Q Affair, Hohn Adams sent three en*oys :including Hohn (arshall; to Brance, where they were approached by three agents, KS,L K5,L and KQ,L who demanded a load of %! million florins and a W!50,000 bribe Aust for tal'ing to "alleyrand. o E*en though bribes were routine in diplomacy, such a large sum for simply tal'ing werenJt worth it, and there was no guarantee of an agreement. o "he en*oys returned to America, cheered by angry Americans as ha*ing done the right thing for America. %. Irate Americans called for war with Brance, but Adams, 'nowing Aust as @ashington did that war could spell disaster, remained neutral.

). "hus, an undeclared war mostly confined to the seas raged for two and a half years, where American ships captured o*er M0 armed Brench ships. 3+# Adams P(ts Patriotism Abo-e Part1 1. "alleyrand, 'nowing that war with the 9./. would add another enemy to Brance, declared that if another en*oy was sent to Brance, that it would be recei*ed with respect. !. In 1M00, the three American en*oys were met by +apoleon, who was eager to wor' with the 9./. %. "he treaty in 1M00, signed in 0aris, ended the 1IIM alliance in return for the Americans paying the claims of its shippersJ as alimony. ). In 'eeping the 9./. at peace, Hohn Adams plunged his popularity and lost his chance at a possible second term, but he did the right thing, 'eeping the 9./. neutral while it was still wea'. 3+"# The 0edera ist Witch *(nt 1. "he Bederalists scorned the poor people, who in turn were welcomed by the H7RJs. !. @ith the Alien -aws, Bederalists therefore raised the residence re6uirements for aliens who wanted to become citi ens from fi*e to fourteen years, a law that *iolated the traditional American policy of open$door hospitality and speedy assimilation. o Another law let the president deport dangerous aliens during peacetime and Aail them during times of war. %. "he /edition Act pro*ided that anyone who impeded the policies of the go*ernment or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a hea*y fine and imprisonment2 it was aimed at newspaper editors and the H7RJs. o @hile ob*iously unconstitutional, this act was passed by the Bederalist maAority in 3ongress and upheld in the court because of the maAority of Bederalists there too. o It was con*eniently written to e#pire in 1M01 to pre*ent the use of it against themsel*es. o (atthew -yon was one of those imprisoned when he was sentenced to four months in Aail for writing ill things about 0resident Hohn Adams. ). Burthermore, in the elections of 1IDM$DD, the Bederalists won the most sweeping *ictory of their history. 3+""# The +irginia I/adisonJ and <ent(ck1 I4e%%ersonJ .eso (tions 1. Resentful Heffersonians would not ta'e these laws lying down, and Hefferson feared that the Bederalists, ha*ing wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more. !. ?e wrote a series of legislation that Centuc'y appro*ed in 1IDM$DD, and friend Hames (adison wrote another series of legislation :less e#treme; that =irginia appro*ed. o "hey stressed the Kcompact theoryL which meant that the 1% states, in creating the federal go*ernment, had entered into a contract regarding its Aurisdiction, and the indi*idual states were the final

Audges of the laws passed in 3ongress. In other words, the states had made the federal go*ernment, the federal go*ernment ma'es laws, but since the states made the federal go*ernment, the states reser*e the right to nullify those federal laws. "his compact theory is heard at this point, then again in 1M%! regarding the national tariff, then again in the 1M50s o*er sla*ery. 3i*il @ar erupts afterwards. +otably, this theory goes by se*eral names, all synonymous4 the Kcompact theory,L KstatesJ rights theory,L or Knullification.L o "his legislation set out to 'ill the /edition and Alien -aws. %. <nly those two states adopted the laws. ). Bederalists, though, argued that the people, not the states, had made the contract, and it was up to the /upreme 3ourt to nullify legislation, a procedure that it adopted in 1M0%. 5. @hile neither (adison nor Hefferson wanted secession, they did want an end to Bederalist abuses. 3+"""# 0edera ists +ers(s ,emocratic-.ep(b icans 1. "he Bederalists o (ost Bederalists were the old Bederalists from before the 3onstitution. o "hey wanted a strong go*ernment ruled by the educated aristocrats, the Kbest people.L o (ost were the merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard. o "hey were mostly pro$.ritish and recogni ed that foreign trade was 'ey in the 9./. !. "he 7emocratic$Republicans o Republicans were led by "homas Hefferson, a poor spea'er but a great leader, and an appealer to the common people. "hey desired rule by informed classes and a wea'er central go*ernment that would preser*e the so*ereignty of the states. "hey were mostly pro$Brench. o Hefferson was rich and e*en owned sla*es, but he sympathi ed with the common people. o "hey emphasi ed that national debt had to be paid off. o "hey were mostly agrarians :farmers;, and insisted on no pri*ileges for the upper class. "hey saw farming was ennobling4 it 'ept people away from wic'edness of the cities, in the sun, and close to &od. o ?e ad*ocated rule of the people, but not all the people, Aust those who werenJt ignorant. o /la*ery could help a*oid a class of landless *oters by pro*iding the necessary labor. o ?e championed free speech, but he was foully abused by editorial pens. %. "hus, as 1M00 rolled around, the disunity of America was ma'ing its e#istence *ery much felt. Chapter 11 - The Tri(mphs and Tra-ai s o% 4e%%ersonian .ep(b ic "# 0edera ist and .ep(b ican /(ds ingers 1. In the election of 1M00, the Bederalists had a host of enemies stemming from the Alien and /edition Acts.

!. "he Bederalists had been most damaged by Hohn AdamsJ not declaring war against Brance. o "hey had raised a bunch of ta#es and built a good na*y, and then had not gotten any reason to Austify such spending, ma'ing them seem fraudulent as they had also swelled the public debt. Hohn Adams became 'nown as Kthe Bather of the American +a*y.L o Bederalists also launched attac's on Hefferson, saying that he had robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund, fathered numerous children with his sla*es :which turned out to be true;, called him an atheist :he was a 7eist;, and used other inflammatory remar's. ""# The 4e%%ersonian =.e-o (tion o% 1F00> 1. "homas Hefferson won the election of 1M00 by a maAority of I% electoral *otes to 65, and e*en though Adams got more popular *otes, Hefferson got +ew 5or'. .ut, e*en though Hefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and Aaron .urr tied for presidency. o "he *ote, according to the 3onstitution, would now go to the Bederalist$dominated ?ouse of Representati*es. o ?ateful of Hefferson, many wanted to *ote for .urr, and the *ote was deadloc'ed for months until Ale#ander ?amilton and Hohn Adams persuaded a few ?ouse members to change their *otes, 'nowing that if the ?ouse *oted for .urr, the public outcry would doom the Bederalist 0arty. o Binally, a few changed their minds, and Hefferson was elected to the presidency. !. "he KRe*olution of 1M00L was that :1; there was a peaceful transfer of power2 Bederalists stepped down from office after Hefferson won and did so peacefully, though not necessarily happily and :!; the Republicans were more of the KpeopleJs partyL compared to the Bederalists. """# .esponsibi it1 !reeds /oderation 1. <n (arch ), 1M01, "homas Hefferson was inaugurated president in the new capital of @ashington 7.3. o In his address, he declared that all Americans were Bederalists, all were Republicans, implying that Americans were a mi#ture. ?e also pledged Khonest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.L o Hefferson was simple and frugal, and did not seat in regard to ran' during his dinners ?e also was uncon*entional, wearing sloppy attire, and he started the precedent of sending messages to 3ongress to be read by a cler'. o "here were two "homas Heffersons4 the scholarly pri*ate citi en who philosophi ed in his study, and the harassed public official who disco*ered that boo'ish theories wor'ed out differently in practical politics. o Hefferson also dismissed few Bederalist officials and those who wanted the seats complained. o Hefferson had to rely on his casual charm because his party was so disunited still.

"+# 4e%%ersonian .estraint 1. Hefferson pardoned those who were ser*ing time under the /edition Act, and in 1M0!, he enacted a new naturali ation law that returned the years needed for an immigrant to become a citi en from 1) to 5. !. ?e also 'ic'ed away the e#cise ta#, but otherwise left the ?amiltonian system intact. %. "he new secretary of the treasury, Albert &allatin, reduced the national debt substantially while balancing the budget. ). .y shrewdly absorbing the maAor Bederalist programs, Hefferson showed that a change of regime need not be disastrous for the e#iting group. +# The =,ead C (tch> o% the 4(diciar1 1. "he Hudiciary Act, passed by the Bederalists in their last days of 3ongressional domination in 1M01, pac'ed newly created Audgeships with Bederalist$bac'ing men, so as to prolong their legacy. !. 3hief Hustice Hohn (arshall, a cousin of Hefferson, had ser*ed at =alley Borge during the war, and he had been impressed with the drawbac's of no central authority, and thus, he became a lifelong Bederalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal go*ernment. o (arbury *. (adison :1M0%;4 @illiam (arbury had been one of the Kmidnight AudgesL appointed by Hohn Adams in his last hours as president. ?e had been named Austice of peace for 7.3., but when /ecretary of /tate Hames (adison decided to shel*e the position, (arbury sued for its deli*ery. (arshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Hudiciary Act of 1IMD was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the /upreme 3ourt could determine the constitutionality of laws :ACA, KAudicial re*iewL;. %. In 1M0), Hefferson tried to impeach the tart$tongued /upreme 3ourt Austice, /amuel 3hase, but when the *ote got to the /enate, not enough *otes were mustered, and to this day, no attempt to alter the /upreme 3ourt has e*er been tried through impeachment. +"# 4e%%erson, a .e (ctant Warrior 1. Hefferson had a natural fear of a large, strong, standing military since such a military could be turned on the people. /o, he reduced the militia to !500 men, and na*ies were reduced a bit to peacetime footing. !. ?owe*er, the pirates of the +orth African .arbary /tates were still looting 9./. ships, and in 1M01, the pasha of "ripoli indirectly declared war when he cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate. o +on$inter*entionalist Hefferson had a problem of whether to fight or not, and he reluctantly sent the infant na*y to the shores of "ripoli, where fighting continued for four years until Hefferson succeeded in e#torting a treaty of peace from "ripoli in 1M05 for W60,000. o /tephen 7ecaturJs e#ploits in the war with the ship Intrepid made him a hero. o "he small, mobile gunboats used in the "ripolitan @ar fascinated Hefferson, and he spent money to build about !00 of them :these boats

might be ippy and fast, but they did little against large battleships;. "he years e*entually showed building small ships to be a poor decision. +""# The &o(isiana 5odsend 1. In 1M00, +apoleon secretly induced the 'ing of /pain to cede the -ouisiana territory to Brance. !. "hen, in 1M0!, the /paniards at +ew <rleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the 0inc'ney "reaty of 1ID5. /uch deposit pri*ileges were *ital to the frontier farmers who floated their goods down the (ississippi Ri*er to its mouth to await oceangoing *essels. o "hese farmers tal'ed of marching to +ew <rleans to *iolently get bac' what they deser*ed, an action that would ha*e plunged the 9./. into war with /pain and Brance. %. In 1M0%, Hefferson sent Hames (onroe to Aoin regular minister Robert R. -i*ingston to buy +ew <rleans and as much land to the east of the ri*er for a total of W10 million, tops. ). Instead, +apoleon offered to sell +ew <rleans and the land west of it, -ouisiana, for a bargain of W15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a Brench +orth American empire. o "his abandonment was due to the rebellion in ?aiti, led by "oussaint -J<u*erture, which had been unsuccessful, but had 'illed many Brench troops due to yellow fe*er. "he decision to sell -ouisiana was also because +apoleon needed cash to renew his war with .ritain. 5. "he -ouisiana 0urchase was finali ed on April %0, 1M0%. 6. Hefferson had a dilemma, since the 3onstitution said nothing about purchasing foreign land, but on the other hand, this deal was simply too good to pass upU o After considering an amendment, Hefferson finally decided to go through with the deal anyway, e*en though nothing in the 3onstitution tal'ed about land purchases. Hefferson had been a strict interpreter of the 3onstitution, but he was now using a loose interpretation. o Bederalists, normally loose interpreters, too' a strict interpretation and opposed the purchase. Bederalist didnJt want the new lands because they correctly foresaw new lands meant new settlers and new states, which meant more farmers and more Republicans. o "hus, both parties made a full 1M0] turnaround from their pre*ious philosophical beliefs about the 3onstitution simply because of the practical matters at hand. I. "he /enate 6uic'ly appro*ed the purchase with HeffersonJs urging, and the -ouisiana 0urchase doubled the si e of the 9nited /tates. "his was the biggest bargain in history a*eraging % cents per acre. +"""# &o(isiana in the &ong +iew 1. "he purchase created a precedent of ac6uisition of foreign territory through purchase. !. In the spring of 1M0), Hefferson sent @illiam 3lar' and (eriwether -ewis to e#plore this new territory. Along with a /hoshoni woman named

/acaAawea, the two spent !1>! years e#ploring the land, mar*eling at the e#panses of buffalo, el', deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to <regon and the 0acific before returning. o <ther e#plorers, li'e Qebulon 0i'e tre''ed to the headwaters of the (ississippi Ri*er in 1M05$06 and *entured to the southern portion of -ouisiana, /panish land in the southwest, and sighted 0i'eJs 0ea'. "3# The Aaron !(rr Conspiracies 1. "he Bederalists now san' lower than e*er, and tried to scheme with Aaron .urr to ma'e +ew England and +ew 5or' secede from the union2 in the process Aaron .urr 'illed ?amilton in a duel. !. In 1M06, .urr was arrested for treason, but the necessary two witnesses were nowhere to be found. %. "he -ouisiana 0urchase was also nurturing a deep sense of loyalty among the @est to the federal go*ernment, and a new spirit of nationalism surged through it. 3# A Precario(s Ne(tra it1 1. In 1M0), Hefferson won with a margin of 16! electoral *otes to 1) for his opponent, but this happiness was none#istent because in 1M0%, +apoleon had deliberately pro*o'ed .ritain into renewing its war with Brance. o As a result, American trade san' as England and Brance, unable to hurt each other :England owned the sea than's to the .attle of "rafalgar while Brance owned the land than's to the .attle of Austerlit ;, resorted to indirect blows. o In 1M06, -ondon issued the <rders in 3ouncil, which closed ports under Brench continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a .ritish port first. o -i'ewise, +apoleon ordered the sei ure of all ships, including American, which entered .ritish ports. o Impressment :illegal sei ure of men and forcing them to ser*e on ships; of American seamen also infuriated the 9./.2 some 6,000 Americans were impressed from 1M0M$11. o In 1M0I, a royal frigate the -eopard confronted the 9./. frigate, the 3hesapea'e, about 10 miles off the coast of =irginia, and the .ritish captain ordered the sei ure of four alleged deserters. @hen the American commander refused, the 9./. ship recei*ed three de*astating broadsides that 'illed % Americans and wounded 1M. In an incident in which England was clearly wrong, Hefferson still clung to peace. 3"# The *ated Embargo 1. In order to try to stop the .ritish and Brench sei ure of American ships, Hefferson resorted to an embargo. ?is belief was that the only way to stay out of the war was to shut down shipping. o Hefferson thought .ritain and Brance relied on American goods :it was really the opposite, Americans relied on EuropeJs goods;. o Also, the 9./. still had a wea' na*y and a wea'er army.

!. "he Embargo Act of late 1M0I forbade the e#port of all goods from the 9nited /tates to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships. o "he net result was deserted doc's, rotting ships in the harbors, and Hefferson8s embargo hurt the same +ew England merchants that it was trying to protect. o "he commerce of +ew England was harmed more than that of Brance and .ritain. o Barmers of the /outh and @est were alarmed by the mounting piles of une#portable cotton, grain, and tobacco. o Illegal trade mushroomed in 1M0M, where people resorted to smuggling again. %. Binally, coming to their senses and feeling the publicJs anger, 3ongress repealed the act on (arch 1, 1M0D, three days before HeffersonJs retirement and replaced it with the +on$Intercourse Act, which reopened trade with all the nations of the world, e#cept Brance and England. o ?owe*er, this act had the same effect as the Embargo because AmericaJs Z1 and Z! trade partners were .ritain and Brance. o "hus, economic coercion continued from 1M0D to 1M1!, when war struc'. ). "he embargo failed for two main reasons4 :1; Hefferson underestimated the bulldog .ritish and their dependence on American goods and :!; he didnJt continue the embargo long enough or tightly enough to achie*e success. o E*en Hefferson himself admitted that the embargo was three times more costly than war, and he could ha*e built a strong na*y with a fraction of the money lost. 5. 7uring the time of the embargo, the Bederalist 0arty regained some of its lost power. 6. ?owe*er, during this embargo, resourceful Americans also opened and reopened factories, and thus, the embargo helped to promote industrialismRanother irony since it was Hefferson who was committed to an agrarian, while it was his archri*al Ale#ander ?amilton who was committed to industry. I. Also, the embargo did affect .ritain, and had it been continued, it might ha*e succeeded. o In fact, two days before 3ongress declared war in Hune 1M1!, -ondon ordered the <rders in 3ouncil to be suspended. ?ad America 'nown this fact, war would ha*e li'ely not been declared. 3""# /adison8s 5amb e 1. After Hefferson, Hames (adison too' the oath of presidency on (arch ), 1M0D, short, bald, and not a great spea'er. !. In 1M10, 3ongress adopted a bargaining measure called (aconJs .ill +o. !, which while permitting American trade with all the world, also promised American restoration of trade to Brance and>or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions. o +apoleon had his opportunity4 in August of 1M10, he announced that Brench commercial restrictions had been lifted, and (adison, desperate for recognition of the law, declared Brance a*ailable for American trade. o <f course, +apoleon lied, and ne*er really lifted restrictions, but meanwhile, America had been duped into entering European affairs against &reat .ritain.

3"""# Tec(mseh and the Prophet 1. In 1M11, new young politicians swept away the older Ksubmission men,L and they appointed ?enry 3lay of Centuc'y, then %) years old, to /pea'er of the ?ouse. !. "he western politicians also cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier. "hese young, aggressi*e 3ongressmen were 'nown as K@ar ?aw's.L %. Indians had watched with increasing apprehension as more and more whites settled in Centuc'y, a traditionally sacred area where settlement and e#tensi*e hunting was not allowed e#cept in times of scarcity. o "hus, two /hawnee brothers, "ecumseh and the 0rophet, decided that the time to act was now, and gathered followers, urging them to gi*e up te#tile clothing for traditional buc's'in garments, arguing elo6uently for the IndianJs to not ac'nowledge the @hite manJs KownershipL of land, and urging that no Indian should cede control of land to whites unless all Indians agreed. o <n +o*ember I, 1M11, American general @illiam ?enry ?arrison ad*anced upon "ecumsehJs head6uarters at "ippecanoe, 'illed the 0rophet, and burned the camp to the ground. o "ecumseh was 'illed by ?arrison at the .attle of the "hames in 1M1%, and the Indian confederacy dream perished. o In the /outh, Andrew Hac'son crushed the 3ree' Indians at the .attle of ?orseshoe .end on (arch !I, 1M1), effecti*ely brea'ing the Indian rebellion and lea*ing the entire area east of the (ississippi open for safe settlement. ). "he @ar ?aw's cried that the only way to get rid of the Indians was to wipe out their base, 3anada, since the .ritish had helped the Indians. o @ar was declared in 1M1!, with a ?ouse *ote of ID to )D and a *ery close /enate *ote of 1D to 1%, showing AmericaJs disunity. 3"+# /r# /adison8s War 1. @hy did America go to war with .ritain and not BranceT .ecause EnglandJs impressments of American sailors stood out, Brance was allied more with the Republicans, and 3anada was a *ery tempting pri e that seemed easy to get, a KfrontiersmanJs frolic.L !. +ew England, which was still ma'ing lots of money, damned the war for a free sea, and Bederalists opposed the war because :1; they were more inclined toward .ritain anyway and :!; if 3anada was con6uered, it would add more agrarian land and increase Republican supporters. %. In brief, AmericaJs reasons for entering the @ar of 1M1! wereN o KBreedom of the seasL P "he 9./. wanted the right to sail and trade without fear. o 0ossibility of land P "he 9./. might gain 3anada or Blorida. o Indian issues P Americans were still upset about .ritish guns being gi*ing to Indians. ). "he nation became sectionali ed. &enerally, the +orth was against war, the @est and the /outh was for the war.

"hus, a disunited America had to fight both <ld England and +ew England in the @ar of 1M1!, since .ritain was the enemy while +ew England tried e*erything that they could do to frustrate American ambitions in the war.

Chapter 17 - The $econd War %or "ndependence and the ?ps(rge o% Nationa ism "# 6n to Canada 6-er &and and &akes 1. 7ue to widespread disunity, the @ar of 1M1! ran's as one of AmericaJs worst fought wars. !. "here was not a burning national anger, li'e there was after the 3hesapea'e outrage2 the regular army was *ery bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensi*e strategy against 3anada was especially poorly concei*ed. %. ?ad the Americans captured (ontreal, e*erything west would ha*e wilted li'e a tree after its trun' has been se*ered, but the Americans instead focused a three$pronged attac' that set out from 7etroit, +iagara, and -a'e 3hamplain, all of which were beaten bac'. ). In contrast, the .ritish and 3anadians displayed enthusiasm early on in the war and captured the American fort of (ichilimac'inac, which commanded the upper &reat -a'es area :the battle was led by .ritish &eneral Isaac .roc';. 5. After more land in*asions were hurled bac' in 1M1%, the Americans, led by <li*er ?a ard 0erry, built a fleet of green$timbered ships manned by ine#perienced men, but still managed to capture a .ritish fleet. ?is *ictory, coupled with &eneral @illiam ?enry ?arrisonJs defeat of the .ritish during the .attle of the "hames, helped bring more enthusiasm and increased morale for the war. 6. In 1M1), 10,000 .ritish troops prepared for a crushing blow to the Americans along the -a'e 3hamplain route, but on /eptember 11, 1M1), 3apt. "homas (ac7onough challenged the .ritish and snatched *ictory from the fangs of defeat and forced the .ritish to retreat. ""# Washington !(rned and New 6r eans ,e%ended 1. In August 1M1), .ritish troops landed in the 3hesapea'e .ay area, dispersed 6,000 panic'ed Americans at .ladensburg, and proceeded to enter @ashington 7.3. and burn most of the buildings there. !. At .altimore, another .ritish fleet arri*ed but was beaten bac' by the pri*ateer defenders of Bort (c?enry, where Brancis /cott Cey wrote K"he /tar /pangled .anner.L %. Another .ritish army menaced the entire (ississippi =alley and threatened +ew <rleans, and Andrew Hac'son, fresh off his slaughter of the 3ree' Indians at the .attle of ?orseshoe .end, led a hodgepodge force of I,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, and Brenchmen, entrenching them and helping them defeat M,000 o*erconfident .ritish that had launched a frontal attac' in the .attle of +ew <rleans. ). "he news of this .ritish defeat reached @ashington early in Bebruary 1M15, and two wee's later came news of peace from .ritain.

5. Ignorant citi ens simply assumed that the .ritish, ha*ing been beaten by Hac'son, finally wanted peace, lest they get beaten again by the KawesomeL Americans. 6. 7uring the war, the American na*y had oddly done much better than the army, since the sailors were angry o*er .ritish impressment of 9./. sailors. I. ?owe*er, .ritain responded with a na*al bloc'ade, raiding ships and ruining American economic life such as fishing. """# The Treat1 o% 5hent 1. At first, the confident .ritish made sweeping demands for a neutrali ed Indian buffer state in the &reat -a'es region, control of the &reat -a'es, and a substantial part of con6uered (aine, but the Americans, led by Hohn Guincy Adams, refused. As American *ictories piled up, though, the .ritish reconsidered. !. "he "reat of &hent, signed on 7ecember !), 1M1), was an armistice, ac'nowledging a draw in the war and ignoring any other demands of either side. Each side simply stopped fighting. "he main issue of the war, impressment, was left unmentioned. "+# 0edera ist 5rie-ances and the *art%ord Con-ention 1. As the capture of +ew <rleans seemed imminent, (assachusetts, 3onnecticut, +ew ?ampshire, =ermont, and Rhode Island secretly met in ?artford from 7ecember 15, 1M1) to Hanuary 5, 1M15, to discuss their grie*ances and to see' redress for their wrongs. o @hile a few tal'ed about secession, most wanted financial assistance form @ashington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment re6uiring a !>% maAority for all declarations of embargos, e#cept during in*asion. !. "hree special en*oys from (ass. went to 7.3., where they were greeted with the news from +ew <rleans2 their mission failed, and they san' away in disgrace and into obscurity. o "he ?artford 3on*ention pro*ed to be the death of the Bederalist 0arty, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by Hames (onroe in 1M16. +# The $econd War %or American "ndependence 1. "he @ar of 1M1! was a small war in*ol*ing some 6,000 Americans 'illed or wounded, and when +apoleon in*aded Russia in 1M1! with 500,000 men, (adison tried to in*ade 3anada with about 5,000 men. !. 5et, the Americans pro*ed that they could stand up for what they felt was right, and na*al officers li'e 0erry and (ac7onough gained new respect2 American diplomats were treated with more respect than before. %. "he Bederalist 0arty died out fore*er, and new war heroes, li'e Andrew Hac'son and @illiam ?enry ?arrison, emerged. ). (anufacturing also prospered during the .ritish bloc'ade, since there was nothing else to do. 5. Incidents li'e the burning of @ashington added fuel to the bitter conflict with .ritain, and led to hatred of the nation years after the

war, though few would ha*e guessed that the @ar of 1M1! would be the last war America fought against .ritain. 6. (any 3anadians felt betrayed by the "reaty of &hent, since not e*en an Indian buffer state had been achie*ed, and the Indians, left by the .ritish, were forced to ma'e treaties where they could. I. In 1M1I, though, after a heated na*al arms race in the &reat -a'es, the Rush$.agot "reaty between the 9./. and .ritain pro*ided the worldJs longest unfortified boundary :5,5!I mi.;. M. After +apoleonJs final defeat at @aterloo, Europe san' into an e#haustion of peace, and America loo'ed west to further e#pand. +"# Nascent Nationa ism 1. After the war, American nationalism really too' off, and authors li'e @ashington Ir*ing :Rumpelstilts'in, "he Cnic'erboc'er "ales such as "he -egend of /leepy ?ollow; and Hames Benimore 3ooper :"he -eatherstoc'ing "ales which included "he -ast of the (ohicans; gained international recognition. !. "he +orth American Re*iew debuted in 1M15, and American painters painted landscapes of America on their can*ases, while history boo's were now being written by Americans for Americans. %. @ashington 7.3. rose from the ashes to be better than e*er, and the na*y and army strengthened themsel*es. ). /tephen 7ecatur, na*al hero of the @ar of 1M1! and the .arbary 3oast e#peditions, was famous for his American toast after his return from the (editerranean4 K<ur countryU In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right2 but our country, right or wrongUL +""# =The American $1stem> 1. After the war, .ritish competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices, so America responded with the "ariff of 1M16, the first in 9./. history designed for protection, which put a !0$!5E tariff on dutiable imports. !. It was not high enough, but it was a great start, and in 1M!), ?enry 3lay established a program called the American /ystem. o "he system began with a strong ban'ing system. o It ad*ocated a protecti*e tariff behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. o It also included a networ' of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning <hio =alley, to be funded for by the tariffs, and through which would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the /outh and @est to the +orth and East. o -ac' of effecti*e transportation had been one of the problems of the @ar of 1M1!, especially in the @est, and in 1M1I, 3ongress sought to distribute W1.5 million to the states for internal impro*ements, but (adison *etoed it, saying it was unconstitutional, thus ma'ing the states loo' for their own money to build the badly needed roads. +"""# The $o-Ca ed Era o% 5ood 0ee ings

1. Hames (onroe defeated his Bederalist opponent 1M% to %), and ushered in a short period of one$party rule. !. ?e straddled the generations of the Bounding Bathers and the new Age of +ationalism. %. Early in 1M1I, (onroe too' a goodwill tour *enturing deep into +ew England, where he recei*ed heartwarming welcomes. ). A .oston newspaper e*en went as far as to declare that an KEra of &ood BeelingsL had began. 5. ?owe*er, seeds of sectional troubles were planted. +otably, the /outh did not li'e the tariff saying it only benefited the +orth and made the /outh pay higher prices. And, the /outh disli'ed the internal impro*ements lin'ing the +orth and @estRthe /outh didnJt see any benefits in paying ta#es for roads and canals in other states. "3# The Panic o% 1F1H and the C(rse o% *ard Times 1. In 1M1D, a paraly ing economic panic :the first since @ashingtonJs times; engulfed the 9./., bringing deflation, depression, ban'ruptcies, ban' failures, unemployment, soup 'itchens, and o*ercrowded debtorsJ prisons. o A maAor cause of the panic had been o*er$speculation in land prices, where the .an' of the 9nited /tates fell hea*ily into debt. o <ddly, this started an almost predictable chain of panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred e*ery !0 years during the 1M00s :panics occurred during 1M1D, 1M%I, 1M5I, 1MI%, 1MD%;. !. "he @est was especially hard hit, and the .an' of the 9./. was soon *iewed upon as the cause. %. "here was also attention against the debtors, where, in a few o*erplayed cases, mothers owing a few dollars were torn away from their infants by the creditors. 3# 5rowing Pains o% the West 1. .etween 1ID1 and 1M1D, nine frontier states had Aoined the original 1%. !. "his e#plosi*e e#pansion of the west was due in part to the cheap land, the elimination of the Indian menace, the K<hio Be*er,L and the need for land by the tobacco farmers, who e#hausted their lands. %. "he 3umberland Road, begun in 1M11 and ran ultimately from western (aryland to Illinois. And, the first steamboat on western waters appeared in 1M11. ). "he @est, still not populous and politically wea', was forced to ally itself with other sections, and demanded cheap acreage. 5. "he -and Act of 1M!0 ga*e the @est its wish by authori ing a buyer to purchase M0 acres of land at a minimum of W1.!5 an acre in cash2 the @est demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well. 3"# $ a-er1 and the $ectiona !a ance 1. /ectional tensions between the +orth and the /outh came to a boil when (issouri wanted to become a sla*e state. !. Although it met all the re6uirements of becoming a state, the ?ouse of Representati*es stymied the plans for its statehood when it proposed

the "allmadge Amendment, which pro*ided that no more sla*es be brought into (issouri and also pro*ided for the gradual emancipation of children born to sla*e parents already in (issouri :this was shot down in the /enate;. %. Angry /outherners saw this as a threat figuring that if the +ortherners could wipe out sla*ery in (issouri, they might try to do so in all of the rest of the sla*e states. ). 0lus, the +orth was starting to get more prosperous and populous than the /outh. 3""# The ?neas1 /isso(ri Compromise 1. Binally, the deadloc' was bro'en by a bundle of compromises 'nown as the (issouri 3ompromise. o (issouri would be admitted as a sla*e state while (aine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance :it went from 11 free states and 11 sla*e states to 1! and 1!;. o All new states north of the %6]%0J line would be free, new states southward would be sla*e. !. .oth the +orth and /outh gained something, and though neither was totally happy, the compromise wor'ed for many years. o (onroe should ha*e been doomed after the 1M1D panic and the (issouri problem, but he was so popular, and the Bederalist 0arty so wea', that he won in 1M!0 by all but one *ote :unanimity was reser*ed for @ashington;. 3"""# 4ohn /arsha and 4(dicia Nationa ism 1. 3hief Hustice Hohn (arshall helped to bolster the power of the go*ernment at the e#pense of the states. !. (c3ulloch *s. (aryland :1M1D;4 "his case in*ol*ed (arylandJs trying to destroy the .an' of the 9./. by ta#ing its currency notes. (arshall in*o'ed the ?amiltonian principle of implied powers and denied (arylandJs right to ta# the ban', and also ga*e the doctrine of Kloose construction,L using the elastic clause of the 3onstitution as its basis. ?e implied that the 3onstitution was to last for many ages, and thereby was constructed loosely, fle#ibly, to be bent as times changed. %. 3ohens *s. =irginia :1M!1;4 "he 3ohens had been found guilty by =irginia courts of illegally selling lottery tic'ets, had appealed to the /upreme 3ourt, and had lost, but (arshall asserted the right of the /upreme 3ourt to re*iew the decisions of the state supreme courts in all 6uestions in*ol*ing powers of the federal go*ernment. "he federal go*ernment won, the states lost. ). &ibbons *s. <gden :1M!);4 @hen +ew 5or' tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce, (arshall struc' it down by saying that only 3ongress can control interstate commerce, not the states themsel*es2 it was another blow to statesJ rights. 3"+# 4(dicia ,ikes Against ,emocratic Excesses

1. Bletcher *s. 0ec' :1M10;4 After &eorgia fraudulently granted %5 million acres in the 5a oo Ri*er country :(ississippi; to pri*ateers, the legislature repealed it after public outcry, but (arshall ruled that it was a contract, and that states couldnJt impair a contract. It was one of !. 7artmouth 3ollege *s. @oodward :1M1D;4 7artmouth had been granted a charter by Cing &eorge III, but +ew ?ampshire had tried to change it. 7artmouth appealed, using alumni 7aniel @ebster to wor' as lawyer, and (arshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract, and the 3onstitution protected those and o*erruled state rulings. %. (arshallJs rulings ga*e the /upreme 3ourt its powers and greatly strengthened the federal go*ernment, gi*ing it power to o*errule state go*ernments sometimes. 3+# $haring 6regon and Ac)(iring 0 orida 1. "he "reaty of 1M1M put the northern boundary of the -ouisiana 0urchase at the )Dth parallel and pro*ided for a ten$year Aoint occupation of the <regon "erritory with .ritain, without a surrender of rights and claims by neither .ritain nor America. !. @hen re*olutions bro'e out in /outh and 3entral America, /panish troops in Blorida were withdrawn to put down the rebellions, and Indian attac's ra*aged American land while the Indians would then retreat bac' to /panish territory. %. Andrew Hac'son swept across the Blorida border, hanged two Indian chiefs without ceremony, e#ecuted two .ritish subAects for assisting Indians, and sei ed /t. (ar's and 0ensacola. ). (onroe consulted his cabinet as to what to do against Hac'son2 all wanted to punish him e#cept for Hohn Guincy Adams, who demanded huge concessions from /pain. 5. "he Blorida 0urchase "reaty of 1M1D had /pain cede Blorida and shadowy claims to <regon in e#change for "e#as. "he 9./. paid W5 million to /pain for Blorida. 3+"# The /enace o% /onarch1 in America 1. (onarchs in Europe now were determined to protect the world against democracy, and crushed democratic rebellions in Italy :1M!1; and in /pain :1M!%;, much to the alarm of Americans. !. Also, RussiaJs claims to +orth American territory were intruding and ma'ing Americans ner*ous that Russia might claim territory that was Krightfully American.L %. "hen, in August 1M!%, the .ritish foreign secretary, &eorge 3anning, approached the American minister in -ondon proposing that the 9./. and .ritain combine in a Aoint declaration renouncing any interest in ac6uiring -atin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to 'eep their hands off of -atin American politics. 3+""# /onroe and *is ,octrine 1. /ly and careful Hohn G. Adams sensed a Ao'er in the proposal, correctly assumed that the European powers werenJt going to

!. %. ). 5.

in*ade America anytime soon, and 'new that a self$denouncing alliance with .ritain would morally tie the hands of the 9./. ?e 'new that the .ritish boats would need to protect /outh America to protect their merchant trade, and presumed it safe to blow a defiant, nationalistic blast at all Europe. -ate in 1M!%, the (onroe 7octrine was born, incorporating non$coloni ation and noninter*ention. 7edicated primarily to Russia in the @est, (onroe said that no coloni ation in the Americas could happen anymore and also, European nations could not inter*ene in -atin American affairs. In return, the 9./. would not interfere in the &ree' democratic re*olt against "ur'ey.

3+"""# /onroe8s ,octrine Appraised 1. "he monarchs of Europe were angered, but couldnJt do anything about it, since the .ritish na*y would be there to stop them, further frustrating them. !. (onroeJs declaration made little splash in -atin America, since those who 'new of the message also recogni ed that it was the .ritish na*y and not America that was protecting them, and that the 9./. was doing this only to protect its own hide. %. +ot until 1M)5 did 0resident 0ol' re*i*e it. ). In the Russo$American "reaty of 1M!), the Russian tsar fi#ed the southern boundary of his Alas'an territory at 5)])0J and it stayed at that. 5. "he (onroe 7octrine might better be called the /elf$7efense 7octrine, since (onroe was concerned about the safety of his own country, not -atin America. 6. "he doctrine has ne*er been law, a pledge, or an agreement. I. It was mostly an e#pression of post$1M1! 9./. nationalism, ga*e a *oice of patriotism, and added to the illusion of isolationism. M. (any Americans falsely concluded that the Republic was in fact insulated from European dangers simply because it wanted to be and because, in a nationalistic outburst, (onroe had publicly warned the <ld @orld powers to stay away. Chapter 13 - The .ise o% /ass ,emocrac1 "# The =Corr(pt !argain> o% 1F7A 1. After the Era of &ood Beelings, politics was transformed. "he big winner of this transformation was the common man. /pecifically, the common white man as uni*ersal white manhood suffrage :all white men could *ote; became the norm. !. In the election of 1M!), there were four towering candidates4 Andrew Hac'son of "ennessee, ?enry 3lay of Centuc'y, @illiam ?. 3rawford of &eorgia, and Hohn G. Adams of (assachusetts. o All four called themsel*es Republicans. o "hree were a Kfa*orite sonL of their respecti*e region but 3lay thought of himself as a national figure :he was /pea'er of the ?ouse and author of the KAmerican /ystemL;.

%. In the results, Hac'son got the most popular *otes and the most electoral *otes, but he failed to get the maAority in the Electoral 3ollege. Adams came in second in both, while 3rawford was fourth in the popular *ote but third in the electoral *otes. 3lay was )th in the electoral *ote. ). .y the 1!th Amendment, the top three electoral *ote getters would be *oted upon in the ?ouse of Reps. and the maAority :o*er 50E; would be elected president. 5. 3lay was eliminated, but he was the /pea'er of the ?ouse, and since 3rawford had recently suffered a paralytic stro'e and 3lay hated Hac'son, he threw his support behind Hohn G. Adams, helping him become president. o @hen 3lay was appointed /ecretary of the /tate, the traditional stepping$stone to the presidency, Hac'sonians cried foul play and corruption. Hac'son said he, the peopleJs choice, had been swindled out of the presidency by career politicians in @ashington 7.3. o Hohn Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and 3lay. 6. E*idence against any possible deal has ne*er been found in this K3orrupt .argain,L but both men flawed their reputations. ""# A 2ankee /is%it in the White *o(se 1. Hohn Guincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor, and he had achie*ed high office by commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity. -i'e his father, howe*er, he was able but somewhat wooden and lac'ed the KpeopleJs touchL :which Hac'son notably had;. !. 7uring his administration, he only remo*ed 1! public ser*ants from the federal payroll, thus refusing to 'ic' out efficient officeholders in fa*or of his own, possibly less efficient, supporters. %. In his first annual message, Adams urged 3ongress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed a national uni*ersity, and ad*ocated support for an astronomical obser*atory. o 0ublic reaction was mi#ed4 roads were good, but obser*atories werenJt important, and /outherners 'new that if the go*ernment did anything, it would ha*e to continue collecting tariffs. ). @ith land, Adams tried to curb o*er$speculation of land, much to @esternersJ anger e*en though he was doing it for their own good, and with the 3hero'ee Indians, he tried to deal fairly with them although the state of &eorgia successfully resisted federal attempts to help the 3hero'ees. """# 5oing =Who e *og> %or 4ackson in 1F7F> 1. Hac'sonians argued, K/hould the people ruleTL and said that the Adams$3lay bargaining four years before had cheated the people out of the rightful *ictor. o "hey successfully turned public opinion against an honest and honorable president. !. ?owe*er, AdamsJ supporters also hit below the belt, e*en though Adams himself wouldnJt stoop to that le*el.

"hey called Hac'sonJs mother a prostitute, called him an adulterer :he had married his wife Rachel thin'ing that her di*orce had been granted, only to disco*er two years later that it hadnJt been;, and after he got elected, Rachel died. Hac'son blamed AdamsJ men who had slandered Andrew Hac'son for Rachel Hac'sonJs deathRhe ne*er forga*e them. %. Hohn G. Adams had purchased, with his own money and for his own use, a billiard table and a set of chessmen, but the Hac'sonians had sei ed this, critici ing AdamsJ incessant spending.
o

"+# =6 d *ickor1> as President 1. @hen he became president, Andrew Hac'son had already battled dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and lead poisoning from two bullets lodged somewhere in his body. !. ?e personified the new @est4 rough, a Aac'$of$all$trades, a genuine fol' hero. %. .orn in the bac'woods of the 3arolinas :weJre not e*en sure if it was +orth or /outh 3arolina, and both states still claim to be his home;, Hac'son had been early orphaned, was interested in coc'fighting as a 'id, and wasnJt really good with reading and writing, sometimes misspelling the same word twice in one letter. ). ?e went to "ennessee, where he became a Audge and a congressman, and his passions were so profound that he could cho'e up on the floor. 5. A man with a *iolent temper, he got into many duels, fights, stabbings, etcN 6. ?e was a @estern aristocrat, ha*ing owned many sla*es, and li*ed in a fine mansion, the ?ermitage, and he shared many of the preAudices of the masses. I. ?e was called K<ld ?ic'oryL by his troops because of his toughness. M. ?e was anti$federalist, belie*ing that the federal go*ernment was for the pri*ileged only, although he maintained the sacredness of the 9nion and the federal power o*er the states. /till, he welcomed the western democracy. D. Hac'son commanded fear and respect from his subordinates, and ignored the /upreme 3ourt on se*eral occasions2 he also used the *eto 1! times :compared to a combined 10 times by his predecessors; and on his inauguration, he let commoners come into the @hite ?ouse. o "hey wrec'ed the china and caused chaos until they heard that there was spi'ed punch on the @hite ?ouse front lawn2 thus was the Kinaugural bowl.L o 3onser*ati*es condemned Hac'son as KCing (obL and berated him greatly. +# The $poi s $1stem 1. "he spoils system rewarded supporters with good positions in office. !. Hac'son belie*ed that e#perience counted, but that loyalty and young blood and sharp eyes counted more, and thus, he went to wor' on o*erhauling positions and erasing the old. %. +ot since the election of 1M00 had a new party been *oted into the presidency, and e*en then, many positions had stayed and not changed. ). "hough he wanted to Kwipe the slate clean,L only 1>5 of the men were sent home, and clean sweeps would come later, but there were always people hounding Hac'son for positions, and those who were

discharged often went mad, 'illed themsel*es, or had a tough time with it. 5. "he spoils system denied many able people a chance to contribute. 6. /amuel /wartwout was awarded the lucrati*e post of collector of the customs of the port of +ew 5or', and nearly nine years later, he fled for England, lea*ing his accounts more than a million dollars short, and thus becoming the first person to steal a million dollars from the go*ernment. I. "he spoils system was built up by gifts from e#pectant party members, and the system secured such a tenacious hold that it too' more than 50 years before its grip was e*en loosened. +"# The Trick1 =Tari%% o% Abominations> 1. In 1M!), 3ongress had increased the general tariff from !%E to %IE, but wool manufactures still wanted higher tariffs. !. In the "ariff of 1M!M, the Hac'sonians :who disli'ed tariffs; schemed to dri*e up duties to as high as )5E while imposing hea*y tariffs on raw materials li'e wool, so that e*en +ew England, where the tariff was needed, would *ote the bill down and gi*e Adams another political blac' eye. o ?owe*er, the +ew Englanders bac'fired the plan and passed the law :amended;. o 7aniel @ebster and Hohn 3. 3alhoun re*ersed their positions from 1M16, with @ebster supporting the tariff and 3alhoun being against it. o "he /outherners immediately branded it as the K"ariff of Abominations.L %. In the /outh at this time, 7enmar' =esey, a free .lac', led an ominous sla*e rebellion in 3harleston. "his raised fears by /outhern whites and led to a tightening of control o*er sla*es. o "he /outh mostly complained because it was now the least e#panding of the sections. o 3otton prices were falling and land was growing scarce. ). /outherners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were hea*ily ta#ed. "he /outh said all tariffs did for them was hi'e up prices. 5. "ariffs led the 9./. to buy less .ritish products and *ice *ersa, but it did help the +ortheast prosper so that it could buy more of the /outhJs products. 6. Hohn 3. 3alhoun secretly wrote K"he /outh 3arolina E#positionL in 1M!M, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states. I. ?owe*er, /outh 3arolina was alone in this nullification threat, since Andrew Hac'son had been elected two wee's earlier, and was e#pected to sympathi e with the /outh against the tariff. +""# =N( ies> in $o(th Caro ina 1. /outh 3arolinians, still scornful toward the "ariff of 1M!M, attempted to garner the necessary two$thirds maAority to nullify it in the /.3. legislature, but determined 9nionists bloc'ed them. !. In response to the anger at the K"ariff of Abominations,L 3ongress passed the "ariff of 1M%!, which did away with the worst parts of the

%.

). 5. 6. I.

"ariff of 1M!M, such as lowering the tariff down to %5E, a reduction of 10E, but many southerners still hated it. In the elections of 1M%!, the +ullies came out with a two$thirds maAority o*er the 9nionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the "ariff of 1M%! to be *oid within /.3. boundaries. o "hey also threatened with secession against the 9nion, causing a huge problem. o 0resident Hac'son issued a ringing proclamation against /.3., to which go*ernor ?ayne issued a counter$proclamation, and ci*il war loomed dangerously. o "o compromise and pre*ent Hac'son from crushing /.3. and becoming more popular, the presidentJs ri*al, ?enry 3lay, proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the "ariff of 1M%! by about 10E o*er a period of eight years, so that by 1M)! the rates would be down to !0E to !5E. "he "ariff of 1M%% narrowly s6uee ed through 3ongress. ?owe*er, to sa*e face, 3ongress also passed the Borce .ill :ACA the K.loody .illL; that authori ed the president to use the army and na*y, if necessary, to collect tariffs. +o other states had supported /outh 3arolinaJs stance of possible secession, though &eorgia and =irginia toyed with the idea. Binally, /.3. repealed the nullification ordinance.

+"""# The Trai o% Tears 1. .y 1M%0, the 9./. population stood at 1% million, and as states emerged, the Indians were stranded. !. Bederal policy officially was to ac6uire land from the Indians through formal treaties, but too many times, they were tric'ed. %. (any people respected the Indians, though, and tried to 3hristiani e them. o i.e. the /ociety for 0ropagating the &ospel Among Indians :est. 1IMI;. ). /ome Indians *iolently resisted, but the 3hero'ees were among the few that tried to adopt the Americans ways, adopting a system of settled agriculture, de*ising an alphabet, legislating legal code in 1M0M, and adopting a written constitution in 1M!I. 5. "he 3hero'ees, the 3ree's, 3hoctaws, 3hic'asaws, and the /eminoles were 'nown as the KBi*e 3i*ili ed "ribes.L 6. ?owe*er, in 1M!M, 3ongress declared the 3hero'ee tribal council illegal, and asserted its own Aurisdiction o*er Indian lands and affairs, and e*en though the 3hero'ees appealed to and won in the /upreme 3ourt, Hac'son refused to recogni e the decision. I. Hac'son, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and proposed that they be bodily transferred west of the (ississippi, where they could preser*e the culture, and in 1M%0, 3ongress passed the Indian Remo*al Act, in which Indians were mo*ed to <'lahoma. o "housands of Indians died on the K"rail of "earsL after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries. o Also, the .ureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1M%6 to deal with Indians. M. In 1M%!, in Illinois and @isconsin, the /au' and Bo# tribes re*olted but were crushed. D. Brom 1M%5 to 1M)!, the /eminoles waged guerrilla warfare against the 9./., but were bro'en after their leader, <sceola, was sei ed2 some fled deeper into the E*erglades of Blorida2 others mo*ed to <'lahoma.

"3# The !ank War 1. Andrew Hac'son, li'e most westerners, distrusted big ban's, especially the .9/R.an' of the 9nited /tates. o "o Hac'son and westerners, the .9/ was simply a tool of the rich to get richer. o "he .9/ minted coin money :Khard moneyL;, but not paper money. Barmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled them to more easily pay off their debts. o Hac'son and westerners saw the .9/ and eastern ban's as being in a conspiracy to 'eep the common man down economically. "his conspiracy was carried out through hard money and debt. !. "he .9/, led by +icholas .iddle, was harsh on the *olatile western KwildcatL ban's that churned out unstable money and too$lenient credit for land :which the westerners lo*ed;. "he .9/ seemed pretty autocratic and out of touch with America during its +ew 7emocracy era, and it was corrupt. %. +icholas .iddle cle*erly lent 9./. funds to friends, and often used the money of the .9/ to bribe people, li'e the press. ). ?owe*er, the ban' was financially sound, reduced ban' failures, issued sound notes, promoted economic e#pansion by ma'ing abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the @ashington go*ernment. 5. It was highly important and useful, though sometimes not necessarily pure and wholesome. 6. In 1M%!, ?enry 3lay, in a strategy to bring Hac'sonJs popularity down so that he could defeat him for presidency, rammed a bill for the re$chartering of the .9/Rfour years early. I. ?e felt that if Hac'son signed it, heJd alienate his followers in the @est and /outh, and if he *etoed it, heJd lose the supports of the Kbest peopleL of the East. M. ?e failed to reali e that the @est held more power now, not the East. D. "he re$charter bill passed through 3ongress easily, but Hac'son demolished it in a scorching *eto that condemned the .9/ as unconstitutional :despite political foe Hohn (arshallJs ruling that it was o'ay;, and anti$American. 10. "he *eto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the /upreme 3ourt and aligned the @est against the East. 3# =6 d *ickor1> Wa ops C a1 in 1F37 1. Hac'sonJs supporters again raised the hic'ory pole while 3layJs men detracted Hac'sonJs dueling, gambling, coc'fighting, and fast li*ing. !. ?owe*er, a new third party, the Anti$(asonic 0arty, made its entrance for the first time. o <pposed to the fearsome secrecy of the (asonic order, it was energi ed by the mysterious murder of someone who threatened to e#pose the BreemasonJs secrets. o @hile sharing Hac'sonian ideals, they were against Hac'son, a (ason. O Also, they were supported by churches hoping to pass religious reform.

1. Also for the first time, national con*entions were held to nominate candidates. !. 3lay had the money and the KsupportL of the press, but the poor people *oted too, and Hac'son won handily, handing 3lay his third loss in three tries. 3"# !(r1ing !idd e8s !ank 1. ?oping to 'ill the .9/, Hac'son now began to withdraw federal funds from the ban', so as to drain it of its wealth2 in reaction, .iddle began to call for unnecessary loans, personally causing a mini panic. !. Hac'son won, and in 1M%6, the .9/ breathed its last breath, but because it had been the only source of sure credit in the 9nited /tates, hard times fell upon the @est once the .9/ died, since the wildcat ban's were *ery unreliable. 3""# The !irth o% the Whigs 1. 9nder Hac'son, the modern two$party system of politics came to be. !. <pponents of Hac'son despised his iron$fisted nature and called him KCing Andrew.L "his wide group coalesced into the @hig party, united only by disli'e of Hac'son. %. &enerally, the @higs4 o 7isli'ed Hac'son o /upported ?enry 3layJs American /ystem and internal impro*ements. ). <nce formed, American would ha*e at least two maAor political parties thenceforth. 3"""# The E ection o% 1F3D 1. KCing AndrewL was too old to run again, but offered (artin *an .uren to follow in his coattails. !. "he @higs suffered from disorgani ation. "hey tried to offer a fa*orite son candidate from each section of the countryRtheir hopes were that no one would win a maAority of electoral *otes, the election would thus be thrown to the ?ouse of Representati*es, and they could win there. "heir scheme failed, and *an .uren won. 3"+# !ig Woes %or the =&itt e /agician> 1. =an .uren was the first president to ha*e been born in America, but he lac'ed the support of many 7emocrats and Hac'sonJs popularity. !. A rebellion in 3anada in 1M%I threatened to plunge America into war, and =an .uren also inherited the depression caused by Hac'sonJs .9/ 'illing. 3+# ,epression ,o dr(ms and the "ndependent Treas(r1 1. "he 0anic of 1M%I was caused by the Kwildcat ban'sL loans, the o*er$speculation, the K.an' @ar,L and the /pecie 3ircular stating that debts must be paid in specie :gold or sil*er;, which no one had.

!. Bailures of wheat crops caused by the ?essian fly also worsened the situation, and the failure of two large .ritish .an's in 1M%6 had already started the panic going. %. ?undreds of ban's fell, including some of Hac'sonJs Kpet ban's,L ban's that had recei*ed the money that Hac'son had withdrawn from the .9/ to 'ill it. ). "he @higs proposed e#pansion of ban' credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal impro*ements, but =an .uren spurned such ideas. 5. Instead, he proposed the K7i*orce .illL :separating the ban' from the go*ernment and storing money in some of the *aults of the larger American cities, thus 'eeping the money safe but also una*ailable; that ad*ocated the independent treasury, and in 1M)0, it was passed. o "he ne#t year, the *ictorious @higs repealed it, but in 1M)6, it was brought bac'2 it finally merged with the Bederal Reser*e /ystem in the ne#t century. 3+"# 5one to Texas 1. Americans continued to co*et "e#as, and in 1M!%, after (e#ico had gained independence from /pain, /tephen Austin had made an agreement with the (e#ican go*ernment to bring about %00 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle. !. "he stipulations were4 :1; they must become (e#ican citi ens, :!; they must become 3atholic, and :%; no sla*ery allowed. "hese stipulations were largely ignored by the new settlers. 3+""# The &one $tar .ebe ion 1. "he "e#ans :among them 7a*y 3roc'ett and Him .owie; resented the KforeignL go*ernment, but they were led by /am ?ouston, a man whose wife had left him. !. In 1M%0, (e#ico freed its sla*es and prohibited them in "e#as, much to the anger of citi ens. %. In 1M%%, /tephen Austin went to (e#ico 3ity to clear up differences and was Aailed for M months. ). In 1M%5, dictator /anta Anna started to raise an army to suppress the "e#ans2 the ne#t year, they declared their independence. 5. After armed conflict and slaughters at the Alamo and at &oliad, "e#an war cries rallied citi ens, *olunteers, and soldiers, and the turning point came after /am ?ouston led his army for %I days eastward, then turned on the (e#icans, ta'ing ad*antage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing /anta Anna. 6. "he treaty he was forced to sign was later negated by him on grounds that the treaty was e#torted under duress. I. "e#as was supported in their war by the 9nited /tates, but Hac'son was hesitant to formally recogni e "e#as as an independent nation until he had secured (artin =an .uren as his successor, but after he succeeded, Hac'son did indeed recogni e "e#as on his last day before he left office, in 1M%I. M. (any "e#ans wanted to become part of the 9nion, but the sla*ery issue bloc'ed this. D. "he end was an unsettled predicament in which "e#ans feared the return of /anta Anna.

3+"""# &og Cabins and *ard Cider o% 1FA0 1. In 1M)0, @illiam ?arrison was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with Hohn "yler as his running mate. !. ?e had only been popular from "ippecanoe :1M11; and the .attle of the "hames :1M1%;. %. A stupid 7emocratic editor also helped ?arrisonJs cause when he called the candidate a poor old farmer with hard cider and inad*ertently made him loo' li'e many poor @esterners. ). @ith slogans of K"ippecanoe and "yler too,L the @higs ad*ocated this Kpoor manJs presidentL idea and replied, to such 6uestions of the ban', internal impro*ements, and the tariff, with answers of Klog cabin,L Khard cider,L and K?arrison is a poor man.L 5. "he popular election was close, but ?arrison blew =an .uren away in the Electoral 3ollege. 6. .asically, the election was a protest against the hard times of the era. 3"3# Po itics %or the Peop e 1. @hen the Bederalists had dominated, democracy was not respected, but by the 1M!0s, it was widely appealing. o 0oliticians now had to bend to appease and appeal to the masses, and the popular ones were the ones who claimed to be born in log cabins and had humble bac'grounds. o "hose who were aristocratic :too clean, too well$dressed, too grammatical, to highly intellectual; were scorned. !. @estern Indian fighters and>or militia commanders, li'e Andrew Hac'son, 7a*y 3roc'et, and @illiam ?enry ?arrison, were 6uite popular. %. Hac'sonian 7emocracy said that whate*er go*erning that was to be done should be done directly by the people. ). "his time was called the +ew 7emocracy, and was based on uni*ersal white manhood suffrage. o In 1ID1, =ermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to *ote in the elections. 5. @hile the old bigwigs who used to ha*e power sneered at the Kcoons'in congressmenL and the Kbipeds of the forest,L the new democrats argued that if they messed up, they messed up together and were not *ictims of aristocratic domination. 33# The Two-Part1 $1stem 1. "he 7emocrats had so successfully absorbed the Bederalist ideas before, that a true two party system had ne*er emergedRuntil now. !. "he 7emocrats o &lorified the liberty of the indi*idual. o 3lung to statesJ rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. o (ostly more humble, poorer fol'. o &enerally from the /outh and @est. %. "he @higs o "rumpeted the natural harmony of society and the *alue of community. o .erated leaders whose appeals and self$interest fostered conflict among indi*iduals.

Ba*ored a renewed national ban', protecti*e tariffs, internal impro*ements, public schools, and moral reforms. o (ostly more aristocratic and wealthier. o &enerally from the East. ). "hings in 3ommon o .ased on the people, with KcatchallL phrases for popularity. o .oth also commanded loyalties from all 'inds of people.
o

Chapter 1A - 0orging the Nationa Econom1 I1EH0 - 1FD0J "# The Westward /o-ement 1. "he 9./. marched 6uic'ly toward the @est which pro*ed to be *ery hard with disease and loneliness. !. Brontier people were indi*idualistic, superstitious and ill$informed of current matters. ""# $haping the Western &andscape 1. "he westward mo*ement molded the en*ironment. o "obacco o*eruse had e#hausted the land forcing settlers to mo*e on, but KCentuc'y bluegrassL thri*ed. o /ettlers trapped bea*ers, sea otters, and bison for fur to ship bac' East. !. "he spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of the American wilderness. o Artist &eorge 3atlin pushed for national par's and later achie*ed it with 5ellowstone in 1MI!. """# The /arch o% the /i ions 1. In the mid$1M00s, the population continued to double e*ery !5 years. o .y 1M60, the original 1% states now had become %% states2 the American population was )th in the world :behind Russia, Brance, Austria;. o 9rban growth continued e#plosi*ely. In 1ID0, only +ew 5or' , 0hiladelphia had more than !0,000 people, but by 1M60, )% cities had. @ith growth came poor sanitation [ later, sewage systems and piped$in water came about. !. A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1M50s, millions of Irish and &erman came. o "hey came due to a surplus population in Europe, but not all came to the 9./. o "he appeal of the 9./. was for land, freedom from church, no aristocracy, % meat meals a day. o Also, transoceanic steamships were used meaning tra*el time dropped to 1! days and it was safer. "+# The Emera d "s e /o-es West 1. "he Irish potato famine in the mid$1M)0s led to the death of ! million and saw many flee to the 9./. o K.lac' BortiesLRthey mainly came to cities li'e .oston and especially +ew 5or' :biggest Irish city;.

o o o

o o o o

"hey were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and recei*ed lowest$paying Aobs :railroad$building;. "hey were hated by 0rotestants because theyJre 3atholic. Americans hated the Irish :such as K+I+ALR+o Irish +eed Apply;2 the Irish hated competition with blac's for the low$paying Aobs. "he Ancient <rder of ?ibernians was established to aid the Irish. &radual property ownership came about, and their children earned education. "he Irish were attracted to politics, and often filled police departments as officers. "he politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by yelling at -ondon :K"wisting the -ionJs "ailL;.

+# The 5erman 0ort1-Eighters 1. 1 million &ermans poured in between 1M%0s$1M60s because of crop failures and re*olution>war of 1M)M. o -iberals such as 3arl /chur contributed to the ele*ation of the 9./. political scene. o "hey had more money than the Irish, so they bought land in @est, especially in @isconsin. o "heir *otes were crucial, so they were wooed by 9./. politicians, yet they lac'ed potency because they were rather spread out. "he &ermans contributed to the 9./. culture :i.e. the 3hristmas tree; and isolationism. o "hey urged public education :started 'indergarten; and freedom :they were enemies of sla*ery;. o "hey faced resent from old Americans because the &ermans grouped themsel*es together, were aloof, clung to their old ways and 'ept spea'ing the &erman language and religion, and brought beer to the 9./. +"# 0 are-(ps o% Anti%oreignism 1. Knati*istsL P older Americans who were preAudiced against newcomers in Aobs, politics, and religion !. 3atholicism became a maAor faith due to the immigration of the 1M)0s and 50s2 they also set out to build 3atholic schools %. nati*ists feared that 3atholicism challenged 0rotestantism :0opish idols; so they formed the K<rder of /tar$/pangled .annerL ACA, K"he Cnow$+othingsL o they met in secrecy $ KI Cnow$+othingL was their response to any in6uiries o fought for restrictions on immigration, naturali ation , deportation of alien paupers o wrote fiction boo's about corruption of churches o there was mass *iolence, i.e. 0hiladelphia in 1M)), which burnt churches, schools, and saw people 'illed o it made America a pluralistic society with di*ersity o as time passed, immigrants were less disli'ed since they were crucial to economic e#pansion , more Aobs were becoming a*ailable :although they were low$paying; +""# Creeping /echani'ation

1. "he industrial re*olution spread to 9./. "he 9./. was destined to become an industrial giant becauseN o land was cheap, money for in*estment plentiful, raw materials were plentiful o .ritain lac'ed consumers for factory$scale manufacturing whereas America had the growing numbers o .ut, .ritainJs long$established factory system was in competition with the infant 9./. industries o the .rits 'ept te#tile industry secrets as a monopoly :forbade tra*el of craftsmen , e#port of machines; !. /till, the 9./. remained *ery rural and was mostly a farming nation +"""# Whitne1 Ends the 0iber 0amine 1. /amuel /later P KBather of the Bactory /ystemL o learned of te#tile machinery when wor'ing in .ritish factory[ he escaped to 9./., was aided by (oses .rown and built 1st cotton thread spinner in the 9./. located in 0awtuc'et, Rhode Island :1ID1; !. Eli @hitney built a cotton gin :which was 50 times more effecti*e than separating cotton seed by hand; o cotton economics were now profitable and sa*ed the /outh with KCing 3ottonL o the /outh flourished and e#panded the cotton 'ingdom westward o the +orthern factories manufactured te#tiles :cloth;, especially in +ew England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast ri*ers for water power; "3# /ar-e s in /an(%act(ring 1. "he Embargo Act of the @ar of 1M1! encouraged home manufacturing !. after the peace treaty at &hent, the .ritish poured in a surplus of cheap goods, forcing the close of many American factories who could not compete with long$established .ritish companies %. 3ongress then passed "ariff of 1M16 to protect 9./. economy ). Eli @hitney introduced machine$made inter$changeable parts :on mus'ets; $ 1M50 o this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the +orth, while the cotton gin flourished /outh 5. Elias ?owe , Issac /inger :1M)6; made the sewing machine :the foundation of clothing industry; 6. "he decade of 1M60 had !M,000 patents while 1M00 only had %06 I. "he principle of limited liability in a corporation :canJt lose more than in*ested; stimulated the economy M. -aws of Kfree incorporationL came about saying there was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation D. /amuel (orseJs telegraph connected the business world when he as'ed, K@hat hath &od wroughtTL 3# Workers and =Wage $ a-es> 1. "he factory system led to impersonal relations

!. "he benefit went to factory owner2 hours were long, wages low, conditions unsafe and unhealthy, no unions e#isted to address these issues %. child labor was hea*y2 50E of the industrial labor force were children ). adult wor'ing condition impro*ed in the 1M!0s , %0s with the mass *ote gi*en to wor'ers o 10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt o in the 1M)0s, 0resident =an .uren established 10 hour day for federal employees o many went on stri'e, but lost because employers simply imported more wor'ers :the much$hated immigrants; 5. labor unions formed in the 1M%0s, but were hit by 0anic of 1M%I o case of 3ommonwealth *. ?unt in (assachusetts /upreme 3ourt :1M)!; legali ed unions for peaceful and honorable protest o howe*er, the effecti*eness of unions was small :due mostly to their threat of a stri'e was always undermined by the managementJs ability to simply call in KscabsL, plentiful immigrants eager to wor'; 3"# Women and the Econom1 1. women toiled in factories under poor conditions !. in -owell, (assachusetts, a model te#tile mill employed young, single women under a watchful eye. %. opportunities were rare and women mainly wor'ed in nursing, domestic ser*ice, teaching :encouraged by 3atharine .eecher; ). women usually wor'ed before marriage, after marriage they became housewi*es and mothers 5. arranged marriages died down2 marriages due to lo*e tied family closer 6. families grew smaller :a*erage of 6;2 the fertility rate dropped sharply2 this Kdomestic feminismL was a crude form of birth control I. child$centered families emerged with less children and discipline M. the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill D. women were in charge of family4 small, affectionate, child$centered families. "his was a small arena for talented women 3""# Western 0armers .eap a .e-o (tion in the 0ie ds 1. the trans$Allegheny region :<hio$Indiana$Illinois; became the nationJs breadbas'et o they planted corn and raised hogs :3incinnati was 'nown as Kthe por'opolisL of the westL !. in*entions that boomed agriculture o Hohn 7eere P in*ented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses o 3yrus (c3ormic' P in*ented the mechanical mower$reaper to har*est grain %. this led to large$scale production and growth of cash crops ). "he +orth produced more food than the /outh :who grew cotton;2 products flowed from the +orth to the /outh *ia sea and ri*ers, not East to @est which need transportation re*olution in roads and canals

3"""# *ighwa1s and $teamboats 1. impro*ements in transportation were needed for raw material transport !. -ancaster "urnpi'e P a hard road from 0hiladelphia to -ancaster, 0A which brought economic e#pansion westward %. "he federal go*ernment constructed the 3umberland Road ACA "he +ational Road :(aryland $ Illinois; with state and federal money ). Robert Bulton in*ented the first steamboat, the 3lermont in 1M0I2 steamboats were common by the 1M%0s o this caused an increase of 9./. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current o this contributed to the de*elopment of /outhern and @estern economies 3"+# =C inton8s !ig ,itch> in New 2ork 1. &o*. 7e@itt 3lintonJs .ig 7itch was the Erie 3anal between -a'e Erie and the ?udson Ri*er o it shortened the e#pense and time of transportation :to one twentieth what it was before;2 cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced o farmers were unable to compete in the roc'y soils of the East, so they went to the @est 3+# The "ron *orse 1. "he 1st railroad in 9./. was introduced in 1M!M2 by 1M60, %0,000 miles of railroad trac's had been laid in the 9./. :%>) of those trac's were up +orth; !. "he railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of losing money from Erie 3anal traffic2 railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. %. Early trains were poorly constructed :with bad bra'es; and the gauge of trac's *aried 3+"""# Cab es, C ippers, and Pon1 .iders 1. foreign e#ports o /outh[ cotton account for 50E of e#ports o +orth[ after the repeal of the .ritish 3orn -aw of 1M)6, wheat became an important commodity in trade with England !. Americans imported more than they e#ported :causing substantial debt to foreign creditors; %. In 1M5M, 3yrus Bield laid a telegraph cable between the 9./. , Europe :but died in % wee's;2 a better one was laid in 1M66. "his pro*ided instant communication with EuropeRa monumental step forward. ). American *essels had been idle due to embargoes and panics2 the 9./. +a*y made little progress o the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 1M)0s and 50s P 7onald (c'ay built the clipper ships which dominated the seas for a brief time :they were *ery fast, slee', and long; tea trade with the .ritish grew and carried many to 3alifornia

AmericaJs brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was crushed by .ritish iron steamers, K"ea 'ettlesL that were more reliable and could haul hea*ier loads, though slower. 5. speedy communication popped up from (issouri to 3alifornia, in the 0ony E#press :going !,000 miles in 10 days;. "he 0ony E#press was short$li*ed though, lasting but ! years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire.
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3"3# The Transport Web !inds the ?nion 1. the steamboat allowed re*erse transport of /outh to @est and ser*ed to bind them together !. more canals led to more trade with East from the @est :the /outh was left out with canals; %. +ew 5or' became the 6ueen port of the country, replacing +ew <rleans, than's to the Erie 3anal ). 0rinciple of di*ided labor emerged with each region speciali ing in its own economic acti*ity o /outh cotton to +ew England2 @est grain , li*estoc' for the East , Europe2 East machines, te#tiles for /outh and @est 5. "he /outh thought the (ississippi Ri*er lin'ed them to upper *alley states2 they would o*erloo' man$made lin's when they began to consider secession 6. "ransformed the home, it was once the center of economics, but now ser*ed as a refuge from wor'. 33"# The /arket .e-o (tion 1. Hust as the political landscape of America changed, the economic scene did too. Essentially, business began to grow up. !. "he era of the self$supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty dri*en economy. %. "hese times widened the gap between the rich and poor. ). 3ities saw the greatest e#tremes o uns'illed wor'ers were KdriftersL from town to town loo'ing for Aobs :1>! of industrial population; o social mobility e#isted, although rags$to$riches stories were rare o the standard of li*ing did rise, howe*er, as wages did rise :this helped diffuse any potential class conflict; Chapter 1B - The 0erment o% .e%orm and C( t(re "# .e-i-ing .e igion 1. 3hurch attendance was regular in 1M50 :%>) of population attended; !. (any relied on 7eism :reason rather re*elation;2 7eism reAected original sin of man, denied 3hristJs di*inity but belie*ed in a supreme being that created uni*erse with an order, similar to a cloc'ma'er. %. 9nitarian faith begins :+ew England;

belie*ed &od e#isted in only 1 person, not in the orthodo# trinity2 stressed goodness of human nature o belie*ed in free will and sal*ation through good wor's2 pictured &od as a lo*ing father o appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism ). "hese per*ersions of 3hristianity ignited 3hristians to Kta'e bac' their faithL and oppose these new beliefs 5. -iberalism in religion started in 1M00 spawned the !nd &reat Awa'ening a tidal wa*e of spiritual fer*or that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance mo*ement :no alcohol;, womenJs rights mo*ement, abolition of sla*ery in 1M%0s o it spread to the masses through huge Kcamp meetingsL o the East went to the @est to 3hristiani e Indians o (ethodists and .aptists stressed personal con*ersion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism o 0eter 3artwright P was best 'nown of the Kcircuit ridersL or tra*eling preachers o 3harles &randison Binney P the greatest re*i*al preacher who led massi*e re*i*als in Rochester, +5
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""# ,enominationa ,i-ersit1 1. "he re*i*al furthered fragmentation of religious faiths o +ew 5or', with its 0uritans, preached KhellfireL and was 'nown as the K.urned$ <*er 7istrictL o (illerites :Ad*entists; P predicted 3hrist to return to earth on <ct !!, 1M)). @hen this prophesy failed to materiali e, the mo*ement lost credibility. o "he Awa'ening widened lines between classes the region :li'e 1st &reat Awa'ening; o conser*ati*es were made up of4 propertied Episcopalians, 0resbyterians, 3ongregationalists, 9nitarians o the less$learned of the /outh the @est :frontier areas; were usually (ethodists or .aptists !. Religion further split with the issue of sla*ery :i.e. the (ethodists and 0resbyterians split; """# A ,esert Cion in ?tah 1. Hoseph /mith :1M%0; claimed to ha*e found golden tablets in +5 with the .oo' of (ormon inscribed on them. ?e came up with (ormon or 3hurch of Hesus 3hrist of -atter 7ay /aints o antagonism toward (ormons emerged due to their polygamy, drilling militia, and *oting as a unit o /mith was 'illed, but was succeeded by .righam 5oung, who led followers to 9tah o they grew 6uic'ly by birth and immigration from Europe o they had a federal go*ernor and marched to 9tah when 5oung became go*ernor o the issue of polygamy pre*ented 9tahJs entrance to 9./. until 1MD6 "+# 0ree $choo %or a 0ree Peop e 1. "he idea of ta#$supported, compulsory :mandatory;, primary schools was opposed as a hand$out to paupers

&radually, support rose because uneducated KbratsL might grow up to be rabbles with *oting rights o Bree public education, triumphed in 1M!M along with the *oting power in the Hac'son election o there were largely ill$taught and ill$trained teachers, howe*er o ?orace (ann fought for better schools and is the KBather of 0ublic EducationL o school was too e#pensi*e for many community2 blac's were mostly left out from education !. Important educators $ +oah @ebster :dictionary and .luebac' /peller;2 @illiam ?. (c&uffey R (c&uffeyJs Readers;
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+# *igher 5oa s %or *igher &earning 1. "he !nd &reat Awa'ening led to the building of small schools in the /outh the @est :mainly for pride; o the curriculum focused mainly on -atin, &ree', (ath, moral philosophy !. "he 1st state$supported uni*ersity was founded in the "ar ?eel state, the 9ni*. of +orth 3arolina, in 1ID52 Hefferson started the 9ni*ersity of =irginia shortly afterwards :9=A was to be independent of religion or politics; %. women were thought to be corrupted if too educated and were therefore e#cluded ). Emma @illard R established "roy Bemale /eminary :1M!1; and (ount ?olyo'e /eminary :1M%I; was established by (ary -yon 5. -ibraries, public lectures, and maga ines flourished +"# An Age o% .e%orm 1. reformers opposed tobacco, alcohol, profanity, and many other *ices, and came out for womenJs rights !. women were *ery important in moti*ating these reform mo*ements %. reformers were often optimists who sought a perfect society o some were na^*e and ignored the problems of factories o they fought for no imprisonment for debt :the poor were sometimes loc'ed in Aail for less than W1 debt;2 this was gradually abolished o reformers wanted criminal codes softened and reformatories created o the mentally insane were treated badly. 7orothea 7i# fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1M)% o there was agitation for peace :i.e. the American 0eace /ociety; $ @illiam -add had some impact until 3i*il @ar and 3rimean war +""# ,emon .(mKThe =6 d ,e (der> 1. drun'enness was widespread !. "he American "emperance /ociety was formed at .oston :1M!6; P the K3old @ater ArmyL :children;, signed pledges, made pamphlets, and an anti$alcohol no*el emerged called 10 nights in a .arroom and @hat I /aw "here %. Attac' on the demon drin' adopted ! maAor lines attac'N o stressed temperance :indi*idual will to resist; o legislature$remo*ed temptation $ +eal /. 7ow becomes the KBather of 0rohibitionL

sponsored (aine -aw of 1M51 which prohibited ma'ing and sale of li6uor :followed by others;

+"""# Women in .e-o t 1. @omen stayed home, without *oting rights. /till, in the 1Dth century, American women were generally better off than in Europe. !. many women a*oided marriage altogether becoming KspinstersL %. gender differences increased sharply with different economic roles o women were percei*ed as wea' physically and emotionally, but fine for teaching o men were percei*ed as strong, but crude and barbaric, if not guided by the purity of women ). home was the center of the femaleJs world :e*en for reformer 3atharine .eecher; but many felt that was not enough 5. they Aoined the mo*ement to abolish of sla*ery 6. the womenJs mo*ement was led by -ucretia (ott, /usan .. Anthony :/u y .s;, Eli abeth 3andy /tanton, 7r. Eli abeth .lac'well :1st female medical graduate;, (argaret Buller, the &rim'e sisters :anti$sla*ery ad*ocates;, and Amelia .loomer :semi$short s'irts; o "he /eneca Balls @omenJs Rights 3on*ention :1M)M; P held in +5, it was a maAor landmar' in womenJs rights o 7eclaration of /entiments P was written in the spirit of the 7eclaration of Independence saying that Kall (en and @omen are created e6ualL o demanded ballot for women o launched modern womenJs rights mo*ement I. the womenJs rights mo*ement was temporarily eclipsed by sla*ery when the 3i*il @ar heated up, but ser*ed as a foundation for later days "3# Wi derness ?topias 1. Robert <wen founded +ew ?armony, I+ :1M!5; though it failed in confusion !. .roo' Barm P (assachusetts e#periment :1M)1; where !0 intellectuals committed to "ranscendentalism :it lasted until V)6; %. <neida 3ommunity R practiced free lo*e, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring2 it sur*i*ed ironically as a capitalistic *enture, selling bas'ets and then cutlery. ). /ha'ers P a communistic community :led by (other Ann -ee;2 they couldnJt marry so they became e#tinct 3# The ,awn o% $cienti%ic Achie-ement 1. Early Americans were interested in practical science rather than pure science :i.e., Hefferson and his newly designed plow;. o +athaniel .owditch P studied practical na*igation and oceanography o (atthew (aury $ ocean winds, currents !. @riters were concerned with basic science. %. "he most influential 9./. scientistsN o .enAamin /illiman :1IID$1M6); $ pioneer in chemistry geologist :taught in 5ale; o -ouis Agassi :1M0I$1MI%; $ ser*ed at ?ar*ard, insisted on original research

). 5. 6. I.

Asa &ray :1M10$1MMM; ?ar*ard, was the 3olumbus of botany Hohn Audubon :1IM5$1M51; painted birds with e#act detail (edicine in the 9./. was primiti*e :i.e., bleeding used for cure2 smallpo#, yellow fe*er though it 'illed many;. -ife e#pectancy was unsurprisingly low. /elf$prescribed patent medicines were common, they were usually were mostly alcohol and often as harmful as helpful. "he local surgeon was usually the local barber or butcher.
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3"# Artistic Achie-ements 1. 9./. had traditionally imitated European styles of art :aristocratic subAects, dar' portraits, stormy landscapes; !. 1M!0$50 was a &ree' re*i*al, as theyJd won independence from "ur's2 &othic forms also gained popularity %. "homas Hefferson was the most able architect of his generation :(onticello and 9ni*ersity of =irginia; ). Artists were *iewed as a wasters of time2 they suffered from 0uritan preAudice of art as sinful pride 5. &ilbert /tuart :1I55$1M!M; $ painted @ashington and competed with English artists 3harles @illson 0eale :1I)1$1M!I; painted 60 portraits of @ashington Hohn "rumbull :1I56$1M)%; $ captured the Re*olutionary @ar in paint in dramatic fashion 1. 7uring the nationalism upsurge after @ar of 1M1!, 9./. painters portrayed human landscapes and Romanticism o Kdar'yL tunes became popular o /tephen Boster wrote <ld Bol's at ?ome :ACA /uwannee Ri*er, his most famous; 3""# The ! ossoming o% a Nationa &iterat(re 1. -iterature was imported or plagiari ed from England !. Americans poured literature into practical outlets :i.e. "he Bederalist 0apers, 3ommon /ense :0aine;, .en Bran'linJs Autobiography, 0oor RichardJs Almanac'; %. literature was reborn after the @ar of Independence and especially after @ar of 1M1! ). "he Cnic'erboc'er group in +5 wrote the first truly American literature o @ashington Ir*ing :1IM%$1M5D; $ 1st 9./. internationally recogni ed writings, "he /'etch .oo' o Hames Benimore 3ooper :1IMD$1M51; $ 1st 9/ no*elist, -eatherstoc'ing "ales :which included "he -ast of the (ohicans which was popular in Europe; o @illiam 3ullen .ryant :1ID)$1MIM; P "hanatopsis, the 1st high 6uality poetry in 9./. 3"""# Tr(mpeters o% Transcendenta ism 1. -iterature dawned in the !nd 6uarter of 1Dth century with the transcendentalist mo*ement :circa 1M%0;

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transcendentalism clashed with Hohn -oc'e :who argued 'nowledge came from reason;2 for transcendentalists, truth came not by obser*ation alone, from with inner light it stressed indi*idualism, self$reliance, and non$conformity Ralph @aldo Emerson was popular since the ideal of the essay reflected the spirit of the 9./. he lectured the 0hi .eta Cappa Address K"he American /cholarL he urged 9./. writers throw off European tradition influential as practical philosopher :stressed self$go*ernment, self$reliance, depending on self; most famous for his wor', /elf Reliance ?enry 7a*id "horeau ?e condemned sla*ery and wrote @alden4 <r life in the @oods ?e also wrote <n the 7uty of 3i*il 7isobedience, which was idealistic in thought, and a forerunner of &andhi and then (artin -uther Cing Hr., saying it is not wrong to disobey a wrong law @alt @hitman wrote -ea*es of &rass :poetry; and was K0oet -aureate of 7emocracyL

3"+# 5 owing &iterar1 &ights Inot associated with transcendenta ismJ 1. !. %. ). 5. ?enry @adsworth -ongfellow $ wrote poems popular in Europe such as E*angeline Hohn &reenleaf @hittier $ poems that cried against inAustice, intolerance, inhumanity Hames Russell -owell $ political satirist who wrote .iglow 0apers <li*er @endell ?olmes $ "he -ast -eaf @omen writers o -ouisa (ay Alcott $ with transcendentalism wrote -ittle @omen o Emily 7ic'inson P wrote of the theme of nature in poems 6. /outhern literary figure P @illiam &illmore /imms $ Kthe cooper of the southL2 wrote many boo's of life in frontier /outh during the Re*olutionary @ar 3+# &iterar1 "ndi-id(a ists and ,issenters 1. Edgar Allan 0oe $ wrote K"he Ra*enL and many short stories o in*ented modern detecti*e no*el and Kpsychological thrillerL o he was fascinated by the supernatural and reflected a morbid sensibility :more pri ed by Europe; !. reflections of 3al*inist obsession with original sin and struggle between good , e*il o +athaniel ?awthorne $ "he /carlet -etter :psychological effect of sin; o ?erman (el*ille $ (oby 7ic', and allegory between good and e*il told of a whaling captain 3+"# Portra1ers o% the Past 1. &eorge .ancroft P founded the na*al academy2 published 9./. history boo' and was 'nown as the KBather of American ?istoryL !. @illiam ?. 0rescott $ published on the con6uest of (e#ico, 0eru %. Brancis 0ar'man $ published on the struggle between Brance and England in colonial +orth America

). ?istorians were all from +ew England because they had the most boo's. "herefore, there became an anti$/outh bias. Chapter 1D - The $o(th and the $ a-er1 Contro-ers1 "# =Cotton8s "s <ingL> 1. .efore the 1ID% in*ention of Eli @hitneyJs cotton gin, sla*ery was a dying business, since the /outh was burdened with depressed prices, unmar'etable goods, and o*er$cropped lands. o After the gin was in*ented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, and more sla*es were needed. !. "he +orth also transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe, so they were in part responsible for the sla*e trade as well. %. "he /outh produced more than half the worldJs supply of cotton, and held an ad*antage o*er countries li'e England, an industrial giant, which needed cotton to ma'e cloth, etcN ). "he /outh belie*ed that since England was so dependent on them that, if ci*il war was to e*er brea' out, England would support the /outh that it so hea*ily depended on. ""# The P anter =Aristocrac1> 1. In 1M50, only 1I%% families owned more than 100 sla*es each, and they were the wealthy aristocracy of the /outh, with big houses and huge plantations. !. "he /outhern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public$funded education by sending their children to pri*ate schools. o Also, a fa*orite author among them was /ir @alter /cott, author of I*anhoe, who helped them ideali e a feudal society with them as the 'ings and 6ueens and the sla*es as their subAects. %. "he plantation system shaped the li*es of southern women. o (istresses of the house commanded a si able household of mostly female sla*es who coo'ed, sewed, cared for the children, and washed things. o (istresses could be 'ind or cruel, but all of them did at one point or another abuse their sla*es to some degree2 there was no Kperfect mistress.L """# $ a-es o% the $ a-e $1stem 1. 3otton production spoiled the earth, and e*en though profits were 6uic' and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land. !. "he economic structure of the /outh became increasingly monopolistic because as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners. %. Also, the temptation to o*er$speculate in land and in sla*es caused many planters to plunge deep into debt.

/la*es were *aluable, but they were also a gamble, since they might run away or be 'illed by disease. ). "he dominance of Cing 3otton li'ewise led to a one$crop economy whose price le*el was at the mercy of world conditions. 5. /outherners resented the +ortherners who got rich at their e#pense while they were dependent on the +orth for clothing, food, and manufactured goods. 6. "he /outh repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the +orth, ma'ing it richer.
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"+# The White /a9orit1 1. .eneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two, or a small family of sla*es2 they wor'ed hard on the land with their sla*es and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were sla*es li*ing with them. !. .eneath these people were the sla*eless whites :a full %>) of the white population; that raised corn and hogs, sneered at the rich cotton KsnobocracyL and li*ed simply and poorly. o /ome of the poorest were 'nown as Kpoor white trash,L KhillbilliesL and Kclay$eatersL and were described as listless, shiftless, and misshapen. o It is now 'nown that these people werenJt la y, Aust sic', suffering from malnutrition and parasites li'e hoo'worm :which they got eating>chewing clay for minerals; %. E*en the sla*eless whites defended the sla*ery system because they all hoped to own a sla*e or two some day, and they could ta'e per*erse pleasure in 'nowing that, no matter how bad they were, they always Koutran'edL .lac's. ). (ountain whites, those who li*ed isolated in the wilderness under /partan frontier conditions, hated white aristocrats and .lac's, and they were 'ey in crippling the /outhern secessionists during the 3i*il @ar. +# 0ree ! acks; $ a-es Witho(t /asters 1. .y 1M60, free .lac's in the /outh numbered about !50,000. !. In the upper /outh, these .lac's were descended from those freed by the idealism of the Re*olutionary @ar :Kall men were created e6ualL;. %. In the deep /outh, they were usually mulattoes :.lac' mother, @hite father who was usually a master; freed when their masters died. ). (any owned property2 a few owned sla*es themsel*es. 5. Bree .lac's were prohibited from wor'ing in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court2 and as e#amples of what sla*es could be, @hites resented them. 6. In the +orth, free .lac's were also unpopular, as se*eral states denied their entrance, most denied them the right to *ote and most barred them from public schools. I. +orthern .lac's were especially hated by the Irish, with whom they competed for Aobs. M. Anti$blac' feeling was stronger in the +orth, where people li'ed the race but not the indi*idual, than in the /outh, were people li'ed

the indi*idual :with whom theyJd often grown up;, but not the race. +"# P antation $ a-er1 1. Although sla*e importation was banned in 1M0M, smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers !. ?owe*er, the sla*e increase :) million by 1M60; was mostly due to their natural reproduction. %. /la*es were an in*estment, and thus were treated better and more 'indly and were spared the most dangerous Aobs, li'e putting a roof on a house, draining a swamp, or blasting ca*es. o 9sually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of wor'. ). /la*ery also created maAorities or near$maAorities in the 7eep /outh, and the states of /outh 3arolina, Blorida, (ississippi, Alabama, and -ouisiana accounted for half of all sla*es in the /outh. 5. .reeding sla*es was not encouraged, but thousands of sla*es were sold down the river to toil as field$gang wor'ers, and women who ga*e birth to many children were pri ed. o /ome were promised freedom after ten children born. 6. /la*e auctions were brutal, with sla*es being inspected li'e animals and families often mercilessly separated2 ?arriet .eecher /towe sei ed the emotional power of this scene in her 9ncle "omJs 3abin. +""# &i%e ?nder the &ash 1. /la*e life *aried from place to place, but for sla*es e*erywhere, life meant hard wor', no ci*il or political rights, and whipping if orders werenJt followed. !. -aws that tried to protect sla*es were difficult to enforce. %. -ash beatings werenJt that common, since a master could lower the *alue of his sla*e if he whipped him too much. ). Borced separation of spouses, parents and children seem to ha*e been more common in the upper /outh, among smaller plantations. 5. /till, most sla*es were raised in stable two$parent households and continuity of family identity across generations was e*idenced in the widespread practice of naming children for grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebearJs master. 6. In contrast to the @hite planters, Africans a*oided marriage of first cousins. I. Africans also mi#ed the 3hristian religion with their own nati*e religion, and often, they sang 3hristian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom2 many of them sang songs that emphasi e bondage. :K-et my people go.L; +"""# The !(rdens o% !ondage 1. /la*es had no dignity, were illiterate, and had no chance of achie*ing the KAmerican dream.L !. "hey also de*ised countless ways to ma'e trouble without getting punished too badly. o "hey wor'ed as slowly as they could without getting lashed. o "hey stole food and sabotaged e#pensi*e e6uipment.

<ccasionally, they poisoned their mastersJ food. %. Rebellions, such as the 1M00 insurrection by a sla*e named &abriel in Richmond, =irginia, and the 1M!! 3harleston rebellion led by 7enmar' =esey, and the 1M%1 re*olt semiliterate preacher +at "urner, were ne*er successful. ?owe*er, they did scare the Aeepers out of whites, which led to tightened rules. ). @hites became paranoid of .lac' re*olts, and they had to degrade themsel*es, along with their *ictims, as noted by distinguished .lac' leader .oo'er ". @ashington.
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"3# Ear 1 Abo itionism 1. In 1M1I, the American 3oloni ation /ociety was founded for the purpose of transporting .lac's bac' to Africa, and in 1M!!, the Republic of -iberia was founded for .lac's to li*e. o (ost .lac's had no wish to be transplanted into a strange ci*ili ation after ha*ing been partially Americani ed. o .y 1M60, *irtually all sla*es were not Africans, but nati*e$born African$Americans. !. In the 1M%0s, abolitionism really too' off, with the /econd &reat Awa'ening and other things pro*iding support. %. "heodore 7wight @eld was among those who were inflamed against sla*ery. ). Inspired by 3harles &randison Binney, @eld preached against sla*ery and e*en wrote a pamphlet, American /la*ery As It Is. 3# .adica Abo itionism 1. <n Hanuary 1st, 1M%1, @illiam -loyd &arrison published the first edition of "he -iberator triggering a %0$year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the 3i*il @ar. !. <ther dedicated abolitionists rallied around &arrison, such as @endell 0hillips, a .oston patrician 'nown as KabolitionJs golden trumpetL who refused to eat cane sugar or wore cotton cloth, since both were made by sla*es. %. 7a*id @al'er, a .lac' abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the 3olored 3iti ens of the @orld in 1M!D and ad*ocated a bloody end to white supremacy. ). /oAourner "ruth, a freed .lac' woman who fought for blac' emancipation and womenJs rights, and (artin 7elaney, one of the few people who seriously reconsidered .lac' relocation to Africa, also fought for .lac' rights. 5. "he greatest .lac' abolitionist was an escaped blac', Brederic' 7ouglass, who was a great spea'er and fought for the .lac' cause despite being beaten and harassed. o ?is autobiography, +arrati*e of the -ife of Brederic' 7ouglass, depicted his remar'able struggle and his origins, as well as his life. o @hile &arrison seemed more concerned with his own righteousness, 7ouglass increasingly loo'ed to politics to sol*e the sla*ery problem. o ?e and others bac'ed the -iberty 0arty in 1M)0, the Bree /oil 0arty in 1M)M, and the Republican 0arty in the 1M50s. 6. In the end, many abolitionists supported war as the price for emancipation.

3"# The $o(th &ashes !ack 1. In the /outh, abolitionist efforts increasingly came under attac' and fire. !. /outherners began to organi e a campaign tal'ing about sla*eryJs positi*e good, con*eniently forgetting about how their pre*ious doubts about Kpeculiar institutionJsL :sla*eryJs; morality. %. /outhern sla*e supporters pointed out how masters taught their sla*es religion, made them ci*ili ed, treated them well, and ga*e them KhappyL li*es. ). "hey also noted the lot of northern free .lac's, now were persecuted and harassed, as opposed to southern .lac' sla*es, who were treated well, gi*en meals, and cared for in old age. 5. In 1M%6, /outhern ?ouse members passed a Kgag resolutionL re6uiring all antisla*ery appeals to be tabled without debate, arousing the ire of northerners li'e Hohn Guincy Adams. 6. /outherners also resented the flood of propaganda in the form of pamphlets, drawings, etcN 3""# The Abo itionist "mpact in the North 1. Bor a long time, abolitionists li'e the e#treme &arrisonians were unpopular, since many had been raised to belie*e the *alues of the sla*ery compromises in the 3onstitution. o Also, his secessionist tal's contrasted against @ebsterJs cries for union. !. "he /outh owed the +orth W%00 million by the late 1M50s, and northern factories depended on southern cotton to ma'e goods. %. (any abolitionistsJ speeches pro*o'ed *iolence and mob outbursts in the +orth, such as the 1M%) trashing of -ewis "appanJs +ew 5or' ?ouse. ). In 1M%5, &arrison miraculously escaped a mob that dragged him around the streets of .oston. 5. Re*erend EliAah 0. -o*eAoy of Alton, Illinois, who impugned the chastity of 3atholic women, had his printing press destroyed four times and was 'illed by a mob in 1M%I2 he became an abolitionist martyr. 6. 5et by the 1M50s, abolitionist outcries had been an impact on northern minds and were beginning to sway more and more toward their side. Chapter 1E - /ani%est ,estin1 and "ts &egac1 "# The Accession o% =T1 er Too> 1. "he @hig leaders, namely ?enry 3lay and 7aniel @ebster, had planned to control newly elected 0resident @illiam ?. ?arrison, but their plans hit a snag when he contracted pneumonia and diedRonly four wee's after he came to the @hite ?ouse. !. "he new president was Hohn "yler, a =irginian gentleman who was a lone wolf. o ?e did not agree with the @hig party, since the @higs were pro$ban' and pro$protecti*e tariff, and pro$internal impro*ements, but hailing from the /outh, he was not. "yler was really more of a 7emocrat.

""# 4ohn T1 er; A President Witho(t a Part1 1. After their *ictory, the @higs un*eiled their platform for America4 o Binancial reform would come in the form of a law ending the independent treasury system2 "yler agreeably signed it. o A new bill for a new .an' of the 9./. was on the table, but 3lay didnJt try hard enough to conciliate with "yler and get it passed, and it was *etoed. !. @hig e#tremists now started to call "yler Khis accidency.L o ?is entire cabinet resigned, e#cept for @ebster. %. Also, "yler *etoed a proposed @hig tariff. ). "he @higs redrafted and re*ised the tariff, ta'ing out the dollar$distribution scheme and pushing down the rates to about the moderately protecti*e le*el of 1M%! :%!E;, and "yler, reali ing that a tariff was needed, reluctantly signed it. """# A War o% Words with Eng and 1. At this time, anti$.ritish sentiment was high because the pro$.ritish Bederalists had died out, there had been two wars with .ritain, and the .ritish tra*elers in America scoffed at the Kunci*ili edL Americans. !. American and .ritish maga ines ripped each otherJs countries, but fortunately, this war was only of words and not of blood. %. In the 1M00s, America with its e#pensi*e canals and railroads was a borrowing nation while .ritain was the one that lent money, but when the 0anic of 1M%I bro'e out, the Englishmen who lost money assailed their rash American borrowers. ). In 1M%I, a small rebellion in 3anada bro'e out, and Americans furnished arms and supplies. 5. Also in 1M%I, an American steamer, the Caroline, was attac'ed in +. and set afire by a .ritish force. 6. "ensions were high afterwards, but later calmed2 then in 1M)1, .ritish officials in the .ahamas offered asylum to some 1%0 re*olting sla*es who had captured the ship Creole. "+# /anip( ating the /aine /aps 1. (aine had claimed territory on its northern and eastern border that was also claimed by England, and there were actually small s'irmishes in the area :the KAroostoo' @arL of feuding lumberAac's;. !. -uc'ily, in 1M)! .ritain sent -ord Ashburton to negotiate with 7aniel @ebster, and after tal's, the two agreed to what is now called the @ebster$Ashburton "reaty, which ga*e .ritain their desired ?alifa#$Guebec route for a road while America got a bit more land north of (aine. %. "he 9./. also got, as a readAustment of the 9./.R3anadian border, the un'nowingly priceless (esabi Range of iron ore up in (innesota. It later pro*ided the iron for steel in the boom of industry. +# The &one $tar o% Texas $hines A one

1. E*er since it had declared independence in 1M%6, "e#as had built up reinforcements because it had no idea if or when (e#ico would attac' again to reclaim her Kpro*ince in re*olt.L /o, "e#as made treaties with Brance, ?olland, and .elgium. "hese alliances worried the 9./. becauseN !. If "e#as 1buddied up1 to Europe, .ritain especially, itJd cause big problems for America, such asN o "he (onroe 7octrine :where Europe was told to 1stay away1; would be undermined if England had a buddy o*er here in "e#as. o "he dominant /outhern cotton economy would also be undercut by "e#as cotton shipping to England. %. "he 9./. was at a stand$still o*er what to do with "e#as. o "he +orth decried the /outhern 1sla*ocracy1 :a supposed /outhern conspiracy to always gain more sla*e land;. o America could not Aust boldly anne# "e#as without a war with (e#ico. o <*erseas, .ritain wanted an independent "e#as to chec' American e#pansionism. o 5et, "e#as would be good boost for American cotton production and pro*ide tons more land. @hat to doTU +"# The !e ated Texas N(ptia s 1. Hames C. 0ol' and his e#pansionist ideas won the election of 1M)). ?is election was seen as a 1mandate for manifest destiny,1 so the following year, "e#as was formally in*ited to become the !Mth state of the 9nion. !. (e#ico complained that Americans had despoiled it of "e#as, which was partly true, but as it turned out, (e#ico would not ha*e been able to recon6uer their lost pro*ince anyway. +""# 6regon 0e-er Pop( ates 6regon 1. <regon was a great place, stretching from the northern tip of 3alifornia to the 5)] )0J line. !. <nce claimed by Russia, /pain, England, and the 9./., now, only the latter two claimed it2 England had good reasons for its claims north of the 3olumbia Ri*er, since it was populated by .ritish and by the ?udsonJs .ay 3ompany. %. ?owe*er, Americans had strong claims south of the 3olumbia Ri*er :named after his ship by Robert &ray when he disco*ered the ri*er;, since they populated it much more. 0lus, the Americans occupied and had e#plored the interior of the land, than's to -ewis and 3lar'. ). "he <regon "rail, an o*er !000$mile trail across America, was a common route to <regon during the early 1M)0s. +"""# A /andate IGJ %or /ani%est ,estin1 1. In 1M)), the two candidates for presidency were ?enry 3lay, the popular @hig who had been defeated twice before, and a dar'$horse candidate, Hames C. 0ol', who had been pic'ed because the 7emocrats couldnJt agree on anyone else. !. 0ol', ha*ing been /pea'er of the ?ouse for four years and go*ernor of "ennessee for two terms. ?e was no stranger to politics, was called

K5oung ?ic'oryL :in fact, 0ol' was born in 0ine*ille, +.3., only some 15 miles from Hac'sonJs birthplace; and 0ol' was e*en sponsored by former president Andrew Hac'son. %. ?e and the 7emocrats ad*ocated K(anifest 7estinyL, a concept that stated that the 9./. was destined to e#pand across the continent and get as much land as possible. ). <n the issue of "e#as, 3lay tried to say two things at once, and thus, it cost him, since he lost the election :1I0 to 105 in the Electoral2 1,%%M,)6) to 1,%00,0DI in the popular; by 5000 *otes in +ew 5or'. "3# Po k the P(rpose%( 1. 0ol' laid out a )$point mission for himself and the nation :then achie*ed all ) points in ) years; o -ower the tariff o Restore the independent treasury :put 9./. money into non$go*ernment ban's; o 3lear up the <regon border issue o &et 3alifornia !. <ne of 0ol'Js acts was to lower the tariff, and his secretary of the treasury, Robert H. @al'er, did so, lowering the tariff from %!E to !5E despite complaints by the industrialists. o 7espite warnings of doom, the new tariff was followed by good times. %. ?e also restored the independent treasury in 1M)6 and wanted to ac6uire 3alifornia and settle the <regon dispute. ). 9nder 0ol', the <regon border issue was settled. o @hile the 7emocrats had promoted ac6uiring all of <regon during their campaign, after the anne#ation of "e#as, the /outhern 7emocrats didnJt much care anymore. o England and the 9./. had been bargaining for <regon land to answer, 1@here is the border of <regonT1 England first answered )!o latitude2 then said the 3olumbia Ri*er "he 9./. first answered 5)o)08 latitude2 then said )Do latititude "hings were tense for a while, but England reali ed there were more Americans in <regon than .ritsRtheir le*erage was small. o /o, the .ritish proposed a treaty that would separate .ritish and American claims at the OO)Dth parallel :e#cluding =ancou*er;, a proposal that 0ol' threw to the /enate, and which accepted. o "he 9./. got the better of the deal since the .ritish second$choice was reAected but the Americans8 second$choice was accepted and as with the (aine treaty, the 9./. got a bit more land than England did o "hose angry with the deal cried, K@hy all of "e#as but not all of <regonTL "he cold, hard answer was that because (e#ico was wea' and that England was strong. 3# /is(nderstandings with /exico 1. 0ol' wanted 3alifornia, but this was difficult due to strained 9./.$(e#ican relations.

After the anne#ation of "e#as, (e#ico had recalled its foreign minister, and before, it had been forced to default on its payments of W% million to the 9./. o Also, when "e#as claimed its southern boundary to be the Rio &rande and not the +ueces Ri*er li'e (e#ico said, 0ol' felt that he had to defend "e#as and did so. !. "he 9./. then sent Hohn /lidell to (e#ico 3ity as an en*oy instructed to buy 3alifornia for W!5 million, howe*er, once he arri*ed, the (e#ican go*ernment, pressured by its angry people, refused to see him, thus KsnubbingL him.
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3"# American ! ood on American IGJ $oi 1. A frustrated 0ol' now forced a showdown, and on Han. 1%, 1M)6, he ordered )000 men under Qachary "aylor to march from the +ueces Ri*er to the Rio &rande, pro*ocati*ely near (e#ican troops. !. As e*ents would ha*e it, on April !5, 1M)6, news of (e#ican troops crossing the Rio &rande and 'illing of wounding 16 Americans came to @ashington, and 0ol' pushed for a declaration of war o A group of politicians, though, wanted to 'now where e#actly was the spot of the fighting before committing to war2 among them was Abraham K/pottyL -incoln because of his K/pot Resolution.L o 0ushed by 0ol', 3ongress declared war, and so began the (e#ican$American @ar. 3""# The /astering o% /exico 1. 0ol' hoped that once American had beaten (e#ico enough, he could get 3alifornia and end the war, and the recently dethroned /anta Anna told the 9./. that if he could return to (e#ico, he would ta'e o*er the go*ernment, end the war, and gi*e 3alifornia to the 9./. ?e lied. !. In the /outhwest, 9./. operations led by /tephen @. Cearny :led 1I00 troops from -ea*enworth to /anta Be; and Hohn 3. Bremont :leader of the .ear Blag Re*olt in 3alifornia; were successful. %. K<ld Rough and ReadyL Qachary "aylor, a general, he fought into (e#ico, reaching .uena =ista, and repelled !0,000 (e#icans with only 5000 men, instantly becoming a hero. ). &eneral @infield /cott led American troops into (e#ico 3ity. 3"""# 0ighting /exico %or Peace 1. 0ol' sent +icholas "rist to negotiate an armistice with (e#ico at a cost of W10,000 :/anta Anna too' the bribe and then used it for his defenses;. !. Afterwards, "rist was recalled, but he refused to lea*e. %. ?e negotiated the "reaty of &uadalupe ?idalgo on Bebruary !, 1M)M, whichN o &a*e to America all (e#ican territory from "e#as to 3alifornia that was north of the Rio &rande. "his land was called the (e#ican 3ession since (e#ico ceded it to the 9./. o 9./. only had to pay W15 million to (e#ico for it.

W%.5 million in debts from (e#ico to the 9./. were absol*ed as well. In essence, the 9./. had forced (e#ico to 1sell1 the (e#ican 3ession lands. ). In America, there were people clamoring an end to the war :the @higs; and those who wanted all of (e#ico :but the leaders of the /outh li'e Hohn 3. 3alhoun reali ed the political nightmare that would cause and decided not to be so greedy;, so 0ol' speedily passed the bill to the /enate, which appro*ed it, %M to 1). 5. 0ol' had originally planned to pay W!5 million Aust for 3alifornia, but he only paid W1M,!50,0002 some people say that American paid e*en that much because it felt guilty for ha*ing bullied (e#ico into a war it couldnJt win.
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3"+# Pro%it and &oss in /exico 1. In the war, America only had 1%,000 dead soldiers, most ta'en by disease, and the war was a great practice for the 3i*il @ar, gi*ing men li'e Robert E. -ee and 9lysses /. &rant in*aluable battle e#perience. !. <utside countries now respected America more, since it had made no maAor blunders during the war and had pro*en its fighting prowess. %. ?owe*er, it also pa*ed the way to the 3i*il @ar by attaining more land that could be disputed o*er sla*ery. ). 7a*id @ilmot of 0ennsyl*ania introduced his @ilmot 0ro*iso :a pro*ision or amendment;, which stated that sla*ery should ne*er e#ist in any of the (e#ican 3ession territories that would be ta'en from (e#ico2 the amendment was passed twice by the ?ouse but it ne*er got passed the /enate :where southern states e6ualed northern;. o Although it failed, the importance of the @ilmot 0ro*iso lay in the fact that it opened old woundsRthose of sla*ery. o In other words, it opened a 1can of worms1 by raising the 6uestion, 1@ill we ha*e sla*ery in the (e#ican 3ession landsT1 o It8s this 6uestion that starts the 3i*il @ar in 1M61, only 1% years later. 5. .itter (e#icans, resentful of the land that was ta'en from them, land that hal*ed their countryJs si e while doubling AmericaJs. "hey too' small satisfaction when the same land caused disputes that led to the 3i*il @ar, a fate called 1/anta AnnaJs Re*enge1. Chapter 1F - .enewing the $ectiona $tr(gg e "# The Pop( ar $o-ereignt1 Panacea 1. "he "reaty of &uadalupe ?idalgo ended the (e#ican$American @ar, but it started a whole new debate about the e#tension of sla*ery, with +ortherners rallying around the @ilmot 0ro*iso :which proposed that the (e#ican 3ession lands be free soil;2 howe*er, the /outherners shot it down. !. .efore, the two national parties, the 7emocrats and the @higs, had had strong support from all o*er the nation2 now, that was in Aeopardy. %. In 1M)M, 0ol', due to tremendous o*erwor'ing and chronic diarrhea, did not see' a second term, and the 7emocrats nominated &eneral -ewis 3ass, a *eteran of the @ar of 1M1!, a senator and diplomat of wide

e#perience and considerable ability, and the originator of popular so*ereignty, the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people :specifically, it applied to sla*ery, stating that the people in the territories should decide to legali e it or not;. o It was good :and li'ed by politicians; because it was a compromise between the e#tremes of the +orth and the /outh, and it stuc' with the idea of self$determination, but it could spread sla*ery. ""# Po itica Tri(mphs %or 5enera Ta1 or 1. "he @higs nominated &eneral Qachary "aylor, the hero of .uena =ista in the (e#ican @ar, a man with no political e#perience, but popular man, and they a*oided all pic'y issues in his campaign. !. 7isgusted antisla*ery +ortherners organi ed the Bree /oil 0arty, a party committed against the e#tension of sla*ery in the territories and one that also ad*ocated federal aid for internal impro*ements and urged free go*ernment homesteads for settlers. o "his party appealed to people angry o*er the half$ac6uisition of <regon, people who didnJt li'e .lac's in the new territory, as well as Kconscience @higsL who condemned sla*ery on moral grounds. o "he Bree$/oilers nominated (artin =an .uren. %. +either maAor party tal'ed about the sla*ery issue, but "aylor won narrowly. """# =Ca i%orn1 5o d> 1. In 1M)M, gold was disco*ered in 3alifornia, and thousands flooded into the state, thus blowing the lid off of the sla*ery issue. !. (ost people didnJt Kstri'e it rich,L but there were many lawless men and women. %. As a result, 3alifornia :pri*ately encouraged by the president; drafted a constitution and then applied for free statehood, thus bypassing the usual territorial stage and a*oiding becoming a sla*e state. "+# $ectiona !a ance and the ?ndergro(nd .ai road 1. In 1M50, the /outh was *ery well off, with a /outherner as president :"aylor;, a maAority in the cabinet and on the /upreme 3ourt, and e6uality in the /enate meaning that its 15 states could bloc' any proposed amendment that would outlaw sla*ery. /till, the /outh was worried. !. "he balance of 15 free states and 15 sla*e states was in danger with the admission of free 3alifornia :which would indeed destroy the e6uilibrium fore*er; and other states might follow 3alifornia as free states. %. "he /outh was also agitated about "e#asJ claims on disputed territory and the prospect of no sla*ery in @ashington 7.3., thus putting a piece of non$sla*ery land right in the middle of sla*e$holding =irginia and (aryland.

). Binally the 9nderground Railroad, a secret organi ation that too' runaway states north to 3anada, was ta'ing more and more sla*es from the /outh. 5. ?arriet "ubman freed more than %00 sla*es during 1D trips to the /outh. 6. "he /outh was also demanded a stricter fugiti*e sla*e law. +# Twi ight o% the $enatoria 5iants 1. In 1M50, the /outh was confronted with catastrophe, with 3alifornia demanding admission as a free state. o "hus, the three giants met together for the last time to engineer a compromise. !. ?enry 3lay, ACA K"he &reat 3ompromiser,L now I% years old, urged concession from both the +orth and the /outh :the +orth for a fugiti*e sla*e law, the /outh for others; and was seconded by /tephen 7ouglas, the K-ittle &iantL and fine senator. %. /outhern spo'esman Hohn 3. 3alhoun, dying of tuberculosis, pleaded for statesJ rights, for sla*ery to be left alone, for the return of runaway sla*es, the restoration of the rights of the /outh as a minority, and the return for political balance. ). +ortherner 7aniel @ebster proclaimed that the new land could not hold sla*es anyway, since it couldnJt culti*ate cotton, etcN and his /e*enth of (arch speech helped mo*e the +orth into compromise. 5. As a result of the popular speech, though, @ebster was also proclaimed a traitor to the +orth, since he had called for ignoring the sla*ery subAect. +"# ,ead ock and ,anger on Capito *i 1. A new group of politicians, the K5oung &uard,L seemed more interested in purifying the 9nion rather than patching it up. !. @illiam ?. /eward, a young senator from +ew 5or', was flatly against concession and hated sla*ery, but he didnJt seem to reali e that the 9nion was built on compromise, and he said that 3hristian legislators must adhere to a Khigher lawL and not allow sla*ery to e#ist2 this might ha*e cost him the 1M60 presidential election. %. 0resident "aylor also appeared to ha*e fallen under the influence of the Khigher law,L *etoing e*ery compromise sent to him by 3ongress. +""# !reaking the Congressiona &og9am 1. "hen, in 1M50, Qachary "aylor suddenly died of an acute intestinal disorder, and portly (illard Billmore too' o*er the reigns. !. Impressed by arguments of conciliation, he signed a series of agreements that came to be 'nown as the 3ompromise of 1M50. %. 3lay, @ebster, and 7ouglas orated on behalf of the compromise for the +orth, but the /outh hated it2 fortunately, they finally accepted it after much debate. +"""# !a ancing the Compromise $ca es

1. @hat the +orth gotN :the +orth got the better deal in the 3ompromise of 1M50; 1. 3alifornia was admitted as a free state, permanently tipping the balance. !. "e#as lost its disputed territory to +ew (e#ico and :now; <'lahoma. %. "he 7istrict of 3olumbia could not ha*e sla*e trade, but sla*ery was still legal. "his was symbolic only. It was symbolic in that the nationJs capital Ktoo' a stanceL against the trade. ?owe*er, it was impractical because the trade only was illegal, not sla*ery and because a person could easily buy a sla*e in ne#t$door =irginia. !. @hat the /outh gotN 1. 0opular so*ereignty in the (e#ican 3ession lands. "his was good for the /outh because prior to this, there was to be no new sla*e lands :the %6o%0J (issouri 3ompromise line had drawn that;. <n paper, this opened a lot of land to sla*ery, possibly. "his was bad for the /outh because those lands were too dry to raise cotton anyway and therefore would ne*er see sla*es. !. "e#as was paid W10 million for the land lost to +ew (e#ico. %. A new, tougher Bugiti*e /la*e -aw of 1M50 was drastic, and it stated that :1; fleeing sla*es couldnJt testify on their own behalf, :!; the federal commissioner who handled the case got W5 if the sla*e was free and W10 if not, and :%; people who were ordered to help catch sla*es had to do so, e*en if they didnJt want to. Angry +ortherners pledged not to follow the new law, and the 9nderground Railroad stepped up its timetable. It turns out that the new Bugiti*e /la*e -aw was a blunder on behalf of the /outh, since it inflamed both sides, but a ci*il war didnJt occur, and this was better for the +orth, since with each moment, it was growing ahead of the /outh in population and wealthRin crops, factories, foundries, ships, and railroads. "3# ,e%eat and ,oom %or the Whigs 1. In 1M5!, the 7emocrats, unable to agree, finally nominated dar' horse Bran'lin 0ierce, a man who was un'nown and enemyless. !. "he @higs nominated K<ld Buss and Beathers,L @infield /cott, the old *eteran of the @ar of 1M1! and the (e#ican$American @ar. %. .oth parties boasted about the 3ompromise of 1M50, though the 7emocrats did more. ). "he @higs were hopelessly split, and thus, 0ierce won in a landslide2 the death of the @higs ended the national political arguments and ga*e rise to sectional political alignments. 3# Expansionist $tirrings $o(th o% the !order 1. 0ierce tried to be another 0ol', and he impressed followers by reciting his inaugural address from memory, but his cabinet was filled with /outherners li'e Hefferson 7a*is and he was prepared to be a /outhernersJ tool. !. In Huly of 1M56, a bra en American ad*enturer, @illiam @al'er, grabbed control in +icaragua and proclaimed himself president, then legali ed sla*ery, but a coalition of -atin American states o*erthrew him. "his threw some fuel on the K/la*ocracyL theory :a conspiracy theory where the /outh was always see'ing new sla*e land;.

%. America also eyed 3uba with en*y. o Although America wanted 3uba, /pain wouldnJt sell it to the 9./. at any price. o /o after two attempts to ta'e 3uba failed, and after /pain captured the American steamer .lac' @arrior on a technicality, three 9./. foreign ministers met in <stend, .elgium and drew up the <stend (anifesto which stated that the 9./. was to offer W1!0 million to /pain for 3uba, and if it refused and /painJs ownership of 3uba continued to endanger the 9./., then America would be Austified in sei ing the island :sell it or itJll be ta'en;. ). +ortherners were outraged once this KsecretL document was lea'ed, and the /outh could not get 3uba :and obtain another sla*e state;. 0ierce was embarrassed and more fuel thrown on the /la*ocracy theory. 3"# The A (re o% Asia 1. <*er on the 0acific, America was ready to open to Asia. o 3aleb 3ushing was sent to 3hina on a goodwill mission. !. "he 3hinese were welcoming since they wanted to counter the .ritish. %. 9./.R3hina trade began to flourish. ). (issionaries also sought to sa*e souls2 they largely 'indled resent howe*er. 5. Relations opened up Hapan when 3ommodore (atthew 3. 0erry steamed into the harbor of "o'yo in 1M5) and as'ed>coerced>forced them to open up their nation. o 0erryJs "reaty of Canagawa formerly opened Hapan. o "his bro'e HapanJs centuries$old traditional of isolation, and started them down a road of moderni ation and then imperialism and militarism. 3""# Paci%ic .ai road Promoters and the 5adsden P(rchase 1. "hough the 9./. owned 3alifornia and <regon, getting out there was *ery difficult, since the sea routes were too long and the wagon route o*erland was dangerous, so the only real feasible solution lay in a transcontinental railroad. !. "he /outherners wanted a route through the /outh, but the best one would go through (e#ico, so /ecretary of @ar Hefferson 7a*is arranged to ha*e Hames &adsden appointed minister to (e#ico. o "wo reasons this was the best route4 :1; the land was organi ed meaning any Indian attac's could be repelled by the 9./. Army and :!; geographyRthe plan was to s'irt south of the Roc'y (tns o Binding /anta Anna in power again, he bought the &adsden 0urchase for W10 million, and despite clamor about the Krip$off,L 3ongress passed the sale. %. A northern railroad would be less effecti*e since it would cross o*er mountains and cross through Indian territory. ). "he /outh now appeared to ha*e control of the location of the transcontinental railroad, but the +orth said that if the organi ation of territories was the problem, then +ebras'a should be organi ed. 3"""# ,o(g as8s <ansas-Nebraska $cheme

1. "o do this, /enator /tephen 7ouglas proposed the Cansas$+ebras'a Act, which would let sla*ery in Cansas and +ebras'a be decided upon by popular so*ereignty :a concession to the /outh in return for gi*ing up the railroad;. !. "he problem was that the (issouri 3ompromise had banned any sla*ery north of the %6_%0J line, so the act would ha*e to repeal it. %. /outherners had ne*er thought of Cansas as a possible sla*e state, and thus bac'ed the bill, but +ortherners rallied against it. ). +e*ertheless, 7ouglas rammed the bill through 3ongress, and it was passed, repealing the (issouri 3ompromise. 3"+# Congress &egis ates a Ci-i War 1. "he Cansas$+ebras'a Act directly wrec'ed the (issouri 3ompromise of 1M!0 :by opening sla*ery up abo*e the %6o%0J line; and indirectly wrec'ed the 3ompromise of 1M50 :when e*eryone thought the issue was settled and done;. !. +ortherners no longer enforced the Bugiti*e /la*e -aw at all, and /outherners were still angry. %. "he 7emocratic 0arty was hopelessly split into two, and after 1M56, it would not ha*e a president elected for !M years. Chapter 1H - ,ri%ting Toward ,is(nion "# $towe and *e per; &iterar1 "ncendiaries 1. In 1M5!, ?arriet .eecher /towe published Uncle Toms Cabin, a popular boo' that awa'ened the passions of the +orth toward the e*ils of sla*ery. o In one line, itJs about the splitting up of a sla*e family and the cruel mistreatment of li'eable 9ncle "om by a cruel sla*e master. o "he boo' sold millions of copies, and o*erseas, .ritish people were charmed by it. o "he /outh cried foul, saying /toweJs portrayal of sla*ery was wrong and unfair. o "he boo' helped .ritain stay out of the 3i*il @ar because its people, who had read the boo' and had now denounced sla*ery because they sympathi ed with 9ncle "om, wouldnJt allow inter*ention on behalf of the /outh. !. Another boo', The Impending Crisis of the o!th, written by ?inton R. ?elper , a non$aristocratic white +orth 3arolinian, tried to pro*e, by an array of statistics, that the non$sla*e$holding /outhern whites were really the ones most hurt by sla*ery. o 0ublished in the +orth, this boo' and Uncle Toms Cabin were both banned in the /outh, but widely read in the +orth. "hey dro*e the +orthR/outh wedge deeper. ""# The North-$o(th Contest %or <ansas 1. +ortherners began to pour into Cansas, and /outherners were outraged, since they had supported the 3ompromise of 1M50 under the impression that Cansas would become a sla*e state. !. "hus, on election day in 1M55, hordes of /outherners Kborder ruffiansL from (issouri flooded the polls and elected Cansas to

be a sla*e state2 free$soilers were unable to stomach this and set up their own go*ernment in "ope'a. o "hus, confused Cansans had to chose between two go*ernments4 one illegal :free go*ernment in "ope'a; and the other fraudulent :sla*ery go*ernment in /hawnee;. %. In 1M56, a group of pro$sla*ery raiders shot up and burnt part of -awrence, thus starting *iolence. """# <ansas in Con-( sion 1. Hohn .rown, a cra y man :literally;, led a band of followers to 0ottawatomie 3ree' in (ay of 1M56 and hac'ed to death fi*e presumable pro$sla*eryites. o "his brutal *iolence surprised e*en the most ardent abolitionists and brought swift retaliation from pro$sla*eryites. K.leeding CansasL was earning its name. !. .y 1M5I, Cansas had enough people to apply for statehood, and those for sla*ery de*ised the -ecompton 3onstitution, which pro*ided that the people were only allowed to *ote for the constitution Kwith sla*eryL or Kwithout sla*ery.L o ?owe*er, e*en if the constitution was passed Kwithout sla*ery,L those sla*eholders already in the state would still be protected. /o, sla*es would be in Cansas, despite the *ote. o Angry free$soilers boycotted the polls and Cansas appro*ed the constitution with sla*ery. %. In @ashington, Hames .uchanan had succeeded Bran'lin 0ierce, but li'e the former president, .uchanan was more towards the /outh, and firmly supported the -ecompton 3onstitution. ). /enator /tephen 7ouglas, refusing to ha*e this fraudulent *ote by saying this wasnJt true popular so*ereignty, threw away his /outhern support and called for a fair re$*ote. 5. "hus, the 7emocratic 0arty was hopelessly di*ided, ending the last remaining national party for years to come :the @higs were dead and the Republicans were a sectional party;. "+# =!( 1> !rooks and *is ! (dgeon 1. K.leeding CansasL was an issue that spilled into 3ongress4 /enator 3harles /umner was a *ocal anti$sla*eryite, and his blistering speeches condemned all sla*ery supporters. !. 3ongressman 0reston /. .roo's decided that since /umner was not a gentleman he couldnJt challenge him to a duel, so .roo's beat /umner with a cane until it bro'e2 nearby, /enators did nothing but watched, and .roo's was cheered on by the /outh. %. ?owe*er, the incident touched off firewor's, as /umnerJs K"he 3rime Against CansasL speech was reprinted by the thousands, and it put .roo's and the /outh in the wrong. +# =6 d !(ck> -ers(s =The Path%inder>

1. In 1M56, the 7emocrats chose Hames .uchanan, someone untainted by the Cansas$+ebras'a Act and a person with lots of political e#perience, to be their nomination for presidency against Republican Hohn 3. Bremont, a fighter in the (e#ican$American @ar. !. Another party, the American 0arty, also called the KCnow$+othing 0artyL because of its secrecy, was organi ed by Knati*ists,L old$stoc' 0rotestants against immigrants, who nominated (illard Billmore. o "hese people were anti$3atholic and anti$foreign and also included old @higs. "he campaign was full of mudslinging, which included allegations of scandal and conspiracy. Bremont was hurt by the rumor that he was a Roman 3atholic. +"# The E ectora 0r(its o% 1FBD 1. .uchanan won because there were doubts about BremontJs honesty, capacity, and sound Audgment. !. 0erhaps it was better that .uchanan won, since Bremont was not as strong as -incoln, and in 1M56, many people were still apathetic about sla*ery, and the /outh could ha*e seceded more easily. +""# The ,red $cott !ombshe 1. <n (arch 6, 1M5I, the 7red /cott decision was handed down by the /upreme 3ourt. o 7red /cott was a sla*e whose master too' him north into free states where he li*ed for many years. After his masterJs death, he sued for his freedom from his new master, claiming that he had been in free territory and was therefore free. "he (issouri /upreme 3ourt agreed, freeing him, but his new master appealed to the 9./. /upreme 3ourt, which o*erruled the decision. !. <utcomes or decisions of the caseN o 3hief Hustice Roger "aney said that no sla*e could be a citi en of the 9./. in his Austification. o "he 3ourt said a legislature>3ongress cannot outlaw sla*ery, as that would go against the 5th Amendment saying a personJs property cannot be ta'en without due process of law. "his was the bombshell statement. o "he 3ourt then concluded the (issouri 3ompromise had been unconstitutional all along :because itJd banned sla*ery north of the %6] %0J line and doing so was against the second point listed abo*e;. %. "he case inflamed millions of abolitionists against sla*ery and e*en those who didnJt care much about it. ). +ortherners complained2 /outherners were ecstatic about the decision but inflamed by northern defiance, and more tension built. 5. "he +orthR/outh scoreboard now fa*ored the /outh undeniably. "he /outh had :1; the /upreme 3ourt, :!; the president, and :%; the 3onstitution on its side. "he +orth had only 3ongress :which was now banned from outlawing sla*ery;. o Reasons the 3onstitution fa*ored the /outhN

1. the /upreme 3ourt Aust said so with the 7red /cott decision and it is the /upreme 3ourt that interprets the 3onstitution !. the 5th Amendment said 3ongress could not ta'e away property, in this case, sla*es %. it could be argued that sla*ery is in the 3onstitution by way of the "hree$ Bifths 3ompromise ). it could be argued sla*ery is not in the 3onstitution since the word Ksla*eryL is not present, but using this argument, the 10th Amendment said anything not in the 3onstitution is left up to the states, and the /outhern states would *ote for sla*ery. +"""# The 0inancia Crash o% 1FBE 1. 0sychologically, the 0anic of 1M5I was the worst of the 1Dth century, though it really wasnJt as bad as the 0anic of 1M%I. ItJs causes were o 3alifornia gold causing inflation, o o*er$growth of grain, o o*er$speculation, as always, this time in land and railroads. !. "he +orth was especially hard hit, but the /outh rode it out with flying colors, seemingly pro*ing that cotton was indeed 'ing and raising /outhern egos. %. Also, in 1M60, 3ongress passed a ?omestead Act that would pro*ide 160 acres of land at a cheap price for those who were less$fortunate, but it was *etoed by .uchanan. o "his plan, though, was opposed by the northeast, which had long been unfriendly to e#tension of land and had feared that it would drain its population e*en more, and the south, which 'new that it would pro*ide an easy way for more free$soilers to fill the territories. ). "he panic also brought calls for a higher tariff rate, which had been lowered to about !0E only months before. "3# An " inois .ai -$p itter Emerges 1. In 1M5M, /enator /tephen 7ouglasJ term was about to e#pire, and against him was Republican Abraham -incoln. o Abe was an ugly fellow who had risen up the political ladder slowly but was a good lawyer, had a down$home common sense about him, and a pretty decent debater. 3# The 5reat ,ebate; &inco n +ers(s ,o(g as 1. -incoln rashly challenged 7ouglas, the nationJs most de*astating debater, to a series of se*en debates, which the /enator accepted, and despite e#pectations of failure, -incoln held his own. !. "he most famous debate came at Breeport, Illinois, where -incoln essentially as'ed, K(r. 7ouglas, if the people of a territory *oted sla*ery down, despite the /upreme 3ourt saying that they could not do so :point Z! of the 7red /cott decision;, which side would you support, the people or the /upreme 3ourtTL

K(r. 0opular /o*ereignty,L 7ouglas replied with his KBreeport 7octrine,L which said that no matter how the /upreme 3ourt ruled, sla*ery would stay down if the people *oted it down2 tsince power was held by the people. %. 7ouglas won the Illinois race for senate, but more people *oted for Abe, so he won the moral *ictory. o 0lus, 7ouglas Kwon the battle but lost the warL because his answer in the Breeport 7octrine caused the /outh to disli'e him e*en more. "he /outh had lo*ed 7ouglas prior to this due to his popular so*ereignty position, but then came the Cansas pro$sla*ery *ote which heJd shot down. "hen the Breeport 7octrine came down where he turned his bac' on the /upreme 3ourtJs pro$/outh decision;. o "his Breeport statement ruined the 1M60 election for presidency for him, which was what he really wanted all along.
o

3"# 4ohn !rown; /(rderer or /art1rG 1. Hohn .rown now had a plan to in*ade the /outh, sei e its arms, call upon the sla*es to rise up and re*olt, and ta'e o*er the /outh and free it of sla*es. .ut, in his raid of ?arperJs Berry, =irginia, the sla*es didnJt re*olt, and he was captured by the 9./. (arines under the command of -ieutenant 3olonel Robert E. -ee and con*icted of treason, sentenced to death, and hanged. !. .rown, though insane, was not stupid, and he portrayed himself as a martyr against sla*ery, and when he was hanged, he instantly became a martyr for abolitionists2 northerners rallied around his memory. Abolitionists were infuriated by his e#ecution :as theyJd con*eniently forgotten his *iolent past;. %. "he /outh was happy and saw Austice. "hey also felt his actions were typical of the radical +orth. 3""# The ,isr(ption o% the ,emocrats 1. After failing to nominate a candidate in 3harleston, /outh 3arolina, the 7emocrats split into +orthern and /outhern factions, and at .altimore, the +orthern 7emocrats nominated /tephen 7ouglas for president while the /outhern 7emocrats chose Hohn 3. .rec'inridge. !. (eanwhile, the KCnow$+othingsL chose Hohn .ell of "ennessee and called themsel*es the 3onstitutional 9nion party. "hey tried to mend fences and offered as their platform, simply, the 3onstitution. 3"""# A .ai -$p itter $p its the ?nion 1. "he Republicans, sensing *ictory against their split opponents, nominated Abraham -incoln, not @illiam K?igher -awL /eward. !. "heir platform had an appeal to e*ery important non$southern group4 for free$soilers it proposed the non$e#pansion of sla*ery2 for northern manufacturers, a protecti*e tariff2 for the immigrants, no abridgement

of rights2 for the @est, internal impro*ements at federal e#pense2 and for the farmers, free homesteads. %. /outherners threatened that -incolnJs election would result in /outhern secession. ). -incoln wasnJt an outright abolitionist, since as late as Bebruary 1M65, he had still fa*ored cash compensation for free sla*es. 5. Abe -incoln won the election despite not e*en being on the ballot in the /outh. 3"+# The E ectora ?phea-a o% 1FD0 1. -incoln won with only )0E of the popular *ote, and had the 7emocratic 0arty been more organi ed and energetic, they might ha*e won. !. It was a *ery sectional race4 the +orth went to -incoln, the /outh to .rec'inridge, the Kmiddle$groundL to the middle$of$the$road candidate in .ell, and popular$so*ereignty$land went to 7ouglas. %. "he Republicans did not control the ?ouse or the /enate, and the /outh still had a fi*e$to$four maAority in the /upreme 3ourt, but the /outh still decided to secede. 3+# The $ecessionist Exod(s 1. /outh 3arolina had threatened to secede if -incoln was elected president, and now it went good on its word, seceding in 7ecember of 1M60. o Alabama, (ississippi, Blorida, &eorgia, -ouisiana, and "e#as :the 7eep /outh; followed in the ne#t si# wee's, before Abe was inaugurated. o "he se*en secession states met in (ontgomery, Alabama in Bebruary of 1M61 and created the 3onfederate /tates of America, and they chose Hefferson 7a*is as president. !. 0resident .uchanan did nothing to force the confederacy bac' into the 9nion, partly because the 9nion troops were needed in the @est and because the +orth was still apathetic toward secession2 he simply left the issue for -incoln to handle when he got sworn in. 3+"# The Co apse o% Compromise 1. In a last$minute attempt at compromise :again;, Hames ?enry 3rittenden of Centuc'y proposed the 3rittenden 3ompromise, which would ban sla*ery north of the %6]%0J line e#tended to the 0acific and would lea*e the issue in territories south of the line up to the people2 also, e#isting sla*ery south of the line would be protected. !. -incoln opposed the compromise, which might ha*e wor'ed, because his party had preached against the e#tension of sla*ery, and he had to stic' to principle. %. It also seems that .uchanan couldnJt ha*e sa*ed the 9nion no matter what he would ha*e done. 3+""# 0arewe to ?nion 1. "he seceding states did so because they feared that their rights as a sla*eholding minority were being threatened, and were alarmed at the

growing power of the Republicans, plus, they belie*ed that they would be unopposed despite what the +ortherners claimed. !. "he /outh also hoped to de*elop its own ban'ing and shipping, and to prosper. %. .esides, in 1II6, the 1% colonies had seceded from .ritain and had won2 now the /outh could do the same thing. Chapter 70 - 5irding %or War; The North and the $o(th "# The /enace o% $ecession 1. <n (arch ), 1M61, Abraham -incoln was inaugurated president, ha*ing slipped into @ashington 7.3. to thwart assassins, and in his inaugural address, he stated that there would be no conflict unless the /outh pro*o'ed it. !. ?e mar'ed restoration of the union as his top goal, and offered doubts about it splitting. o ?e stated that geographically, the 9nited /tates could not be split :which was true;. o A split 9./. brought up 6uestions about the sharing of the national debt and the allocation of federal territories. o A split 9./. also pleased the European countries, since the 9./. was the only maAor display of democracy in the @estern ?emisphere, and with a split 9./., the (onroe 7octrine could be undermined as well if the new 3./.A. allowed Europe to gain a foothold with it. ""# $o(th Caro ina Assai s 0ort $(mter 1. (ost of the forts in the /outh had relin6uished their power to the 3onfederacy, but Bort /umter was among the two that didnJt. And since its supplies were running out against a besieging /outh 3arolinian army, -incoln had a problem of how to deal with the situation. o -incoln wisely chose to send supplies to the fort, and he told the /outh 3arolinian go*ernor that the ship to the fort only held pro*isions, not reinforcements. o ?owe*er, to the /outh, pro*isions were reinforcements, and on April 1!, 1M61, cannons were fired onto the fort2 after %) hours of non$lethal firing, the fort surrendered. !. +ortherners were inflamed by the /outhJs actions, and -incoln now called on I5,000 *olunteers2 so many came that they had to be turned away. %. <n April 1D and !I, -incoln also called a na*al bloc'ade on the /outh that was lea'y at first but soon clamped down tight. ). "he 7eep /outh :which had already seceded;, felt that -incoln was now waging an aggressi*e war, and was Aoined by four more /outhern states4 =irginia, Ar'ansas, "ennessee, and +orth 3arolina. o "he capital of the 3onfederacy was mo*ed from (ontgomery, A- to Richmond, =A. """# !rother8s ! ood and !order ! ood

1. "he remaining .order /tates :(issouri, Centuc'y, (aryland; were crucial for both sides, as they would ha*e almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the /outh and increased its supply of horses and mules by half. o "heyJre called Kborder statesL becauseN 1. they are on the +orth$/outh border andN !. they are sla*e$states. "hey ha*e not seceded, but at any moment, they Aust might. !. "hus, to retain them, -incoln used moral persuasionNand methods of dubious legality4 o In (aryland, he declared martial law in order to retain a state that would isolate @ashington 7.3. within 3onfederate territory if it went to the /outh o ?e also sent troops to western =irginia and (issouri to secure those areas. %. At the beginning, in order to hold the remaining .order /tates, -incoln repeatedly said that the war was to sa*e the 9nion, not free the sla*es, since a war for the sla*esJ freedom would ha*e lost the .order /tates. ). (ost of the Bi*e 3i*ili ed "ribes :3hero'ee, 3ree', 3hoctaw, 3hic'asaw, /eminole; sided with the /outh, although parts of the 3hero'ee and most of the 0lains Indians were pro$+orth. 5. "he war was one of brother *s. brother, with the mountain men of whatJs now @est =irginia sending some 50,000 men to the 9nion. "he nationJs split was *ery *isible here, as =irginia literally split. "+# The !a ance o% 0orces 1. "he /outh, at the beginning of the war, did ha*e many ad*antages4 o It only had to fight to a draw to win, since all it had to do was 'eep the +orth from in*ading and ta'ing o*er all of its territory. o It had the most talented officers, including Robert E. -ee and "homas K/tonewallL Hac'son, and most of the /outherners had been trained in a military$style upbringing and education since they were children, as opposed to the tame +ortherners. (any top /outhern young men attended military schools li'e @est 0oint, "he 3itadel, or =(I. !. ?owe*er, the /outh was handicapped by a shortage of factories and manufacturing plants, but during the war, those de*eloped in the /outh. %. /till, as the war dragged on, the /outh found itself with a shortage of shoes, uniforms, blan'ets, clothing, and food, which didnJt reach soldiers due to supply problems. ). ?owe*er, the +orth had a huge economy, many more men a*ailable to fight, and it controlled the sea, though its officers werenJt as well$trained as some in the /outh. 5. As the war dragged on, +orthern strengths beat /outhern ad*antages. +# ,ethroning <ing Cotton 1. "he /outh was depending on foreign inter*ention to win the war, but didnJt get it. !. @hile the European countries wanted the 9nion to be split :which would strengthen their nation, relati*ely spea'ing;, their people were

pro$+orth and anti$sla*ery, and sensing that this was could eliminate sla*ery once and for all, they would not allow any inter*ention by their nations on behalf of the /outh. "he reason for the pro$+orth, anti$sla*ery stance by the people, was the effect of 9ncle "omJs 3abinRbeing lowly wage earners, the common people felt 9ncle "omJs pain. %. /till, the /outhern ideas was that the war would produce a shortage of cotton, which would draw England and others into the war, rightT @rong. o In the pre$war years, cotton production had been immense, and thus, England and Brance had huge surpluses of cotton. o As the +orth won /outhern territory, it sent cotton and food o*er to Europe. o India and Egypt upped their cotton production to offset the hi'e in the price of cotton. ). /o, Cing @heat and Cing 3orn :of the +orth; beat Cing 3otton of the /outh, since Europe needed the food much more than it needed the cotton. +"# The ,ecisi-eness o% ,ip omac1 1. "he /outh still hoped for foreign inter*ention, and it almost got it on a few occasions. !. -ate in 1M61, a 9nion warship stopped the .ritish mail steamer the "rent and forcibly remo*ed two 3onfederate diplomats bound for Europe. o .ritain was outraged at the upstart Americans and threatened war, but luc'ily, -incoln released the prisoners and tensions cooled. K<ne war at a time,L he said. o .ritish$built sea *essels that went to the 3onfederacy were also a problem. In 1M6!, the 3././. Alabama escaped to the 0ortuguese A ores, too' on weapons and crew from .ritain, but ne*er sailed into a 3onfederate base, thus using a loophole to help the /outh. %. 3harles Brancis Adams persuaded .ritain not to build any more ships for the 3onfederacy, since they might someday be used against England. +""# 0oreign 0 are-?ps 1. .ritain also had two -aird rams, 3onfederate warships that could destroy wooden 9nion ships and wrea' ha*oc on the +orth, but after the threat of war by the 9./., .ritain bac'ed down and used those ships for its Royal +a*y. !. +ear 3anada, 3onfederate agents plotted :and sometimes succeeded; to burn down American cities, and as a result, there were se*eral mini$armies :raised mostly by .ritish$hating Irish$Americans; sent to 3anada. %. +apoleon III of Brance also installed a puppet go*ernment in (e#ico 3ity, putting in the Austrian Archdu'e (a#imilian as emperor of (e#ico, but after the war, the 9./. threatened *iolence, and +apoleon left (a#imilian to doom at the hands of a (e#ican firing s6uad. +"""# President ,a-is +ers(s President &inco n 1. "he problem with the /outh was that it ga*e states the ability to secede in the future, and getting /outhern states to send troops to

help other states was always difficult to do. .y definition in a confederacy, national power was wea'. !. Hefferson 7a*is was ne*er really popular and he o*erwor'ed himself. %. -incoln, though with his problems, had the benefit of leading an established go*ernment and grew patient and rela#ed as the war dragged on. "3# &imitations on Wartime &iberties 1. Abe -incoln did ma'e some tyrannical acts during his term as president, such as illegally proclaiming a bloc'ade, proclaiming acts without 3ongressional consent, and sending in troops to the .order /tates, but he Austified his actions by saying that such acts werenJt permanent, and that he had to do those things in order to preser*e the 9nion. !. /uch actions included the ad*ancement of W! million to three pri*ate citi ens for war purposes, the suspension of habeas corpus so that anti$9nionists could be arrested without a formal charge, and the intimidation of *oters in the .order /tates. %. "he 3onfederate statesJ refusal to sacrifice some statesJ rights led to the handicapping of the /outh, and perhaps to its ultimate downfall. 3# +o (nteers and ,ra%tees; North and $o(th 1. At first, there were numerous *olunteers, but after the initial enthusiasm slac'ed off, 3ongress passed its first conscription law e*er :the draft;, one that angered the poor because rich men could hire a substitute instead of entering the war Aust by paying W%00 to 3ongress. o As a result, many riots bro'e out, such as one in +ew 5or' 3ity. !. =olunteers manned more than D0E of the 9nion army, and as *olunteers became scarce, money was offered to them in return for ser*ice2 still, there were many deserters. %. "he /outh had to resort to a draft nearly a year before the +orth, and it also had its pri*ileges for the richRthose who owned or o*ersaw !0 sla*es or more were e#empt from the draft. 3"# The Economic $tresses o% War 1. "he +orth passed the (orrill "ariff Act, increasing tariff rates by about 5 to 10E, but war soon dro*e those rates e*en higher. !. "he @ashington "reasury also issued greenbac' paper money totaling nearly W)50 million, but this money was *ery unstable and san' to as low as %D cents per gold dollar. %. "he federal "reasury also netted W!.6 billion in the sale of bonds. ). "he +ational .an'ing /ystem was a landmar' of the war, created to establish a standard ban'$note currency, and ban's that Aoined the +ational .an'ing /ystem could buy go*ernment bonds and issue sound paper money. o "he +ational .an'ing Act was the first step toward a unified national ban'ing networ' since 1M%6, when the .an' of the 9nited /tates was 'illed by Andrew Hac'son.

5. In the /outh, runaway inflation plagued the 3onfederates, and o*erall, in the /outh inflation went up to D000E, as opposed to KAustL M0E in the +orth. 3""# The North8s Economic !oom 1. "he +orth actually emerged from the 3i*il @ar more prosperous than before, since new factories had been formed and a millionaire class was born for the first time in history. !. ?owe*er, many 9nion suppliers used shoddy e6uipment in their supplies, such as using cardboard as the soles of shoes. %. /i es for clothing were in*ented, and the reaper helped feed millions. ). In 1M5D, a disco*ery of petroleum oil sent people to 0ennsyl*ania. 5. @omen gained new ad*ances in the war, ta'ing the Aobs left behind by men going off to battle, and other women posed as men and became soldiers with their husbands. o 3lara .arton and 7orothea 7i# helped transform nursing from a lowly ser*ice to a respected profession, and in the /outh, /ally "omp'ins ran a Richmond infirmary for wounded 3onfederate soldiers and was awarded the ran' of 3aptain by Hefferson 7a*is. 3"""# A Cr(shed Cotton <ingdom 1. "he /outh was ruined by the war, as transportation collapsed and supplies of e*erything became scarce, and by the end of the war, the /outh claimed only 1!E of the national wealth as opposed to %0E before the war, and itJs per capita income was now !>5 that of +ortherners, as opposed to !>% of +ortherners before the war. !. /till, though many /outherners were resourceful and spirited, the /outh Aust couldnJt win. Chapter 71 - The 0(rnace o% Ci-i War "# !( .(n Ends the =Ninet1-,a1 War> 1. @hen 0resident Abraham -incoln called for I5,000 militiamen on April 15, 1M61, he and Aust about e*eryone else in the +orth e#pected a swift war lasting about D0 days, with a 6uic' suppression of the /outh to pro*e the +orthJs superiority and end this foolishness. !. <n Huly !1, 1M61, ill$trained 5an'ee recruits swaggered out toward .ull Run to engage a smaller 3onfederate unit. "hey e#pected one big battle and a 6uic' *ictory for the war. o "he atmosphere was li'e that of a sporting e*ent, as spectators gathered in picnics to watch. o ?owe*er, after initial success by the 9nion, 3onfederate reinforcements arri*ed and, coupled with /tonewall Hac'sonJs line holding, sent the 9nion soldiers into disarray. %. "he .attle of .ull Run showed the +orth that this would not be a short, easy war and swelled the /outhJs already too$large ego. ""# =Tard1 5eorge> /cC e an and the Penins( a Campaign

1. -ater in 1M61, command of the Army of the 0otomac :name of the 9nion army; was gi*en to %) year old &eneral &eorge .. (c3lellan, an e#cellent drillmaster and organi er of troops, but also a perfectionist who constantly belie*ed that he was outnumbered, ne*er too' ris's, and held the army without mo*ing for months before finally ordered by -incoln to ad*ance. !. At -incolnJs urging, he finally decided upon a water$borne approach to Richmond :the /outhJs capital;, called the 0eninsula 3ampaign, ta'ing about a month to capture 5or'town before coming to Richmond. o At this moment, 0resident -incoln too' (c3lellanJs e#pected reinforcements and sent them chasing /tonewall Hac'son, and after KHebL /tuartJs 3onfederate ca*alry rode completely around (c3lellanJs army, /outhern &eneral Robert E. -ee launched a de*astating counterattac'Rthe /e*en 7aysJ .attlesRon Hune !6 to Huly ! of 1M6!. o "he *ictory at .ull Run ensured that the /outh, if it lost, would lose sla*ery as well, and it was after this battle that -incoln began to draft an emancipation proclamation. %. @ith the 6uic'$stri'e plan a failure, the 9nion strategy now turned to total war. /ummed up, the plan was to bloc'ade, di*ide, and con6uer. "he plan includedN o /uffocate the /outh through an oceanic bloc'ade. o Bree the sla*es to undermine the /outhJs *ery economic foundations. o 3ut the 3onfederacy in half by sei ing control of the (ississippi Ri*er. o 3hop the 3onfederacy to pieces by marching through &eorgia and the 3arolinas. o 3apture its capital, Richmond, =irginia. o "ry e*erywhere to engage the enemyJs main strength and grind it to submission. o "his was essentially &eneral @infield /cottJs KAnaconda 0lan.L """# The War at $ea 1. "he 9nion bloc'ade started with many lea's at first, but it clamped down later. !. .ritain, who would ordinarily protest such interference in the seas that she Kowned,L recogni ed the bloc'ade as binding, since .ritain herself often used bloc'ades in her wars. %. .loc'ade$running, or the process of smuggling materials through the bloc'ade, was a ris'y but profitable business, but the 9nion na*y also sei ed .ritish freighters on the high seas, citing Kultimate destinationL :to the /outh; as their reasons2 the .ritish relented, since they might ha*e to do the same thing in later wars :as they did in @orld @ar I;. ). "he biggest 3onfederate threat to the 9nion came in the form of an old 9./. warship reconditioned and plated with iron railroad rails4 the =irginia :formerly called the (errimac';, which threatened to brea' the 9nion bloc'ade, but fortunately, the (onitor arri*ed Aust in time to fight the (errimac' to a standstill, and the 3onfederate ship was destroyed later by the /outh to sa*e it from the +orth. o "he lessons of the (onitor *s. the (errimac' were that boats needed to be steam$ powered and armored, henceforth.

"+# The Pi-ota Point; Antietam 1. In the /econd .attle of .ull Run, Robert E. -ee crushed the arrogant &eneral Hohn 0ope. !. After this battle, -ee hoped to thrust into the +orth and win, hopefully persuading the .order /tates to Aoin the /outh and foreign countries to inter*ene on behalf of the /outh. o At this time, -incoln reinstated &eneral (c3lellan. %. (c3lellanJs men found a copy of -eeJs plans :as wrapping paper for cigars; and were able to stop the /outherners at Antietam 3ree' on /eptember 1I, 1M6! in one of the bloodiest days of the 3i*il @ar. o Hefferson 7a*is was ne*er so close to *ictory as he was that day, since European powers were *ery close to helping the /outh, but after the 9nion army displayed une#pected power at Antietam, that help faded. o Antietam was also the 9nion display of power that -incoln needed to announce his Emancipation 0roclamation, which didnJt actually free the sla*es, but ga*e the general idea2 it was announced on Hanuary 1, 1M6%. -incoln said the sla*es would be free in the seceded states :but +<" the border states as doing so might anger them into seceding too;. +ow, the war wasnJt Aust to sa*e the 9nion, it was to free the sla*es a well. "his ga*e the war a moral purpose :end sla*ery; to go with its political purpose :restore the union;. +# A Proc amation Witho(t Emancipation 1. "he Emancipation 0roclamation freed the sla*es in not$yet$con6uered /outhern territories, but sla*es in the .order /tates and the con6uered territories were not liberated since doing so might ma'e them go to the /outh2 -incoln freed the sla*es where he couldnJt and wouldnJt free the sla*es where he could. !. "he proclamation was *ery contro*ersial, as many soldiers refused to fight for abolition and deserted. %. ?owe*er, since many sla*es, upon hearing the proclamation, left their plantations, the Emancipation 0roclamation did succeed in one of its purposes4 to undermine the labor of the /outh. ). Angry /outherners cried that -incoln was stirring up trouble and trying to incite a sla*e insurrection. +"# ! acks !att e !ondage 1. At first, .lac's werenJt enlisted in the army, but as men ran low, these men were e*entually allowed in2 by warJs end, .lac'Js accounted for about 10E of the 9nion army. !. 9ntil 1M6), /outherners refused to recogni e .lac' soldiers as prisoners of war, and often e#ecuted them as runaways and rebels, and in one case, at Bort 0illow, "ennessee, .lac's who had surrendered were massacred. o Afterwards, *engeful .lac' units swore to ta'e no prisoners, crying, KRemember Bort 0illowUL

%. (any .lac's, whether through fear, loyalty, lac' of leadership, or strict policing, didnJt cast off their chains when they heard the Emancipation 0roclamation, but many others wal'ed off of their Aobs when 9nion armies con6uered territories that included the plantations that they wor'ed on. +""# &ee8s &ast &(nge at 5ett1sb(rg 1. After Antietam, A. E. .urnside :'nown for his sideburns; too' o*er the 9nion army, but he lost badly after launching a rash frontal attac' at Brederic'sburg, =irginia, on 7ec. 1%, 1M6!. !. KBighting HoeL ?oo'er :'nown for his prostitutes; was badly beaten at 3hancellors*ille, =irginia, when -ee di*ided his outnumbered army into two and sent K/tonewallL Hac'son to attac' the 9nion flan', but later in that battle, Hac'sonJs own men mista'enly shot him at dus', and he died. %. -ee now prepared to in*ade the +orth for the second and final time, at &ettysburg, 0ennsyl*ania, but he was met by new &eneral &eorge &. (eade, who by accident too' a stand atop a low ridge flan'ing a shallow *alley and the 9nion and 3onfederate armies fought a bloody and brutal battle in which the +orth Kwon.L o In the .attle of &ettysburg :Huly 1$%, 1M6%;, &eneral &eorge 0ic'ett led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful charge across a field that ended in the pig$slaughter of 3onfederates. o A few months later, -incoln deli*ered his &ettysburg Address, which added moral purpose to the war saying a new goal was to ma'e sure those whoJd been 'illed had not died in *ain. +"""# The War in the West 1. -incoln finally found a good general in 9lysses /. &rant, a mediocre @est 0oint graduate who dran' too much whis'ey and also fought under the ideal of Kimmediate and unconditional surrender.L !. &rant won at Bort ?enry and Bort 7onelson, but then muffed$up and lost a tough battle at /hiloh :April 6$I, 1M6!;, Aust o*er the "ennessee border. %. In the spring of 1M6!, a flotilla commanded by 7a*id &. Barragut Aoined with a +orthern army to sei e +ew <rleans. ). At =ic'sburg, (ississippi, 9./. &rant besieged the city and captured it on Huly ), 1M6%, thus securing the important (ississippi Ri*er. &rant redeemed himself here after blundering at /hiloh. o "he 9nion *ictory at the .attle of =ic'sburg came the day after the 9nion *ictory at &ettysburg, and afterwards, the 3onfederate hope for foreign inter*ention was lost. "3# $herman $corches 5eorgia 1. After &rant cleared out "ennessee, &eneral @illiam "ecumseh /herman was gi*en command to march through &eorgia, and he deli*ered, capturing and burning down Atlanta before completing his infamous K(arch to the /eaL at /a*annah.

?is men cut a trail of destruction one$mile wide, waging Ktotal warL by cutting up railroad trac's, burning fields and crops, and destroying e*erything.

3# The Po itics o% War 1. "he K3ongressional 3ommittee on the 3onduct of the @arL was created in 1M61 and was dominated by KradicalL Republicans and ga*e -incoln much trouble. !. "he +orthern 7emocrats split after the death of /tephen 7ouglas, as K@ar 7emocratsL supported -incoln while K0eace 7emocratsL did not. o 3opperheads were those who were totally against the war, and denounced the president :the KIllinois ApeL; and his Knigger war.L o "he most famous of the 3opperheads was 3lement -. =alandigham, who harshly denounced the war but was imprisoned, then banished to the /outh, then came bac' to <hio illegally, but was not further punished, and also inspired the story "he (an without a 3ountry. 3"# The E ection o% 1FDA 1. In 1M6), the Republicans Aoined the @ar 7emocrats to form the 9nion 0arty and renominated Abe -incoln despite a bit of opposition, while the 3opperheads and 0eace 7emocrats ran &eorge (c3lellan. o "he 9nion 0arty chose 7emocrat Andrew Hohnson to ensure that the @ar 7emocrats would *ote for -incoln, and the campaign was once again full of mudslinging. o +ear election day, the *ictories at +ew <rleans and Atlanta occurred, and the +orthern soldiers were pushed to *ote, and -incoln smo'ed his opponent in the Electoral 3ollege, !1!$!1. "he popular *ote was closer4 !.! million to 1.M. 3""# 5rant 6(t asts &ee 1. &rant was a man who could send thousands of men out to die Aust so that the 3onfederates would lose, because he 'new that he could afford to lose twice as many men while -ee could not. o In a series of wilderness encounters, &rant fought -ee, with &rant losing about 50,000 men. o At 3old ?arbor, the 9nion sent soldiers to battle with papers pinned on their bac's showing their names and addresses, and o*er I,000 died in a few minutes. o "he public was outraged and shoc'ed o*er this 'ind of gore and death, and demanded the relief of &eneral &rant, but 9./. &rant stayed. -incoln wanted somebody whoJd 'eep the Ka#e to the grindstone,L and &rant was his man. !. Binally, &rant and his men captured Richmond, burnt it, and cornered -ee at Appomatto# 3ourthouse at =irginia in April of 1M65, where -ee formally surrendered2 the war was o*er.

3"""# The /art1rdom o% &inco n 1. <n April 1), 1M65, Abraham -incoln was shot in the head by Hohn @il'es .ooth and died shortly after. !. .efore his death, few people had suspected his greatness, but his sudden and dramatic death erased his shortcomings and made people remember him for his good things. %. "he /outh cheered -incolnJs death at first, but later, his death pro*ed to be worse than if he had li*ed, because he would ha*e almost certainly treated the /outh much better than they were actually treated during Reconstruction. 3"+# The A%termath o% the Nightmare# 1. "he 3i*il @ar cost 600,000 men, W15 billion, and wasted the cream of the American crop. !. ?owe*er, it ga*e America a supreme test of its e#istence, and the 9./. sur*i*ed, pro*ing its strength and further increasing its growing power and reputation2 plus, sla*ery was also eradicated. %. "he war pa*ed the way for the 9nited /tatesJ fulfillment of its destiny as the dominant republic of the @estern ?emisphereRand later, the world. Chapter 77 - The 6rdea o% .econstr(ction "# The Prob ems o% Peace 1. After the war, there were many 6uestions o*er what to do with the free .lac's, such as how to reintegrate the /outhern states into the 9nion, what to do with Hefferson 7a*is, and who would be in charge of ReconstructionT !. "he /outhern way of life had been ruined, as crops and farms were destroyed, the sla*es had been freed, the cities were burnt down, but still, and many /outherners remained defiant. ""# 0reedmen ,e%ine 0reedom 1. At first, the freed .lac's faced a confusing situation, as many sla*e owners re$ensla*ed their sla*es after 9nion troops left. o <ther planters resisted emancipation through legal means, citing that emancipation wasnJt *alid until local or state courts declared it. !. /ome sla*es loyally stuc' to their owners while others let out their pent$up bitterness by pillaging their former mastersJ land, property, and e*en whipping the old master. %. E*entually, e*en resisting plantation owners had to gi*e up their sla*es, and afterwards tens of thousands of .lac's too' to the roads to find new wor' or loo' for lost lo*ed ones. ). "he church became the focus of the .lac' community life in the years following the war. o Emancipation also meant education for .lac's, but despite all the gains .lac's made, they still faced se*ere discrimination and would ha*e to wait a century before truly attaining their rights.

"""# The 0reedman8s !(rea( 1. In order to train the uns'illed and unlettered freed .lac's, the BreedmanJs .ureau was set up on (arch %, 1M65. 9nion &eneral <li*er <. ?oward headed it. !. "he bureau taught about !00,000 .lac's how to read :its greatest success;, since most former sla*es wanted to narrow the literary gap between them and @hites2 the bureau also read the word of &od. %. ?owe*er, it wasnJt as effecti*e as it could ha*e been, as e*idenced by the further discrimination of .lac's, and it e#pired in 1MI! after much criticism by racist @hites. "+# 4ohnson; The Tai or President 1. Andrew Hohnson came from *ery poor and humble beginnings, and he ser*ed in 3ongress for many years :he was the only 3onfederate congressman not to lea*e 3ongress when the rest of the /outh seceded;. !. ?e was feared for his reputation of ha*ing a short temper and being a great fighter, was a dogmatic champion of statesJ rights and the 3onstitution, and he was a "ennessean who ne*er earned the trust of the +orth and ne*er regained the confidence of the /outh. +# Presidentia .econstr(ction 1. /ince Abraham -incoln belie*ed that the /outh had ne*er legally withdrawn from the 9nion, restoration was to be relati*ely simple. In his plan for restoring the union, the southern states could be reintegrated into the 9nion if and when they had only 10E of its *oters pledge and ta'en an oath to the 9nion, and also ac'nowledge the emancipation of the sla*es2 it was appropriately called the "en 0ercent 0lan. -i'e the lo*ing father who welcomed bac' the prodigal son, -incolnJs plan was *ery forgi*ing to the /outh. !. "he Radical Republicans felt punishment was due the /outh for all the years of strife. "hey feared that the leniency of the 10 E 0lan would allow the /outherners to re$ensla*e the newly freed .lac's, so they rammed the @ade$7a*is .ill through 3ongress. It re6uired 50E of the statesJ *oters to ta'e oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10E 0lan. %. ?owe*er, -incoln poc'et$*etoed the bill by letting it e#pire, and the 10E 0lan remained. ). It became clear that there were now two types of Republicans4 the moderates, who shared the same *iews as -incoln and the radicals, who belie*ed the /outh should be harshly punished. o /adly though, -incoln was assassinated. "his left the 10E 0lanJs future in 6uestion. o @hen Andrew Hohnson too' power, the radicals thought that he would do what they wanted, but he soon pro*ed them wrong by basically ta'ing -incolnJs policy and issuing his own Reconstruction proclamation4 certain leading 3onfederates were disfranchised :right to *ote remo*ed;, the 3onfederate debt was repudiated, and states had to ratify the 1%th Amendment. +"# The !a e%( ! ack Codes

1. In order to control the freed .lac's, many /outhern states passed .lac' 3odes, laws aimed at 'eeping the .lac' population in submission and wor'ers in the fields2 some were harsh, others were not as harsh. !. .lac's who KAumpedL their labor contracts, or wal'ed off their Aobs, were subAect to penalties and fines, and their wages were generally 'ept *ery low. %. "he codes forbade .lac's from ser*ing on a Aury and some e*en barred .lac's from renting or leasing land, and .lac's could be punished for KidlenessL by being subAected to wor'ing on a chain gang. ). (a'ing a moc'ery out of the newly won freedom of the .lac's, the .lac' 3odes made many abolitionists wonder if the price of the 3i*il @ar was worth it, since .lac's were hardly better after the war than before the war. "hey were not Ksla*esL on paper, but in reality, their li*es were little different. +""# Congressiona .econstr(ction 1. In 7ecember, 1M65, when many of the /outhern states came to be reintegrated into the 9nion, among them were former 3onfederates and 7emocrats, and most Republicans were disgusted to see their former enemies on hand to reclaim seats in 3ongress. !. 7uring the war, without the 7emocrats, the Republicans had passed legislation that had fa*ored the +orth, such as the (orrill "ariff, the 0acific Railroad Act, and the ?omestead Act, so now, many Republicans didnJt want to gi*e up the power that they had gained in the war. %. +ortherners now reali ed that the /outh would be stronger politically than before, since now, .lac's counted for a whole person instead of Aust %>5 of one, and Republicans also feared that the +orthern and /outhern 7emocrats would Aoin and ta'e o*er 3ongress and the @hite ?ouse and institute their .lac' 3odes o*er the nation, defeating all that the 3i*il @ar gained. ). <n 7ecember 6, 1M65, 0resident Hohnson declared that the /outh had satisfied all of the conditions needed, and that the 9nion was now restored. +"""# 4ohnson C ashes with Congress 1. Hohnson repeatedly *etoed Republican$passed bills, such as a bill e#tending the life of the BreedmanJs .ureau, and he also *etoed the 3i*il Rights .ill, which conferred on blac's the pri*ilege of American citi enship and struc' at the .lac' 3odes. !. As Republicans gained control of 3ongress, they passed the bills into laws with a !>% *ote and thus o*erride HohnsonJs *eto. %. In the 1)th Amendment, the Republicans sought to instill the same ideas of the 3i*il Rights .ill4 :1; all .lac's were American citi ens, :!; if a state denied citi enship to .lac's, then its representati*es in the Electoral 3ollege were lowered, :%; former 3onfederates could not hold federal or state office, and :); the federal debt was guaranteed while the 3onfederate one was repudiated :erased;.

). "he radicals were disappointed that .lac's werenJt gi*en the right to *ote, but all Republicans agreed that states wouldnJt be accepted bac' into the 9nion unless they ratified the 1)th Amendment. "3# $winging M.o(nd the Circ e with 4ohnson 1. In 1M66, Republicans would not allow Reconstruction to be carried on without the 1)th Amendment, and as election time approached, Hohnson wanted to lower the amount of Republicans in 3ongress, so he began a series of VRound the 3ircle speeches. !. ?owe*er, as he was hec'led by the audience, he hurled bac' insults, ga*e Kgi*e Vem hellL speeches, and generally denounced the radicals, and in the process, he ga*e Republicans more men in 3ongress than they had beforeRthe opposite of his original intention. 3# .ep(b ican Princip es and Programs 1. .y then, the Republicans had a *eto$proof 3ongress and nearly unlimited control o*er Reconstruction, but moderates and radicals still couldnJt agree with one another. !. In the /enate, the leader of the radicals was 3harles /umner, long since reco*ered from his caning by 0reston .roo's, and in the ?ouse, the radical leader was "haddeus /te*ens, an old, sour man who was an unswer*ing friend of the .lac's. %. "he radicals wanted to 'eep the /outh out of the 9nion as long as possible and totally change its economy and the moderates wanted a 6uic'er Reconstruction. @hat happened was a compromise between the two e#tremes. 3"# .econstr(ction b1 $word 1. "he Reconstruction Act of (arch !, 1M6I di*ided the /outh into fi*e military ones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former 3onfederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states :Hohnson had announced the 9nion restored, but 3ongress had not yet formally agreed on this;. o All states had to appro*e the 1)th Amendment, ma'ing all .lac's citi ens. o All states had to guarantee full suffrage of all male former sla*es. !. "he 15th Amendment, passed by 3ongress in 1M6D, ga*e .lac's their right to *ote. %. In the case E# parte (illigan :1M66;, the /upreme 3ourt ruled that military tribunals could not try ci*ilians, e*en during wartime, if there were ci*il courts a*ailable. ). .y 1MI0, all of the states had complied with the standards of Reconstruction, and in 1MII, the last of the states were gi*en their home rule bac', and Reconstruction ended. o "he end of Reconstruction was part of the 3ompromise of 1MIIRthe two presidential candidates were at a stalemate and the only way to brea' the stalemate was with a deal. In the deal, the +orth got their president :Rutherford .. ?ayes; and the /outh got the

military to pull$out :abandonT; the /outh and the former sla*es, thus ending Reconstruction. 3""# No Women +oters 1. @omen suffrage ad*ocates were disappointed by the 1%th, 1)th, and 15th Amendments, since they didnJt gi*e women suffrage. o After all, women had gathered petitions and had helped .lac's gain their rights. o Brederic' 7ouglass belie*ed in the womenJs mo*ement, but belie*ed that it was now Kthe +egroJs hour.L !. As a result, women ad*ocates li'e Eli abeth 3ady /tanton and /usan .. Anthony campaigned against the 1)th and 15th AmendmentsRAmendments that inserted the word male into the 3onstitution for the first time e*er. 3"""# The .ea ities o% .adica .econstr(ction in the $o(th 1. .lac's began to organi e politically, and their main *ehicle was the 9nion -eague. o It became a networ' of political clubs that educated members in their ci*ic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates, and later e*en built .lac' churches and schools, represented .lac' grie*ances, and recruited militias to protect .lac's. o .lac' women attended the parades and rallies of .lac' communities. !. .lac' men also began to hold political offices, as men li'e ?iram Re*els and .lanche C. .ruce ser*ed in 3ongress :they represented (ississippi;. %. /outhern @hites hated seeing their former sla*es now ran'ing abo*e them, and they also hated Kscalawags,L /outherners who were accused of plundering /outhern treasuries and selling out the /outherners, and Kcarpetbaggers,L +ortherners accused of parasitically mil'ing power and profit in a now$desolate /outh. ). <ne could note that /outhern go*ernments were somewhat corrupted during these times. 3"+# The <( < (x < an 1. E#tremely racist @hites who hated the .lac's founded the KIn*isible Empire of the /outh,L or Cu Clu# Clan, in "ennessee in 1M66Ran organi ation that scared .lac's into not *oting or not see'ing Aobs, etcN and often resorted to *iolence against the .lac's in addition to terror. !. "his radical group undermined much of what abolitionists sought to do. 3+# 4ohnson Wa ks the "mpeachment P ank 1. Radical Republicans were angry with 0resident Hohnson, and they decided to try to get rid of him. !. In 1M6I, 3ongress passed the "enure of <ffice Act, which pro*ided that the president had to secure the consent of the /enate before remo*ing his appointees once they had been appro*ed by the /enate :one reason was to 'eep Edwin (. /tanton, a Republican spy, in office;.

%. ?owe*er, when Hohnson dismissed /tanton early in 1M6M, the Republicans impeached him. 3+"# A Not-5(i t1 +erdict %or 4ohnson 1. Hohnson was not allowed to testify by his lawyers, who argued that the "enure of <ffice Act was unconstitutional and Hohnson was acting under the 3onstitution, not the law. !. <n (ay 16, 1M6M, Hohnson was ac6uitted of all charges by a single *ote, as se*en Republican senators with consciences *oted Knot$guiltyL :interestingly, those se*en ne*er secured a political office again afterwards;. %. 7ie$hard radicals were infuriated by the ac6uittal, but many politicians feared establishing a precedence of remo*ing the president through impeachment. 3+""# The P(rchase o% A aska 1. In 1M6I, /ecretary of /tate @illiam ?. /eward bought Alas'a from Russia to the 9nited /tates for WI.! million, but most of the public Aeered his act as K/ewardJs BollyL or K/ewardJs Ice$bo#.L !. <nly later, when oil and gold were disco*ered, did Alas'a pro*e to be a huge bargain. 3+"""# The *eritage o% .econstr(ction 1. (any /outherners regarded Reconstruction as worse than the war itself, as they resented the upending of their social and racial system. !. "he Republicans, though with good intentions, failed to impro*e the /outh, and the fate of .lac's would remain poor for almost another century before the 3i*il Rights mo*ement of the 1D50s and 1D60s secured .lac' pri*ileges. Chapter 73 - Po itica Para 1sis in the 5i ded Age "# The =! ood1 $hirt> E ects 5rant 1. "he Republicans nominated 3i*il @ar &eneral 9lysses /. &rant, who was a great soldier but had no political e#perience. o "he 7emocrats could only denounce military Reconstruction and couldnJt agree on anything else, and thus, were disorgani ed. o "he Republicans got &rant elected :barely; by Kwa*ing the bloody shirt,L or reli*ing his war *ictories, and used his popularity to elect him, though his popular *ote was only slightly ahead of ri*al ?oratio /eymour. /eymour was the 7emocratic candidate who didnJt accept a redemption$of$greenbac's$for$ma#imum$*alue platform, and thus doomed his party. !. ?owe*er, due to the close nature of the election, Republicans could not ta'e future *ictories for granted. ""# The Era o% 5ood $tea ings

1. 7espite the 3i*il @ar, the population still mushroomed, partially due to immigration, but during this time, politics became *ery corrupt. o Railroad promoters cheated gullible customers. o /toc'$mar'et in*estors were a cancer in the public eye. o "oo many Audges and legislators put their power up for hire. !. "wo notorious millionaires were Him Bis' and Hay &ould. o In 1M6D, the pair concocted a plot to corner the gold mar'et that would only wor' if the treasury stopped selling gold, so they wor'ed on 0resident &rant directly and through his brother$in$law, but their plan failed when the treasury sold gold. %. "he infamous "weed Ring :ACA, K"ammany ?all; of +53, headed by K.ossL "weed, employed bribery, graft, and fa'e elections to cheat the city of as much as W!00 million. o "weed was finally caught when "he +ew 5or' "imes secured e*idence of his misdeeds, and later died in Aail. o /amuel H. "ilden gained fame by leading the prosecution of "weed, and he would later use this fame to become the 7emocratic nominee in the presidential election of 1MI6. o "homas +ast, political cartoonist, constantly drew against "ammanyJs corruption. """# A Carni-a o% Corr(ption 1. &rant, an easy$going fellow, apparently failed to see the corruption going on, e*en though many of his friends wanted offices and his cabinet was totally corrupt :e#cept for /ecretary of /tate ?amilton Bish;, and his in$laws, the 7ent family, were especially terrible. !. "he 3redit (obilier, a railroad construction company that paid itself huge sums of money for small railroad construction, tarred &rant. o A +ew 5or' newspaper finally busted it, and two members of 3ongress were formally censured :the company had gi*en some of its stoc' to the congressmen; and the =ice 0resident himself was shown to ha*e accepted !0 shares of stoc'. %. In 1MI5, the public learned that the @his'ey Ring had robbed the "reasury of millions of dollars, and when &rantJs own pri*ate secretary was shown to be one of the criminals, &rant retracted his earlier statement of K-et no guilty man escape.L o -ater, in 1MI6, /ecretary of @ar @illiam .el'nap was shown to ha*e poc'eted some W!),000 by selling Aun' to Indians. "+# The &ibera .ep(b ican .e-o t o% 1FE7 1. .y 1MI!, a power wa*e of disgust at &rantJs administration was building, despite the worst of the scandals not ha*ing been re*ealed yet, and reformers organi ed the -iberal Republican 0arty and nominated the dogmatic ?orace &reeley. o "he 7emocratic 0arty also supported &reeley, e*en though he had blasted them repeatedly in his newspaper :the +ew 5or' "ribune;, but he pleased them because he called for a clasping of hands between the +orth and /outh and an end to Reconstruction.

!. "he campaign was filled with more mudslinging :as usual;, as &reeley was called an atheist, a communist, a *egetarian, and a signer of Hefferson 7a*isJs bail bond :that part was true; while &rant was called an ignoramus, a drun'ard, and a swindler. o /till, &rant crushed &reeley in the electoral *ote and in the popular *ote was well. %. In 1MI!, the Republican 3ongress passed a general amnesty act that remo*ed political disabilities from all but some 500 former 3onfederate leaders. +# ,epression, ,e% ation, and "n% ation 1. In 1MI%, a paraly ing panic bro'e out, the 0anic of 1MI%, caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than e#isting mar'ets could bear and the o*er$loaning by ban's to those proAects. Essentially, the causes of the panic were the same old ones thatJd caused recessions e*ery !0 years that century4 :1; o*er$speculation and :!; too$easy credit. o It first started with the failure of the +ew 5or' ban'ing firm Hay 3oo'e , 3ompany, which was headed by the rich Hay 3oo'e, a financier of the 3i*il @ar. o .efore, the greenbac's that had been issued in the 3i*il @ar were being recalled, but now, during the panic, the Kcheap$moneyL supporters wanted greenbac's to be printed en mass again, to create inflation. o ?owe*er, supporters of Khard$moneyL :actual gold and sil*er; persuaded &rant to *eto a bill that would print more paper money, and the Resumption Act of 1MI5 pledged the go*ernment to further withdraw greenbac's and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face *alue, starting in 1MID. !. 7ebtors now cried that sil*er was under$*alued :another call for inflation;, but &rant refused to coin more sil*er dollars, which had been stopped in 1MI%, and besides, new sil*er disco*eries in the later 1MI0s shot the price of sil*er way down. o &rantJs name remained fused to sound money, though not sound go*ernment. o As greenbac's regained their *alue, few greenbac' holders bothered to e#change their more con*enient bills for gold when Redemption 7ay came in 1MID. %. In 1MIM, the .land$Allison Act instructed the "reasury to buy and coin between W! million and W) million worth of sil*er bullion each month. o "he minimum was actually coined and its effect was minimal on creating Kcheap money.L ). "he Republican hard$money policy, unfortunately for it, led to the election of a 7emocratic ?ouse of Representati*es in 1MI) and spawned the &reenbac' -abor 0arty in 1MIM. +"# Pa id Po itics in the 5i ded Age 1. K"he &ilded Age,L was a term coined by (ar' "wain hinting that times loo'ed good, yet if one scratched a bit below the surface, there were problems. "imes were filled with corruption and

presidential election s6uea'ers, and e*en though 7emocrats and Republicans had similar ideas on economic issues, there were fundamental differences. o Republicans traced their lineage to 0uritanism. o 7emocrats were more li'e -utherans and Roman 3atholics. o 7emocrats had strong support in the /outh. o Republicans had strong *otes in the +orth and the @est, and from the &rand Army of the Republic :&.A.R.;, an organi ation made up of former 9nion *eterans. !. In the 1MI0s and the 1MM0s, Republican infighting was led by ri*als Roscoe 3on'ling :/talwarts; and Hames &. .laine :?alf$.reeds;, who bic'ered and deadloc'ed their party. +""# The *a1es-Ti den $tando%%, 1FED 1. &rant almost ran for a third term before the ?ouse derailed that proposal, so the Republicans nominated Rutherford .. ?ayes, dubbed the K&reat 9n'nownL because no one 'new much about him, while the 7emocrats ran /amuel "ilden. o "he election was *ery close, with "ilden getting 1M) *otes out of a needed 1M5 in the Electoral 3ollege, but *otes in four states, -ouisiana, /outh 3arolina, Blorida, and part of <regon, were unsure and disputed. o "he disputed states had sent in two sets of returns, one 7emocrat, one Republican. +"""# The Compromise o% 1FEE and the End o% .econstr(ction 1. "he Electoral 3ount Act, passed in 1MII, set up an electoral commission that consisted of 15 men selected from the /enate, the ?ouse, and the /upreme 3ourt, which would count the *otes :the 15th man was to be an independent, 7a*id 7a*is, but at the last moment, he resigned;. !. In Bebruary of 1MII, the /enate and the ?ouse met to settle the dispute, and e*entually, ?ayes became president as a part of the rest of the 3ompromise of 1MII. "rue to a compromise, both sides won a bit4 o Bor the +orthR?ayes would become president if he agreed to remo*e troops from the remaining two /outhern states where 9nion troops remained :-ouisiana and /outh 3arolina;, and also, a bill would subsidi e the "e#as and 0acific rail line. o Bor the /outhRmilitary rule and Reconstruction ended when the military pulled out of the /outh. o "he 3ompromise of 1MII abandoned the .lac's in the /outh by withdrawing troops, and their last attempt at protection of .lac' rights was the 3i*il Rights Act of 1MI5, which was mostly declared unconstitutional by the /upreme 3ourt in the 1MM% 3i*il Rights cases. "3# The !irth o% 4im Crow in the Post-.econstr(ction $o(th 1. As Reconstruction ended and the military returned northward, whites once again asserted their power.

-iteracy re6uirements for *oting began, *oter registration laws emerged, and poll ta#es began. "hese were all targeted at blac' *oters. o (ost blac's became sharecroppers :pro*iding nothing but labor; or tenant farmers :if they could pro*ide their own tools;. !. In 1MD6, the /upreme 3ourt ruled in the case of 0lessy *. Berguson that Kseparate but e6ualL facilities were constitutional. o "hus KHim 3rowL segregation was legali ed.
o

3# C ass Con% icts and Ethnic C ashes 1. In 1MII, the presidents of the nationJs four largest railroads decided to cut wages by 10E. @or'ers struc' bac', stopping wor', and when 0resident ?ayes sent troops to stop this, *iolence erupted, and more than 100 people died in the se*eral wee's of chaos. !. "he failure of the railroad stri'e showed the wea'ness of the labor mo*ement, but this was partly caused by friction between races, especially between the Irish and the 3hinese. %. In /an Brancisco, Irish$born 7enis Cearney incited his followers to terrori e the 3hinese. ). In 1MID, 3ongress passed a bill se*erely restricting the influ# of 3hinese immigrants :most of whom were males who had come to 3alifornia to wor' on the railroads;, but ?ayes *etoed the bill on grounds that it *iolated an e#isting treaty with 3hina. o After ?ayes left office, the 3hinese E#clusion Act, passed in 1MM!, was passed, barring any 3hinese from entering the 9nited /tatesRthe first law limiting immigration. 3"# 5ar%ie d and Arth(r 1. Hames A. &arfield o In 1MM0, the Republicans nominated Hames A. &arfield, a man from <hio who had risen to the ran' of maAor general in the 3i*il @ar, and as his running mate, a notorious /talwart :supporter of Roscoe 3on'ling; was chosen4 3hester A. Arthur of +ew 5or'. o "he 7emocrats chose @infield /. ?ancoc', a 3i*il @ar general who appealed to the /outh due to his fair treatment of it during Reconstruction and a *eteran who had been wounded at &ettysburg, and thus appealed to *eterans. o "he campaign once again a*oided touchy issues, and &arfield s6uea'ed by in the popular *ote :the electoral count was wider4 !1) to 155;. &arfield was a good person, but he hated to hurt peopleJs feelings and say Kno.L o &arfield named Hames &. .laine to the position of /ecretary of the /tate, and he made other anti$/talwart acts, but on /eptember 1D, 1MM1, &arfield died after ha*ing been shot in the head by a cra y but disappointed office see'er, 3harles H. &uiteau, who, after being captured, used an early *ersion of the Kinsanity defenseL to a*oid con*iction :he was hanged anyway;. !. 3hester Arthur o 3hester Arthur didnJt seem to be a good fit for the presidency, but he surprised many by gi*ing the cold shoulder to

/talwarts, his chief supporters, and by calling for reform, a call heeded by the Republican party as it began to show newly found enthusiasm for reform. "he 0endleton Act of 1MM%, the so$called (agna 3harta of ci*il$ser*ice reform :awarding of go*ernment Aobs based on ability, not Aust because a buddy awarded the Aob;, prohibited financial assessments on Aobholders, including lowly scrubwomen, and established a merit system of ma'ing appointments to office on the basis of aptitude rather than Kpull.L It also set up a 3i*il /er*ice 3ommission, charged with administering open competiti*e ser*ice, and offices not KclassifiedL by the president remained the fought$o*er footballs of politics. -uc'ily, Arthur cooperated, and by 1MM), he had classified nearly 10E of all federal offices, or nearly 1),000 of them. "he 0endleton Act partially di*ided politics from patronage, but it dro*e politicians into Kmarriages of con*enienceL with business leaders.

3""# The ! aine-C e-e and /(ds ingers o% 1FFA 1. Hames &. .laine became the Republican candidate, but some Republican reformers, unable to stomach this, switched to the 7emocratic 0arty and were called (ugwumps. !. "he 7emocrats chose &ro*er 3le*eland as their candidate but recei*ed a shoc' when it was re*ealed that he might ha*e been the father of an illegitimate child. o "he campaign of 1MM) was filled with perhaps the lowest mudslinging in history. o "he contest depended on how +ew 5or' chose, but unfortunately, one foolish Republican insulted the race, faith, and patriotism of +ew 5or'Js hea*y Irish population, and as a result, +ew 5or' *oted for 3le*eland2 that was the difference. 3"""# =6 d 5ro-er> Takes 6-er 1. 0ortly &ro*er 3le*eland was the first 7emocratic president since Hames .uchanan, and as a supporter of laisse $faire capitalism, he delighted business owners and ban'ers. !. 3le*eland named two former 3onfederates to his cabinet, and at first tried to adhere to the merit system :but e*entually ga*e in to his party and fired almost !>% of the 1!0,000 federal employees;, but he had his problems. o (ilitary pensions plagued 3le*eland2 these bills were gi*en to 3i*il @ar *eterans to help them, but they were used fraudulently to gi*e money to all sorts of people. o ?owe*er, 3le*eland showed that he was ready to ta'e on the corrupt distributors of military pensions when he *etoed a bill that would add se*eral hundred thousand new people on the pension list. 3"+# C e-e and !att es %or a &ower Tari%%

1. .y 1MM1, the "reasury had a surplus of W1)5 million, most of it ha*ing come from the high tariff, and there was a lot of clamoring for lowering the tariff, though big industrialists opposed it. !. 3le*eland wasnJt really interested in the subAect at first, but as he researched it, he became inclined towards lowering the tariff, so in late 1MMI, 3le*eland openly tossed the appeal for lower tariffs into the lap of 3ongress. o 7emocrats were upset at the obstinacy of their chief while Republicans gloated at his apparently rec'less act. 3+# The !i ion ,o ar Congress 1. "he new /pea'er of the ?ouse, "homas .. Reed, was a large, tall man, a tremendous debater, and *ery critical and 6uic' man. o "o sol*e the problem of reaching a 6uorum in 3ongress, Reed counted the 7emocrats who were present yet didnJt answer to the roll call, and after three days of such chaos, he finally pre*ailed, opening the 51st, or K.illion 7ollarL 3ongressRone that legislated many e#pensi*e proAects. 3+"# The ,r(mbeat o% ,iscontent 1. "he 0opulist 0arty emerged in 1MD! from disgruntled farmers. o "heir main call was for inflation *ia free coinage of sil*er. o "hey called for a litany of items including4 a graduated income ta#, go*ernment regulation of railroads and telegraphs>telephones, direct elections of 9./. senators, a one term limit, initiati*e and referendum, a shorter wor'day, and immigration restriction. 3+""# C e-e and and ,epression 1. &ro*er 3le*eland won, but no sooner than he had stepped into the presidency did the 7epression of 1MD% brea' out. It was the first such panic in the new urban and industrial age, and it caused much outrage and hardships. "his completed the almost predictable, e*ery$!0$year cycle of panics during the 1M00s :panics occurred during 1M1D, 1M%I, 1M5I, 1MI%, and 1MD%;. !. About M,000 American business houses collapsed in si# months, and do ens of railroad lines went into the hands of recei*ers. o "his time, 3le*eland had a deficit and a problem, for the "reasury had to issue gold for the notes that it had paid in the /herman /il*er 0urchase Act, and according to law, those notes had to be reissued, thus causing a steady drain on gold in the "reasuryRthe le*el alarmingly dropped below W100 million at one point. %. (eanwhile, &ro*er 3le*eland had de*eloped a malignant growth under the roof of his mouth, and it had to be secretly remo*ed in a surgery that too' place aboard his pri*ate yacht2 had he died, Adlai E. /te*enson, a Ksoft moneyL :paper money; man, would ha*e caused massi*e chaos with inflation. ). Also, %% year$old @illiam Hennings .ryan was ad*ocating Kfree sil*er,L and gaining support for his beliefs, but an angry

3le*eland used his e#ecuti*e power to brea' the filibuster in the /enateRthus alienating the sil*er$supporting 7emocrats. 3+"""# C e-e and !reeds a !ack ash 1. 3le*eland was embarrassed at ha*ing to resort to H.0. (organ to bale out the depression. !. ?e was also embarrassed by the @ilson$&orman "ariff. ?eJd promised to lower the tariff, but so many tac'$ons had been added, the result was nill. o Burther, the /upreme 3ourt struc' down an income ta#. It loo'ed li'e all politicians were tools of the wealthy. Chapter 7A - "nd(str1 Comes o% Age "# The "ron Co t !ecomes an "ron *orse 1. After the 3i*il @ar, railroad production grew enormously, from %5,000 mi. of trac' laid in 1M65 to a whopping 1D!,556 mi. of trac' laid in 1D00. o 3ongress ga*e land to railroad companies totally 155,50),DD) acres. o Bor railroad routes, companies were allowed alternate mile$s6uare sections in chec'erboard fashion, but until companies determined which part of the land was the best to use for railroad building, all of the land was withheld from all other users. &ro*er 3le*eland stopped this in 1MMI. !. Railroads ga*e land their *alue2 towns where railroads ran became sprawling cities while those s'ipped by railroads san' into ghost towns, so, ob*iously, towns wanted railroads in them. ""# $panning the Continent with .ai s 1. 7eadloc' o*er where to build a transcontinental railroad was bro'en after the /outh seceded, and in 1M6!, 3ongress commissioned the 9nion 0acific Railroad to begin westward from <maha, +ebras'a, to gold$rich 3alifornia. o "he company recei*ed huge sums of money and land to build its trac's, but corruption also plagued it, as the insiders of the 3redit (obilier reaped W!% million in profits. o (any Irishmen, who might lay as much as 10 miles a day, laid the trac's. o @hen Indians attac'ed while trying to sa*e their land, the Irish dropped their pic's and sei ed their rifles, and scores of wor'ers and Indians died during construction. !. <*er in 3alifornia, the 3entral 0acific Railroad was in charge of e#tending the railroad eastward, and it was bac'ed by the .ig Bour4 including -eland /tanford, the e#$go*ernor of 3alifornia who had useful political connections, and 3ollis 0. ?untington, an adept lobbyist. o "he 3entral 0acific used 3hinese wor'ers, and recei*ed the same incenti*es as the 9nion 0acific, but it had to drill through the hard roc' of the /ierra +e*ada.

%. In 1M6D, the transcontinental rail line was completed at 0romontory 0oint near <gden, 9tah2 in all, the 9nion 0acific built 1,0M6 mi. of trac', compared to 6MD mi. by the 3entral 0acific. """# !inding the Co(ntr1 with .ai road Ties 1. .efore 1D00, four other transcontinental railroads were built4 o "he +orthern 0acific Railroad stretched from -a'e /uperior to the 0uget /ound and was finished in 1MM%. o "he Atchison, "ope'a, and /anta Be stretched through the /outhwest deserts and was completed the following year, in 1MM). o "he /outhern 0acific :completed in 1MM); went from +ew <rleans to /an Brancisco. o "he &reat +orthern ran from 7uluth to /eattle and was the creation of Hames H. ?ill, probably the greatest railroad builder of all. !. ?owe*er, many pioneers o*er$in*ested on land, and the ban's that supported them often failed and went ban'rupt when the land wasnJt worth as much as initially thought. "+# .ai road Conso idation and /echani'ation 1. <lder eastern railroads, li'e the +ew 5or' 3entral, headed by 3ornelius =anderbilt, often financed the successful western railroads. !. Ad*ancements in railroads included the steel rail, which was stronger and more enduring than the iron rail, the @estinghouse air bra'e which increased safety, the 0ullman 0alace 3ars which were lu#urious passenger cars, and telegraphs, double$rac'ing, and bloc' signals. o +e*ertheless, train accidents were common, as well as death. +# .e-o (tion b1 .ai wa1s 1. Railroads stitched the nation together, generated a huge mar'et and lots of Aobs, helped the rapid industriali ation of America, and stimulated mining and agriculture in the @est by bringing people and supplies to and from the areas where such wor' occurred. !. Railroads helped people settle in the pre*iously harsh &reat 0lains. %. 7ue to railroads, the creation of four national time ones occurred on +o*ember 1M, 1MM%, instead of each city ha*ing its own time one :that was confusing to railroad operators;. ). Railroads were also the ma'ers of millionaires and the millionaire class. +"# Wrongdoing in .ai roading 1. Railroads were not without corruption, as shown by the 3redit (obilier scandal. !. Hay &ould made millions embe ling stoc's from the Erie, Cansas 0acific, the 9nion 0acific, and the "e#as and 0acific railroad companies. %. <ne method of cheap moneyma'ing was called Kstoc' watering,L in which railroad companies grossly o*er$inflated the worth of their stoc' and sold them at huge profits.

). Railroad owners abused the public, bribed Audges and legislatures, employed arm$twisting lobbyists, elected their own to political office, ga*e rebates :which helped the wealthy but not the poor;, and used free passes to gain fa*or in the press. 5. As time passed, though, railroad giants entered into defensi*e alliances to show profits, and began the first of what would be called trusts, although at that time they were called Kpools.L A pool :ACA, a KcartelL; is a group of supposed competitors who agree to wor' together, usually to set prices. +""# 5o-ernment !rid es the "ron *orse 1. 0eople were aware of such inAustice, but were slow to combat it. !. "he &range was formed by farmers to combat such corruption, and many state efforts to stop the railroad monopoly occurred, but they were stopped when the /upreme 3ourt issued its ruling in the @abash case, in which it ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce, such as trains. %. "he Interstate 3ommerce Act, passed in 1MMI, banned rebates and pools and re6uired the railroads to publish their rates openly :so as not to cheat customers;, and also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and banned charging more for a short haul than for a long one. o It also set up the Interstate 3ommerce 3ommission :I33; to enforce this. ). "he act was not a *ictory against corporate wealth, as people li'e Richard <lney, a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the act to their ad*antage, but it did represent the first attempt by 3ongress to regulate businesses for societyJs interest. +"""# /irac es o% /echani'ation 1. In 1M60, the 9./. was the )th largest manufacturer in the world, but by 1MD), it was Z1, whyT o +ow$abundant li6uid capital. o Bully e#ploited natural resources :li'e coal, oil, and iron, the iron came from the (innesota$-a'e /uperior region which yielded the rich iron deposits of the (esabi Range;. o (assi*e immigration made labor cheap. o American ingenuity played a *ital role, as such in*entions li'e mass production :from Eli @hitney; were being refined and perfected. 0opular in*entions included the cash register, the stoc' tic'er, the typewriter, the refrigerator car, the electric dynamo, and the electric railway, which displaced animal$drawn cars. !. In 1MI6, Ale#ander &raham .ell in*ented the telephone and a new age was launched. %. "homas Edison, the K@i ard of (enlo 0ar',L was the most *ersatile in*entor, who, while best 'nown for his electric light bulb, also cran'ed out scores of other in*entions. "3# The Tr(st Titan Emerges 1. Industry giants used *arious ways to eliminate competition and ma#imi e profits.

Andrew 3arnegie used a method called K*ertical integration,L which meant that he bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry :in his case, he mined the iron, transported it, refined it, and turned it into steel, controlling all parts of the process;. o Hohn 7. Roc'efeller, master of Khori ontal integration,L simply allied with or bought out competitors to monopoli e a gi*en mar'et. ?e used this method to form /tandard <il and control the oil industry by forcing wea'er competitors to go ban'rupt. !. "hese men became 'nown for their trusts, giant, monopolistic corporations. o H.0. (organ also placed his own men on the boards of directors of other ri*al competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition, a process called Kinterloc'ing directorates.L
o

3# The $(premac1 o% $tee 1. In -incolnJs day, steel was *ery scarce and e#pensi*e, but by 1D00, Americans produced as much steel as England and &ermany combined. !. "his was due to an in*ention that made steel$ma'ing cheaper and much more effecti*e4 the .essemer process, which was named after an English in*entor e*en though an American, @illiam Celly, had disco*ered it first4 o 3old air blown on red$hot iron burned carbon deposits and purified it. o America was one of the few nations that had a lot of coal for fuel, iron for smelting, and other essential ingredients for steel ma'ing, and thus, 6uic'ly became Z1. 3"# Carnegie and 6ther $( tans o% $tee 1. Andrew 3arnegie started off as a poor boy in a bad Aob, but by wor'ing hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people, he wor'ed his way up to wealth. !. ?e started in the 0ittsburgh area, but he was not a man who li'ed trusts2 still, by 1D00, he was producing 1>) of the nationJs .essemer steel, and getting W!5 million a year. %. H. 0ierpont (organ, ha*ing already made a fortune in the ban'ing industry and in @all /treet, was ready to step into the steel tubing industry, but 3arnegie threatened to ruin him, so after some tense negotiation, (organ bought 3arnegieJs entire business at W)00 million :this was before income ta#;. .ut 3arnegie, fearing ridicule for possessing so much money, spent the rest of his life donating W%50 million of it to charity, pensions, and libraries. o (eanwhile, (organ too' 3arnegieJs holdings, added others, and launched the 9nited /tates /teel 3orporation in 1D01, a company that became the worldJs first billion$dollar corporation :it was capitali ed at W1.) billion;. 3""# .ocke%e er 5rows an American !ea(t1 .ose

1. In 1M5D, a man named 7ra'e first used oil to get money, and by the 1MI0s, 'erosene, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all o*er the nation. !. ?owe*er, by 1MM5, !50,000 of EdisonJs electric light bulbs were in use, and the electric industry soon rendered 'erosene obsolete, Aust as 'erosene had made whale oil obsolete. %. <il, howe*er, was Aust beginning with the gasoline$burning internal combustion engine. ). Hohn 7. Roc'efeller, ruthless and merciless, organi ed the /tandard <il 3ompany of <hio in 1MM! :fi*e years earlier, he had already controlled D5E of all the oil refineries in the country;. 5. Roc'efeller crushed wea'er competitorsRpart of the natural process according to himRbut his company did produce superior oil at a cheaper price. 6. <ther trusts, which also generally made better products at cheaper prices, emerged, such as the meat industry of &usta*us B. /wift and 0hilip Armour. 3"""# The 5ospe o% Wea th 1. (any of the newly rich had wor'ed from po*erty to wealth, and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money. "his was the K&ospel of @ealth.L !. K/ocial 7arwinismL applied 3harles 7arwinJs sur*i*al$of$the$fittest theories to business. It said the reason a 3arnegie was at the top of the steel industry was that he was most fit to run such a business. %. "he Re*erend Russell 3onwell of 0hiladelphia became rich by deli*ering his lecture, KAcres of 7iamondsL thousands of times, and in it he preached that poor people made themsel*es poor and rich people made themsel*es rich2 e*erything was because of oneJs actions only. ). 3orporate lawyers used the 1)th Amendment to defend trusts, the Audges agreed, saying that corporations were legal people and thus entitled to their property, and plutocracy ruled. 3"+# 5o-ernment Tack es the Tr(st E-i 1. In 1MD0, the /herman Anti$"rust Act was signed into law2 it forbade combinations :trusts, pools, interloc'ing directorates, holding companies; in restraint of trade, without any distinction between KgoodL and KbadL trusts. o It pro*ed ineffecti*e, howe*er, because it couldnJt be enforced. o +ot until 1D1) was it properly enforced and those prosecuted for *iolating the law were actually punished. 3+# The $o(th in the Age o% "nd(str1 1. "he /outh remained agrarian despite all the industrial ad*ances, though Hames .uchanan 7u'e de*eloped a huge cigarette industry in the form of the American "obacco 3ompany and made many donations to what is now 7u'e 9ni*ersity.

!. (en li'e ?enry @. &rady, editor of the Atlanta 3onstitution newspaper urged the /outh to industriali e. %. ?owe*er, many northern companies set rates to 'eep the /outh from gaining any competiti*e edge whatsoe*er, with e#amples including the rich deposits of iron and coal near .irmingham, Alabama, and the te#tile mills of the /outh. o ?owe*er, cheap labor led to the creation of many Aobs, and despite poor wages, many white /outherners saw employment as a blessing. ). "he Impact of the +ew Industrial Re*olution on America o As the Industrial Re*olution spread in America, the standard of li*ing rose, immigrants swarmed to the 9./., and early Heffersonian ideals about the dominance of agriculture fell. o @omen, who had swarmed to factories and had been encouraged by recent in*entions, found new opportunities, and the K&ibson &irl,L created by 3harles 7ana &ibson, became the romantic ideal of the age. "he &ibson &irl was young, athletic, attracti*e, and outdoorsy :not the stay$at$ home mom type;. ?owe*er, many women ne*er achie*ed this, and instead toiled in hard wor' because they had to do so in order to earn money. 5. A nation of farmers was becoming a nation of wage earners, but the fear of unemployment was ne*er far, and the illness of a breadwinner :the main wage owner; in a family was disastrous. 6. /trong pressures in foreign trade de*eloped as the tireless industrial machine threatened to flood the domestic mar'et. 3+"# "n ?nions There "s $trength 1. @ith the inflow of immigrants pro*iding a labor force that would wor' for low wages and in poor en*ironments, the wor'ers who wanted to impro*e their conditions found that they could not, since their bosses could easily hire the unemployed to ta'e their places. !. 3orporations had many weapons against stri'ers, such as hiring stri'ebrea'ers or as'ing the courts to order stri'ers to stop stri'ing, and if they continued, to bring in troops. <ther methods included hiring KscabsL or replacements or Kloc'outsL to star*e stri'ers into submission, and often, wor'ers had to sign Kironclad oathsL or Kyellow dog contractsL which banned them from Aoining unions. o @or'ers could be Kblac'listed,L or put on a list and denied pri*ileges elsewhere. %. "he middle$class, annoyed by the recurrent stri'es, grew deaf to the wor'ersJ outcry. ). "he *iew was that people li'e 3arnegie and Roc'efeller had battled and wor'ed hard to get to the top, and wor'ers could do the same if they KreallyL wanted to impro*e their situations. 3+""# &abor &imps A ong 1. "he 3i*il @ar put a premium on labor, which helped labor unions grow. !. "he +ational -abor 9nion, formed in 1M66, represented a giant boot stride by wor'ers and attracted an impressi*e total of 600,000 members, but it only lasted si# years.

?owe*er, it e#cluded 3hinese and didnJt really try to get .lac's and women to Aoin. It wor'ed for the arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight$hour wor'day, and won the latter for go*ernment wor'ers, but the depression of 1MI% 'noc'ed it out. %. A new organi ation, the Cnights of -abor, was begun in 1M6D and continued secretly until 1MM1. "his organi ation was similar to the +ational -abor 9nion. o It only barred li6uor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, ban'ers, and stoc'bro'ers, and they campaigned for economic and social reform. o -ed by "erence =. 0owderly, the Cnights won a number of stri'es for the eight$hour day, and when they staged a successful stri'e against Hay &ouldJs @abash Railroad in 1MM5, membership mushroomed to %>) of a million wor'ers.
o o

3+"""# ?nhorsing the <nights o% &abor 1. ?owe*er, the Cnights became in*ol*ed in a number of (ay 7ay stri'es of which half failed. !. In 3hicago, home to about M0,000 Cnights and a few hundred anarchists that ad*ocated a *iolent o*erthrow of the American go*ernment, tensions had been building, and on (ay ), 1MM6, 3hicago police were ad*ancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities by authorities when a dynamite bomb was thrown, 'illing or inAuring se*eral do en people. o Eight anarchists were rounded up yet no one could pro*e that they had any association with the bombing, but since they had preached incendiary doctrines, the Aury sentenced fi*e of them to death on account of conspiracy and ga*e the other three stiff prison terms. o In 1MD!, Hohn 0. Altgeld, a &erman$born 7emocrat was elected go*ernor of Illinois and pardoned the three sur*i*ors after studying the case e#tensi*ely. o ?e recei*ed *iolent *erbal abuse for that and was defeated during re$election. %. "his so$called ?aymar'et /6uare .ombing fore*er associated the Cnights of -abor with anarchists and lowered their popularity and effecti*eness2 membership declined, and those that remained fused with other labor unions. 3"3# The A0 o% & to the 0ore 1. In 1MM6, /amuel &ompers founded the American Bederation of -abor. o It consisted of an association of self$go*erning national unions, each of which 'ept its independence, with the AB of - unifying o*erall strategy. !. &ompers demanded a fairer share for labor. o ?e simply wanted Kmore,L and sought better wages, hours, and wor'ing conditions. %. "he AB of - established itself on solid but narrow foundations, since it tried to spea' for all wor'ers but fell far short of that. o 3omposed of s'illed laborers, it was willing to let uns'illed laborers fend for themsel*es. 3ritics called it Kthe labor trust.L

). Brom 1MM1 to 1D00, there were o*er !%,000 stri'es in*ol*ing 6,610,000 wor'ers with a total loss to both employers and employees of about W)50 million. o 0erhaps the greatest wea'ness of labor unions was that they only embraced a small minorityR%ERof all wor'ers. 5. ?owe*er, by 1D00, the public was starting to concede the rights of wor'ers and beginning to gi*e them some or most of what they wanted. o In 1MD), -abor 7ay was made a legal holiday. 6. A few owners were beginning to reali e that losing money to fight labor stri'es was useless, though most owners still dogmatically fought labor unions. I. If the age of big business had dawned, the age of big labor was still some distance o*er the hori on. Chapter 7B - America /o-es to the Cit1 "# The ?rban 0rontier 1. Brom 1MI0 to 1D00, the American population doubled, and the population in the cities tripled. !. 3ities grew up and out, with such famed architects as -ouis /ulli*an wor'ing on and perfecting s'yscrapers :first appearing in 3hicago in 1MM5;. o "he city grew from a small compact one that people could wal' through to get around to a huge metropolis that re6uired commuting by electric trolleys. o Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made city life more alluring. %. 7epartment stores li'e (acyJs :in +ew 5or'; and (arshall BieldJs :in 3hicago; pro*ided urban wor'ing$class Aobs and also attracted urban middle$class shoppers. o "heodore 7reiserJs /ister 3arrie told of a womanJs escapades in the big city and made cities da ling and attracti*e. o ?owe*er, the mo*e to city produced lots of trash, because while farmers always reused e*erything or fed KtrashL to animals, city dwellers, with their mail$order houses li'e /ears and (ontgomery @ard, which made things cheap and easy to buy, could simply throw away the things that they didnJt li'e anymore. ). In cities, criminals flourished, and impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings made cities smelly and unsanitary. o @orst of all were the slums, which were crammed with people. o "he so$called Kdumbbell tenementsL :which ga*e a bit of fresh air down their airshaft; were the worst since they were dar', cramped, and had little sanitation or *entilation. 5. "o escape, the wealthy of the city$dwellers fled to suburbs. ""# The New "mmigration 1. 9ntil the 1MM0s, most of the immigrants had come from the .ritish Isles and western Europe :&ermany and /candina*ia; and were 6uite literate and accustomed to some type of representati*e go*ernment. "his

was called the K<ld Immigration.L .ut by the 1MM0s and 1MD0s, this shifted to the .altic and /la*ic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite, K+ew Immigration.L o @hile the southeastern Europeans accounted for only 1DE of immigrants to the 9./. in 1MM0, by the early 1D00s, they were o*er 60EU """# $o(thern E(rope ?prooted 1. (any Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industriali ation had eliminated many Aobs. o America was also often praised to Europeans, as people boasted of eating e*eryday and ha*ing freedom and much opportunity. o 0rofit$see'ing Americans also perhaps e#aggerated the benefits of America to Europeans, so that they could get cheap labor and more money. !. ?owe*er, it should be noted that many immigrants to America stayed for a short period of time and then returned to America, and e*en those that remained :including persecuted Hews, who propagated in +ew 5or'; tried *ery hard to retain their own culture and customs. o ?owe*er, the children of the immigrants sometimes reAected this <ld @orld culture and plunged completely into American life. "+# .eactions to the New "mmigration 1. "he federal go*ernment did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful KbossesL :such as +ew 5or'Js .oss "weed; who pro*ided Aobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls. !. &radually, though, the nationJs conscience awo'e to the plight of the slums, and people li'e @alter Rauschenbusch and @ashington &ladden began preaching the K/ocial &ospel,L insisting that churches tac'le the burning social issues of the day. %. Among the people who were deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses was Hane Addams, who founded ?ull ?ouse in 1MMD to teach children and adults the s'ills and 'nowledge that they would need to sur*i*e and succeed in America. o /he e*entually won the +obel 0eace 0ri e in 1D%1, but her pacifism was loo'ed down upon by groups such as the 7aughters of the American Re*olution, who re*o'ed her membership. o <ther such settlement houses li'e ?ull ?ouse included -illian @aldJs ?enry /treet /ettlement in +ew 5or', which opened its doors in 1MD%. o /ettlement houses became centers for womenJs acti*ism and reform, as females such as Blorence Celley fought for protection of women wor'ers and against child labor. o "he new cities also ga*e women opportunities to earn money and support themsel*es better :mostly single women, since being both a wor'ing mother and wife was frowned upon;. +# Narrowing the We come /at

1. "he Knati*ismL and anti$foreignism of the 1M)0s and 1M50s came bac' in the 1MM0s, as the &ermans and western Europeans loo'ed down upon the new /la*s and .altics, fearing that a mi#ing of blood would ruin the fairer Anglo$/a#on races and create inferior offspring. o "he Knati*eL Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban go*ernment. "hese new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arri*ed in America a few decades before. o "rade unionists hated them for their willingness to wor' for super$low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines li'e socialism and communism into the 9./. !. Anti$foreign organi ations li'e the American 0rotecti*e Association :A0A; arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leaders were 6uic' to try to stop new immigration, since immigrants were fre6uently used as stri'ebrea'ers. %. Binally, in 1MM!, 3ongress passed the first restricti*e law against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and con*icts from coming here. ). In 1MM5, another law was passed banning the importation of foreign wor'ers under usually substandard contracts. 5. -iteracy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they were finally passed in 1D1I, but the 1MM! immigration law also barred the 3hinese from coming :the 3hinese E#clusion Act;. 6. Ironically in this anti$immigratnt climate, the /tatue of -iberty arri*ed from BranceRa gift from the Brench to America in 1MM6. +"# Ch(rches Con%ront the ?rban Cha enge 1. /ince churches had mostly failed to ta'e any stands and rally against the urban po*erty, plight, and suffering, many people began to 6uestion the ambition of the churches, and began to worry that /atan was winning the battle of good and e*il. o "he emphasis on material gains worried many. !. A new generation of urban re*i*alists stepped in, including people li'e 7wight -yman (oody, a man who proclaimed the gospel of 'indness and forgi*eness and adapted the old$time religion to the facts of city life. o "he (oody .ible Institute was founded in 3hicago in 1MMD and continued wor'ing well after his 1MDD death. %. Roman 3atholic and Hewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigration. o 3ardinal &ibbons was popular with Roman 3atholics and 0rotestants, as he preached American unity. o .y 1MD0, Americans could choose from 150 religions, including the new /al*ation Army, which tried to help the poor and unfortunate. ). "he 3hurch of 3hrist, /cientist :3hristian /cience;, founded by (ary .a'er Eddy, preached a per*ersion of 3hristianity that she claimed healed sic'ness. 5. 5(3AJs and 5@3AJs also sprouted.

+""# ,arwin ,isr(pts the Ch(rches 1. In 1M5D, 3harles 7arwin published his <n the <rigin of /pecies, which set forth the new doctrine of e*olution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists. o K(odernistsL too' a step from the fundamentalists and refused to belie*e that the .ible was completely accurate and factual. "hey contended that the .ible was merely a collection of moral stories or guidelines, but not sacred scripture inspired by &od. !. 3olonel Robert &. Ingersoll was one who denounced creationism, as he had been widely persuaded by the theory of e*olution. <thers blended creationism and e*olution to in*ent their own interpretations. +"""# The &(st %or &earning 1. A new trend began in the creation of more public schools and the pro*ision of free te#tboo's funded by ta#payers. o .y 1D00, there were 6,000 high schools in America2 'indergartens also multiplied. !. 3atholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. %. "o partially help adults who couldnJt go to school, the 3hautau6ua mo*ement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1MI). It included public lectures to many people by famous writers and e#tensi*e at$home studies. ). Americans began to de*elop a faith in formal education as a solution to po*erty. "3# !ooker T# Washington and Ed(cation %or ! ack Peop e 1. "he /outh, war$torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, especially for .lac's, so .oo'er ". @ashington, an e#$sla*e came to help. ?e started by heading a blac' normal :teacher; and industrial school in "us'egee, Alabama, and teaching the students useful s'ills and trades. o ?owe*er, he a*oided the issue of social e6uality2 he belie*ed in .lac's helping themsel*es first before gaining more rights. !. <ne of @ashingtonJs students was &eorge @ashington 3ar*er, who later disco*ered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. %. ?owe*er, @.E... 7u .ois, the first .lac' to get a 0h.7. from ?ar*ard 9ni*ersity, demanded complete e6uality for .lac's and action now. ?e also founded the +ational Association for the Ad*ancement of 3olored 0eople :+AA30; in 1D10. o (any of 7u.oisJs differences with @ashington reflected the contrasting life e#periences of southern and northern .lac's. 3# The *a owed *a s o% "-1 1. 3olleges and uni*ersities sprouted after the 3i*il @ar, and colleges for women, such as =assar, were gaining ground. o Also, colleges for both genders grew, especially in the (idwest, and .lac' colleges also were established, such as ?oward 9ni*ersity in @ashington 7.3., Atlanta 9ni*ersity, and ?ampton Institute in =irginia.

!. "he (orrill Act of 1M6! had pro*ided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was e#tended by the ?atch Act of 1MMI, which pro*ided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural e#periment stations in connection with the land$grant colleges. %. 0ri*ate donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including 3ornell, -eland /tanford Hunior, and the 9ni*ersity of 3hicago, which was funded by Hohn 7. Roc'efeller. ). Hohns ?op'ins 9ni*ersity maintained the nationJs first high$grade graduate school. 3"# The /arch o% the /ind 1. "he electi*e system of college was gaining popularity, and it too' off especially after 7r. 3harles @. Eliot became president of ?ar*ard. !. (edical schools and science were prospering after the 3i*il @ar. o 7isco*eries by -ouis 0asteur and Hoseph -ister :antiseptics; impro*ed medical science and health. o "he brilliant but sic'ly @illiam Hames helped establish the discipline of beha*ioral psychology, with his boo's 0rinciples of 0sychology :1MD0;, "he @ill to .elie*e :1MDI;, and =arieties of Religious E#perience :1D0!;. ?is greatest wor' was 0ragmatism :1D0I;, which preached what he belie*ed in4 pragmatism :e*erything has a useful purpose;. 3""# The Appea o% the Press 1. -ibraries such as the -ibrary of 3ongress also opened across America, bringing literature into peopleJs homes. !. @ith the in*ention of the -inotype in 1MM5, the press more than 'ept pace with demand, but competition spar'ed a new brand of Aournalism called Kyellow Aournalism,L in which newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false or 6uite e#aggerated4 se#, scandal, and other human$interest stories. %. "wo new Aournalistic tycoons emerged4 Hoseph 0ulit er :+ew 5or' @orld; and @illiam Randolph ?earst :/an Brancisco E#aminer, et al.;. d. -uc'ily, the strengthening of the Associated 0ress, which had been established in the 1M)0s, helped to offset some of the 6uestionable Aournalism. e. ?i (rs. CellyU 3"""# Apost es o% .e%orm 1. (aga ines li'e ?arperJs, the Atlantic (onthly, and /cribnerJs (onthly partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading, but perhaps the most influential of all was the +ew 5or' +ation, launched in 1M65 by Edwin -. &od'in, a merciless critic. "hese were all liberal, reform$minded publications. !. Another enduring Aournalist$author was ?enry &eorge, who wrote 0rogress and 0o*erty, which undertoo' to sol*e the association of po*erty with progress.

It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income ta#Rthe more you ma'e, the greater percent you pay in ta#es. %. Edward .ellamy published -oo'ing .ac'ward in 1MMM, in which he critici ed the social inAustices of the day and pictured a utopian go*ernment that had nationali ed big business ser*ing the public good.
o

3"+# Postwar Writing 1. After the war, Americans de*oured Kdime$no*elsL which depicted the wild @est and other romantic and ad*enturous settings. o "he 'ing of dime no*elists was ?arland B. ?alsey, who made 650 of these no*els. o &eneral -ewis @allace wrote .en ?ur4 A "ale of the 3hrist, which combated the ideas and beliefs of 7arwinism and reaffirmed the traditional 3hristian faith. !. ?oratio Alger was e*en more popular, since his rags$to$riches boo's told that *irtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. ?is most notable boo' was titled Ragged 7ic'. %. @alt @hitman was one of the old writers who still remained acti*e, publishing re*isions of his hardy perennial4 -ea*es of &rass. ). Emily 7ic'inson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death. 5. <ther lesser poets included /idney -anier, who was oppressed by po*erty and ill health. 3+# &iterar1 &andmarks 1. <ther famous writers4 o Cate 3hopin, wrote about adultery, suicide, and womenJs ambitions in "he Awa'ening. o (ar' "wain :/amuel 3lemens; wrote many boo's, including "he Ad*entures of "om /awyer, "he Ad*entures of ?uc'leberry Binn, Roughing It about the wild @est, "he &ilded Age :hence the term gi*en to the era of corruption after the 3i*il @ar; and "he 3elebrated Humping Brog of 3ala*eras 3ounty. o .ret ?arte wrote 3alifornia gold rush stories. o @illiam 7ean ?owells became editor in chief of the Atlantic (onthly and wrote about ordinary people and sometimes$contro*ersial social themes. o /tephen 3rane wrote about the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America :prostitutes, etc.; in such boo's li'e (aggie4 &irl of the /treet. ?e also wrote "he Red .adge of 3ourage, a tale about a 3i*il @ar soldier. o ?enry Hames wrote 7aisy (iller and 0ortrait of a -ady, often ma'ing women his central characters in his no*els and e#ploring their personalities. o Hac' -ondon wrote about the wild une#plored regions of wilderness in "he 3all of the @ild, @hite Bang, and "he Iron ?eel. o Bran' +orrisJs "he <ctopus e#posed the corruption of the railroads. o 0aul -aurence 7unbar and 3harles @. 3hesnutt, two .lac' writers, used .lac' dialect and fol'lore in their poems and stories, respecti*ely.

3+"# The New /ora it1 1. =ictoria @oodhull proclaimed free lo*e, and together with her sister, "ennessee 3laflin, wrote @oodhull and 3laflinJs @ee'ly, which shoc'ed readers with e#pos`s of affairs, etc. !. Anthony 3omstoc' waged a lifelong war on the Kimmoral.L %. "he Knew moralityL reflected se#ual freedom in the increase of birth control, di*orces, and fran' discussion of se#ual topics. 3+""# 0ami ies and Women in the Cit1 1. 9rban life was stressful on families, who were often separated, and e*eryone had to wor'Re*en children as young as ten years old. o @hile on farms, more children meant more people to har*est and help, in the cities, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of po*erty. !. In 1MDM, 3harlotte 0er'ins &ilman published @omen and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through producti*e in*ol*ement in the economy. o /he also ad*ocated day$care centers and centrali ed nurseries and 'itchens. %. Beminists also rallied toward suffrage, forming the +ational American @oman /uffrage Association in 1MD0, an organi ation led by Eli abeth 3ady /tanton :whoJd organi ed the first womenJs rights con*ention in 1M)M at /eneca Balls, +5; and /usan .. Anthony. ). .y 1D00, a new generation of women acti*ists were present, led by 3arrie 3hapman 3att, who stressed the desirability of gi*ing women the *ote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homema'ers in the increasingly public world of the city. o "he @yoming "erritory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1M6D. o "he &eneral Bederation of @omenJs 3lubs also encouraged womenJs suffrage. 5. Ida .. @ells rallied toward better treatment for .lac's as well and formed the +ational Association of 3olored @omen in 1MD6. 3+"""# Prohibition o% A coho and $ocia Progress 1. 3oncern o*er the popularity :and dangers; of alcohol was also present, mar'ed by the formation of the +ational 0rohibition 0arty in 1M6D. o <ther organi ations li'e the @omenJs 3hristian "emperance 9nion also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the be*erage. -eaders included Brances E. @illard and 3arrie A. +ation who literally wielded a hatchet and hac'ed up bars. o "he Anti$/aloon -eague was also formed in 1MD%. !. "he American /ociety for the 0re*ention of 3ruelty to Animals was formed in 1M66 to discourage the mistreatment of li*estoc', and the American Red 3ross, formed by 3lara .arton, a 3i*il @ar nurse, was formed in 1MM1.

3"3# Artistic Tri(mphs 1. Art was largely suppressed during the first half of the 1M00s and failed to really ta'e flight in America, forcing such men as Hames @histler and Hohn /inger /argent to go to Europe to study art. !. (ary 3assatt painted sensiti*e portraits of women and children, while &eorge Inness became AmericaJs leading landscapist. %. "homas Ea'ins was a great realist painter, while @inslow ?omer was perhaps the most famous and the greatest of all. ?e painted scenes of typical +ew England life :schools and such;. ). &reat sculptors included Augustus /aint$&audens, who made the Robert &ould /haw memorial, located in .oston, in 1MDI. 5. (usic reached new heights with the erection of opera houses and the emergence of Aa . 6. "homas Edison in*ented the phonograph, which allowed the reproduction of sounds that could be heard by listeners. I. ?enry ?. Richardson was another fine architect whose KRichardsonianL architecture was famed around the country. o "he 3olumbian E#position in 1MD%, in 3hicago, displayed many architectural triumphs. 33# The !(siness o% Am(sement 1. In entertainment, 0hineas ". .arnum :who 6uipped, K"hereJs a suc'er born e*ery minute,L and K0eople lo*e to be humbugged.L; and Hames A. .ailey teamed up in 1MM1 to stage the K&reatest /how on EarthL :now the Ringling .ros. and .arnum and .ailey 3ircus;. !. K@ild @estL shows, li'e those of K.uffalo .illL 3ody :and the mar'swoman Annie <a'ley who shot holes through tossed sil*er dollars; were e*er$popular, and baseball and football became popular as well. %. .aseball emerged as AmericaJs national pastime. ). @restling gained popularity and respectability. 5. In 1MD1, Hames +aismith in*ented bas'etball. Chapter 7D - The 5reat West and the Agric( t(ra .e-o (tion "# The C ash o% C( t(res on the P ains 1. After the 3i*il @ar, the &reat @est was still relati*ely untamed, wild, full of Indians, bison, and wildlife, and sparsely populated by a few (ormons and (e#icans. !. As the @hite settlers began to populate the &reat @est, the Indians, caught in the middle, increasingly turned against each other, were infected with @hite manJs diseases, and stuc' battling to hunt the few remaining bison that were still ranging around. o "he /iou#, displaced by 3hippewas from the their ancestral lands at the headwaters of the (ississippi in the late 1I00s, e#panded at the e#pense of the 3rows, Ciowas, and 0awnees, and Austified their actions by reasoning that @hite men had done the same thing to them. "he Indians had become great riders, hunters, and fighters e*er since the /panish had introduced the horse to them.

%. "he federal go*ernment tried to pacify the Indians by signing treaties at Bort -aramie in 1M51 and Bort At'inson in 1M5% with the chiefs of the tribes. ?owe*er, the 9./. failed to understand that such KtribesL and KchiefsL didnJt necessarily represent groups of people in Indian culture, and that in most cases, +ati*e Americans didnJt recogni e authorities outside of their families. ). In the 1M60s, the 9./. go*ernment intensified its efforts by herding Indians into still smaller and smaller reser*ations :li'e the 7a'ota "erritory;. o Indians were often promised that they wouldnJt be bothered further after mo*ing out of their ancestral lands, and often, Indian agents were corrupt and pawned off shoddy food and products to their own fellow Indians. o @hite men often disregarded treaties, though, and fre6uently swindled the Indians. 5. In frustration, many +ati*e American tribes fought bac'. A slew of Indian *s. @hite s'irmishes emerged between roughly 1M6) to 1MD0 in the so$called KIndian @ars.L o After the 3i*il @ar, the 9./. ArmyJs new mission becameRgo clear Indians out of the @est for @hite settlers to mo*e in. o (any times though, the Indians were better e6uipped than the federal troops sent to 6uell their re*olts because arrows could be fired more rapidly than a mu le$loaded rifle. In*ention of the 3olt .)5 re*ol*er :si#$shooter; and @inchester repeating rifle changed this. o &enerals /herman, /heridan, and 3uster :at -ittle .ighorn; all battled Indians. ""# .eceding Nati-e Pop( ation 1. =iolence reigned supreme in Indian$@hite relations. o In 1M6), at /and 3ree', 3olorado, 3olonel H.(. 3hi*ingtonJs militia massacred some four hundred Indians in cold bloodRIndians who had thought they had been promised immunity and Indians who were peaceful and harmless. o In 1M66, a /iou# war party ambushed 3aptain @illiam H. BettermanJs command of M1 soldiers and ci*ilians who were constructing the .o eman "rail to the (ontana goldfields, lea*ing no sur*i*ors. "his massacre was one of the few Indian *ictories, as another treaty at Bort -aramie was signed two years later. !. 3olonel 3uster found gold in the .lac' ?ills of /outh 7a'ota :sacred /iou# land;, and hordes of gold$see'ers in*aded the /iou# reser*ation in search of gold, causing /itting .ull and the /iou# to go on the warpath, completely decimating 3usterJs /e*enth 3al*ary at -ittle .ig ?orn in the process. o "he reinforcements that arri*ed later brutally hunted down the Indians who had attac'ed, including their leader, /itting .ull :he escaped;. %. "he +e 0erc` Indians also re*olted when gold see'ers made the go*ernment shrin' their reser*ation by D0E, and after a tortuous battle, 3hief Hoseph finally surrendered his band after a long tre'

across the 3ontinental 7i*ide toward 3anada. ?e buried his hatchet and ga*e his famous speech saying, KBrom where the sun now stands I will fight no more fore*er.L ). "he most difficult to subdue were the Apache tribes of Ari ona and +ew (e#ico, led by &eronimo, but e*en they finally surrendered after being pushed to (e#ico, and afterwards, they became successful farmers. 5. "he Indians were subdued due to :1; the railroad, which cut through the heart of the @est, :!; the @hite manJs diseases, :%; the e#termination of the buffalo, :); wars, and :5; the loss of their land to @hite settlement. """# !e owing *erds o% !ison 1. In the early days, tens of millions of bison dotted the American prairie, and by the end of the 3i*il @ar, there were still 15 million buffalo gra ing, but it was the eruption of the railroad that really started the buffalo massacre. o (any people 'illed buffalo for their meat, their s'ins, or their tongues, but many people either 'illed the bison for sport or 'illed them, too' only one small part of their bodies :li'e the tongue; and Aust left the rest of the carcass to rot. !. .y 1MM5, fewer than 1,000 buffalo were left, and the species was in danger of e#tinction. "hose left were mostly in 5ellowstone +ational 0ar'. "+# The End o% the Trai 1. /ympathy for the Indians finally materiali ed in the 1MM0s, helped in part by ?elen ?unt Hac'sonJs boo' A 3entury of 7ishonor and her no*el Ramona. o ?umanitarians wanted to 'indly help Indians Kwal' the @hite manJs roadL while the hard$liners stuc' to their K'ill Vem allL beliefs, and no one cared much for the traditional Indian heritage and culture. !. <ften, ealous @hite missionaries would force Indians to con*ert, and in 1MM), they helped urge the go*ernment to outlaw the sacred /un 7ance, called the &host 7ance by @hites. It was a festi*al that @hites thought was the war$drum beating. o At the .attle of @ounded Cnee, the K&host 7anceL was brutally stamped out by 9./. troops, who 'illed women and children as well. "his battle mar's the end of the Indian @ars as by then the Indians were all either on reser*ations or dead. %. "he 7awes /e*eralty Act of 1MMI dissol*ed the legal entities of all tribes, but if the Indians beha*ed the way @hites wanted them to beha*e :become farmers on reser*ations;, they could recei*e full 9./. citi enship in !5 years :full citi enship to all Indians was granted in 1D!);. Ironically, an immigrant from a foreign nation could become a citi en much, much faster than a nati*e$born +ati*e American. o Reser*ation land not allotted to Indians under the act was sold to railroads.

In 1MID, the 3arlisle Indian /chool in 0ennsyl*ania was founded to teach +ati*e American children how to beha*e li'e @hites, completely erasing their culture. "he 7awes Act struc' forcefully at the Indians, and by 1D00 they had lost half the land than they had held !0 years before. "his plan would outline 9./. policy toward Indians until the 1D%) Indian Reorgani ation Act which helped the Indian population rebound and grow.

+# /ining; 0rom ,ishpan to 6re !reaker 1. &old was disco*ered in 3alifornia in the late 1M)0s, and in 1M5M, the same happened at 0i'eJs 0ea' in 3olorado. KBifty$+inersL floc'ed out there, but within a month or two, the gold had run out. !. "he 3omstoc' -ode in +e*ada was disco*ered in 1M5D, and a fantastic amount of gold and sil*er worth more than W%)0 million was mined. %. /maller Kluc'y stri'esL also drew money$lo*ers to (ontana, Idaho, and other western states. Anarchy in these outposts seemed to rule, but in the end, what was left were usually ghost towns. ). After the surface gold was found, ore$brea'ing machinery was brought in to brea' the gold$bearing 6uart :which was *ery e#pensi*e to do;. 5. @omen found new rights in these @estern lands howe*er, gaining suffrage in @yoming :1M6D; :the first place for women to *ote;, 9tah :1MI0;, 3olorado :1MD%; and Idaho :1MD6;. 6. (ining also added to the fol'lore and American literature :.ret ?arte , (ar' "wain;. +"# !ee% !onan'as and the &ong ,ri-e 1. As cities bac' east boomed in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the demand for food and meat increased sharply. !. "he problem of mar'eting meat profitably to the public mar'et and cities was sol*ed by the new transcontinental railroads. 3attle could now be shipped to the stoc'yards under Kbeef baronsL li'e the /wifts and Armours. o "he meat$pac'aging industry thus sprang up. %. "he K-ong 7ri*eL emerged to become a spectacular feeder of the slaughterhouses, as "e#as cowboys herded cattle across desolate land to railroad terminals in Cansas. o 7odge 3ity, Abilene, <gallala, and 3heyenne became fa*orite stopo*ers. At 7odge 3ity @yatt Earp and in Abilene, (arshal Hames .. ?ic'o' maintained order. ). "he railroads made the cattle herding business prosper, but it also destroyed it, for the railroads also brought sheepherders and homesteaders who built barbed$wire, in*ented by /amuel &lidden, fences that erased the open$range days of the long cattle dri*es. o Also, bli ards in the winter of 1MM6$MI left da ed cattle star*ing and free ing. 5. .reeders learned to fence their ranches and to organi e :i.e. the @yoming /toc'$ &rowersJ Association;. o "he legends of the cowboys were made here at this time, but li*ed on in American lore.

+""# The 0armers8 0rontier 1. "he ?omestead Act of 1M6! allowed fol's to get as much as 160 acres of land in return for li*ing on it for fi*e years, impro*ing it, and paying a nominal fee of about W%0.00. <r, it allowed fol's to get land after only si# monthJs residence for W1.!5 an acre. o .efore, the 9./. go*ernment had sold land for re*enue, but now, it was gi*ing it away. o "his act led half a million families to buy land and settle out @est, but it often turned out to be a cruel hoa# because in the dry &reat 0lains, 160 acres was rarely enough for a family to earn a li*ing and sur*i*e. And often, families were forced to gi*e up their homesteads before the fi*e years were up, since droughts, bad land, and lac' of necessities forced them out. o ?owe*er, fraud was spawned by the ?omestead Act, since almost ten times as much land ended up in the hands of land$grabbing promoters than in the hands of real farmers. /ometimes these cheats would not e*en li*e on the land, but say that theyJd erected a Ktwel*e by fourteenL dwellingRwhich later turned out to be twel*e by fourteen inchesU !. "aming @estern 7eserts o Railroads such as the +orthern 0acific helped de*elop the agricultural @est, a place where, after the tough, horse$trodden lands had been plowed and watered, pro*ed to be surprisingly fertile. o 7ue to higher wheat prices resulting from crop failures around the world, more people rashly pushed further westward, past the 100th meridian :which is also the magic !0$inch per year rainfall line;, where it was difficult to grow crops. ?ere, as warned by geologist Hohn @esley 0owell, so little rain fell that successful farming could only be attained by massi*e irrigation. "o counteract the lac' of water :and a si# year drought in the 1MM0s;, farmers de*eloped the techni6ue of Kdry farming,L or using shallow culti*ation methods to plant and farm, but o*er time, this method created a finely pul*eri ed surface soil that contributed to the notorious K7ust .owlL se*eral decades later. o A Russian species of wheatRtough and resistant to droughtRwas brought in and grew all o*er the &reat 0lains, while other plants were chosen in fa*or of corn. o ?uge federally financed irrigation proAects soon caused the K&reat American 7esertL to bloom, and dams that tamed the (issouri and 3olumbia Ri*ers helped water the land. +"""# The 0ar West Comes o% Age 1. "he &reat @est e#perienced a population surge, as many people mo*ed onto the frontier. !. +ew states li'e 3olorado, +orth 7a'ota, /outh 7a'ota, (ontana, @ashington, Idaho, and @yoming were admitted into the 9nion. o +ot until 1MD6 was 9tah allowed into the 9nion, and by the !0th century, only <'lahoma, +ew (e#ico, and Ari ona remained as territories.

In <'lahoma, the 9./. go*ernment made a*ailable land that had formerly belonged to the +ati*e Americans, and thousands of K/oonersL Aumped the boundary line and illegally went into <'lahoma, often forcing 9./. troops to e*ict them. o <n April !!, 1MMD, <'lahoma was legally opened, and 1M years later, in 1D0I, <'lahoma became the K/ooner /tate.L %. In 1MD0, for the first time, the 9./. census announced that a frontier was no longer discernible. ). "he KclosingL of the frontier inspired the "urner "hesis, which stated that America needed a frontier. 5. At first, the public didnJt seem to notice that there was no longer a frontier, but later, they began to reali e that the land was not infinite, and concern led to the first national par' being opened, 5ellowstone, founded in 1MI!, followed by 5osemite and /e6uoia :1MD0;.
o

"3# The 0ading 0rontier 1. "he frontier was a state of mind and a symbol of opportunity. !. "he Ksafety *al*e theoryL stated that the frontier was li'e a safety *al*e for fol's who, when it became too crowded in their area, could simply pac' up and lea*e, mo*ing @est. o Actually, few city$dwellers left the cities for the @est, since they didnJt 'now how to farm2 the @est increasingly became less and less a land of opportunity for farms, but still was good for hard laborers and ranchers. o /till, free acreage did lure a host of immigrant farmers to the @estRfarmers that probably wouldnJt ha*e come to the @est had the land not been cheapRand the lure of the @est may ha*e led to city employers raising wages to 'eep wor'ers in the cities. %. It seems that the cities, not the @est, were the safety *al*es, as busted farmers and fortune see'ers made 3hicago and /an Brancisco into large cities. ). <f hundreds of years, Americans had e#panded west, and it was in the trans$(ississippi west that the Indians made their last stand, where Anglo culture collided with ?ispanic culture, and where America faced Asia. 5. "he life that we li*e today is one that those pioneers dreamed of, and the life that they li*ed is one of which we can only dream. 3# The 0arm !ecomes a 0actor1 1. Barmers were now increasingly producing single KcashL crops, since they could then concentrate their efforts, ma'e profits, and buy manufactured goods from mail order companies, such as the Aaron (ontgomery @ard catalogue :first sent in 1MI!; or from /ears. !. -arge$scale farmers tried ban'ing, railroading, and manufacturing, but new in*entions in farming, such as a steam engine that could pull a plow, seeder, or harrow, the new twine binder, and the combined reaper$thresher sped up har*esting and lowered the number of people needed to farm.

Barmers, though, were inclined to blame ban's and railroads for their losses rather than their own shortcomings. %. "he mechani ation of agriculture led to enormous farms, such as those in the (innesota$+orth 7a'ota area and the 3entral =alley of 3alifornia. o ?enry &eorge described the state as a country of plantations and estates. o 3alifornia *egetables and fruits, raised by ill$paid (e#ican wor'ers, made handsome profits when sold to the East.
o

3"# ,e% ation ,ooms the ,ebtor 1. In the 1MM0s, when world mar'ets rebounded, produced more crops, and forced prices down, the farmers in America were the ones that found ruin. !. 0aying bac' debts was especially difficult in this deflation$filled time during which there was simply not enough money to go around for e*eryone. -ess money in circulation was called Kcontraction.L %. Barmers operated year after year on losses and li*ed off their fat as best they could, but thousands of homesteads fell to mortgages and foreclosures, and farm tenancy rather than farm ownership was increasing. ). "he fall of the farmers in the late 1M00s was similar to the fall of the /outh and its KCing 3ottonL during the 3i*il @ar4 depending solely on one crop was good in good times but disastrous during less prosperous times. 3""# ?nhapp1 0armers 1. In the late 1MM0s and early 1MD0s, droughts, grasshopper plagues, and searing heat wa*es made the toiling farmers miserable and poor. !. 3ity, state, and federal go*ernments added to this by gouging the farmers, ripping them off by ma'ing them pay painful ta#es when they could least afford to do so. %. "he railroads :by fi#ing freight prices;, the middlemen :by ta'ing huge cuts in profits;, and the *arious har*ester, barbed wire, and fertili er trusts all harassed farmers. ). In 1MD0, one half of the 9./. population still consisted of farmers, but they were hopelessly disorgani ed. 3"""# The 0armers Take Their $tand 1. In the &reenbac' mo*ement after the 3i*il @ar, agrarian unrest had flared forth as well. !. In 1M6I, the +ational &range of the 0atrons of ?usbandry, better 'nown as "he &range, was founded by <li*er ?. Celley to impro*e the li*es of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal acti*ities. o E*entually, it spread to claim o*er M00,000 members in 1MI5, and the &range changed its goals to include the impro*ement of the collecti*e plight of the farmer.

"he &rangers found most success in the upper (ississippi =alley, and e*entually, they managed to get 3ongress to pass a set of regulations 'nown as the &ranger -aws, but afterwards, their influence faded. %. "he &reenbac' -abor 0arty also attracted farmers, and in 1MIM, the &reenbac' -aborites polled o*er a million *otes and elected 1) members of 3ongress. o In 1MM0, the &reenbac'ers ran &eneral Hames .. @ea*er, a 3i*il @ar general, but he only polled %E of the popular *ote.
o

3"+# Pre (de to Pop( ism 1. "he BarmersJ Alliance, founded in the late 1MI0s, was another coalition of farmers see'ing to o*erthrow the chains from the ban's and railroads that bound them. o ?owe*er, its programs only aimed at those who owned their own land, thereby ignoring the tenant farmers, and it purposely e#cluded .lac's. o "he Alliance members agreed on the :1; nationali ation of railroads, :!; the abolition of national ban's, :%; a graduated income ta#, and :); a new federal sub$treasury for farmers. !. 0opulists were led by Ignatius 7onnelly from (innesota and (ary Eli abeth -ease, both of whom spo'e elo6uently and attac'ed those that hurt farmers :ban's, railroads, etc.;. %. "he Alliance was still not to be brushed aside, and in the coming decade, they would combine into a new 0eopleJs 0arty :ACA, the 0opulist 0arty; to launch a new attac' on the northeastern citadels of power. 3+# Coxe18s Arm1 and the P( man $trike 1. "he 0anic of 1MD% fueled the passion of the 0opulists. (any disgruntled unemployed fled to 7.3. calling for change. o (ost famous of these people was K&eneralL Hacob 3o#ey. K3o#eyJs ArmyL marched on @ashington with scores of followers and many newspaper reporters. "hey called for4 relie*ing unemployment by an inflationary go*ernment public wor's program. an issuance of W500 million in legal tender notes. o "he march fi led out when they were arrested for wal'ing on the grass. !. "he 0ullman /tri'e in 3hicago, led by Eugene 7ebs, was more dramatic. o 7ebs helped organi e the wor'ers of the 0ullman 0alace 3ar 3ompany. o "he company was hit hard by the depression and cut wages by about 1>%. o @or'ers struc', sometimes *iolently. o 9./. Attorney &eneral Richard <lney called in federal troops to brea' up the stri'e. ?is rationale4 the stri'e was interfering with the transit of 9./. mail. o 7ebs went to prison for 6 months and turned into the leading /ocialist in America. 3+"# 5o den /c<in e1 and $i -er !r1an 1. (cCinley

"he leading Republican candidate in 1MD6 was @illiam (cCinley, a respectable and friendly former 3i*il @ar maAor who had ser*ed many years in 3ongress representing his nati*e <hio. (cCinley was the ma'ing of another <hioan, (arcus Alon o ?anna, who financially and politically supported the candidate through his political years. (cCinley was a conser*ati*e in business, preferring to lea*es things alone, and his platform was for the gold standard, e*en though he personally was not. ?is platform also called for a gold$sil*er bimetallismRpro*ided that all the other nations in the world did the same, which was not bound to happen. "he 7emocrats were in disarray and unable to come up with a candidate, until @illiam Hennings .ryan, the K.oy <rator of the 0latte,L came to their rescue. At the 1MD6 7emocratic 3on*ention in 3hicago, .ryan deli*ered a mo*ingly passionate speech in fa*or of free sil*er. In this K3ross of &old /peechL he created a sensation and won the nomination for the 7emocratic tic'et the ne#t day. "he 7emocratic tic'et called for unlimited coinage of sil*er with the ratio of 16 sil*er ounces worth as much as one ounce of gold. 7emocrats who would not stand for this left the party. /ome 7emocrats charged that theyJd stolen the 0opulist ideas, and during the Election of 1MD6, it was essentially the K7emo$0opL party.

!. .ryan
o

3+""# C ass Con% ict; P owho ders +ers(s !ondho ders 1. (cCinley won decisi*ely, getting !I1 electoral *otes, mostly from the populous East and upper (idwest, as opposed to .ryanJs 1I6, mostly from the /outh and the @est. !. "his election was perhaps the most important since the elections in*ol*ing Abraham -incoln, for it was the first to seemingly pit the pri*ileged against the underpri*ileged, and it resulted in a *ictory for big business and big cities. %. "hus, the Election of 1MD6 could be called the Kgold *s. sil*erL election. And, put to the *ote, it was clear then that Americans were going with gold. ). Also in the election, the (iddle 3lass preser*ed their comfortable way of life while the Republicans sei ed control of the @hite ?ouse of 16 more years. 3+"""# .ep(b ican $tandpattism Enthroned 1. @hen (cCinley too' office in 1MDI, he was calm and conser*ati*e, wor'ing well with his party and a*oiding maAor confrontations. !. "he 7ingley "ariff .ill was passed to replace the @ilson$&orman law and raise more re*enue, raising the tariff le*el to whopping )6.5 percent.

Chapter 7E - Empire and Expansion "# America T(rns 6(tward 1. Brom the end of the 3i*il @ar to the 1MM0s, the 9nited /tates was *ery isolationist, but in the 1MD0s, due to rising e#ports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, it began to e#pand onto the world stage, using o*erseas mar'ets to sell its goods. o "he Kyellow pressL or Kyellow AournalismL of Hoseph 0ulit er and @illiam Randolph ?earst also influenced o*erseas e#pansion, as did missionaries inspired by Re*erend Hosiah /trongJs <ur 3ountry4 ItJs 0ossible Buture and Its 0resent 3risis. /trong spo'e for ci*ili ing and 3hristiani ing sa*ages. o 0eople were interpreting 7arwinJs theory of sur*i*al$of$the$fittest to mean that the 9nited /tates was the fittest and needed to ta'e o*er other nations to impro*e them. /uch e*ents already were happening, as Europeans had car*ed up Africa and 3hina by this time. In America, 3aptain Alfred "hayer (ahanJs 1MD0 boo', The Infl!ence of ea Power Upon "istor#$ %&&'(%)*+, argued that e*ery successful world power once held a great na*y. "his boo' helped start a na*al race among the great powers and mo*ed the 9./. to na*al supremacy. It moti*ated the 9./. to loo' to e#panding o*erseas. !. Hames &. .laine pushed his K.ig /isterL policy, which sought better relations with -atin America, and in 1MMD, he presided o*er the first 0an$American 3onference, held in @ashington 7.3. %. ?owe*er, in other diplomatic affairs, America and &ermany almost went to war o*er the /amoan Islands :o*er whom could build a na*al base there;, while Italy and America almost fought due to the lynching of 11 Italians in +ew <rleans, and the 9./. and 3hile almost went to war after the deaths of two American sailors at =alparaiso in 1MD!. o "he new aggressi*e mood was also shown by the 9./.R3anadian argument o*er seal hunting near the 0ribilof Islands off the coast of Alas'a. ). An incident with =ene uela and .ritain wound up strengthening the (onroe 7octrine. o .ritish &uiana and =ene uela had been disputing their border for many years, but when gold was disco*ered, the situation worsened. o "hus, the 9./., under 0resident &ro*er 3le*eland, sent a note written by /ecretary of /tate Richard <lney to .ritain informing them that the .ritish actions were trespassing the (onroe 7octrine and that the 9./. controlled things in the Americas. o "he .ritish replied by stating that the affair was none of the 9./8s business. o 3le*eland angrily replied by appropriating a committee to de*ise a new boundary and if &reat .ritain would not accept it, then the 9./. implied it would fight for it. o .ritain didnJt want to fight because of the damage to its merchant trade that could result, the 7utch .oers of /outh Africa were about to go to war and &ermanyJs Caiser @ilhem was beginning to challenge .ritain8s power.

/eeing the benefits of an alliance with the 15an'ees,1 &reat .ritain began a period of 1patting the eagle8s head,1 instead of America 1twisting the lion8s tale.1 "his was referred to as the &reat Rapprochement or reconciliation.

""# $p(rning the *awaiian Pear 1. Brom the 1M!0s, when the first 9./. missionaries came, the 9nited /tates had always li'ed the ?awaiian Islands. !. "reaties signed in 1MI5 and 1MMI guaranteed commercial trade and 9./. rights to priceless 0earl ?arbor, while ?awaiian sugar was *ery profitable. .ut in 1MD0, the (cCinley "ariff raised the prices on this sugar, raising its price. %. Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to anne# ?awaiiRa mo*e opposed by its Gueen -iliuo'alaniRbut in 1MD%, desperate Americans in ?awaii re*olted. o "hey succeeded, and ?awaii seemed ready for anne#ation, but &ro*er 3le*eland became president again, in*estigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the anne#ation of ?awaii until he basically left office. o 3le*eland was bombarded for stopping K(anifest 7estiny,L but his actions pro*ed to be honorable for him and America. """# C(bans .ise in .e-o t 1. In 1MD5, 3uba re*olted against /pain, citing years of misrule, and the 3ubans torched their sugar cane fields in hopes that such destruction would either ma'e /pain lea*e or America interfere :the American tariff of 1MD) had raised prices on it anyway;. !. /ure enough, America supported 3uba, and the situation worsened when /panish &eneral =aleriano K.utcherL @eyler came to 3uba to crush the re*olt and ended up putting many ci*ilians into concentration camps that were terrible and 'illed many. %. "he American public clamored for action, especially when spurred on by the yellow press, but 3le*eland would do nothing. o "he (ystery of the (aine E#plosion o "he yellow presses competed against each other to come up with more sensational stories, and ?earst e*en sent artist Brederic' Remington to draw pictures of often$fictional atrocities. Bor e#ample, he drew /panish officials brutally stripping and searching an American woman, when in reality, /panish women, not men, did such acts. "hen, suddenly, on Bebruary D, 1MDM, a letter written by /panish minister to @ashington 7upuy de -ame that ridiculed 0resident (cCinley was published by ?earst. o <n Bebruary 15th of that year, the 9./. battleship 9././. (aine mysteriously e#ploded in ?a*ana ?arbor, 'illing !60 officers and men. 7espite an un'nown cause, America was war$mad and therefore /pain recei*ed the blame. ?earst called down to 3uba, K5ou supply the pictures, IJll supply the story.L

what really happened was that an accidental e#plosion had basically blown up the shipRa similar conclusion to what /panish in*estigators suggestedRbut America ignored them. "he American public wanted war, but (cCinley pri*ately didnJt li'e war or the *iolence, since he had been a 3i*il @ar maAor. In addition, (ar' ?anna and @all /treet didnJt want war because it would upset business. ). ?owe*er, on April 11, 1MDM, the president sent his war message to 3ongress anyway, since4 :1; war with /pain seemed ine*itable, :!; America had to defend democracy, and :%; opposing a war could split the Republican party and America. 5. 3ongress also adopted the "eller Amendment, which proclaimed that when the 9./. had o*erthrown /panish misrule, it would gi*e the 3ubans their freedom and not con6uer it. "+# ,ewe18s /a1 ,a1 +ictor1 at /ani a 1. <n paper, at least, the /panish had the ad*antage o*er the 9./., since it had more troops and a supposedly better army, as well as younger :and seemingly more daring; generals. !. +a*y /ecretary Hohn 7. -ong and his assistant secretary, "heodore Roose*elt had moderni ed the 9./. na*y, ma'ing it slee' and sharp. o <n Bebruary !5, 1MDM, Roose*elt cabled 3ommodore &eorge 7ewey, commanding the American Asiatic /6uadron at ?ong Cong, and told him to ta'e o*er the 0hilippines. o 7ewey did so brilliantly, completely ta'ing o*er the islands from the /panish. %. 7ewey had na*al control, but he could not storm the islands and its fortresses, so he had to wait for reinforcements, but meanwhile, other nations were mo*ing their ships into (anila ?arbor to protect their men. o "he &erman na*y defied American bloc'ade regulations, and 7ewey threatened the na*y commander with war, but luc'ily, this episode blew o*er, due in part to the .ritish assistance of America. ). Binally, on August 1%, 1MDM, American troops arri*ed and captured (anila, collaborating with Bilipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to o*erthrow the /panish rulers. 5. <n Huly I, 1MDM, the 9./. anne#ed ?awaii :so that it could use the islands to support 7ewey, supposedly;, and ?awaii recei*ed full territorial status in 1D00. +# The Con%(sed "n-asion o% C(ba
"he

Actually,

/panish sent warships to 3uba, panic'ing Americans on the Eastern seaboard, and the fleet, commanded by Admiral 3er*era, found refuge in /antiago harbor, 3uba. 1. "hen, it was promptly bloc'aded by a better American force. American ground troops, led by fat &eneral @illiam R. /hafter, were ill$prepared for combat in the tropical en*ironment :i.e. they had woolen long underwear;.

 "he

KRough Riders,L a regiment of *olunteers led by "heodore Roose*elt and 3olonel -eonard @ood, rushed to 3uba and battled at El 3aney stormed up /an Huan ?ill. Admiral 3er*era was finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed. <n land, the American army, commanded by &eneral +elson A. (iles, met little resistance as they too' o*er 0uerto Rico. /oon afterwards, on August 1!, 1MDM, /pain signed an armistice. +otably, if the /paniards had held out for a few more months, they might ha*e won, for the American army was plagued with dysentery, typhoid, and yellow fe*er. 1. Binally, "R wrote a Kround$robinL letter demanded that the 9./. go*ernment ta'e the troops out before they all died. +"# America8s Co(rse IC(rseGJ o% Empire
In

negotiations in 0aris, America got &uam and 0uerto Rico and freed 3uba, but the 0hilippines were a tough problem, since America couldnJt honorably gi*e it bac' to /pain after decades of misrule, but the 9./. couldnJt Aust ta'e it li'e an imperialistic nation. Binally, (cCinley decided to 'eep the 0hilippines, e*en though they had been ta'en one day after the end of the war, but he did so because of popular public opinion and because it meshed well with business interests. 1. "he 9./. paid W!0 million for the islands. 9pon the 9./. ta'ing of the 0hilippines, uproar bro'e out, since until now, the 9nited /tates had mostly ac6uired territory from the American continent, and e*en with Alas'a, ?awaii, and the other scattered islands, there werenJt many people li*ing there. "he Anti$Imperialist -eague sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and its members included (ar' "wain, @illiam Hames, /amuel &ompers, and Andrew 3arnegie. 1. E*en the Bilipinos wanted freedom, and denying that to them was un$American. ?owe*er, e#pansionists cried that the 0hilippines could become another ?ong Cong. 1. .ritish writer Rudyard Cipling wrote about K"he @hite (anJs .urden,L urging America to 'eep the 0hilippines and Kci*ili e them.L In the /enate, the treaty was almost not passed, but finally, @illiam Hennings .ryan argued for its passage, saying that the sooner the treaty was passed, the sooner the 9./. could get rid of the 0hilippines. "he treaty passed by only one *ote. +""# Perp exities in P(erto .ico and C(ba
"he

Bora'er Act of 1D00 ga*e 0uerto Ricans a limited degree of popular go*ernment, and in 1D1I, 3ongress granted 0uerto Ricans full American citi enship. 1. 9./. help also transformed 0uerto Rico and wor'ed wonders in sanitation, transportation, beauty, and education. In the Insular 3ases, the /upreme 3ourt barely ruled that the 3onstitution did not ha*e full authority on how to deal with the

islands :3uba and 0uerto Rico;, essentially letting 3ongress do whate*er it wanted with them. .asically, the cases said the island residents do not necessarily share the same rights as Americans. America could not impro*e 3uba that much howe*er, other than getting rid of yellow fe*er with the help of &eneral -eonard @ood and 7r. @alter Reed. 1. In 1D0!, the 9./. did indeed wal' away from 3uba, but it also encouraged 3uba to write and pass the 0latt Amendment, which became their constitution. !. "his amendment said that :1; the 9./. could inter*ene and restore order in case of anarchy, :!; that the 9./. could trade freely with 3uba, and :%; that the 9./. could get two bays for na*al bases, notably &uantanamo .ay. +"""# New *ori'ons in Two *emispheres
"he

/panish$American @ar lasted only 11% days and affirmed AmericaJs presence as a world power. ?owe*er, AmericaJs actions after the war made its &erman ri*al Aealous and its -atin American neighbors suspicious. Binally, one of the happiest results of the war was the narrowing of the bloody chasm between the 9./. +orth and /outh, which had been formed in the 3i*il @ar. 1. &eneral Hoseph @heeler was gi*en a command in 3uba. "3# =&itt e !rown !rothers> in the Phi ippines
"he

Bilipinos had assumed that they would recei*e freedom after the /panish$American @ar, but when they didnJt they re*olted against the 9./. 1. "he insurrection began on Bebruary ), 1MDD, and was led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who too' his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combat pro*ed to be useless. !. /tories of atrocities abounded, but finally, the rebellion was bro'en in 1D01 when 9./. soldiers in*aded AguinaldoJs head6uarters and captured him. 0resident (cCinley formed a 0hilippine 3ommission in 1MDD to deal with the Bilipinos, and in its second year, the organi ation was headed by amiable @illiam ?oward "aft, who de*eloped a strong attachment for the Bilipinos, calling them his Klittle brown brothers.L "he Americans tried to assimilate the Bilipinos, but the islanders resisted2 they finally got their independence on Huly ), 1D)6. 3# *inging the 6pen ,oor in China
Bollowing

its defeat by Hapan in 1MD)$1MD5, 3hina had been car*ed into Kspheres of influenceL by the European powers. Americans were alarmed, as churches worried about their missionary strongholds while businesses feared that they would not be able to e#port their products to 3hina.

 Binally,

/ecretary of /tate Hohn ?ay dispatched his famous <pen 7oor note, which urged the European nations to 'eep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. "his became the K<pen 7oor 0olicy.L 1. All the powers already holding spots of 3hina were s6ueamish, and only Italy, which had no sphere of influence of its own, accepted unconditionally. !. Russia didnJt accept it at all, but the others did, on certain conditions, and thus, 3hina was Ksa*edL from being car*ed up. In 1D00, a super$patriotic group 'nown as the K.o#ersL started the .o#ersJ Rebellion where they re*olted and too' o*er the capital of 3hina, .eiAing, ta'ing all foreigners hostage, including diplomats. After a multi$national force bro'e the rebellion, the powers made 3hina pay W%%% million for damages, of which the 9./. e*entually recei*ed W1M million. Bearing that the European powers would car*e 3hina up for good, now, Hohn ?ay officially as'ed that 3hina not be car*ed. 3"# "mperia ism or !r1anism in 1H00G
Hust

li'e four years before, it was (cCinley sitting on his front porch and .ryan acti*ely and personally campaigning, but "heodore Roose*eltJs acti*e campaigning too' a lot of the momentum away from .ryanJs. .ryanJs supporters concentrated on imperialismRa bad mo*e, considering that Americans were tired of the subAect, while (cCinleyJs supporters claimed that K.ryanism,L not imperialism, was the problem, and that if .ryan became president, he would sha'e up the prosperity that was in America at the time2 (cCinley won easily. 3""# T.; !randisher o% the !ig $tick
/i#

months later, a deranged murderer shot and 'illed @illiam (cCinley, ma'ing "heodore Roose*elt the youngest president e*er at age )!. 1. "R promised to carry out (cCinleyJs policies. "heodore Roose*elt was a barrel$chested man with a short temper, large glasses, and a stubborn mentality that always thought he was right. 1. .orn into a rich family and graduated from ?ar*ard, he was highly energetic and spirited, and his motto was K/pea' softly and carry a big stic',L or basically, K-et your actions do the tal'ing.L Roose*elt rapidly de*eloped into a master politician, and a ma*eric' uncontrollable by party machines, and he belie*ed that a president should lead, which would e#plain the precedents that he would set during his term, becoming the Kfirst modern president.L

3"""# !(i ding the Panama Cana

"R

had tra*eled to Europe and 'new more about foreign affairs than most of his predecessors, and one foreign affair that he 'new needed to be dealt with was the creation of a canal through the 3entral American isthmus. 1. 7uring the /panish$American @ar, the battleship 9././. <regon had been forced to steam all the way around the tip of /outh America to Aoin the fleet in 3uba. !. /uch a waterway would also ma'e defense of the recent island ac6uisitions easier :i.e. 0hilippines, 0uerto Rico, &uam, ?awaii;. ?owe*er, the 1M50 3layton$.ulwer "reaty with .ritain had forbade the construction by either country of a canal in the Americas without the otherJs consent and help, but that statement was nullified in 1D01 by the ?ay$0auncefote "reaty. A +icaraguan route was one possible place for a canal, but it was opposed by the old Brench 3anal 3ompany that was eager to build in 0anama and sal*age something from their costly failure there. 1. "heir leader was 0hilippe .unau$=arilla. !. "he 9./. finally chose 0anama after (ount 0el`e erupted and 'illed %0,000 people. "he 9./. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6$mile$wide strip of land in 0anama for W10 million and a W!50,000 annual payment, but this treaty was retracted by the 3olombian go*ernment, which owned 0anama. 1. "R was furious, since he wanted construction of the canal to begin before the 1D0) campaign. At this point, "R and the 9./. decided enough was enough and it was time for action. o <n +o*ember %, 1D0%, another re*olution in 0anama began with the 'illing of a 3hinese ci*ilian and a don'ey, and when 3olombia tried to stop it, the 9./., citing an 1M)6 treaty with 3olombia, wouldnJt let the 3olombian fleet through. o 0anama was thus recogni ed by the 9./., and fifteen days later, .unau$=arilla, the 0anamanian minister despite his Brench nationality, signed the ?ay$.unau$=arilla "reaty that ga*e a widened :6#10 mi.; 0anamanian one to the 9./. for W15 million. o "R didnJt acti*ely plot to tear 0anama away from 3olombia, but it seemed li'e it to the public, and to -atin America, and his actions in this incident saw him suffer a political blac' eye. In 1D0), construction began on the 0anama 3anal, but at first, problems with landslides and sanitation occurred. 1. 3olonel &eorge @ashington &oethals finally organi ed the wor'ers while 3olonel @illiam 3. &orgas e#terminated yellow fe*er. !. @hen "R *isited 0anama in 1D06, he was the first 9./. president to lea*e America for foreign soil. %. "he canal was finally finished and opened in 1D1), at a cost of W)00 million. 3"+# T.8s Per-ersion o% the /onroe ,octrine

 -atin

American nations li'e =ene uela and the 7ominican Republic were ha*ing a hard time paying their debts to their European debtors, so .ritain and &ermany decided to send a bit of force to /outh America to ma'e the -atinos pay. "R feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in -atin America, a blatant *iolation of the (onroe 7octrine, so he issued his Roose*elt 3orollary, which stated that in future cases of debt problems, the 9./. would ta'e o*er and handle any inter*ention in -atin America on behalf of Europe, thus 'eeping Europe away and the (onroe 7octrine intact. 1. It said in effect, no one could bully -atin America e#cept the 9./. !. ?owe*er, this corollary didnJt bear too well with -atin America, whose countries once again felt that 9ncle /am was being o*erbearing. @hen 9./. (arines landed in 3uba to bring bac' order to the island in 1D06, this seemed li'e an e#tension of the K.ad +eighborL policy. 3+# .oose-e t on the Wor d $tage
In

1D0), Hapan attac'ed Russia, since Russia had been in (anchuria, and proceeded to administer a series of humiliating *ictories until the Hapanese began to run short on men. 1. "herefore, they approached "heodore Roose*elt to facilitate a peace treaty. !. At 0ortsmouth, +ew ?ampshire, in 1D05, both sides met, and though both were stubborn :Hapan wanted all of the strategic island of /a'halin while the Russians disagreed;, in the end, "R negotiated a deal in which Hapan got half of /a'halin but no indemnity for its losses. %. Bor this, and his mediation of +orth African disputes in 1D06 through an international conference at Algeciras, /pain, "R recei*ed the +obel 0eace 0ri e in 1D06. ?owe*er, due to the Russo$Hapanese incident, America lost two allies in Russia and Hapan, neither of which felt that it had recei*ed its fair share of winnings. 3+"# 4apanese &aborers in Ca i%ornia
After

the war, many Hapanese immigrants poured into 3alifornia, and fears of a Kyellow perilL arose again. "he showdown came in 1D06 after the /an Brancisco earth6ua'e when the city decreed that, due to lac' of space, 3hinese, Hapanese, and Corean children should attend a special school. 1. Instantly, this became an international issue, but "R settled it e*entually. !. /an Brancisco would not displace students while Hapan would 'eep its laborers in Hapan. "o impress the Hapanese, Roose*elt sent his entire battleship fleet, K"he &reat @hite Bleet,L around the world for a tour, and it recei*ed tremendous salutes in -atin America, +ew Qealand, ?awaii, Australia, and Hapan, helping relie*e tensions.

 "he

Root$"a'ahira Agreement pledged the 9./. and Hapan to respect each otherJs territorial possessions in the 0acific and to uphold the <pen 7oor 0olicy in 3hina.

Chapter 7F - Progressi-ism and the .ep(b ican .oose-e t Progressi-ism and the .ep(b ican .oose-e t "# Progressi-e .oots 1. In the beginning of the 1D00s, America had I6 million people, mostly in good condition. "hen before the first decade of the !0th century, the 9./. would be influenced by a K0rogressi*e mo*ementJ that fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social inAustice. o "he purpose of the 0rogressi*es was to use the go*ernment as an agency of human welfare. !. "he 0rogressi*es had their roots in the &reenbac' -abor 0arty of the 1MI0s and 1MM0s and the 0opulist 0arty of the 1MD0s. %. In 1MD), ?enry 7emarest -loyd e#posed the corruption of the monopoly of the /tandard <il 3ompany with his boo' @ealth Against 3ommonwealth, while "horstein =eblen critici ed the new rich :those who made money from the trusts; in "he "heory of the -eisure 3lass :1MDD;. ). <ther e#posers of the corruption of trusts, or Kmuc'ra'ers,L as "heodore Roose*elt called them, were Hacob A. Riis, writer of ?ow the <ther ?alf -i*es, a boo' about the +ew 5or' slums and its inhabitants, and no*elist "heodore 7reiser, who wrote "he Binancier and "he "itan to attac' profiteers. 5. /ocialists and feminists gained strength, and with people li'e Hane Addams and -illian @ald, women entered the 0rogressi*e fight. ""# .aking /(ck with the /(ckrakers 1. .eginning about 1D0!, a group of aggressi*e ten and fifteen$cent popular maga ines, such as Cosmopolitan, Colliers, and ,ver#bod#s, began flinging the dirt about the trusts. !. 7espite criticism, reformer$writers ranged far and wide to lay bare the muc' on the bac' of American society. o In 1D0!, -incoln /teffens launched a series of articles in -cCl!res entitled K"he /hame of the 3ities,L in which he unmas'ed the corrupt alliance between big business and the go*ernment. o Ida (. "arbell launched a de*astating e#pos` against /tandard <il and its ruthlessness. o "hese writers e#posed the Kmoney trusts,L the railroad barons, and the corrupt amassing of American fortunes, this last part done by "homas @. -awson. o 7a*id &. 0hillips charged that I5 of the D0 9./. /enators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. o Ray /tannard .a'erJs .ollowing the Color /ine was about the illiteracy of .lac's. o Hohn /pargoJs The 0itter Cr# of the Children e#posed child labor. o 7r. ?ar*ey @. @iley e#posed the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by e#perimenting on himself.

%. "he muc'ra'ers sincerely belie*ed that cures for the ills of American democracy, was more democracy. """# Po itica Progressi-ism 1. 0rogressi*es were mostly middle$class citi ens who felt s6uee ed by both the big trusts abo*e and the restless immigrant hordes wor'ing for cheap labor that came from below. !. "he 0rogressi*es fa*ored the Kinitiati*eL so that *oters could directly propose legislation, the KreferendumL so that the people could *ote on laws that affected them, and the KrecallL to remo*e bad officials from office. %. 0rogressi*es also desired to e#pose graft, using a secret ballot :Australian ballot; to counteract the effects of party bosses, and ha*e direct election of 9./. senators to curb corruption. o Binally, in 1D1%, the 1Ith Amendment pro*ided for direct election of senators. ). Bemales also campaigned for womanJs suffrage, but that did not comeNyet. "+# Progressi-ism in the Cities and $tates 1. 0rogressi*e cities li'e &al*eston, "S either used, for the first time, e#pert$staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city$manager system, which was designed to ta'e politics out of municipal administration. !. 9rban reformers tac'led Kslumlords,L Au*enile delin6uency, and wide$open prostitution. %. In @isconsin, &o*ernor Robert (. -a Bollette wrestled control from the trusts and returned power to the people, becoming a 0rogressi*e leader in the process. o <ther states also too' to regulate railroads and trusts, such as <regon and 3alifornia, which was led by &o*ernor ?iram @. Hohnson. o 3harles E*ans ?ughes, go*ernor of +ew 5or', gained fame by in*estigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. +# Progressi-e Women 1. @omen were an indispensable catalyst in the progressi*e army. "hey couldnJt *ote or hold political office, but were acti*e none$the$less. @omen focused their changes on family$oriented ills such as child labor. !. 0rogressi*es also made maAor impro*ements in the fight against child labor, especially after a 1D11 fire at the "riangle /hirtwaist 3ompany in +53 which 'illed 1)6 wor'ers, mostly young women. o "he landmar' case of (uller *s. <regon :1D0M; found attorney -ouis 7. .randeis persuading the /upreme 3ourt to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women wor'ers. o <n the other hand, the case of -ochner *t. +ew 5or' in*alidated a +ew 5or' law establishing a ten$hour day for ba'ers. o 5et, in 1D1I, the 3ourt upheld a similar law for factory wor'ers. %. Alcohol also came under the attac' of 0rogressi*es, as prohibitionist organi ations li'e the @omanJs 3hristian

"emperance 9nion :@3"9;, founded by Brances E. @illard, and the Anti$/aloon -eague were formed. o Binally, in 1D1D, the 1Mth Amendment prohibited the sale and drin'ing of alcohol. +"# T.8s $)(are ,ea %or &abor 1. "he 0rogressi*ism spirit touched 0resident Roose*elt, and his K/6uare 7ealL embraced the three 3s4 control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conser*ation of the 9nited /tatesJ natural resources. !. In 1D0!, a stri'e bro'e out in the anthracite coalmines of 0ennsyl*ania, and some 1)0,000 wor'ers demanded a !0E pay increase and the reduction of the wor'day to nine hours. o Binally, after the owners refused to negotiate and the lac' of coal was getting to the free ing schools, hospitals, and factories during that winter, "R threatened to sei e the mines and operate them with federal troops if he had to in order to 'eep it open and the coal coming to the people. o As a result, the wor'ers got a 10E pay increase and a D$hour wor'day, but their union was not officially recogni ed as a bargaining agent. %. In 1D0%, the 7epartment of 3ommerce and -abor was formed, a part of which was the .ureau of 3orporations, which was allowed to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce2 it was highly useful in Ktrust$busting.L +""# T. Corra s the Corporations 1. "he 1MMI$formed Interstate 3ommerce 3ommission had pro*en to be inade6uate, so in 1D0%, 3ongress passed the El'ins Act, which fined railroads that ga*e rebates and the shippers that accepted them. !. "he ?epburn Act restricted the free passes of railroads. %. "R decided that there were Kgood trustsL and Kbad trusts,L and set out to control the Kbad trusts,L such as the +orthern /ecurities 3ompany, which was organi ed by H.0. (organ and Hames H. ?ill. o In 1D0), the /upreme 3ourt upheld "RJs antitrust suit and ordered +orthern /ecurities to dissol*e, a decision that angered @all /treet but helped "RJs image. ). "R did crac' down on o*er )0 trusts, and he helped dissol*e the beef, sugar, fertili er, and har*ester trusts, but in reality, he wasnJt as large of a trustbuster as he has been portrayed. o ?e had no wish to ta'e down the Kgood trusts,L but the trusts that did fall under "RJs big stic' fell symbolically, so that other trusts would reform themsel*es. 5. "RJs successor, @illiam ?oward "aft, crushed more trusts than "R, and in one incident, when "aft tried to crac' down on 9./. /teel, a company that had personally been allowed by "R to absorb the "ennessee 3oal and Iron 3ompany, the reaction from "R was hotU +"""# Caring %or the Cons(mer

1. In 1D06, significant impro*ements in the meat industry were passed, such as the (eat Inspection Act, which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped o*er state lines would be subAect to federal inspection from corral to can. o 9pton /inclairJs "he Hungle enlightened the American public to the horrors of the meatpac'ing industry, thus helping to force changes. !. "he 0ure Bood and 7rug Act tried to pre*ent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. o Another reason for new acts was to ma'e sure European mar'ets could trust American beef and other meat. "3# Earth Contro 1. Americans were *ainly wasting their natural resources, and the first conser*ation act, the 7esert -and Act of 1MII, pro*ided little help. o (ore successful was the Borest Reser*e Act of 1MD1, which authori ed the president to set aside land to be protected as national par's. 9nder this statute, some )6 million acres of forest were set aside as preser*es. !. Roose*elt, a sportsman in addition to all the other things he was, reali ed the *alues of conser*ation, and persuaded by other conser*ationists li'e &ifford 0inchot, head of the federal 7i*ision of Borestry, he helped initiate massi*e conser*ation proAects. o "he +ewlands Act of 1D0! initiated irrigation proAects for the western states while the giant Roose*elt 7am, built on Ari ona8s /alt Ri*er, was dedicated in 1D11 %. .y 1D00, only a 6uarter of the nationJs natural timberlands remained, so he set aside 1!5 million acres, establishing perhaps his most enduring achie*ement as president. ). 3oncern about the disappearance of the national frontier led to the success of such boo's li'e Hac' -ondonJs 3all of the @ild and the establishment of the .oy /couts of America and the /ierra 3lub, a member of which was naturalist Hohn (uir. 5. In 1D1%, /an Brancisco recei*ed permission to build a dam in ?etchy ?etch =alley, a part of 5osemite +ational 0ar', causing much contro*ersy. o Roose*eltJs conser*ation deal meant wor'ing with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. 3# The =.oose-e t Panic> o% 1H0E 1. "R had widespread popularity :such as the K"eddyL bear;, but conser*ati*es branded him as a dangerous rattlesna'e, unpredictable in his 0rogressi*e mo*es. !. ?owe*er, in 1D0), "R announced that he would not see' the presidency in 1D0M, since he would ha*e, in effect, ser*ed two terms by then. "hus he KdefangedL his power.

%. In 1D0I, a short but sharp panic on @all /treet placed "R at the center of its blame, with conser*ati*es critici ing him, but he lashed bac', and e*entually the panic died down. ). In 1D0M, 3ongress passed the Aldrich$=reeland Act, which authori ed national ban's to issue emergency currency bac'ed by *arious 'inds of collateral. o "his would lead to the momentous Bederal Reser*e Act of 1D1% 3"# The .o(gh .ider Th(nders 6(t 1. In the 1D0M campaign, "R chose @illiam ?oward "aft as his Ksuccessor,L hoping that the corpulent man would continue his policies, and "aft easily defeated @illiam Hennings .ryan2 a surprise came from /ocialist Eugene =. 7ebs, who garnered )!0,ID% *otes. !. "R left the presidency to go on a lion hunt, then returned with much energy. o ?e had established many precedents and had helped ensure that the new trusts would fit into capitalism and ha*e healthy adult li*es while helping the American people. o "R protected against socialism, was a great conser*ationist, e#panded the powers of the presidency, shaped the progressi*e mo*ement, launched the /6uare 7ealRa precursor to the +ew 7eal that would come later, and opened American eyes to the fact that America shared the world with other nations so that it couldnJt be isolationist. 3""# Ta%t; A .o(nd Peg in a $)(are *o e 1. @illiam "aft was a mild progressi*e, 6uite Ao*ial, 6uite fat, and passi*e. o ?e was also sensiti*e to criticism and not as liberal as Roose*elt. 3"""# The ,o ar 5oes Abroad as ,ip omat 1. "aft urged Americans to in*est abroad, in a policy called K7ollar 7iplomacy,L which called for @all /treet ban'ers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the 9./., especially in the Bar East and in the regions critical to the security of the 0anama 3anal. "his in*estment, in effect, ga*e the 9./. economic control o*er these areas. !. In 1D0D, percei*ing a threat to the monopolistic Russian and Hapanese control of the (anchurian Railway, "aft had /ecretary of /tate 0hilander 3. Cno# propose that a group of American and foreign ban'ers buy the railroads and turn them o*er to 3hina. %. "aft also pumped 9./. dollars into ?onduras and ?aiti, whose economies were stagnant, while in 3uba, the same ?onduras, the 7ominican Republic, and +icaragua, American forces were brought in to restore order after unrest. 3"+# Ta%t the Tr(stb(ster 1. In his four years of office, "aft brought D0 suits against trusts. !. In 1D11, the /upreme 3ourt ordered the dissolution of the /tandard <il 3ompany.

%. After "aft tried to brea' apart 9./. /teel despite "RJs prior appro*al of the trust, "aft increasingly became "RJs antagonist. 3+# Ta%t $p its the .ep(b ican Part1 1. "wo main issues split the Republican party4 :1; the tariff and :!; conser*ation of lands. o "o lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign promise, "aft and the ?ouse passed a moderately reducti*e bill, but the /enate, led by /enator +elson @. Aldrich, tac'ed on lots of upward re*isions, and thus, when the 0ayne$Aldrich .ill passed, it betrayed "aftJs promise, incurred the wrath of his party :drawn mostly from the (idwest;, and outraged many people. <ld Republicans were high$tariff2 new>0rogressi*e Republicans were low tariff. "aft e*en foolishly called it Kthe best bill that the Republican party e*er passed.L o @hile "aft did establish the .ureau of (ines to control mineral resources, his participation in the .allinger$0inchot 6uarrel of 1D10 hurt him. In the 6uarrel, /ecretary of the Interior Richard .allinger opened public lands in @yoming, (ontana, and Alas'a to corporate de*elopment and was critici ed by Borestry chief &ifford 0inchot, who was then fired by "aft. <ld Republicans fa*ored using the lands for business2 new>0rogressi*e Republicans fa*ored conser*ation of lands. !. In the spring of 1D10, the Republican party was split between the 0rogressi*es and the <ld &uard that "aft supported, so that the 7emocrats emerged with a landslide in the ?ouse. o /ocialist =ictor -. .erger was elected from (ilwau'ee. 3+"# The Ta%t-.oose-e t .(pt(re 1. In 1D11, the +ational 0rogressi*e Republican -eague was formed, with -aBollette as its leader, but in Bebruary 1D1!, "R began dropping hints that he wouldnJt mind being nominated by the Republicans, his reason being that he had meant no third consecuti*e term, not a third term o*erall. !. ReAected by the "aft supporters of the Republicans, "R became a candidate on the 0rogressi*e party tic'et, sho*ing -aBollette aside. %. In the Election of 1D1!, it would be "heodore Roose*elt :0rogressi*e Republican; *ersus @illiam ?. "aft :<ld &uard Republican; *ersus the 7emocratic candidate, whome*er that was to be. Chapter 7H - Wi sonian Progressi-ism at *ome and Abroad "# The =!( /oose> Campaign o% 1H17 1. @ith the Republican party split wide open, the 7emocrats sensed that they could win the presidency for the first time in 16 years. o <ne possible candidate was 7r. @oodrow @ilson, a once$mild conser*ati*e but now militant progressi*e who had been the president of 0rinceton 9ni*ersity, go*ernor of +ew Hersey :where he didnJt

!.

%. ).

5.

permit himself to be controlled by the bosses;, and had attac'ed trusts and passed liberal measures. o In 1D1!, in .altimore, the 7emocrats nominated @ilson on the )6th ballot, after @illiam Hennings .ryan swung his support o*er to @ilsonJs side. o "he 7emocratic tic'et would run under a platform called K+ew Breedom,L which would include many progressi*e reforms. At the 0rogressi*e con*ention, Hane Addams put "heodore Roose*eltJs name on the nomination, and as "R spo'e, he ignited an almost$religious spirit in the crowd. o "R got the 0rogressi*e nomination, and entering the campaign, "R said that he felt Kas strong as a bull moose,L ma'ing that animal the unofficial 0rogressi*e symbol. Republican @illiam "aft and "R tore into each other, as the former friends now ripped e*ery aspect of each otherJs platforms and personalities. (eanwhile, "RJs K+ew +ationalismL and @ilsonJs K+ew BreedomL became the 'ey issues. o Roose*eltJs +ew +ationalism was inspired by ?erbert 3rolyJs "he 0romise of American -ife :1D10;, and it stated that the go*ernment should control the bad trusts, lea*ing the good trusts alone and free to operate. "R also campaigned for female suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, such as minimum$wage laws and KsocialisticL social insurance. o @ilsonJs +ew Breedom fa*ored small enterprise, desired to brea' up all trustsRnot Aust the bad onesRand basically shunned social$welfare proposals. "he campaign was stopped when Roose*elt was shot in the chest in (ilwau'ee, but he deli*ered his speech anyway, was rushed to the hospital, and reco*ered in two wee's.

""# Woodrow Wi son; A /inorit1 President

@ith

the Republicans split, @oodrow @ilson easily won with )%5 Electoral *otes, while "R had MM and "aft only had M. .ut, the 7emocrats did not recei*e the maAority of the popular *ote :only )1E;U /ocialist Eugene =. 7ebs rac'ed up o*er D00,000 popular *otes, while the combined popular totals of "R and "aft e#ceeded @ilson. Essentially, "RJs participation had cost the Republicans the election. @illiam "aft would later become the only 9./. president to be appointed 3hief Hustice of the /upreme 3ourt, when he was nominated in 1D!1. """# Wi son; The "dea ist in Po itics
@oodrow

@ilson was a sympathi er with the /outh, a fine orator, a sincere and morally appealing politician, and a *ery intelligent man. 1. ?e was also cold personality$wise, austere, intolerant of stupidity, and *ery idealistic. @hen con*inced he was right, @ilson would brea' before he would bend, unli'e "R.

"+# Wi son Tack es the Tari%%

@ilson

stepped into the presidency already 'nowing that he was going to tac'le the Ktriple wall of pri*ilegeL4 the tariff, the ban's, and the trusts. "o tac'le the tariff, @ilson successfully helped in the passing of the 9nderwood "ariff of 1D1%, which substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income ta# :under the appro*al of the recent 16th Amendment;. +# Wi son !att es the !ankers
"he

nationJs financial structure, as created under the 3i*il @ar +ational .an'ing Act had pro*en to be glaringly ineffecti*e, as shown by the 0anic of 1D0I, so @ilson had 3ongress authori e an in*estigation to fi# this. 1. "he in*estigation, headed by /enator Aldrich, in effect recommended a third .an' of the 9nited /tates. !. 7emocrats heeded the findings of a ?ouse committee chaired by 3ongressman Arsene 0uAo, which traced the tentacles of the Kmoney monsterL into the hidden *aults of American ban'ing and business. %. -ouis 7 .randeisJs <ther 0eopleJs (oney and ?ow the .an'ers 9se It :1D1); furthermore showed the problems of American finances at the time. In Hune 1D1%, @oodrow @ilson appeared before a special Aoint session of 3ongress and pleaded for a sweeping reform of the ban'ing system. 1. "he result was the epochal 1D1% Bederal Reser*e Act, which created the new Bederal Reser*e .oard, which o*ersaw a nationwide system of twel*e regional reser*e districts, each with its own central ban', and had the power to issue paper money :KBederal Reser*e +otesL;. +"# The President Tames the Tr(sts
In

1D1), 3ongress passed the Bederal "rade 3ommission Act, which empowered a president$appointed position to in*estigate the acti*ities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false ad*ertising, mislabeling, adulteration, , bribery. "he 1D1) 3layton Anti$"rust Act lengthened the /herman Anti$"rust ActJs list of practices that were obAectionable, e#empted labor unions from being called trusts :as they had been called by the /upreme 3ourt under the /herman Act;, and legali ed stri'es and peaceful pic'eting by labor union members. +""# Wi sonian Progressi-ism at *igh Tide
After

tac'ling the triple wall of pri*ilege and leading progressi*e *ictory after *ictory, @ilson proceeded with further reforms, such as the Bederal Barm -oan Act of 1D16, which made credit a*ailable to farmers at low rates of interest, and the @arehouse Act of 1D16, which

permitted loans on the security of staple cropsRboth 0opulist ideas. "he -a Bollette /eamenJs Act of 1D15 re6uired good treatment of AmericaJs sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result of the cost to maintain sailor health. "he @or'ingmenJs 3ompensation Act of 1D16 granted assistance of federal ci*il$ser*ice employees during periods of instability but was in*alidated by the /upreme 3ourt. "he 1D16 Adamson Act established an eight$hour wor'day with o*ertime pay. @ilson e*en nominated -ouis .randeis to the /upreme 3ourtRma'ing him the first Hew e*er in that positionRbut stopped short of helping out .lac's in their ci*il rights fight. @ilson appeased the business by appointing a few conser*ati*es to the Bederal Reser*e .oard and the Bederal "rade 3ommission, but he used most of his energies for progressi*e support. +"""# New ,irections in 0oreign Po ic1
@ilson,

unli'e his two pre*ious predecessors, didnJt pursue an aggressi*e foreign policy, as he stopped Kdollar diplomacy,L persuaded 3ongress to repeal the 0anama 3anal "olls Act of 1D1! :which let American shippers not pay tolls for using the canal;, and e*en led to American ban'ersJ pulling out of a si#$nation, "aft$engineered loan to 3hina. @ilson signed the Hones Act in 1D16, which granted full territorial status to the 0hilippines and promised independence as soon as a stable go*ernment could be established. 1. "he Bilipinos finally got their independence on Huly ), 1D)6. @hen 3alifornia banned Hapanese ownership of land, @ilson sent /ecretary of /tate @illiam Hennings .ryan to plead with legislators, and tensions cooled. @hen disorder bro'e out in ?aiti in 1D15, @ilson sent American (arines, and in 1D16, he sent (arines to 6uell *iolence in the 7ominican Republic. In 1D1I, @ilson bought the =irgin Islands from 7enmar'. "3# /ora istic ,ip omac1 in /exico
(e#ico

had been e#ploited for decades by 9./. in*estors in oil, railroads, and mines, but the (e#ican people were tremendously poor, and in 1D1%, they re*olted, and installed full$blooded Indian &eneral =ictoriano ?uerta to the presidency. 1. "his led to a massi*e immigration of (e#icans to America, mostly to the /outhwest. "he rebels were *ery *iolent and threatened Americans li*ing in (e#ico, but @oodrow @ilson would not inter*ene to protect American li*es. 1. +either would he recogni e ?uertaJs regime, e*en though other countries did. !. <n the other hand, he let American munitions flow to ?uertaJs ri*als, =enustiano 3arran a and Brancisco K0anchoL =illa.

 After

a small party of American sailors were arrested in "ampico, (e#ico, in 1D1), @ilson threatened to use force, and e*en ordered the na*y to ta'e o*er =era 3ru , drawing protest from ?uerta and 3arran a. 1. Binally, the A.3 powersRArgentina, .ra il, and 3hileRmediated the situation, and ?uerta fell from power and was succeeded by 3arran a, who resented @ilsonJs acts. (eanwhile, K0anchoL =illa, combination bandit>freedom fighter, murdered 16 Americans in Hanuary of 1D16 in (e#ico and then 'illed 1D more a month later in +ew (e#ico. 1. @ilson sent &eneral Hohn H. 0ershing to capture =illa, and he penetrated deep into (e#ico, clashed with 3arran aJs and =illaJs different forces, but didnJt ta'e =illa. 3# Th(nder Across the $ea
In

1D1), a /erbian nationalist 'illed the Austro$?ungarian heir to the throne :Archdu'e Bran Berdinand;. "he domino$effect began where Austria declared war on /erbia, which was supported by Russia, who declared war on Austria$?ungary and &ermany, which declared war on Russia and Brance, then in*aded neutral .elgium, and pulled .ritain into the war and igniting @orld @ar I. Americans were than'ful that the Atlantic <cean separated the warring Europeans from the 9./. 3"# A Precario(s Ne(tra it1
@ilson,

whose wife had recently died, issued a neutrality proclamation and was promptly wooed by both the Allies and the &erman and Austro$?ungarian powers. "he &ermans and Austro$?ungarians counted on their relati*es in America for support, but the 9./. was mostly anti$&erman from the outset, as Caiser @ilhem II made for a perfect autocrat to hate. &erman and Austro$?ungarian agents in America further tarnished the 3entral 0owersJ image when they resorted to *iolence in American factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a +ew 5or' ele*ator, the contents of which were found to contain plans for sabotage. 3""# America Earns ! ood /one1
Hust

as @@I began, America was in a business recession. American trade was fiercely protested by the 3entral 0owers, that were technically free to trade with the 9./., but were prohibited from doing so by the .ritish na*y which controlled the sea lanes. "he Allies and @all /treetJs financing of the war by H.0. (organ et al, pulled the 9./. out of the recession. /o, &ermany announced its use of submarine warfare around the .ritish Isles, warning the 9./. that it would try not to attac' neutral ships, but that mista'es would probably occur. 1. @ilson thus warned that &ermany would be held to Kstrict accountabilityL for any attac's on American ships.

!. &erman subs, or 9$boats, san' many ships, including the -usitania, a .ritish passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well. "he attac' 'illed 1,1DM li*es, including 1!M Americans. +otably the &ermans had issued fliers prior to the -usitania setting sail that warned Americans the ship might be torpedoed. America clamored for war in punishment for the outrage, but @ilson 'ept the 9./. out of it by use of a series of strong notes to the &erman warlords. 1. E*en this was too much for @illiam Hennings .ryan, who resigned rather than go to war. !. After the &ermans san' the Arabic in August 1D15, 'illing two Americans and numerous other passengers, &ermany finally agreed not to sin' unarmed ships without warning. After &ermany seemed to brea' that pledge by sin'ing the /usse#, it issued the K/usse# pledge,L which agreed not to sin' passenger ships or merchant *essels without warning, so long as the 9./. could get the .ritish to stop their bloc'ade. 1. @ilson couldnJt do this, so his *ictory was a precarious one. 3"""# Wi son Wins .ee ection in 1H1D
In

1D16, Republicans chose 3harles E*ans ?ughes, who made different pledges and said different things depending on where he was, leading to his being nic'named K3harles E*asi*e ?ughes.L "he 7emocratic tic'et, with @ilson at its head again, went under the slogan K?e 'ept us out of war,L and warned that electing ?ughes would be leading America into @orld @ar I. 1. Ironically, @ilson would lead America into war in 1D1I. !. Actually, e*en @ilson 'new of the dangers of such a slogan, as American neutrality was rapidly sin'ing, and war was appearing to be ine*itable. @ilson barely beat ?ughes, with a *ote of !II to !5), with the final result dependent on results from 3alifornia, and e*en though @ilson didnJt specifically promise to 'eep America out of war, enough people felt that he did to *ote for him. Chapter 30 - The War to End Wars "# War b1 Act o% 5erman1 1. <n Hanuary !!, 1D1I, @oodrow @ilson made one final, attempt to a*ert war, deli*ering a mo*ing address that correctly declared only a Kpeace without *ictoryL :beating &ermany without embarrassing them; would be lasting. o &ermany responded by shoc'ing the world, announcing that it would brea' the /usse# pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare, which meant that its 9$boats would now be firing on armed and unarmed ships in the war one. !. @ilson as'ed 3ongress for the authority to arm merchant ships, but a band of (idwestern senators tried to bloc' this measure. %. "hen, the Qimmerman note was intercepted and published on (arch 1, 1D1I.

@ritten by &erman foreign secretary Arthur Qimmerman, it secretly proposed an alliance between &ermany and (e#ico. It proposed that if (e#ico fought against the 9./. and the 3entral 0owers won, (e#ico could reco*er "e#as, +ew (e#ico, and Ari ona from the 9./. ). "he &ermans also began to ma'e good on their threats, sin'ing numerous ships. (eanwhile, in Russia, a re*olution toppled the tsarist regime. 5. <n April !, 1D1I, 0resident @ilson as'ed 3ongress to declare war, which it did four days later2 @ilson had lost his gamble at staying out of the war.
o

""# Wi sonian "dea ism Enthroned 1. (any people still didnJt want to enter into war, for America had prided itself in isolationism for decades, and now, @ilson was entangling America in a distant war. o /i# senators and 50 representati*es, including the first 3ongresswoman, Heanette Ran'ing, *oted against war. !. "o gain enthusiasm for the war, @ilson came up with the idea of America entering the war to Kma'e the world safe for democracy.L o "his idealistic motto wor'ed brilliantly, but with the new American eal came the loss of @ilsonJs earlier motto, Kpeace without *ictory.L """# Wi son8s 0o(rteen Potent Points 1. <n Hanuary M, 1D1I, @ilson deli*ered his Bourteen 0oints Address to 3ongress. !. "he Bourteen 0oints were a set of idealistic goals for peace. "he main points wereN o +o more secret treaties. o Breedom of the seas was to be maintained. o A remo*al of economic barriers among nations. o Reduction of armament burdens. o AdAustment of colonial claims in the interests of nati*es and coloni ers. o K/elf$determination,L or independence for oppressed minority groups whoJd choose their go*ernment o A -eague of +ations, an international organi ation that would 'eep the peace and settle world disputes. "+# Cree /anip( ates /inds 1. "he 3ommittee on 0ublic Information, headed by &eorge 3reel, was created to KsellL the war to those people who were against it or to Aust gain support for it. o "he 3reel organi ation sent out an army of I5,000 men to deli*er speeches in fa*or of the war, showered millions of pamphlets containing the most potent K@ilsonismsL upon the world, splashed posters and billboards that had emotional appeals, and showed anti$&erman mo*ies li'e "he Caiser and "he .east of .erlin.

!. "here were also patriotic songs, but 3reel did err in that he o*ersold some of the ideals, and result would be disastrous disillusionment. +# En%orcing &o1a t1 and $ti%%ing ,issent 1. &ermans in America were surprisingly loyal to the 9./., but ne*ertheless, many &ermans were blamed for espionage acti*ities, and a few were tarred, feathered, and beaten. !. "he Espionage Act of 1D1I and the /edition Act of 1D1M showed American fears and paranoia about &ermans and others percei*ed as a threat. o Antiwar /ocialists and the members of the radical union Industrial @or'ers of the @orld :I@@; were often prosecuted, including /ocialist Eugene =. 7ebs and I@@ leader @illiam 7. ?aywood, who were arrested, con*icted, and sent to prison. o Bortunately, after the war, there were presidential pardons :from @arren &. ?arding;, but a few people still sat in Aail into the 1D%0s. +"# The Nation8s 0actories 5o to War 1. America was *ery unprepared for war, though @ilson had created the 3ouncil of +ational 7efense to study problems with mobili ation and had launched a shipbuilding program. o AmericaJs army was only the 15th largest in the world. !. In trying to mobili e for war, no one 'new how much America could produce, and traditional laisse $faire economics :where the go*ernment stays out of the economy; still pro*ided resistance to go*ernment control of the economy. o In (arch 1D1M, @ilson named .ernard .aruch to head the @ar Industries .oard, but this group ne*er had much power and was disbanded soon after the armistice. +""# Workers in Wartime 1. 3ongress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man a*ailable to enter the war and also discouraged stri'es. !. "he +ational @ar -abor .oard, headed by former president @illiam ?. "aft, settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts. %. Bortunately, /amuel &ompersJ of the American Bederation of -abor :AB of -;, which represented s'illed laborers, loyally supported the war, and by warJs end, its membership more than doubled to o*er % million. ). 5et, there were still labor problems, as price inflation threatened to eclipse wage gains, and o*er 6,000 stri'es bro'e out during the war, the greatest occurring in 1D1D, when !50,000 steelwor'ers wal'ed off the Aob. o In that stri'e, the steel owners brought in %0,000 African$Americans to brea' the stri'e, and in the end, the stri'e collapsed, hurting the labor cause for more than a decade.

7uring the war, .lac's immigrated to the +orth to find more Aobs. .ut the appearance of .lac's in formerly all$@hite towns spar'ed *iolence, such as in 3hicago and /t. -ouis.

+"""# $(%%ering ?nti $(%%rage 1. @omen also found more opportunities in the wor'place, since the men were gone to war. !. "he war the split womenJs suffrage mo*ement. (any progressi*e women suffragists were also pacifists and therefore against the war. (ost women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to help shape the peace :get the *ote;. o "heir help gained support for womenJs suffrage, which was finally achie*ed with the 1Dth Amendment, passed in 1D!0. %. Although a @omenJs .ureau did appear after the war to protect female wor'ers, most women ga*e up their Aobs at warJs end, and 3ongress e*en affirmed its support of women in their traditional roles in the home with the /heppard$"owner (aternity Act of 1D!1, which federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care. "3# 0orging a War Econom1 1. (obili ation relied more on passion and emotion than laws. !. ?erbert ?oo*er was chosen to head the Bood Administration, since he had organi ed a hugely successful *oluntary food dri*e for the people of .elgium. o ?e spurned ration cards in fa*or of *oluntary K(eatless "uesdaysL and K@heatless @ednesdays,L suing posters, billboards, and other media to whip up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to *oluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. o After all, America had to feed itself and its European allies. %. ?oo*erJs *oluntary approach wor'ed beautifully, as citi ens grew gardens on street corners to help the farmers, people obser*ed Kheatless (ondays,L Klightless nights,L and Kgasless /undaysL in accordance with the Buel Administration, and the farmers increased food production by one$fourth. ). "he wa*e of self$sacrifice also sped up the dri*e against alcohol, culminating with the 1Mth Amendment, which prohibited the sale, distribution, or consumption of alcohol. 5. (oney was raised through the sale of war bonds, four great -iberty -oan dri*es, and increased ta#es. 6. /till, the go*ernment sometimes fle#ed its power, such as when it too' o*er the railroads in 1D1I. 3# /aking P owbo1s into ,o(ghbo1s 1. European Allies finally confessed to the 9./. that not only were they running out of money to pay for their loans from America, but also that they were running out of men, and that America would ha*e to raise and train an army to send o*er to Europe, or the Allies would collapse.

!. "his could only be sol*ed with a draft, which @ilson opposed but finally supported as a disagreeable but temporary necessity. o "he draft bill ran into heated opposition in 3ongress but was grudgingly passed. o 9nli'e earlier wars, there was no way for one to buy oneJs way out of being drafted. %. -uc'ily, patriotic men and women lined up on draft day, dispro*ing ominous predictions of bloodshed by the opposition of the draft. o @ithin a few months, the army had grown to ) million men and women. o African$Americans were allowed in the army, but they were usually assigned to non$combat duty2 also, training was so rushed that many troops didnJt 'now how to e*en use their rifles, much less bayonets, but they were sent to Europe anyway. 3"# 0ighting in 0ranceK!e ated 1 1. After the .olshe*i's sei ed control of Russia, they withdrew the nation from the war, freeing up thousands of &erman troops to fight on the @estern Bront. !. &erman predictions of American tardiness pro*ed to be rather accurate, as America too' one year before it sent a force to Europe and also had transportation problems. %. +e*ertheless, American doughboys slowly poured into Europe, and 9./. troops helped in an Allied in*asion of Russia at Archangel to pre*ent munitions from falling into &erman hands. o 10,000 troops were sent to /iberia as part of an Allied e#pedition whose purpose was to pre*ent munitions from falling into the hands of Hapan, rescue some )5,000 trapped 3 echoslo*a' troops, and pre*ent .olshe*i' forces from snatching military supplies. o .olshe*i's resented this interference, which it felt was AmericaJs way of suppressing its infant communist re*olution. 3""# America *e ps *ammer the =*(n> 1. In the spring of 1D1M, one commander, the Brench (arshal Boch, for the first time, led the Allies and Aust before the &ermans were about to in*ade 0aris and 'noc' out Brance, American reinforcements arri*ed and pushed the &ermans bac'. !. In the /econd .attle of the (arne, the Allies pushed &ermany bac' some more, mar'ing a &erman withdrawal that was ne*er again effecti*ely re*ersed. %. "he Americans, demanding their own army instead of Aust supporting the .ritish and Brench, finally got &eneral Hohn H. 0ershing to lead a front. ). "he (euse$Argonne offensi*e cut &erman railroad lines and too' 1!0,000 casualties. o /gt. Al*in 3. 5or' became a hero when he single$handedly 'illed !0 &ermans and captured 1%! more2 ironically, he had been in an antiwar sect beforehand. 5. Binally, the &ermans were e#hausted and ready to surrender, for they were being deserted, the .ritish bloc'ade was star*ing them, and the Allied blows Aust 'ept coming.

o o

It was a good thing, too, because American *ictories were using up resources too fast. Also, pamphlets containing seducti*e @ilsonian promises rained down on &ermany, in part persuading them to gi*e up.

3"""# The 0o(rteen Points ,isarm 5erman1 1. At 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1D1M, the &ermans laid down their arms in armistice after o*erthrowing their Caiser in hopes that they could get a peace based on the Bourteen 0oints. o "his KArmistice 7ayL later became K=eteransJ 7ay.L !. It was the prospect of endless American troops, rather than the American military performance, that had demorali ed the &ermans. 3"+# Wi son $teps ,own %rom 6 1mp(s 1. At the end of the war, @ilson was at the height of his popularity, but when he appealed for *oters to gi*e a 7emocratic *ictory in 1D1M, American *oters instead ga*e Republicans a narrow maAority, and @ilson went to 0aris as the only leader of the Allies not commanding a maAority at home. !. @hen @ilson decided to go to Europe personally to o*ersee peace proceedings, Republicans were outraged, thin'ing that this was all Aust for flamboyant show. o @hen he didnJt include a single Republican, not e*en /enator ?enry 3abot -odge, a *ery intelligent man who used to be the Kscholar in politicsL until @ilson came along and was therefore Aealous and spiteful of @ilson, the Republicans got e*en more angry. 3+# An "dea ist !att es the "mperia ists in Paris 1. At the 0aris 3onference in 1D1D, the .ig BourRItaly, led by =ittorio <rlando, Brance, led by &eorges 3lemenceau, .ritain, led by 7a*id -loyd &eorge, and the 9./., led by @ilsonRbasically dictated the terms of the treaty. !. 3onflicting ambitions ruled the conference. .ritain and Brance wanted to punish &ermany, Italy wanted money, the 9./. wanted to heal wounds through @ilsonJs -eague of +ations o @ilsonJs baby was the -eague and so he bargained with .ritain and Brance. o .ritain and Brance agreed to go along with the -eague, @ilson reluctantly agreed to go along with punishment. "he @ar &uilt 3lause was passed doing two things, :1; it formally placed blame on &ermany, a proud and embarrassed people, and :!; it charged &ermany for the costs of war, W%% billion. 3+"# *ammering 6(t the Treat1 1. ?owe*er, at home in America, the Republicans proclaimed that they would not pass the treaty, since to them, it would be unwise to turn American decision o*er to a group of foreign nations :the -eague of

+ations;. <pponents of the =ersailles "reaty reasoned that America should stay out of such an international group and decide her decisions on her own. o -ed by ?enry 3abot -odge, @illiam .orah of Idaho and ?iram Hohnson of 3alifornia, these senators were bitterly opposed to the -eague. o 9pon seeing @ilsonJs lac' of support, the other European nations had stronger bargaining chips, as Brance demanded the Rhineland and /aar =alley :but didnJt recei*e it2 instead, the -eague of +ations got the /aar .asin for 15 years and then let it *ote to determine its fate; and Italy demanded Biume, a *aluable seaport inhabited by both Italians and 5ugosla*s. !. "he Italians went home after @ilson tried to appeal to the Italian people while Brance recei*ed a promise that the 9./. and &reat .ritain would aid Brance in case of another &erman in*asion. %. Hapan also wanted the *aluable /hantung peninsula and the &erman islands in the 0acific, and @ilson opposed, but when the Hapanese threatened to wal' out, @ilson compromised again and let Hapan 'eep &ermanyJs economic holdings in /hantung, outraging the 3hinese. 3+""# The Peace Treat1 That !red a New War 1. "he "reaty of =ersailles was forced upon &ermany under the threat that if it didnJt sign the treaty, war would resume, and when the &ermans saw all that @ilson had compromised to get his -eague of +ations, they cried betrayal, because the treaty did not contain much of the Bourteen 0oints li'e the &ermans had hoped it would. !. @ilson was not happy with the treaty, sensing that it was inade6uate, and his popularity was down, but he did ma'e a difference in that his going to 0aris pre*ented the treaty from being purely imperialistic. 3+"""# The ,omestic Parade o% Pre9(dice 1. Returning to America, @ilson was met with fierce opposition, as ?un$haters felt that the treaty wasnJt harsh enough while the Irish denounced the -eague !. "he KhyphenatedL Americans all felt that the treaty had not been fair to their home country. 3"3# Wi son8s To(r and Co apse I1H1HJ 1. @hen @ilson returned to America, at the time, /enator -odge had no hope to defeat the treaty, so he delayed, reading the entire !6)$page treaty aloud in the /enate Boreign Relations 3ommittee, held hearings for people discontent with the treaty to *oice their feelings, and basically stalled, bogging the treaty down. !. @ilson decided to ta'e a tour to gain support for the treaty, but trailing him li'e bloodhounds were /enators .orah and Hohnson, two of the Kirreconcilables,L who *erbally attac'ed him. %. ?owe*er, in the Roc'y (ountain and 0acific 3oast regions, reception was much warmer, and the high point came at 0ueblo, 3olorado, where he pleaded that the -eague was the only hope for peace in the future.

"hat night, he collapsed form physical and ner*ous e#haustion, and se*eral days later, a stro'e paraly ed half of his body.

33# ,e%eat Thro(gh ,ead ock 1. -odge now came up with fourteen Kreser*ationsL to the "reaty of =ersailles, which sought to safeguard American so*ereignty. o 3ongress was especially concerned with Article S, which morally bound the 9./. to aid any member of the -eague of +ations that was *ictimi ed by aggression, for 3ongress wanted to preser*e its war$declaring power. !. @ilson hated -odge, and though he was willing to accept similar 7emocratic reser*ations and changes, he would not do so from -odge, and thus, he ordered his 7emocratic supporters to *ote against the treaty with the -odge reser*ations attached. o <n +o*ember 1D, 1D1D, the "reaty of =ersailles was defeated by a *ote of 55 to %D. %. About four$fifths of the senators actually didnJt mind the treaty, but unless the /enate appro*ed the pact with the -odge reser*ations tac'ed on, it would fail completely. o .rought up for a *ote again, on (arch 1D, 1D!0, the treaty failed again, due in part to @ilson telling 7emocrats to *ote against the treatyNagain. o @ilsonJs feud with -odge, 9./. isolationism, tradition, and disillusionment all contributed to the failure of the treaty, but @ilson must share the blame as well, since he stubbornly went for Kall or nothing,L and recei*ed nothing. 33"# The =$o emn .e%erend(m> o% 1H70 1. @ilson had proposed to ta'e the treaty to the people with a national referendum, but that would ha*e been impossible. !. In 1D!0, the Republican 0arty was bac' together, than's in part to "eddy Roose*eltJs death in 1D1D, and it de*ised a cle*er platform that would appeal to pro$-eague and anti$-eague factions of the party, and they chose @arren &. ?arding as their candidate in the Ksmo'e$filled room,L with 3al*in 3oolidge as the *ice presidential candidate. %. "he 7emocrats chose Hames (. 3o# and Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt as =0, and they also supported a -eague of +ations, but not necessarily the -eague of +ations. ). @arren &. ?arding was swept into power 33""# The !etra1a o% 5reat Expectations 1. 9./. isolationism doomed the "reaty of =ersailles and indirectly led to @orld @ar II, because Brance, without an ally, built up a large military force, and &ermany, suspicious and fearful, began to illegally do the same.

!. "he suffering of &ermany and the disorder of the time was used by Adolf ?itler to sei e power in &ermany, build up popularity, and drag Europe into war. %. It was the 9./.Js responsibility to ta'e charge as the most powerful nation in the world after @orld @ar I, but it retreated into isolationism, and let the rest of the world do whate*er it wanted in the hopes that the 9./. would not be dragged into another war, but ironically, it was such actions that e*entually led the 9./. into @@II. Chapter 31 - American &i%e in the .oaring M70s "# $eeing .ed 1. After @orld @ar I, America turned inward, away from the world, and started a policy of Kisolationism.L Americans denounced KradicalL foreign ideas and Kun$AmericanL lifestyles. !. "he KRed /careL of 1D1D$!0 resulted in Attorney &eneral A. (itchell 0almer :KBighting Gua'erL; using a series of raids to round up and arrest about 6,000 suspected 3ommunists. %. In 7ecember of 1D1D, !)D alleged alien radicals were deported on the .uford. ). "he Red /care se*erely cut bac' free speech for a period, since the hysteria caused many people to want to eliminate any 3ommunists and their ideas. o /ome states made it illegal to merely ad*ocate the *iolent o*erthrow of go*ernment for social change. o In 1D!1, +icola /acco and .artolomeo =an etti were con*icted of murdering a (assachusetts paymaster and his guard. "he two accused were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers, and the courts may ha*e been preAudiced against them. 5. In this time period, anti$foreignism :or Knati*ismL; was high. 6. -iberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they were e#ecuted. ""# *ooded *ood (ms o% the <<< 1. "he new Cu Clu# Clan was anti$foreign, anti$3atholic, anti$blac', anti$Hewish, anti$pacifist, anti$3ommunist, anti$internationalist, anti$re*olutionist, anti$bootlegger, anti$gambling, anti$adultery, and anti$birth control. !. (ore simply, it was pro$@hite Anglo$/a#on 0rotestant :@A/0; and anti$e*erything else. %. At its pea' in the 1D!0s, it claimed 5 million members, mostly from the /outh, but it also featured a reign of hooded horror. o "he CCC employed the same tactics of fear, lynchings, and intimidation. o It was stopped not by the e#posure of its horrible racism, but by its money fraud. """# $temming the 0oreign 0 ood 1. In 1D!0$!1, some M00,000 European K+ew ImmigrantsL :mostly from the southeastern Europe regions; came to the 9./. and 3ongress passed the Emergency Guota Act of 1D!1, in which newcomers

from Europe were restricted at any year to a 6uota, which was set at %E of the people of their nationality who li*ed in the 9./. in 1D10. O"his policy still really fa*ored the /la*s and the southeastern Europeans in comparison to other groups. /o, a new policy was soughtN O A replacement law was found in the Immigration Act of 1D!), which cut the 6uota down to !E and the origins base was shifted to that of 1MD0, when few southeastern Europeans li*ed in America. O "his change clearly had racial undertones beneath it :+ew Immigrants out, <ld Immigrants in;. O "his act also slammed the door against Hapanese immigrants. O .y 1D%1, for the first time in history, more people left America than came here. 1. "he immigrant tide was now cut off, but those that were in America struggled to adapt. o -abor unions in particular had difficulty in organi ing because of the differences in race, culture, and nationality. "+# The Prohibition =Experiment> 1. "he 1Mth Amendment :and later, the =olstead Act; prohibited the sale of alcohol, but this law ne*er was effecti*ely enforced because so many people *iolated it. !. Actually, most people thought that 0rohibition was here to stay, and this was especially popular in the (idwest and the /outh. %. 0rohibition was particularly supported by women and the @omenJs 3hristian "emperance 9nion, but it also posed problems from countries that produced alcohol and tried to ship it to the 9./. :illegally, of course;. ). In actuality, ban' sa*ings did increase, and absenteeism in industry did go down. +# The 5o den Age o% 5angsterism 1. 0rohibition led to the rise of gangs that competed to distribute li6uor. !. In the gang wars of 3hicago in the 1D!0s, about 500 people were murdered, but captured criminals were rare, and con*ictions e*en rarer, since gangsters often pro*ided false alibis for each other. o "he most infamous of these gangsters was K/carfaceL Al 3apone, and his /t. =alentineJs 7ay (assacre. 3apone was finally caught for ta# e*asion. o &angs mo*ed into other acti*ities as well4 prostitution, gambling, and narcotics, and by 1D%0, their annual profit was a whopping W1! P 1M billion. o In 1D%!, gangsters 'idnapped the baby son of 3harles -indbergh, shoc'ing the nation, and this e*ent led 3ongress to the so$called -indbergh -aw, which allowed the death penalty to certain cases of interstate abduction. +"# /onke1 !(siness in Tennessee 1. Education made strides behind the progressi*e ideas of Hohn 7ewey, a professor at 3olumbia 9ni*ersity who set forth principles of

Klearning by doingL and belie*ed that Keducation for lifeL should be the primary goal of school. o +ow, schools were no longer prisons. o /tates also were increasingly placing minimum ages for teens to stay in school. !. A massi*e health care program launched by the Roc'efeller Boundation practically eliminated hoo'worm in the /outh. %. E*olutionists were also clashing against creationists, and the prime e#ample of this was the /copes K(on'ey "rial,L where Hohn ". /copes, a high school teacher of 7ayton, "ennessee, was charged with teaching e*olution. o @illiam Hennings .ryan was among those who were against him, but the one$time Kboy oratorL was made to sound foolish and childish by e#pert attorney 3larence 7arrow, and fi*e days after the end of the trial, .ryan died. o "he trial pro*ed to be inconclusi*e but illustrated the rift between the new and old. ). Increasing numbers of 3hristians were starting to reconcile their differences between religion and the findings of modern science, as e*idenced in the new 3hurches of 3hrist :est. 1D06;. +""# The /ass-Cons(mption Econom1 1. 0rosperity too' off in the KRoaring !0s,L despite the recession of 1D!0$!1, and it was helped by the ta# policies of "reasury /ecretary Andrew (ellons, which fa*ored the rapid e#pansion of capital in*estment. !. ?enry Bord perfected the assembly$line production to where his famous Rouge Ri*er 0lant was producing a finished automobile e*ery ten seconds. %. "he automobile now pro*ided more freedom, more lu#ury, and more pri*acy. ). A new medium arose as well4 ad*ertising, which used persuasion, ploy, seduction, and se# appeal to sell merchandise. o In 1D!5, .ruce .artonJs bestseller "he (an +obody Cnows claimed that Hesus 3hrist was the perfect salesman and that all ad*ertisers should study his techni6ues. 5. Bol's followed new :and dangerous; buying techni6uesNthey bought :1; on the installment plan and :!; on credit. .oth ways were capable of plunging an une#pecting consumer into debt. 6. /ports were buoyed by people li'e home$run hero .abe Ruth and bo#ers Hac' 7empsey and &eorges 3arpentier. +"""# P(tting America on .(bber Tires 1. Americans adapted, rather than in*ented, the gasoline engine. !. 0eople li'e ?enry Bord and Ransom E. <lds :famous for <ldsmobile; de*eloped the infant auto industry. %. Early cars stalled and werenJt too reliable, but e*entually, cars li'e the Bord (odel " became cheap and easy to own. o In 1D!D, when the bull mar'et collapsed, !6 million motor *ehicles were registered in the 9nited /tates, or 1 car per ).D Americans. "3# The Ad-ent o% the 5aso ine Age

1. "he automobile spurred 6 million people to new Aobs and too' o*er the railroad as 'ing of transportation. o +ew roads were constructed, the gasoline industry boomed, and AmericaJs standard of li*ing rose greatly. o 3ars were lu#uries at first, but they rapidly became necessities. o "he less$attracti*e states lost population at an alarming rate. o ?owe*er, accidents 'illed lots of people, and by 1D51, 1,000,000 people had died by the carRmore than the total of Americans lost to all its pre*ious wars combined. o 3ars brought ad*enture, e#citement, and pleasure. 3# *(mans ,e-e op Wings 1. <n 7ecember 1I, 1D0%, <r*ille and @ilbur @right flew the first airplane for 1! seconds o*er a distance of 1!0 feet at Citty ?aw', +.3. !. A*iation slowly got off the ground, and they were used a bit in @orld @ar I, but afterwards, it really too' off when they became used for mail and other functions. o "he first transcontinental airmail route was established form +ew 5or' to /an Brancisco in 1D!0. o At first, there were many accidents and crashes, but later, safety impro*ed. %. 3harles -indbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic <cean when he did it in his /pirit of /t. -ouis, going from +ew 5or' to 0aris. 3"# The .adio .e-o (tion 1. In the 1MD0s, &uglielmo (arconi had already in*ented wireless telegraphy and his in*ention was used for long distance communication in the &reat @ar. !. "hen, in +o*ember of 1D!0, the first *oice$carrying radio station began broadcasting when C7CA :in 0ittsburgh; told of presidential candidate @arren &. ?ardingJs landslide *ictory. %. @hile the automobile lured Americans away from home, the radio lured them bac', as millions tuned in to hear fa*orites li'e Amos VnJ Andy and listen to the E*eready ?our. ). /ports were further stimulated while politicians had to adAust their spea'ing techni6ues to support the new medium, and music could finally be heard electronically. 3""# *o 1wood8s 0i m and 0antasies 1. "homas Edison was one of those who in*ented the mo*ie, but in 1D0%, the real birth of the mo*ie came with "he &reat "rain Robbery. o A first full$length feature was 7.@. &riffithJs "he .irth of a +ation, which stunned *iewers *isually, but seemed to glorify the CCC in the Reconstruction era. o "he first Ktal'ieL or mo*ie with sound was "he Ha /inger with Al Holson. o ?ollywood, 3alifornia, 6uic'ly became a hot spot for mo*ie production, due to its fa*orable climate and landscape.

!. "he first mo*ies featured nudity and female *ampires called K*ampsL until shoc'ed public forced codes of censorship to be placed on them. %. 0ropaganda mo*ies of @orld @ar I boosted the popularity of mo*ies. ). 3ritics, though, did bemoan the *ulgari ation of popular tastes wrought by radio and mo*ies. o "hese new mediums led to the loss of old family and oral traditions. Radio shows and mo*ies seemed to lessen interaction and heighten passi*ity. 3"""# The ,1namic ,ecade 1. Bor the first time, more Americans li*ed in urban areas, not the rural countryside. !. "he birth$control mo*ement was led by fiery (argaret /anger, and the +ational @omenJs 0arty began in 1D!% to campaign for an E6ual Rights Amendment to the 3onstitution. %. "he Bundamentalists of old$time religion e*en lost ground to the new (odernists, who li'ed to thin' that &od was a Kgood guyL and the uni*erse was a nice place, as opposed to the traditional *iew that man was a born sinner and in need of forgi*eness through 3hrist. ). A brash new group shoc'ed many conser*ati*e older fol' :who labeled the new style as full of erotic suggestions and inappropriate;. "he Kflaming youthL who li*ed this modern life were called Kflappers.L o "hey danced new dances li'e the ris6u` K3harlestonL and dressed more pro*ocati*ely. o /igmund Breud said that se#ual repression was responsible for most of societyJs ills, and that pleasure and health demanded se#ual gratification and liberation. o Ha was the music of flappers, and .lac's li'e @.3. ?andy, KHelly RollL (orton, and Hoseph Cing <li*er ga*e birth to its bee$bopping sounds. o .lac' pride spawned such leaders as -angston ?ughes of the ?arlem Renaissance and famous for "he @eary .lues, which appeared in 1D!6, and (arcus &ar*ey :founder of the 9nited +egro Impro*ement Association and inspiration for the +ation of Islam;. 3"+# C( t(ra &iberation 1. .y the dawn of the 1D!0s, many of the old writers :?enry Hames, ?enry Adams, and @illiam 7ean ?owells; had died, and those that sur*i*ed, li'e Edith @harton and @illa 3ather were popular. !. (any of the new writers, though, hailed from different bac'grounds :not 0rotestant +ew Englanders;. o ?.-. (enc'en, the K.ad .oy of .altimore,L found fault in much of America. ?e wrote the monthly American (ercury. o B. /cott Bit gerald wrote This ide of Paradise and The 1reat 1atsb#, both of which captured the society of the KHa Age,L including odd mi# of glamour and the cruelty.

%. ). 5. 6.

"heodore 7reiser wrote as a Realist :not Romantic; in An American Traged# about the murder of a pregnant wor'ing girl by her socially$conscious lo*er. o Ernest ?emingway wrote The !n Also Rises, and A .arewell to Arms, and became a *oice for the K-ost &enerationLRthe young fol's whoJd been ruined by the disillusionment of @@I. o /herwood Anderson wrote 2inesb!rg$ 3hio describing small$town life in America. o /inclair -ewis disparaged small$town America in his -ain treet and 0abbitt. o @illiam Baul'nerJs oldiers Pa#, The o!nd and the .!r#, and As I /a# 4#ing all were famous and stunning with his use of the new, choppy Kstream of consciousnessL techni6ue. 0oetry also was inno*ati*e, and E ra 0ound and "./. Eliot were two great poets. Eugene <J+eillJs plays li'e trange Interl!de laid bare human emotions. <ther famous writers included 3laude (cCay and Qora +eale ?urston. Architecture also made its mar's with the designs of Bran' -loyd @right, @right was an understudy of -ouis /ulli*an :of 3hicago s'yscraper fame; and ama ed people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his uncon*entional theory that Kform follows function.L o 3hampion of s'yscrapers, the Empire /tate .uilding debuted in 1D%1.
o

3+# Wa $treet8s !ig !( /arket 1. "here was much o*er$speculation in the 1D!0s, especially on Blorida home properties :until a hurricane too' care of that;, and e*en during times of prosperity, many, many ban's failed each year. o "he whole system was built on fragile credit. o "he stoc' mar'etJs stellar rise made headline news :and enticed in*estors to drop their sa*ings into the mar'etJs *olatility;. !. /ecretary of the "reasury (ellon reduced the amount of ta#es that rich people had to pay, thus concei*ably thrusting the burden onto the middle class. o ?e reduced the national debt, though, but has since been accused of indirectly encouraging the .ull (ar'et. %. @hate*er the case, the prosperities of the 1D!0s was setting up the crash that would lead to the po*erty and suffering of the 1D%0s. Chapter 37 - The Po itics o% !oom and !(st "# The .ep(b ican =6 d 5(ard> .et(rns 1. +ewly elected 0resident @arren &. ?arding was tall, handsome, and popular, but he had a mediocre mind and he did not li'e to hurt peopleJs feelings. o +or could he detect the corruption within his adminstration. !. ?is cabinet did ha*e some good officials, though, such as /ecretary of /tate 3harles E*ans ?ughes, who was masterful, imperious, incisi*e, and brilliant, /ecretary of 3ommerce ?erbert ?oo*er, and /ecretary of the "reasury Andrew @. (ellon.

%. ?owe*er, people li'e /enator Albert .. Ball of +ew (e#ico, a scheming anti$conser*ationist, became secretary of the interior, and ?arry (. 7augherty too' o*er the reigns as attorney general. o "hese two became the worst of the scandalous cabinet members. ""# 56P .eaction at the Thrott e 1. A good man but a wea' one, ?arding was the perfect front for old$fashioned politicians to set up for the nation a (cCinley$style old order. o It hoped to further laisse $faire capitalism, and one of the e#amples of this was the /upreme 3ourt, where ?arding appointed four of the nine Austices, including @illiam ?. "aft, former president of the 9nited /tates. !. In the early 1D!0s, the /upreme 3ourt 'illed a federal child$labor law. o In the case of Ad'ins *. 3hildrenJs ?ospital, the court re*ersed its ruling in the (uller *. <regon case by in*alidating a minimum wage law for women. %. 9nder ?arding, corporations could e#pand again, and anti$trust laws were not as enforced or downright ignored. ). (en sympathetic to railroads headed the Interstate 3ommerce 3ommission. """# The A%termath o% the War 1. @artime go*ernment controls disappeared :i.e. the dismantling of the @ar Industries .oard; and @ashington returned control of railroads to pri*ate hands by the Esch$3ummins "ransportation Act of 1D!0. !. "he (erchant (arine Act of 1D!0 authori ed the /hipping .oard, which controlled about 1,500 *essels, to get rid of a lot of ships at bargain prices, thus reducing the si e of the na*y. o -abor lost much of its power, as a stri'e was ruthlessly bro'en in 1D1D, and the Railway -abor .oard ordered a wage cut of 1!E in 1D!!. o -abor membership shran' by %0E from 1D!0 to 1D%0. %. In 1D!1, the =eteransJ .ureau was created to operate hospitals and pro*ide *ocational rehabilitation for the disabled. o (any *eterans wanted the monetary compensation promised to them for their ser*ices in the war. o "he AdAusted 3ompensation Act ga*e e*ery former soldier a paid$up insurance policy due in twenty years. It was passed by 3ongress twice :the second time to o*erride president 3al*in 3oolidgeJs *eto;. "+# America $eeks !ene%its Witho(t !(rdens 1. /ince America had ne*er ratified the "reaty of =ersailles, it was still technically at war with &ermany, so in Huly of 1D!1, it passed a simple Aoint resolution ending the war. !. "he 9./. did not cooperate much with the -eague of +ations, but e*entually, Kunofficial obser*ersL did participate in conferences. "he lac' of real participation though from the 9./. pro*ed to doom the -eague.

%. In the (iddle East, /ecretary ?ughes secured for American oil companies the right to share in the e#ploitation of the oil riches there. ). 7isarmament was another problem for ?arding and he had to watch the actions of Hapan and .ritain for any possible hostile acti*ities. 5. America also went on a Kship$scrappingL bonan a. o "he @ashington K7isarmamentL 3onference of 1D!1$!! resulted in a plan that 'ept a 5454% ratio of ships that could be held by the 9./., .ritain, and Hapan :in that order;. "his surprised many delegates at the conference :notably, the /o*iet 9nion, which was not recogni ed by the 9./., was not in*ited and did not attend;. o "he Bi*e$0ower +a*al "reaty of 1D!! embodied ?ughesJs ideas on ship ratios, but only after Hapanese recei*ed compensation. o A Bour$0ower "reaty, which bound .ritain, Hapan, Brance, and the 9./. to preser*e the status 6uo in the 0acific, replaced the !0$year$old Anglo$Hapanese Alliance. o "he +ine$0ower "reaty of 1D!! 'ept the open door open in 3hina. o ?owe*er, despite all this apparent action, there were no limits placed on small ships, and 3ongress only appro*ed the Bour$0ower "reaty on the condition that the 9./. was not bound, thus effecti*ely rendering that treaty useless. 6. Bran' .. Cellogg, 3al*in 3oolidgeJs /ecretary of /tate, won the +obel 0eace 0ri e for his role in the Cellog$.riand 0act :0act of 0aris;, which said that all nations that signed would no longer use war as offensi*e means. +# *iking the Tari%% *igher 1. .usinessmen did not want Europe flooding American mar'ets with cheap goods after the war, so 3ongress passed the Bordney$(c3umber "ariff -aw, which raised the tariff from !IE to %5E. o 0residents ?arding and 3oolidge, granted with authority to reduce or increase duties, and always sympathetic towards big industry, were much more prone to increasing tariffs than decreasing them. !. ?owe*er, this presented a problem4 Europe needed to sell goods to the 9./. in order to get the money to pay bac' its debts, and when it could not sell, it could not repay. +"# The $tench o% $canda 1. ?owe*er, scandal roc'ed the ?arding administration in 1D!% when 3harles R. Borbes was caught with his hand in the money bag and resigned as the head of the =eteransJ .ureau. o ?e and his accomplices looted the go*ernment for o*er W!00 million. !. "he "eapot 7ome /candal was the most shoc'ing of all. o Albert .. Ball leased land in "eapot 7ome, @yoming, and El' ?ills, 3alifornia, to oilmen ?arry B. /inclair and Edward -. 7oheny, but not until Ball had recei*ed a KloanL :actually a bribe; of W100,000 from 7oheny and about three times that amount from /inclair.

%. "here were reports as to the underhanded doings of Attorney &eneral ?arry 7augherty, in which he was accused of the illegal sale of pardons and li6uor permits. ). 0resident ?arding, howe*er, died in /an Brancisco on August !, 1D!%, of pneumonia and thrombosis, and he didnJt ha*e to li*e through much of the uproar of the scandal. +""# =$i ent Ca > Coo idge 1. +ew president 3al*in 3oolidge was serious, calm, and ne*er spo'e more than he needed to. !. A *ery morally clean person, he was not touched by the ?arding scandals, and he pro*ed to be a bright figure in the Republican 0arty. o It was ironic that in the "wenties, the KAge of .allyhooL or the KHa Age,L the 9./. had a *ery traditional, old$timey, and some would say boring president. +"""# 0r(strated 0armers 1. @orld @ar I had gi*en the farmers prosperity, as theyJd produced much food for the soldiers. o +ew technology in farming, such as the gasoline$engine tractor, had increased farm production dramatically. o ?owe*er, after the war, these products werenJt needed, and the farmers fell into po*erty. !. Barmers loo'ed for relief, and the 3apper$=olstead Act, which e#empted farmersJ mar'eting cooperati*es from antitrust prosecution, and the (c+ary$?augen .ill, which sought to 'eep agricultural prices high by authori ing the go*ernment to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad, helped a little. o ?owe*er, 3oolidge *etoed the second bill, twice. "3# A Three-Wa1 .ace %or the White *o(se in 1H7A 1. 3oolidge was chosen by the Republicans again in 1D!), while 7emocrats nominated Hohn @. 7a*is after 10! ballots in (adison /6uare &arden. o "he 7emocrats also *oted by one *ote +<" to condemn the Cu Clu# Clan. !. /enator Robert -a Bollette led the 0rogressi*e 0arty as the third party candidate. o ?e gained the endorsement of the American Bederation of -abor and the shrin'ing /ocialist 0arty, and he actually recei*ed 5 million *otes. o ?owe*er, 3al*in 3oolidge easily won the election. 3# 0oreign-Po ic1 0 o(nderings 1. Isolationism continued to reign in the 3oolidge era, as the /enate did not allow America to adhere to the @orld 3ourt, the Audicial wing of the -eague of +ations. !. In the 3aribbean and -atin America, 9./. troops were withdrawn from the 7ominican Republic in 1D!), but remained in ?aiti from 1D1) to 1D%).

3oolidge too' out troops from +icaragua in 1D!5, and then sent them bac' the ne#t year, and in 1D!6, he defused a situation with (e#ico where the (e#icans were claiming so*ereignty o*er oil resources. o ?owe*er, -atin Americans began to resent the American dominance of them. %. "he European debt to America also pro*ed tric'y.
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3"# ?nra-e ing the ,ebt <not 1. .ecause America demanded that .ritain and Brance pay their debts, those two nations placed huge reparation payments on &ermany, which then, to pay them, printed out loads of paper money that caused inflation to soar. o At one point in <ctober of 1D!%, a loaf of bread cost )M0 million &erman mar's. !. Binally, in 1D!), 3harles 7awes engineered the 7awes 0lan, which rescheduled &erman reparations payments and ga*e the way for further American pri*ate loans to &ermany. o Essentially, the payments were a huge circle from the 9./. to &ermany to .ritain>Brance and bac' to the 9./. All told, the Americans ne*er really gained any money or got repaid in genuine. o Also, the 9./. gained bitter enemies in Brance and .ritain who were angry o*er AmericaJs apparent greed and careless nature for others. 3""# The Tri(mph o% *erbert *oo-er, 1H7F 1. In 1D!M, 3al*in 3oolidge said, KI do not choose to run,L and his logical successor immediately became economics genius ?erbert ?oo*er. ?oo*er spo'e of KRugged Indi*idualismL which was his *iew that America was made great by strong, self$sufficient indi*iduals, li'e the pioneers of old days tre''ing across the prairies, relying on no one else for help. "his was the 'ind of fol' America still needed, he said. o ?oo*er was opposed by +ew 5or' go*ernor Alfred E. /mith, a man who was blan'eted by scandal :he dran' during a 0rohibitionist era and was hindered politically by being a Roman 3atholic;. !. Radio turned out to be an important factor in the campaign, and ?oo*erJs personality spar'led on this new medium :compared to /mith, who sounded stupid and boyish;. %. ?oo*er had ne*er been elected to public office before, but he had made his way up from po*erty to prosperity, and belie*ed that other people could do so as well. ). "here was, once again, below$the$belt hitting on both sides, as the campaign too' an ugly turn, but ?oo*er triumphed in a landslide, with ))) electoral *otes to /mithJs MI. 3"""# President *oo-er8s 0irst /o-es 1. ?oo*erJs Agricultural (ar'eting Act, passed in Hune of 1D!D, was designed to help the farmers help themsel*es, and it set up a Bederal Barm .oard to help the farmers.

In 1D%0, the Barm .oard created the &rain /tabili ation 3orporation and the 3otton /tabili ation 3orporation to bolster sagging prices by buying surpluses. !. "he ?awley$/moot "ariff of 1D%0 raised the tariff to an unbelie*able 60EU o Boreigners hated this tariff that re*ersed a promising worldwide trend toward reasonable tariffs and widened the yawning trade gaps.
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3"+# The 5reat Crash Ends the 5o den Twenties 1. ?oo*er confidently predicted an end to po*erty *ery soon, but on <ctober !D, 1D!D, a de*astating stoc' mar'et crash caused by o*er$speculation and o*erly high stoc' prices built only upon non$e#istent credit struc' the nation. o -osses, e*en blue$chip securities, were unbelie*able as by the end of 1D!D, stoc'holders had lost o*er W)0 million in paper *alues :more than the cost of @orld @ar I;U o .y the end of 1D%0, ) million Americans were Aobless, and two years later, that number shot up to 1! million. o <*er 5,000 ban's collapsed in the first three years of the &reat 7epression. o -ines formed at soup 'itchens and at homeless shelters. 3+# *ooked on the *orn o% P ent1 1. "he &reat 7epression might ha*e been caused by an o*erabundance of farm products and factory products. "he nationJs capacity to produce goods had clearly outrun its capacity to consume or pay for them. !. Also, an o*er$e#pansion of credit created unsound faith in money, which is ne*er good for business. %. .ritain and BranceJs situations, which had ne*er fully reco*ered from @orld @ar I, worsened. ). In 1D%0, a terrible drought scorched the (ississippi =alley and thousands of farms were sold to pay for debts. 5. .y 1D%0, the depression was a national crisis, and hard$wor'ing wor'ers had nowhere to wor', thus, people turned bitter and also turned on ?oo*er. O=illages of shanties and ragged shac's were called ?oo*er*illes and were inhabited by the people who had lost their Aobs. "hey popped up e*erywhere. 3+"# .(gged Times %or .(gged "ndi-id(a ists 1. ?oo*er unfairly recei*ed the brunt of the blame for the &reat 7epression, but he also did not pass measures that could ha*e made the depression less se*ere than it could ha*e been. o 3ritics noted that he could feed millions in .elgium :after @orld @ar I; but not millions at home in America. !. ?e did not belie*e in go*ernment tampering with the economic machine and thus mo*ing away from laisse faire, and he felt that

depressions li'e this were simply parts of the natural economic process, 'nown as the business cycle. o ?owe*er, by the end of his term, he had started to ta'e steps for the go*ernment to help the people. 3+""# *oo-er !att es the 5reat ,epression 1. Binally, ?oo*er *oted to withdraw W!.!5 billion to start proAects to alle*iate the suffering of the depression. o "he ?oo*er 7am of the 3olorado Ri*er was one such proAect. !. "he (uscle /hoals .ill, which was designed to dam the "ennessee Ri*er and was ultimately embraced by the "ennessee =alley Authority, was *etoed by ?oo*er. %. Early in 1D%!, 3ongress, responding to ?oo*erJs appeal, established the Reconstruction Binance 3orporation :RB3;, which became a go*ernment lending ban'. "his was a large step for ?oo*er away from laisse faire policies and toward policies the 7emocrats :B7R; would later employ. o ?owe*er, giant corporations were the ones that benefited most from this, and the RB3 was another one of the targets of ?oo*erJs critics. ). In 1D%!, 3ongress passed the +orris$-a &uardia Anti$InAection Act, which outlawed anti$union contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue inAunctions to restrain stri'es, boycotts, and peaceful pic'eting :this was good for unions;. 5. Remember, that in past depressions, the American public was often forced to Ksweat it out,L not wait for go*ernment help. "he trend was changing at this point, forced to do so by the 7epression. 3+"""# .o(ting the !on(s Arm1 in Washington 1. (any *eterans, whom had not been paid their compensation for @@I, marched to @ashington, 7.3. to demand their entire bonus. o "he K.onus E#peditionary BorceL erected unsanitary camps and shac's in *acant lots, creating health ha ards and annoyance. o Riots followed after troops came in to inter*ene :after 3ongress tried to pass a bonus bill but failed;, and many people died. o ?oo*er falsely charged that the force was led by riffraff and reds :communists;, and the American opinion turned e*en more against him. 3"3# 4apanese /i itarists Attack China 1. In /eptember 1D%1, Hapan, alleging pro*ocation, in*aded (anchuria and shut the <pen 7oor. !. 0eaceful peoples were stunned, as this was a flagrant *iolation of the -eague of +ations co*enant, and a meeting in &ene*a, /wit erland, was arranged. %. An American actually attended, but instead of dri*ing Hapan out of 3hina, the meeting dro*e Hapan out of the -eague, thus wea'ening it further.

). /ecretary of /tate ?enry /timson did indicate that the 9./. probably would not interfere with a -eague of +ations embargo on Hapan, but he was later restrained from ta'ing action. o /ince the 9./. too' no effecti*e action, the Hapanese bombed /hanghai in 1D%!, and e*en then, outraged Americans didnJt do much to change the Hapanese minds. o "he 9./.Js lac'luster actions support the notion that AmericaJs isolationist policy was well entrenched. 33# *oo-er Pioneers the 5ood Neighbor Po ic1 1. ?oo*er was deeply interested in relations south of the border, and during his term, 9./. relations with -atin America and the 3aribbean impro*ed greatly. o /ince the 9./. had less money to spend, it was unable to dominate -atin America as much, and later, Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt would build upon these policies. Chapter 33 - The 5reat ,epression and the New ,ea "# 0,.; A Po itician in a Whee chair 1. In 1D%!, *oters still had not seen any economic impro*ement, and they wanted a new president. !. 0resident ?erbert ?oo*er was nominated again without much *igor and true enthusiasm, and he campaigned saying that his policies pre*ented the &reat 7epression from being worse than it was. %. "he 7emocrats nominated Bran'lin 7elano Roose*elt, a tall, handsome man who was the fifth cousin of famous "heodore Roose*elt and had followed in his footsteps. o B7R was sua*e and conciliatory while "R was pugnacious and confrontational. o B7R had been stric'en with polio in 1D!1, and during this time, his wife, Eleanor, became his political partner. o Bran'lin also lost a friend in 1D%! when he and Al /mith both sought the 7emocratic nomination. ). Eleanor was to become the most acti*e Birst -ady e*er. ""# Presidentia *ope%( s o% 1H37 1. In the campaign, Roose*elt sei ed the opportunity to pro*e that he was not an in*alid, and his campaign also featured an attac' on ?oo*erJs spending :ironically, he would spend e*en more during his term;. !. "he 7emocrats found e#pression in the airy tune K?appy 7ays Are ?ere Again,L and clearly, the 7emocrats had the ad*antage in this race. """# *oo-erNs *(mi iation in 1H37 1. ?oo*er had been swept into the presidential office in 1D!M, but in 1D%!, he was swept out with e6ual force, as he was defeated )I! to 5D.

!. +oteworthy was the transition of the .lac' *ote from the Republican to the 7emocratic 0arty. %. 7uring the lame$duc' period, ?oo*er tried to initiate some of Roose*eltJs plans, but was met by stubbornness and resistance. ). ?oo*erites would later accuse B7R of letting the depression worsen so that he could emerge as an e*en more shining sa*ior. "+# 0,. and the Three .8s; .e ie%, .eco-er1, and .e%orm 1. <n Inauguration 7ay, B7R asserted, K"he only thing we ha*e to fear is fear itself.L !. ?e called for a nationwide ban' holiday to eliminate paranoid ban' withdrawals, and then he commenced with his "hree RJs. %. "he 7emocratic$controlled 3ongress was willing to do as B7R said, and the first ?undred 7ays of B7RJs administration were filled with more legislati*e acti*ity than e*er before. o (any of the +ew 7eal Reforms had been adopted by European nations a decade before. +# .oose-e t /anages the /one1 1. "he Emergency .an'ing Relief Act of 1D%% was passed first. B7R declared a one wee' Kban' holidayL Aust so e*eryone would calm down and stop running on the ban's. !. "hen, Roose*elt settled down for the first of his thirty famous KBireside 3hatsL with America. %. "he K?undred 7ays 3ongressL passed the &lass$/teagall .an'ing Reform Act, that pro*ided the Bederal 7eposit Insurance 3orporation :B7I3; which insured indi*idual deposits up to W5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of ban' failure and restoring faith to ban's. ). B7R then too' the nation off of the gold standard and achie*ed controlled inflation by ordering 3ongress to buy gold at increasingly higher prices. o In Bebruary 1D%), he announced that the 9./. would pay foreign gold at a rate of one ounce of gold per e*ery W%5 due. +"# .oose-e t /anages the /one1 1. "he Emergency .an'ing Relief Act ga*e B7R the authority to manage ban's. !. B7R then went on the radio and reassured people it was safer to put money in the ban' than hidden in their houses. o "he &lass$/teagall .an'ing Reform Act was passed. o "his pro*ided for the B7I3 :Bederal 7eposit Insurance 3orp.; to insure the money in the ban'. %. B7R wanted to stop people from hoarding gold. o ?e urged people to turn in gold for paper money and too' the 9./. off the gold standard. o ?e wanted inflation, to ma'e debt payment easier, and urged the "reasury to buy gold with paper money. +""# A ,a1 %or E-er1 ,emagog(e

1. Roose*elt had no 6ualms about using federal money to assist the unemployed, so he created the 3i*ilian 3onser*ation 3orps :333;, which pro*ided employment in fresh$air go*ernment camps for about % million uniformed young men. o "hey reforested areas, fought fires, drained swamps, controlled floods, etc. o ?owe*er, critics accused B7R of militari ing the youths and acting as dictator. !. "he Bederal Emergency Relief Act loo'ed for immediate relief rather than long$term alle*iation, and its Bederal Emergency Relief Administration :BERA; was headed by the ealous ?arry -. ?op'ins. %. "he Agricultural AdAustment Act :AAA; made a*ailable many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages. ). "he ?ome <wnersJ -oan 3orporation :?<-3; refinanced mortgages on non$farm homes and bolted down the loyalties of middle class, 7emocratic homeowners. 5. "he 3i*il @or's Administration :3@A; was established late in 1D%%, and it was designed to pro*ide purely temporary Aobs during the winter emergency. o (any of its tas's were rather fri*olous :called KboondogglingL; and were designed for the sole purpose of ma'ing Aobs. 6. "he +ew 7eal had its commentators. o <ne B7R spo'esperson was Bather 3harles 3oughlin, a 3atholic priest in (ichigan who at first was with B7R then disli'ed the +ew 7eal and *oiced his opinions on radio. o /enator ?uey 0. -ong of -ouisiana was popular for his K/hare the @ealthL program. 0roposing Ke*ery man a 'ing,L each family was to recei*e W5000, allegedly from the rich. "he math of the plan was ludicrous. ?is chief lieutenant was former clergyman &erald -. C. /mith. ?e was later shot by a deranged medical doctor in 1D%5. o 7r. Brancis E. "ownsend of 3alifornia attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million Ksenior citi ensL with his fantastic plan of each senior recei*ing W!00 month, pro*ided that all of it would be spent within the month. Also, this was a mathematically silly plan. I. 3ongress also authori ed the @or's 0rogress Administration :@0A; in 1D%5, which put W11 million on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and hard$surfaced roads and ga*e D million people Aobs in its eight years of e#istence. o It also found part$time Aobs for needy high school and college students and for actors, musicians, and writers. o Hohn /teinbec' counted dogs :boondoggled; in his 3alifornia home of /alinas county. +"""# New +isibi it1 %or Women 1. .allots newly in hand, women struc' up new roles. !. Birst -ady Eleanor Roose*elt was the most *isible, but other ladies shone as well4 /ec. of -abor Brances 0er'ins was the first female cabinet member and (ary (c-eod .ethune headed the <ffice of (inority

Affairs in the +5A, the K.lac' 3abinetL, and founded a Blorida college. %. Anthropologist Ruth .enedict helped de*elop the Kculture and personality mo*ementL and her student (argaret (ead reached e*en greater heights with 3oming of Age in /amoa. ). 0earl /. .uc' wrote a beautiful and timeless no*el, "he &ood Earth, about a simple 3hinese farmer which earned her the +obel 0ri e for literature in 1D%M. "3# *e ping "nd(str1 and &abor 1. "he +ational Reco*ery Administration :+RA;, by far the most complicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. o "here were ma#imum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representati*es in bargaining. !. "he 0hiladelphia Eagles were named after this act, which recei*ed much support and patriotism, but e*entually, it was shot down by the /upreme 3ourt. o .esides too much was e#pected of labor, industry, and the public. o "he 0ublic @or's Administration :0@A; also intended both for industrial reco*ery and for unemployment relief. ?eaded by /ecretary of the Interior ?arold -. Ic'es, it aimed at long$range reco*ery by spending o*er W) billion on some %),000 proAects that included public buildings, highways, and par'ways :i.e. the &rand 3oulee 7am of the 3olumbia Ri*er;. %. <ne of the ?undred 7ays 3ongressJs earliest acts was to legali e light wine and beer with an alcoholic content of %.!E or less and also le*ied a W5 ta# on e*ery barrel manufactured. o 0rohibition was officially repealed with the !1st Amendment. 3# Pa1ing 0armers Not to 0arm 1. "o help the farmers, which had been suffering e*er since the end of @orld @ar I, 3ongress established the Agricultural AdAustment Administration, which paid farmers to reduce their crop acreage and would eliminate price$depressing surpluses. o ?owe*er, it got off to a roc'y start when it 'illed lots of pigs for no good reason, and paying farmers not to farm actually increased unemployment. o "he /upreme 3ourt 'illed it in 1D%6. !. "he +ew 7eal 3ongress also passed the /oil 3onser*ation and 7omestic Allotment Act of 1D%6, which paid farmers to plant soil$conser*ing plants li'e soybeans or to let their land lie fallow. %. "he /econd Agricultural AdAustment Act of 1D%M was a more comprehensi*e substitute that continued conser*ation payments but was accepted by the /upreme 3ourt. 3"# ,(st !ow s and ! ack ! i''ards

1. After the drought of 1D%%, furious winds whipped up dust into the air, turning parts of (issouri, "e#as, Cansas, Ar'ansas, and <'lahoma into the 7ust .owl and forcing many farmers to migrate west to 3alifornia and inspired /teinbec'Js classic "he &rapes of @rath. o "he dust was *ery ha ardous to the health and to li*ing, creating further misery. !. "he Bra ier$-em'e Barm .an'ruptcy Act, passed in 1D%), made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosure for fi*e years, but it was *oided in 1D%5 by the /upreme 3ourt. %. In 1D%5, B7R set up the Resettlement Administration, charged with the tas' of remo*ing near$farmless farmers to better land. ). 3ommissioner of Indian Affairs was headed by Hohn 3ollier who sought to re*erse the forced$assimilation policies in place since the 7awes Act of 1MMI. o ?e promoted the Indian Reorgani ation Act of 1D%) :the Indian K+ew 7ealL;, which encouraged tribes to preser*e their culture and traditions. o +ot all Indians li'ed it though, saying if they followed this Kbac'$to$the$blan'etL plan, theyJd Aust become museum e#hibits. II tribes refused to organi e under its pro*isions :!00 did;. 3""# !att ing !ankers and !ig !(siness 1. "he Bederal /ecurities Act :K"ruth in /ecurities ActL; re6uired promoters to transmit to the in*estor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stoc's and bonds. !. "he /ecurities and E#change 3ommission :/E3; was designed as a stoc' watchdog administrati*e agency, and stoc' mar'ets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts than as casinos. %. In 1D%!, 3hicagoan /amuel InsullJs multi$billion dollar financial empire had crashed, and such cases as his resulted in the 0ublic 9tility ?olding 3ompany Act of 1D%5. 3"""# The T+A *arnesses the Tennessee .i-er 1. "he sprawling electric$power industry attracted the fire of +ew 7eal reformers. o +ew 7ealers accused it of gouging the public with e#cessi*e rates. !. "hus, the "ennessee =alley Authority :"=A; :1D%%; sought to disco*er e#actly how much money it too' to produce electricity and then 'eep rates reasonable. o It constructed dams on the "ennessee Ri*er and helped the !.5 million e#tremely poor citi ens of the area impro*e their li*es and their conditions. o ?ydroelectric power of "ennessee would gi*e rise to that of the @est. 3"+# *o(sing .e%orm and $ocia $ec(rit1 1. "o speed reco*ery and better homes, B7R set up the Bederal ?ousing Administration :B?A; in 1D%) to stimulate the building industry through small loans to householders. o It was one of the KalphabeticalL agencies to outlast the age of Roose*elt.

!. 3ongress bolstered the program in 1D%I by authori ing the 9./. ?ousing Authority :9/?A;, designed to lend money to states or communities for low$cost construction. o "his was the first time in American history that slum areas stopped growing. %. "he /ocial /ecurity Act of 1D%5 was the greatest *ictory for +ew 7ealers, since it created pension and insurance for the old$aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delin6uent children, and other dependents by ta#ing employees and employers. o Republicans attac'ed this bitterly, as such go*ernment$'nows$best programs and policies that were communist leaning and penali ed the rich for their success. "hey also opposed the pioneer spirit of Krugged indi*idualism.L 3+# A New ,ea %or &abor 1. A rash of wal'outs occurred in the summer of 1D%), and after the +RA was a#ed, the @agner Act :ACA, +ational -abor Relations Act; of 1D%5 too' its place. "he @agner Act guaranteed the right of unions to organi e and to collecti*ely bargain with management. o 9nder the encouragement of a highly sympathetic +ational -abor Relations .oard, uns'illed laborers began to organi e themsel*es into effecti*e unions, one of which was Hohn -. -ewis, the boss of the 9nited (ine @or'ers who also succeeded in forming the 3ommittee for Industrial <rgani ation :3I<; within the ran's of the AB of - in 1D%5. o "he 3I< later left the AB of - and won a *ictory against &eneral (otors. !. "he 3I< also won a *ictory against the 9nited /tates /teel 3ompany, but smaller steel companies struc' bac', resulting in such incidences as the (emorial 7ay (assacre of 1D%I at the plant of the Republic /teel 3ompany of /outh 3hicago in which police fired upon wor'ers, lea*ing scores 'illed or inAured. %. In 1D%M, the Bair -abor /tandards Act :ACA the K@ages and ?ours .illL; was passed, setting up minimum wage and ma#imum hours standards and forbidding children under the age of si#teen from wor'ing. ). Roose*elt enAoyed immense support from the labor unions. 5. In 1D%M, the 3I< bro'e completely with the AB of - and renamed itself the 3ongress of Industrial <rgani ations :the new 3I<;. 3+"# &andon Cha enges =the Champ> 1. "he Republicans nominated Cansas &o*ernor Alfred (. -andon to run against B7R. o -andon was wea' on the radio and wea'er in personal campaigning, and while he critici ed B7RJs spending, he also fa*ored enough of B7RJs +ew 7eal to be ridiculed by the 7emocrats as an unsure idiot. !. In 1D%), the American -iberty -eague had been formed by conser*ati*e 7emocrats and wealthy Republicans to fight KsocialisticL +ew 7eal schemes. %. Roose*elt won in a huge landslide, getting 5!% electoral *otes to -andonJs M. ). B7R won primarily because he appealed to the Kforgotten man,L whom he ne*er forgot.

3+""# Nine 6 d /en on the !ench 1. "he !0th Amendment had cut the lame$duc' period down to si# wee's, so B7R began his second term on Hanuary !0, 1D%I, instead of on (arch ). !. ?e controlled 3ongress, but the /upreme 3ourt 'ept bloc'ing his programs, so he proposed a shoc'ing plan that would add a member to the /upreme 3ourt for e*ery e#isting member o*er the age of I0, for a ma#imum possible total of 15 total members. o Bor once, 3ongress *oted against him because it did not want to lose its power. o Roose*elt was ripped for trying to become a dictator. 3+"""# The Co(rt Changes Co(rse 1. B7RJs Kcourt$pac'ing schemeL failed, but he did get some of the Austices to start to *ote his way, including <wen H. Roberts, formerly regarded as a conser*ati*e. !. /o, B7R did achie*e his purpose of getting the /upreme 3ourt to *ote his way. %. ?owe*er, his failure of the court$pac'ing scheme also showed how Americans still did not wish to tamper with the sacred Austice system. 3"3# Twi ight o% the New ,ea 1. 7uring Roose*eltJs first term, the depression did not disappear, and unemployment, down from !5E in 1D%!, was still at 15E. o In 1D%I, the economy too' another brief downturn when the KRoose*elt Recession,L caused by go*ernment policies. o Binally, B7R embraced the policies of .ritish economist Hohn (aynard Ceynes. In 1D%I, B7R announced a bold program to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending. In 1D%D, 3ongress relented to B7RJs pressure and passed the Reorgani ation Act, which ga*e him limited powers for administrati*e reforms, including the 'ey new E#ecuti*e <ffice in the @hite ?ouse. "he ?atch Act of 1D%D barred federal administrati*e officials, e#cept the highest policy$ma'ing officers, from acti*e political campaigning and soliciting. 33# New ,ea or .aw ,ea G 1. Boes of the +ew 7eal condemned its waste, citing that nothing had been accomplished. !. 3ritics were shoc'ed by the Ktry anythingL attitude of B7R, who had increased the federal debt from W1D.)MI million in 1D%! to W)0.))0 million in 1D%D. %. It too' @orld @ar II, though, to really lower unemployment. .ut, the war also created a hea*ier debt than before. 33"# 0,.8s !a ance $heet 1. +ew 7ealers claimed that the +ew 7eal had alle*iated the worst of the &reat 7epression. !. B7R also deflected popular resent against business and may ha*e sa*ed the American system of free enterprise, yet business tycoons hated him.

%. ?e pro*ided bold reform without re*olution. ). -ater, he would guide the nation through a titanic war in which the democracy of the world would be at sta'e. Chapter 3A - 0rank in ,# .oose-e t and the $hadow o% War "# The &ondon Con%erence 1. "he 1D%% -ondon 3onference composed 66 nations that came together to hopefully de*elop a worldwide solution to the &reat 7epression. o 0resident Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt at first agreed to send /ecretary of /tate 3ordell ?ull, but then withdrew from that agreement and scolded the other nations for trying to stabili e currencies. o As a result, the conference adAourned accomplishing nothing, and furthermore strengthening American isolationism. ""# 0reedom %or I%romGJ the 0i ipinos and .ecognition %or the .(ssians 1. @ith hard times, Americans were eager to do away with their liabilities in the 0hilippine Islands. And, American sugar producers wanted to get rid of the Bilipino sugar producers due to the competition they created. !. In 1D%), 3ongress passed the "ydings$(c7uffie Act, stating that the 0hilippines would recei*e their independence after 1! years of economic and political tutelage, in 1D)6. o Army bases were relin6uished, but na*al bases were 'ept. %. Americans were freeing themsel*es of a liability and creeping into further isolationism (eanwhile, militarists in Hapan began to see that they could ta'e o*er the 0acific easily without 9./. interference or resistance. ). In 1D%%, B7R finally formally recogni ed the /o*iet 9nion, hoping that the 9./. could trade with the 9././.R., and that the /o*iets would discourage &erman and Hapanese aggression. """# !ecoming a 5ood Neighbor 1. In terms of its relations with -atin America, the 9./. wanted to be a Kgood neighbor,L showing that it was content as a regional power, not a world one. !. In 1D%%, B7R renounced armed inter*ention in -atin America at the /e*enth 0an$American 3onference in (onte*ideo, 9ruguay, and the following year, 9./. marines left ?aiti. %. "he 9./. also lifted troops from 0anama, but when (e#ican forces sei ed 5an'ee oil properties, B7R found himself urged to ta'e drastic action. o ?owe*er, he resisted and wor'ed out a peaceful deal. o ?is Kgood neighborL policy was a great success, impro*ing the 9./. image in -atin American eyes. "+# $ecretar1 *( 8s .eciproca Trade Agreement

1. /ecretary of /tate ?ull belie*ed that trade was a two$way street, and he had a part in 3ongressJs passing of the Reciprocal "rade Agreements Act in 1D%) which acti*ated low$tariff policies while aiming at relief and reco*ery by boosting American trade. o "his act whittled down the most obAectionable schedules of the ?awley$/moot law by amending them, lowering rates by as much as half, pro*ided that the other country would do the same toward the 9nited /tates. !. "he Reciprocal "rade Agreements Act re*ersed the traditional high$tariff policy that had damaged America before and pa*ed the way for the American$led free$trade international economic system that was implemented after @orld @ar II. +# $torm-Ce ar "so ationism 1. After @orld @ar I, many dictatorships sprang up, including Hoseph /talin of the /o*iet 9nion, .enito (ussolini of Italy, and Adolph ?itler of &ermany. o <f the three, ?itler was the most dangerous, because he was a great orator and persuader who led the &erman people to belie*e his Kbig lie,L ma'ing them thin' that he could lead the country bac' to greatness and out of this time of po*erty and depression. !. In 1D%6, +a i ?itler and Bascist (ussolini allied themsel*es in the Rome$.erlin A#is. %. Hapan slowly began gaining strength, refusing to cooperate with the world and 6uic'ly arming itself by ending the @ashington +a*al "reaty in 1D%) and wal'ing out of the -ondon 3onference. ). In 1D%5, (ussolini attac'ed Ethiopia, con6uering it, but the -eague of +ations failed to ta'e effecti*e action against the aggressors. 5. America continued to hide behind the shell of isolationism, belie*ing that e*erything would stay good if the 9./. wasnJt drawn into any international embroilments. o "he 1D%) Hohnson 7ebt 7efault Act forbade any countries that still owed the 9./. money from borrowing any more cash. 6. In 1D%6, a group of 0rinceton 9ni*ersity students began to agitate for a bonus to be paid to the =eterans of Boreign @ars :=B@s; while the prospecti*e front$liners were still ali*e. +"# Congress &egis ates Ne(tra it1 1. "he 1D%) +ye 3ommittee was formed to in*estigate whether or not munitions manufacturers were pro$war, e#isting for the sole purpose of ma'ing more money and profits, as the press blamed such producers for dragging America into the Birst @orld @ar. !. "o pre*ent America from being suc'ed into war, 3ongress passed the +eutrality Acts in 1D%5$%I, acts which stated that when the president proclaimed the e#istence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect4 no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or ma'e loans to a belligerent.

"he flaw with these acts was that they were designed to pre*ent America from being pulled into a war li'e @orld @ar I, but @orld @ar II would pro*e to be different.

+""# America ,ooms &o1a ist $pain 1. 7uring the /panish 3i*il @ar :1D%6$%D;, /panish rebels led by the fascist &eneral Brancisco Branco rose up against the leftist$leaning republican go*ernment. o In order to stay out of the war, the 9./. put an embargo on both the loyalist go*ernment, which was supported by the 9//R, and the rebels, which were aided by ?itler and (ussolini. o 7uring the 3i*il @ar, the 9./. Aust stood by while Branco smothered the democratic go*ernment. America also failed to build up its fleet, since most people belie*ed that huge fleets led to huge wars. It was not until 1D%M that 3ongress passed a billion$dollar na*al construction act, but then it was too little, too late. +"""# Appeasing 4apan and 5erman1 1. In 1D%I, Hapan essentially in*aded 3hina, but B7R didnJt call this combat Ka war,L thus allowing the 3hinese to still get arms from the 9./., and in 3hicago of that year, he merely *erbally chastised the aggressors, calling for Ka 6uarantineL of Hapan :through economic embargoes, perhaps;2 this was his famous KGuarantine /peech.L o "he Guarantine /peech as'ed for America to stay neutral but to morally side against the fascist nations. o ?owe*er, this speech angered many isolationists, and B7R bac'ed down a bit from any more direct actions. !. In 7ecember 1D%I, the Hapanese bombed and san' the American gunboat, the 0anay, but then made the necessary apologies, Ksa*ingL America from entering war. o "o *ent their frustration, the Hapanese resorted to humiliating white ci*ilians in 3hina through slappings and strippings. o "he 0anay incident further supports AmericaJs determination to stay neutral. %. (eanwhile, ?itler was growing bolder and bolder after being allowed to introduce mandatory military ser*ice in &ermany, ta'e o*er the &erman Rhineland, persecute and e#terminate about si# million Hews, and occupy AustriaRall because the European powers were appeasing him. o "hey nai*ely hoped that each con6uest of &ermany would be the last. ). ?owe*er, ?itler didnJt stop, and at the /eptember 1D%M (unich 3onference, the Allies agreed to let ?itler ha*e the /udentenland of neighboring 3 echoslo*a'ia, but si# months later, in 1D%D, ?itler pulled the last straw and too' o*er all of 3 echoslo*a'ia. o .ritish 0rime (inister +e*ille 3hamberlain returned to England and ga*e his infamous claim that heJd achie*ed Kpeace in our timeLRtrue, but it pro*ed to be a short time. "3# *it er8s !e igerenc1 and ?#$# Ne(tra it1

1. <n August !%, 1D%D, the 9././.R. shoc'ed the world by signing a nonaggression treaty with &ermany. o +ow, it seemed that &ermany could engulf all of Europe, especially without ha*ing to worry about fighting a two$front war in case Russia fought bac'. o In essence, the nonaggression pact opened the door to 0oland. !. In 1D%D, ?itler in*aded 0oland, and Brance and .ritain finally declared war against &ermany, but America refused to enter the war, its citi ens not wanting to be Ksuc'ersL again. o Americans were anti$?itler and anti$+a i and wanted .ritain and Brance to win, but they would not permit themsel*es to be dragged into fighting and bloodshed. %. European powers needed American supplies, but the pre*ious +eutrality Acts forbade the sale of arms to nations in war, so a new +eutrality Act of 1D%D allowed European nations to buy war materials, but only on a Kcash$and$carryL basis, which meant Europeans had to pro*ide their own ships and pay for the arms in cash. o /ince the .ritish and Brench controlled the seas, the &ermans couldnJt buy arms from America, as it was intended. 3# The 0a o% 0rance 1. After the fall of 0oland, ?itler positioned his forces to attac' Brance which led to a lull in the war :so that men could mo*e; that was pierced only by the /o*iet 9nionJs attac' and con6uering of Binland, despite W%0 million from the 9./. :for nonmilitary reasons;. !. "hen, in 1D)0, the Kphony warL ended when ?itler o*erran 7enmar' and +orway, and then too' o*er the +etherlands and .elgium. o .lit ing without mercy, he then struc' a paraly ing blow toward Brance, which was forced to surrender by late Hune of that year. b. "he fall of Brance was shoc'ing, because now, all that stood between ?itler and the world was .ritain4 if the English lost, ?itler would ha*e all of Europe in which to operate, and he might ta'e o*er the Americas as well. 1. Binally, Roose*elt mo*ed and called for the nation to massi*ely build up its armed forces, with e#penses totaling more than W%I million. ?e also had 3ongress pass the first peacetime draft in 9./. history on /eptember 6, 1D)0. o 1.! million troops and M00,000 reser*es would be trained. !. At the ?a*ana 3onference, the 9./. warned &ermany that it could not ta'e o*er orphan colonies in the Americas, as such action wouldnJt be tolerated. 3"# !o stering !ritain with the ,estro1er ,ea I1HA0J 1. +ow, with .ritain the only power fighting against &ermany, B7R had to decide whether to remain totally neutral or to help .ritain.

?itler launched air attac's against the .ritish in August 1D)0 and prepared an in*asion scheduled to start a month later, but the tenacious defense of the .ritish Royal Air Borce stopped him in the aerial .attle of .ritain. !. "hose who supported helping .ritain formed the 3ommittee to 7efend America by Aiding the Allies, while those for isolationism :including 3harles A. -indbergh; were in the America Birst 3ommittee, and both groups campaigned and ad*ertised for their respecti*e positions. %. .ritain was in dire need for destroyers, and on /eptember !, 1D)0, B7R boldly mo*ed to transfer 50 old$model, four$funnel destroyers left o*er from @@I, and in return, the .ritish promised to gi*e the 9./. eight *aluable defensi*e base sites stretching from +ewfoundland to /outh America. o "hese would stay in American ownership for DD years. o <b*iously, this caused contro*ersy, but B7R had begun to stop playing the silly old games of isolationism and was slowly starting to step out into the spotlight.
o

3""# 0,. $hatters the Two-Term Tradition I1HA0J 1. In 1D)0, it was thought that Robert A. "aft of <hio or "homas E. 7ewey would be the Republican candidate, but a colorful and magnetic newcomer went from a nobody to a candidate in a matter of wee's. @endell -. @ill'ie, became the Republican against 7emocratic candidate Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt, who waited until the last moment to challenge the two$term tradition. o 7emocrats felt that B7R was the only man 6ualified to be president, especially in so gra*e of a situation as was going on. !. @ill'ie and B7R werenJt really different in the realm of foreign affairs, but @ill'ie hit hard with his attac's on the third term. %. /till, B7R won because *oters felt that, should war come, B7R was the best man to lead America. 3"""# Congress Passes the &andmark &end-&ease &aw 1. .ritain was running out of money, but Roose*elt didnJt want all the hassles that came with calling bac' debts, so he came up with the idea of a lend$lease program in which the arms and ships, etc. that the 9./. lent to the nations that needed them would be returned when they were no longer needed. o /enator "aft retorted that in this case the 9./. wouldnJt want them bac' because it would be li'e lending chewing gum then ta'ing it bac' after itJd been chewed. !. "he lend$lease bill was argued o*er heatedly in 3ongress, but it passed, and by warJs end, America had sent about W50 billion worth of arms and e6uipment. o "he lend$lease act was basically the abandonment of the neutrality policy, and ?itler recogni ed this.

.efore, &erman submarines had a*oided attac'ing 9./. ships, but after the passage, they started to fire upon 9./. ships as well, such as the (ay !1, 1D)1 torpedoing of the Robin (oor.

3"+# *it er8s Assa( t on the $o-iet ?nion $pawns the At antic Charter 1. <n Hune !!, 1D)1, ?itler attac'ed Russia, because e*er since the signing of the nonaggression pact, neither /talin nor ?itler had trusted each other, and both had been plotting to double$cross each other. o ?itler assumed his in*incible troops would crush the inferior /o*iet soldiers, but the *alor of the Red army, 9./. aid to the 9././.R. :through lend$lease;, and an early and bitter winter stranded the &erman force at (oscow and shifted the tide against &ermany. !. "he Atlantic 3onference was held in August 1D)1, and the result was the eight$point Atlantic 3harter, which was suggesti*e of @oodrow @ilsonJs Bourteen 0oints. (ain points includedN o "here would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the nati*es. o "he charter also affirmed the right for people to choose their rulers :self$ determination;. o It declared disarmament and a peace of security, as well as a new -eague of +ations. %. 3ritics charged that Kneutral AmericaL was interfering, ignoring that America was no longer neutral. 3+# ?#$# ,estro1ers and *it er8s ?-!oats C ash 1. "o ensure that arms sent to .ritain would reach there, B7R finally agreed that a con*oy would ha*e to escort them, but only as far as Iceland, as .ritain would ta'e o*er from there. !. "here were clashes, as 9./. destroyers li'e the &reer, the Cearny, and the Reuben Hames were attac'ed by the &ermans. %. .y mid$+o*ember 1D)1, 3ongress annulled the now$useless +eutrality Act of 1D%D. 3+"# $(rprise Assa( t at Pear *arbor 1. Hapan was still embroiled in war with 3hina, but when America suddenly imposed embargoes on 'ey supplies on Hapan in 1D)0, the imperialistic nation had now no choice but to either bac' off of 3hina or attac' the 9./.2 they chose the latter. !. "he Americans had bro'en the Hapanese code and 'new that they would declare war soon, but the 9./. could not attac', so based on what the Hapanese supposedly planned, most Americans thought that the Hapanese would attac' .ritish (alaya or the 0hilippines. %. ?owe*er, the paraly ing blow struc' 0earl ?arbor, as on 7ecember I, 1D)1, Hapanese air bombers suddenly attac'ed the na*al base located there :where almost the entire 9./. fleet was located;, wiping out many ships and 'illing or wounding %,000 men. ). "he ne#t day, the one after Ka date which will li*e in infamyL :B7R;, the 9./. declared war on Hapan, and on 7ecember 11, 1D)1, &ermany and Italy declared war on the 9./.

3+""# America8s Trans%ormation %rom !1stander to !e igerent 1. 9p until the day of the 0earl ?arbor attac', most Americans still wanted to stay out of war, but afterwards the e*ent spar'ed such passion that it completely infuriated Americans into wanting to go to war. !. "his had been long in coming, as the 9./. had wanted to stay out of war, but had still supported .ritain more and more, and the 9./. had been against the Hapanese aggression but had failed to ta'e a firm stand on either side. %. Binally, people decided that appeasement didnJt wor' against Kiron wol*es,L and that only full war was needed to 'eep the world safe for democracy and against anarchy and dictatorship. Chapter 3B - America in Wor d War "" "# The A ies Trade $pace %or Time 1. @hen Hapan attac'ed the 9nited /tates at 0earl ?arbor, millions of infuriated Americans, especially on the west coast, instantly changed their *iews from isolationist to a*enger. !. ?owe*er, America, led by the wise Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt, resisted such pressures, instead ta'ing a Kget &ermany firstL approach to the war, for if &ermany were to defeat .ritain before the Allies could beat Hapan, there would be no stopping ?itler and his men. o (eanwhile, Aust enough troops would be sent to fight Hapan to 'eep it in chec'. %. America had the hardship of preparing for war, since it had been in isolation for the preceding decades, and the test would be whether or not it could mobili e 6uic'ly enough to stop &ermany and ma'e the world safe for democracy :again;. ""# The $hock o% War 1. After the attac' at 0earl ?arbor, national unity was strong as steel, and the few ?itler supporters in America faded away. !. (ost of AmericaJs ethnic groups assimilated e*en faster due to @@II, since in the decades before the war, few immigrants had been allowed into America. o 9nfortunately, on the 0acific coast, 110,000 Hapanese$Americans were ta'en from their homes and herded into internment camps where their properties and freedoms were ta'en away. o "he 1D)) case of 5oremats! v6 U6 6 affirmed the constitutionality of these camps. o It too' more than )0 years before the 9./. admitted fault and made W!0,000 reparation payments to camp sur*i*ors. %. @ith the war, many +ew 7eal programs were wiped out, such as the 3i*ilian 3onser*ation 3orps, the @or's 0rogress Administration, and the +ational 5outh Administration. ). @@II was no idealistic crusade, as most Americans didnJt e*en 'now what the Atlantic 3harter :declaration of 9./. goals going into the war such as to fight &ermany first, and Hapan second; was.

"""# !(i ding the War /achine 1. (assi*e military orders :o*er W100 billion in 1D)! alone; ended the &reat 7epression by creating demand for Aobs and production. !. /hipbuilder ?enry H. Caiser was dubbed K/ir -aunchalotL because his methods of ship assembly churned out one ship e*ery 1) daysU %. "he @ar 0roduction .oard halted manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars, and when the Hapanese sei ed *ital rubber supplies in .ritish (alaya and the 7utch East Indies, the 9./. imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing to sa*e tires. ). Barmers rolled out more food, but the new sudden spurt in production made prices soarRa problem that was finally sol*ed by the regulation of prices by the <ffice of 0rice Administration. 5. (any essential goods were rationed. 6. (eanwhile labor unions pledged not to stri'e during the war, some did anyway. o "he 9nited (ine @or'ers was one such group and was led by Hohn -. -ewis. o In Hune 1D)%, 3ongress passed the /mith$3onnally Anti$/tri'e Act, which let the federal go*ernment sei e and operate industries threatened by or under stri'es. o Bortunately, stri'es accounted for less than 1E of total wor'ing hours of the 9./. wartime laboring force. "+# /anpower and Womanpower 1. "he armed forces had nearly 15 million men and !16,000 women, and some of these Kwomen in armsL included the @AA3/ :Army;, the @A=E/ :+a*y;, and /0AR/ :3oast &uard;. !. .ecause of the national draft that pluc'ed men :and women; from their homes and into the military, there werenJt enough wor'ers, so the .racero 0rogram brought (e#ican wor'ers to America as resident wor'ers. %. @ith the men in the military, women too' up Aobs in the wor'place, symboli ed by KRosie the Ri*eter,L and upon warJs end, many did not return to their homes as in @orld @ar I. o It must be noted that the female re*olution into the wor' force was not as great as commonly e#aggerated. At the end of the war, !>% of the women did return home2 the ser*icemen that came home to them helped produce a baby boom that is still being felt today. +# Wartime /igrations 1. "he war also forced many people to mo*e to new places, and many young fol's went to and saw new cities far from home. !. B7R used the war as an e#cuse to pump lots of money into the stagnant /outh to re*itali e it, helping to start the blossoming of the K/unbelt.L o /till, some 1.6 million blac's left the /outh for better places, and e#plosi*e tensions de*eloped o*er blac' housing, employment, and segregation facilities.

%. 0hilip Randolph, leader of the .rotherhood of /leeping 3ar 0orters, threatened a K+egro (arch to @ashingtonL in 1D)1 to get better rights and treatment. ). "he president also established the Bair Employment 0ractices 3ommission to discourage racism and oppression in the wor'place, and while .lac's in the army still suffered degrading discrimination :i.e. separate blood ban's;, they still used the war as a rallying cry against dictators abroad and racism at homeRo*erall gaining power and strength. o (embership to the +AA30 passed the half$million mar', and a new organi ation, the 3ongress of Racial E6uality :3<RE;, was founded in 1D)!. 5. In 1D)), the mechanical cotton pic'er made the need for muscle none#istent, so blac's that used to pic' cotton could now lea*e, since they were no longer needed. o "hey left the /outh and too' up residence in urban areas. 6. +ati*e Americans also left their reser*ations during the war, finding wor' in the cities or Aoining the army. o /ome !5,000 +ati*e Americans were in the army, and the +a*aAo and 3omanches were Kcode tal'ers,L relaying military orders in the own languageRa KcodeL that was ne*er bro'en by the A#is 0owers. I. /uch sudden Krubbing of the racesL did spar' riots and cause tension, such as the 1D)% attac' on some (e#ican$American na*y men in -os Angeles and the 7etroit race riot :occurring in the same year; that 'illed !5 blac's and D whites. +"# *o ding the *ome 0ront 1. America was the only country to emerge after the war relati*ely unscathed, and in fact, it was much better off after the war than before. o "he gross national product more than doubled, as did corporate profits. o In fact, when the war ended and price controls were lifted, inflation shot up. !. 7espite all of the +ew 7eal programs, it was the plethora of spending during @@II that lifted America from its &reat 7epression. o "he wartime bill amounted to more than W%%0 billionRmore than the combined costs of all the pre*ious American wars together. o @hile income ta# was e#panded to ma'e four times as many people pay as before, most of the payments were borrowed, ma'ing the national debt soar from W)D billion to W!5D billion :the war had cost as much as W10 million per hour at one point;. +""# The .ising $(n in the Paci%ic 1. "he Hapanese o*erran the lands that they descended upon, winning more land with less losses than e*er before and con6uering &uam, @a'e, the 0hilippines, ?ong Cong, .ritish (alaya, .urma :in the process cutting the famed .urma Road;, the 7utch East Indies, and e*en pushing into 3hina.

!. @hen the Hapanese too' o*er the 0hilippines, 9./. &eneral 7ouglas (acArthur had to snea' out of the place, but he *owed to return to liberate the islands2 he went to Australia. %. After the fighters in the 0hilippines surrendered, they were forced to ma'e the infamous M5$mile .ataan death march. o <n (ay 6, 1D)!, the island fortress of 3orregidor, in (anila ?arbor, surrendered. +"""# 4apan8s *igh Tide at /idwa1 1. "he Hapanese onrush was finally chec'ed in the 3oral /ea by American and Australian forces in the worldJs 1st na*al battle where the ships ne*er saw one another :they fought with aircraft *ia carriers;. And, when the Hapanese tried to sei e (idway Island, they were forced bac' by 9./. Admiral 3hester @. +imit during fierce fighting from Hune %$6, 1D)!. o (idway pro*ed to be the turning point that stopped Hapanese e#pansion. o Admiral Raymond A. /pruance also helped maneu*er the fleet to win, and this *ictory mar'ed the turning point in the war in the 0acific. o +o longer would the Hapanese ta'e any more land, as the 9./. began a process called Kisland hopping,L where the Allies would bypass hea*ily fortified islands, ta'e o*er neighboring islands, and star*e the resistant forces to death with lac' of supplies and constant bombing saturation, to push bac' the Hapanese. !. Also, the Hapanese had ta'en o*er some islands in the Alas'an chain, the Aleutians. "3# American &eap%rogging Toward Tok1o 1. Americans won at &uadalcanal in August 1D)! and then got +ew &uinea by August 1D)). !. .y island hopping, the 9./. also retoo' the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Cis'a in August of 1D)%, and in +o*ember of that year, Kbloody "arawaL and (a'in, members of the &ilbert Islands, fell to the Allies. %. American sailors shelled the beachheads with artillery, 9./. (arines stormed ashore, and American bombers attac'ed the Hapanese, such as -t. Robert H. Albert who piloted a .$!) K-iberatorL on %6 missions including his final run before returning home. "hat mission was a record 1M hour and !5 minute stri'e that he piloted, e*en though his tour of duty was complete, Aust so his men would not fly behind a roo'ie pilot. ). In Hanuary and Bebruary of 1D)), the (arshall Islands fell to the 9./. 5. "he assault on the (arianas :including &uam; began on Hune 1D, 1D)), and with superior planes such as the K?ellcatL fighter and a 9./. *ictory the ne#t day in the .attle of the 0hilippine /ea, the 9./. rolled on, ta'ing the islands and beginning around$the$cloc' bombing raids o*er "o'yo and other parts of mainland Hapan. 3# The A ied *a ting o% *it er

1. "he 9./. also at first had trouble against &ermany, as its 9$boats pro*ed *ery effecti*e, but the brea'ing of the &ermansJ KenigmaL code helped pinpoint those subs better. o It wasnJt until warJs end that the true threat of the &erman submarines was 'nown, as it was disco*ered that ?itler had been about to unleash a new 9$boat that could remain underwater indefinitely and cruise at 1I 'nots underwater. !. In (ay 1D)!, the .ritish launched a massi*e raid on 3ologne, Brance, and in August, the 9./. air corps Aoined them. o "he &ermans, led by the K7esert Bo#L (arshall Edwin Rommel, dro*e to Egypt, dangerously close to the /ue 3anal, but late in <ctober 1D)!, .ritish &eneral .ernard (ontgomery defeated him at El Alamein, west of 3airo. %. <n the /o*iet front, the Russians launched a new, blistering counteroffensi*e, regaining about !>% of the land they had lost before a year later. 3"# A $econd 0ront %rom North A%rica to .ome 1. "he /o*iets had begged the Allies to open up a second front against ?itler, since /o*iet forces were dying by the millions :!0 million by warJs end;, and the Americans were eager to comply, but the .ritish, remembering @@I, were reluctant. o Instead of a frontal European assault, the .ritish de*ised an in*asion through +orth Africa, so that the Allies could cut ?itlerJs forces through the Ksoft underbellyL of the (editerranean /ea. !. "hus, a secret attac' was coordinated and e#ecuted by 7wight 7. Eisenhower as they defeated the Brench troops, but upon meeting the real &erman soldiers, Americans were set bac' at Casserine 0ass. o "his soft underbelly campaign wasnJt really successful, as the underbelly wasnJt as soft as 3hurchill had guessed, but important lessons were learned. %. At the 3asablanca 3onference, Bran'lin Roose*elt and @inston 3hurchill met and agreed on the term of Kunconditional surrender.L ). "he Allies found bitter resistance in Italy, but /icily finally fell in August 1D)%. o Italian dictator (ussolini was deposed, and a new go*ernment was set up. "wo years later, he and his mistress were lynched and 'illed. o &ermany didnJt lea*e Italy, though, and for many months, more fighting and stalemates occurred, especially at (onte 3assino, where &ermans were holed up. 5. "he Allies finally too' Rome on Hune ), 1D)), and it wasnJt until (ay !, 1D)5, that A#is troops in Italy finally surrendered. 6. "hough long and tiring, the Italian in*asion did open up Europe, di*ert some of ?itlerJs men from the /o*iet front, and helping cause Italy to fall. 3""# ,-,a1; 4(ne D, 1HAA

1. At the "ehran 3onference, the .ig "hree :B7R, 3hurchill, and Hosef /talin, leader of Russia; met and agreed that the /o*iets and Allies would launch simultaneous attac's. !. "he Allies began plans for a gigantic cross$channel in*asion, and command of the whole operation was entrusted to &eneral Eisenhower. o (eanwhile, (acArthur recei*ed a fa'e army to use as a ruse to &ermany. %. "he point of attac' was Brench +ormandy, and on Hune 6, 1D)), 7$7ay beganRthe amphibious assault on +ormandy. After hea*y resistance, Allied troops, some led by &eneral &eorge /. 0atton, finally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into Brance. o @ith the help of the KBrench underground,L 0aris was freed in August of 1D)). 3"""# 0,.; The 0o(rth-Termite o% 1HAA 1. Republicans nominated "homas E. 7ewey, a young, liberal go*ernor of +ew 5or', and paired him with isolationist Hohn @. .ric'er of <hio. !. B7R was the 7emocratic loc', but because of his age, the *ice presidential candidate was carefully chosen to be ?arry /. "ruman, who won out o*er ?enry A. @allaceRan ill$balanced and unpredictable liberal. 3"+# .oose-e t ,e%eats ,ewe1 1. 7ewey went on a rampaging campaign offensi*e while B7R, stuc' with @@II problems, could not go out much. o "he new 0olitical Action 3ommittee of the 3I< contributed considerable money. It was organi ed to get around the law banning direct use of union funds for political purposes. !. In the end, Roose*elt stomped 7ewey, )%! to DD, the fourth term issue wasnJt e*en that big of a deal, since the precedent had already been bro'en three years before. %. B7R won because the war was going well, and because people wanted to stic' with him. 3+# The &ast ,a1s o% *it er 1. <n the retreat and losing, ?itler concentrated his forces and threw them in the Ardennes forest on 7ecember 16, 1D)), starting the .attle of Kthe .ulge.L ?e nearly succeeded in his gamble, but the ten$day penetration was finally stopped by the 101st Airborne 7i*ision that had stood firm at the *ital bastion of .astogne, which was commanded by .rigadier &eneral A.3. (cAuliffe. !. In (arch 1D)5, the Americans reached the Rhine Ri*er of &ermany, and then pushed toward the ri*er Elbe, and from there, Aoining /o*iet troops, they marched toward .erlin. %. 9pon entering &ermany, the Allies were horrified to find the concentration camps where millions of Hews and other KundesirablesL had been slaughtered in attempted genocide. o Adolph ?itler, 'nowing that he had lost, committed suicide in his bun'er on April %0, 1D)5. ). (eanwhile, in America, B7R had died from a massi*e cerebral hemorrhage on April 1!, 1D)5.

5. (ay I, 1D)5 was the date of the official &erman surrender, and the ne#t day was officially proclaimed =$E 7ay :=ictory in Europe 7ay;. 3+"# 4apan ,ies *ard 1. American submarines were ruining HapanJs fleet, and attac's such as the (arch D$10, 1D)5 firebomb raid on "o'yo that 'illed o*er M%,000 people were wearing Hapan out. !. <n <ctober !0, 1D)), &eneral (acArthur finally KreturnedL to the 0hilippines. o ?owe*er, he didnJt reta'e (anila until (arch 1D)5. %. "he last great na*al battle at -eyte &ulf was lost by Hapan, terminating its sea power status. ). In (arch 1D)5, Iwo Hima was captured2 this !5$day assault left o*er ),000 Americans dead. 5. <'inawa was won after fighting from April to Hune of 1D)5, and was captured at the cost of 50,000 American li*es. o Hapanese K'ami'a eL suicide pilots, for the sa'e of their god$emperor, unleashed the full fury of their terror at <'inawa in a last$ditch effort. 3+""# The Atomic !ombs 1. At the 0otsdam 3onference, the Allies issued an ultimatum4 surrender or be destroyed. !. "he first atomic bomb had been tested on Huly 16, 1D)5, near Alamogordo, +ew (e#ico, and when Hapan refused to surrender, Americans dropped A$bombs onto ?iroshima :on August 6, 1D)5;, 'illing 1M0,000 and +agasa'i :on August D, 1D)5;, 'illing M0,000. %. <n August M, 1D)5, the /o*iets declared war on Hapan, Aust as promised, and two days later, on August 10, Hapan sued for peace on one condition4 that the Emperor ?irohito be allowed to remain on the Hapanese throne. o 7espite the Kunconditional surrenderL clause, the Allies accepted. ). "he formal end came on /eptember !, 1D)5, on the battleship 9././. (issouri where ?irohito surrendered to &eneral (acArthur. 3+"""# The A ies Tri(mphant 1. America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number 'illed by disease and infections was *ery low than's to new miracle drugs li'e penicillin. .ut otherwise the 9./. had suffered little losses :two Hapanese attac's on 3alifornia and <regon that were rather harmless;. !. "his was AmericaJs best$fought war, despite the fact that the 9./. began preparing later than usual. %. "he success was partly than's to the e#cellent 9./. generals and admirals, and the leaders. ). Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal amount of goods, pro*ing wrong ?ermann &oering, a +a i leader who had scorned AmericaJs lac' of manufacturing s'ills. Chapter 3D - The Co d War !egins

"# Postwar Economic Anxieties 1. "he Americans cheered the end of @orld @ar II in 1D)5, but many worried that with the war o*er, the 9./. would sin' bac' into another &reat 7epression. o 9pon warJs end, inflation shot up with the release of price controls while the gross national product san', and labor stri'es swept the nation. !. "o get e*en with labor, 3ongress passed the "aft$?artley Act, which outlawed KclosedL shops :closed to non$union members;, made unions liable for damages that resulted from Aurisdictional disputes among themsel*es, and re6uired that union leaders ta'e non$communist oaths. <pposite of the @agner Act of the +ew 7eal, this new act was a stri'e against labor unions. %. -abor tried to organi e in the /outh and @est with K<peration 7i#ie,L but this pro*ed frustrating and unsuccessful. ). "o forestall an economic downturn, the 7emocratic administration sold war factories and other go*ernment installations to pri*ate businesses cheaply. 3ongress passed the Employment Act of 1D)6, which made it go*ernment policy to Kpromote ma#imum employment, production, and purchasing power,L and created the 3ouncil of Economic Ad*isors to pro*ide the president with data to ma'e that policy a reality. o It also passed the /er*icemenJs ReadAustment Act of 1D)), better 'nown as the &I .ill of Rights, which allowed all ser*icemen to ha*e free college education once they returned from the war. ""# The &ong Economic !oom, 1HB0-1HE0 1. "hen, in the late 1D)0s and into the 1D60s, the economy began to boom tremendously, and fol's who had felt the sting of the &reat 7epression now wanted to bathe in the new prosperity. o "he middle class more than doubled while people now wanted two cars in e*ery garage2 o*er D0E of American families owned a tele*ision. !. @omen also reaped the benefits of the postwar economy, growing in the American wor' force while gi*ing up their former roles as housewi*es. %. E*en though this new affluence did not touch e*eryone, it did touch many. """# The .oots o% Postwar Prosperit1 1. 0ostwar prosperity was fueled by se*eral factors, including the war itself that forced America to produce more than itJd e*er imagined. !. ?owe*er, much of the prosperity of the 50s and 60s rested on colossal military proAects. o (assi*e appropriations for the Corean @ar, defense spending, industries li'e aerospace, plastics, and electronics, and research and de*elopment all were such proAects. o R and 7, research and de*elopment, became an entirely new industry.

%. 3heap energy paralleled the popularity of automobiles, and spidery grids of electrical cables carried the power of oil, gas, coal, and falling water into homes and factories ali'e. ). @or'ers upped their producti*ity tremendously, as did farmers, due to new technology in fertili ers, etc. In fact, the farming population shran' while production soared. "+# The $mi ing $(nbe t 1. @ith so many people on the mo*e, families were being strained. 3ombined with the baby boom, this e#plained the success of 7r. .enAamin /poc'Js "he 3ommon /ense .oo' of .aby and 3hild 3are. !. Immigration also led to the growth of a fifteen$state region in the southern half of the 9./. 'nown as the /unbelt, which dramatically increased in population. o In fact, in the 1D50s, 3alifornia o*ertoo' +ew 5or' as the most populous state. %. Immigrants came to the /unbelt for more opportunities, such as in 3aliforniaJs electronics industry and the aerospace comple#es of "e#as and Blorida. o Bederal dollars poured into the /unbelt :some W1!5 million;, and political power grew there as well, as e*er since 1D6), e*ery 9./. president has come from that region. o /unbelters were redrawing the political map, ta'ing the economic and political power out of the +orth and +ortheast. +# The .(sh to the $(b(rbs 1. @hites in cities fled to the suburbs, encouraged by federal agencies such as the Bederal ?ousing Authority and the =eteranJs Administration, whose loan guarantees made it cheaper to li*e in the suburbs than in cramped city apartments o .y 1D60, one out of e*er four Americans li*ed in the suburbs. !. Inno*ators li'e the -e*itt brothers, with their monotonous but cheap housing plans, built thousands of houses in proAects li'e -e*ittown, and the K@hite flightL left the cities full of the poor and the African$Americans. o Bederal agencies aggra*ated this by often refusing to ma'e loans to .lac's due to the Kris' factorL in*ol*ed with this. +"# The Postwar !ab1 !oom 1. After the war, many soldiers returned to their sweethearts and married them, then had babies, creating a K.aby .oomL that would be felt for generations. !. As the children grew up collecti*ely, they put strains on respecti*e mar'ets, such as manufacturers of baby products in the 1D)0s and 50s, teenage clothing designers in the 60s, and the Aob mar'et in the I0s and M0s. %. .y around !0!0, they will place enormous strains on the /ocial /ecurity system. +""# Tr(man; the =5(tt1> /an %rom /isso(ri

1. 0residing after @orld @ar II was ?arry /. "ruman, who had come to power after Bran'lin Roose*elt had died from a massi*e brain hemorrhage. o "he first president in a long time without a college education, "ruman at first approached his burdens with humility, but he gradually e*ol*ed into a confident, coc'y politician. o ?is cabinet was made up of the old K(issouri gang,L which was composed of "rumanJs friends from when he was a senator in (issouri. o <ften, "ruman would stic' to a wrong decision Aust to pro*e his decisi*eness and power of command. !. ?owe*er, e*en if he was small on the small things, he was big on the big things, ta'ing responsibility *ery seriously and wor'ing *ery hard. +"""# 2a ta; !argain or !etra1a G 1. A final conference of the .ig "hree had ta'en place at 5alta in Bebruary 1D)5, where /o*iet leader Hoseph /talin pledged that 0oland should ha*e a representati*e go*ernment with free elections, as would .ulgaria and Romania. .ut, /talin bro'e those promises. !. At 5alta, the /o*iet 9nion had agreed to attac' Hapan three months after the fall of &ermany, but by the time the /o*iets entered the 0acific war, the 9./. was about to win anyway, and now, it seemed that the 9././.R. had entered for the sa'e of ta'ing spoils. o "he /o*iet 9nion was also granted control of the (anchurian railroads and recei*ed special pri*ileges to 7airen and 0ort Arthur. %. 3ritics of B7R charged that heJd sold 3hinaJs 3hiang Cai$she' down the ri*er, while supporters claimed that the /o*iets could ha*e ta'en more of 3hina had they wished, and that the 5alta agreements had actually limited the /o*iet 9nion. "3# The ?nited $tates and the $o-iet ?nion 1. @ith the 9./.A. and the 9././.R. as the only world superpowers after @@II, trouble seemed imminent, for the 9./. had waited until 1D%%, to recogni e the 9././.R.2 the 9./. and .ritain had delayed to open up a second front during @orld @ar II2 the 9./. and .ritain had fro en the /o*iets out of de*eloping nuclear arms2 and the 9./. had withdrawn its *ital lend$lease program from the 9././.R. in 1D)5 and spurned (oscowJs plea for a W6 billion reconstructi*e loan while appro*ing a similar W%.I5 billion loan to .erlin. !. /talin wanted a protecti*e sphere around western Russian, for twice earlier in the century Russia had been attac'ed from that direction, and that meant ta'ing nations li'e 0oland under its control. %. E*en though both the 9./.A. and the 9././.R. were recent newcomers to the world stage, they were *ery ad*anced and had been isolationist before the !0th century, now they found themsel*es in a political stare$down that would turn into the 3old @ar and last for four and a half decades.

3# $haping the Postwar Wor d 1. ?owe*er, the 9./. did manage to establish structures that were part of B7RJs open world. o At a meeting at .retton @oods, +ew ?ampshire, in 1D)), the @estern Allies established the International (onetary Bund :I(B; to encourage world trade by regulating the currency e#change rates. !. "he 9nited +ations opened on April !5, 1D)5. o "he member nations drew up a charter similar to that of the old -eague of +ations, formed a /ecurity 3ouncil to be headed by fi*e permanent powers :3hina, 9././.R., .ritain, Brance, and 9./.A.; that had total *eto powers, and was head6uartered in +ew 5or' 3ity. o "he /enate o*erwhelmingly appro*ed the 9.+. by a *ote of MD to !. %. "he 9.+. 'ept peace in Cashmir and other trouble spots, created the new Hewish state of Israel, formed such groups as 9+E/3< :9.+. Educational, /cientific, and 3ultural <rgani ation;, BA< :Bood and Agricultural <rgani ation;, and @?< :@orld ?ealth <rgani ation;, bringing benefits to people all o*er the globe. ). ?owe*er, when 9./. delegate .ernard .aruch called in 1D)6 for a 9.+. agency free from the great power *eto that could in*estigate all nuclear facilities and weapons, the 9././.R. reAected the proposal, since it didnJt want to gi*e up its *eto power and was opposed to Kcapitalist spiesL snooping around in the /o*iet 9nion. "he small window of regulating nuclear weapons was lost. 3"# The Prob em o% 5erman1 1. "he +uremberg "rials of 1D)5$)6 se*erely punished !! top culprits of the ?olocaust. !. America 'new that an economically healthy &ermany was indispensable to the reco*ery of all of Europe, but Russia, fearing another blit 'rieg, wanted huge reparations from &ermany. %. &ermany, li'e Austria, was di*ided into four occupational ones controlled by the Allied 0owers minus 3hina, but as the 9./. began proposing the idea of a united &ermany, and as the @estern nations pre*ented /talin from getting his reparations from their parts of &ermany, it became ob*ious that &ermany would remain indefinitely di*ided. o In 1D)M, when the 9././.R. cho'ed off all air and railway access to .erlin, located deep in East &ermany, they thought that such an act would star*e the Allies out, since .erlin itself was di*ided into four ones as well. o ?owe*er, the Allies organi ed the massi*e .erlin Airlift to feed the people of .erlin, and in (ay 1D)D, the /o*iets stopped their bloc'ade of .erlin. 3""# The Co d War Congea s 1. @hen, in 1D)6, /talin used his troops to aid a rebel mo*ement in Iran, "ruman protested, and the /o*iets bac'ed down. !. "ruman soon adopted the Kcontainment policy,L crafted by /o*iet specialist &eorge B. Cennan, which stated that firm containment of /o*iet e#pansion would halt 3ommunist power.

%. <n (arch 1!, 1D)I, "ruman re6uested that the containment policy be put into action in what would come to be called the "ruman 7octrine4 W)00 million to help &reece and "ur'ey from falling into communist power. o /o basically, the doctrine said that the 9./. would aid any power fighting 3ommunist aggression, an idea later critici ed because the 9./. would often gi*e money to dictators Kfighting communism.L ). In @estern Europe, Brance, Italy, and &ermany were still in terrible shape, so "ruman, with the help of /ecretary of /tate &eorge 3. (arshall, implemented the (arshall 0lan, a miraculous reco*ery effort that had @estern Europe up and prosperous in no time. o "his helped in the forming of the European 3ommunity :E3;. o "he plan sent W1!.5 billion o*er four years to 16 cooperating nations to aid in reco*ery, and at first, 3ongress didnJt want to comply, especially when this sum was added to the W! billion the 9./. was already gi*ing to European relief as part of the 9nited +ations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration :9+RRA;. o ?owe*er, a /o*iet$sponsored coup that toppled the go*ernment of 3 echoslo*a'ia finally awa'ened the 3ongressmen to their senses, and they passed the plan. 5. "ruman also recogni ed Israel on its birthday, (ay 1), 1D)M, despite hea*y Arab opposition and despite the fact that those same Arabs controlled the oil supplies in the (iddle East. 3"""# America !egins to .earm 1. "he 1D)I +ational /ecurity Act created the 7epartment of 7efense, which was housed in the 0entagon and headed by a new cabinet position, the /ecretary of 7efense, under which ser*ed ci*ilian secretaries of the army, na*y, and air force. !. "he +ational /ecurity Act also formed the +ational /ecurity 3ouncil :+/3; to ad*ise the president on security matters and the 3entral Intelligence Agency :3IA; to coordinate the go*ernmentJs foreign fact$gathering :spying;. %. "he K=oice of America,L a radio broadcast, began beaming in 1D)M, while 3ongress resurrected the military draft :/electi*e /er*ice /ystem;, which redefined many young peopleJs career choices and persuaded them to go to college. ). In 1D)M, the 9./. Aoined .ritain, Brance, .elgium, the +etherlands, and -u#embourg to form the +orth Atlantic "reaty <rgani ation :+A"<;, which considered an attac' on one +A"< member an attac' on all, despite the 9./.Js policy of traditionally not in*ol*ing itself in entangling alliances. o In response, the 9././.R. formed the @arsaw 0act, its own alliance system. o +A"<Js membership grew to fourteen with the 1D5! admissions of &reece and "ur'ey, and then to 15 when @est &ermany Aoined in 1D55. 3"+# .econstr(ction and .e-o (tion in Asia

1. &eneral 7ouglas (acArthur headed reconstruction in Hapan and tried the top Hapanese war criminals. ?e dictated a constitution that was adopted in 1D)6, and democrati ed Hapan. !. ?owe*er, in 3hina, the communist forces, led by (ao Qedong, defeated the nationalist forces, led by 3hiang Cai$she', who then fled to the island of Bormosa :"aiwan; in 1D)D. o @ith this defeat, one$6uarter of the world population :500,000,000 people; plunged under the 3ommunist flag. o 3ritics of "ruman assailed that he did not support the nationalists enough, but 3hiang Cai$she' ne*er had the support of the people to begin with. %. "hen, in /eptember of 1D)D, "ruman announced that the /o*iets had e#ploded their first atomic bombRthree years before e#perts thought it was possible, thus eliminating the 9./. monopoly on nuclear weapons. o "he 9./. e#ploded the hydrogen bomb in 1D5!, and the /o*iets followed suit a year later2 thus began the dangerous arms race of the 3old @ar. 3+# 0erreting 6(t A eged Comm(nists 1. An anti$red chase was in full force in the 9./. with the formation of the -oyalty Re*iew .oard, which in*estigated more than % million federal employees. o "he attorney general also drew up a list of D0 organi ations that were potentially not loyal to the 9./., and none was gi*en the opportunity to defend itself. !. In 1D)D, 11 communists were brought to a +ew 5or' Aury for *iolating the /mith Act of 1D)0, which had been the first peacetime anti$sedition law since 1IDM. o "hey were con*icted, sent to prison, and their con*iction was upheld by the 1D51 case 7ennis *. 9nited /tates. %. "he ?ouse of Representati*es had, in 1D%M established the 3ommittee on 9n$American Acti*ities :K?9A3L; to in*estigate Ksub*ersion,L and in 1D)M, committee member Richard (. +i#on prosecuted Alger ?iss. ). In Bebruary 1D50, Hoseph R. (c3arthy burst upon the scene, charging that there were scores of un'nown communists in the /tate 7epartment. o ?e couldnJt pro*e it, and many American began to fear that this red chase was going too far2 after all, how could there be freedom of speech if saying communist ideas got one arrestedT o "ruman *etoed the (c3arran Internal /ecurity .ill, which wouldJ*e let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an Kinternal security emergency.L 5. "he /o*iet success of de*eloping nuclear bombs so easily was probably due to spies, and in 1D51, Hulius and Ethel Rosenberg were brought to trial, con*icted, and e#ecuted of selling nuclear secrets to the Russians. o "heir sensational trial, electrocution, and sympathy for their two children began to sober America eal in red hunting.

3+"# ,emocratic ,i-isions in 1HAF 1. Republicans won control of the ?ouse in 1D)6 and then nominated "homas E. 7ewey to the 1D)M tic'et, while 7emocrats were forced to choose "ruman again when war$hero 7wight 7. Eisenhower refused to be chosen. o "rumanJs nomination split the 7emocratic 0arty, as /outhern 7emocrats :K7i#iecratsL; nominated &o*ernor H. /trom "hurmond of /outh 3arolina on a /tateJs Rights 0arty tic'et. o Bormer *ice president ?enry A. @allace also threw his hat into the ring, getting nominated by the new 0rogressi*e 0arty. !. @ith the 7emocrats totally disorgani ed, 7ewey seemed destined for a super$easy *ictory, and on election night, the 3hicago "ribune e*en ran an early edition wrongly proclaiming K7E@E5 7EBEA"/ "R9(A+,L but "ruman shoc'ingly won, getting %0% electoral *otes to 7eweyJs 1MD. And to ma'e things better, the 7emocrats won control of 3ongress again. o "ruman recei*ed critical support from farmers, wor'ers, and blac's. %. "ruman then called for a new program called K0oint Bour,L which called for financial support of poor, underde*eloped lands in hopes of 'eeping underpri*ileged peoples from turning communist. ). At home, "ruman outlined a sweeping KBair 7ealL program, which called for impro*ed housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, a new "ennessee =alley Authority, and an e#tension of /ocial /ecurity. o ?owe*er, the only successes came in raising the minimum wage, pro*iding for public housing in the ?ousing Act of 1D)D, and e#tending old$age insurance to more beneficiaries with the /ocial /ecurity Act of 1D50. 3+""# The <orean +o cano Er(pts I1HB0J 1. @hen Russian and American forces withdrew from Corea, they had left the place full of weapons and with ri*al regimes :communist +orth and democratic /outh;. !. "hen, on Hune !5, 1D50, +orth Corean forces suddenly in*aded /outh Corean, ta'ing the /outh Coreans by surprise and pushing them dangerously south toward 0usan. o "ruman sprang to action, remembering that the -eague of +ations had failed from inacti*ity, and ordered 9./. military spending to be 6uadrupled, as desired by the +ational /ecurity 3ouncil (emorandum +umber 6M, or +/3$6M. %. "ruman also used a /o*iet absence from the 9.+. to label +orth Corea as an aggressor and send 9.+. troops to fight against the aggressors. o ?e also ordered &eneral (acArthurJs Hapan$based troops to Corea. 3+"""# The /i itar1 $eesaw in <orea

1. &eneral (acArthur landed a brilliant in*asion behind enemy forces at Inchon on /eptember 15, 1D50, and dro*e the +orth Coreans bac' across the %Mth parallel, towards 3hina and the 5alu Ri*er. o An o*erconfident (acArthur boasted that heJd Kha*e the boys home by 3hristmas,L but in +o*ember 1D50, 3hinese K*olunteersL flooded across the border and pushed the /outh Coreans bac' to the %Mth parallel. !. (acArthur, humiliated, wanted to bloc'ade 3hina and bomb (anchuria, but "ruman didnJt want to enlarge the war beyond necessity, but when the angry general began to publicly critici e 0resident "ruman and spo'e of using atomic weapons, ?arry had no choice but to remo*e him from command on grounds of insubordination. o (acArthur returned to cheers while "ruman was scorned as a Kpig,L an Kimbecile,L an appeaser to communist Russia and 3hina, and a KHudas.L o In Huly 1D51, truce discussions began but immediately snagged o*er the issue of prisoner e#change. o "al's dragged on for two more years as men continued to die. Chapter 3E - The Eisenhower Era "# A%% (ence and "ts Anxieties 1. "he economy really sprouted during the 50s, and the in*ention of the transistor e#ploded the electronics field, especially in computers, helping such companies as International .usiness (achines :I.(; e#pand and prosper. !. Aerospace industries progressed, as the .oeing company made the first passenger$Aet airplane :adapted from the superbombers of the /trategic Air 3ommand;, the I0I. %. In 1D56, Kwhite$collarL wor'ers outnumbered Kblue collarL wor'ers for the first time, meaning that the industrial era was passing on. o As this occurred, labor unions pea'ed in 1D5) then started a steady decline. o @omen appeared more and more in the wor'place, despite the stereotypical role of women as housewi*es that was being portrayed on "= shows such as K< ie and ?arrietL and K-ea*e It to .ea*er.L (ore than )0 million new Aobs were created. ). @omenJs e#pansion into the wor'place shoc'ed some, but really wasnJt surprising if one obser*ed the trends in history, and now, they were both housewi*es and wor'ers. o .etty BriedanJs 1D6% boo' "he Beminine (ysti6ue was a best$seller and a classic of modern feminine protest literature. /heJs the godmother of the feminist mo*ement. ""# Cons(mer C( t(re in the 0i%ties 1. "he fifties saw the first 7inerJs 3lub cards, the opening of (c7onaldJs, the debut of 7isneyland, and an e#plosion in the number of tele*ision stations in the country.

!. Ad*ertisers used tele*ision to sell products while Ktele*angelistsL li'e .illy &raham, <ral Roberts, and Bulton H. /heen used "= to preach the gospel and encourage religion. %. /ports shifted west, as the .roo'lyn 7odgers and +ew 5or' &iants mo*ed to -os Angeles and /an Brancisco, respecti*ely, in 1D5M. ). El*is 0resley, a white singer of the new Kroc' and rollL who made girls swoon with his fleshy face, pointing lips, and antic, se#ually suggesti*e gyrations, that redefined popular music. o El*is died from drugs in 1DII, at age )!. 5. "raditionalists were shoc'ed by El*isJs shoc'ingly open se#uality, and (arilyn (onroe :in her 0layboy maga ine spread; continued in the redefinition of the new sensuous se#uality. o 3ritics, such as 7a*id Riesman in "he -onely 3rowd, @illiam ?. @hyte, Hr. in "he <rgani ation (an, and /loan @ilson in "he (an in the &ray Blannel /uit, lamented this new consumerist style. o ?ar*ard economist Hohn Cenneth &albraith 6uestioned the relation between pri*ate wealth and public good in "he Affluent /ociety. 6. 7aniel .ell found further such parado#es, as did 3. @right (ills. """# The Ad-ent o% Eisenhower 1. In 1D5!, the 7emocrats chose Adlai E. /te*enson, the witty go*ernor of Illinois, while Republicans reAected isolationist Robert A. "aft and instead chose @orld @ar II hero 7wight 7. Eisenhower to run for president and anticommunist Richard (. +i#on to be his running mate. !. &randfatherly Eisenhower was a war hero and li'ed by e*eryone, so he left the rough part of campaigning to +i#on, who attac'ed /te*enson as soft against communists, corrupt, and wea' in the Corean situation. o +i#on then almost got caught with a secretly financed Kslush fund,L but to sa*e his political career, he deli*ered his famous and touching K3hec'ers /peech.L In it, he denied wrongdoing and spo'e of his family and specifically, his daughterJs cute little coc'er spaniel, 3hec'ers. ?e was forgi*en in the public arena and stayed on as =.0. %. "he K3hec'ers speechL showed the awesome power of tele*ision, since +i#on had pleaded on national "=, and e*en later, KI'e,L as Eisenhower was called, agreed to go into studio and answer some brief K6uestions,L which were later spliced in and edited to ma'e it loo' li'e Eisenhower had answered 6uestions from a li*e audience, when in fact he hadnJt. o "his showed the power that "= would ha*e in the upcoming decades, allowing lone wol*es to appeal directly to the American people instead of being influenced by party machines or leaders. ). I'e won easily :))! to MD;, and true to his campaign promise, he flew to Corea to help mo*e along peace negotiations, yet failed. .ut se*en months later, after I'e threatened to use nuclear weapons, an armistice was finally signed :but was later *iolated often;. 5. In Corea, 5),000 Americans had died, and tens of billions of dollars had been wasted in the effort, but Americans too' a little comfort in 'nowing that communism had been Kcontained.L

6. Eisenhower had been an e#cellent commander and leader who was able to ma'e cooperation possible between anyone, so he seemed to be a perfect leader for Americans weary of two decades of depression, war, and nuclear standoff. o ?e ser*ed that aspect of his Aob well, but he could ha*e used his popularity to champion ci*il rights more than he actually did. "+# The .ise and 0a o% 4oseph /cCarth1 1. In Bebruary 1D50, Hoseph R. (c3arthy burst upon the scene, charging that there were scores of un'nown communists in the /tate 7epartment. !. ?e couldnJt pro*e it, and many American began to fear that this red chase was going too far2 after all, how could there be freedom of speech if saying communist ideas got one arrestedT %. "he success of brutal anticommunist KcrusaderL Hoseph R. (c3arthy was 6uite alarming, for after he had sprung onto the national scene by charging that /ecretary of /tate 7ean Acheson was 'nowingly employing !05 3ommunist 0arty members :a claim he ne*er pro*ed, not e*en for one person;, he ruthlessly sought to prosecute and persecute suspected communists, often targeting innocent people and destroying families and li*es. o Eisenhower pri*ately loathed (c3arthy, but the president did little to stop the anti$red, since it appeared that most Americans supported his actions. .ut I'eJs eal led him to purge important Asian e#perts in the /tate 7epartment, men who could ha*e ad*ised a better course of action in =ietnam. ). ?e e*en denounced &eneral &eorge (arshall, former army chief of staff during @orld @ar II. 5. Binally, in 1D5), when he attac'ed the army, heJd gone too far and was e#posed for the liar and drun' that he was2 three years later, he died unwept and unsung. +# ,esegregating American $ociet1 1. .lac's in the /outh were bound by the se*ere Him 3row laws that segregated e*ery aspect of society, from schools to restrooms to restaurants and beyond. o <nly about !0E of the eligible blac's could *ote, due to intimidation, discrimination, poll ta#es, and other schemes meant to 'eep blac' suffrage down. !. @here the law pro*ed sufficient to enforce such oppression, *igilante Austice in the form of lynchings did the Aob, and the white murderers were rarely caught and con*icted. %. In his 1D)) boo', An American 7ilemma, /wedish scholar &unnar (yrdal e#posed the hypocrisy of American life, noting how while Ke*ery man XwasY created e6ual,L blac's were certainly treated worse than @hites. ?e pointed out how the 9./. had failed to achie*e its K7ouble$=L goal during the warR*ictory o*erseas against dictatorships :and their racism; and *ictory at home against racism.

E*en though Hac'ie Robinson had crac'ed the racial barrier by signing with the .roo'lyn 7odgers in 1D)I, the nationJs conscience still paid little attention to the suffering of blac's, thus prolonging their pain. ). ?owe*er, with organi ations such as the +ational Association for the Ad*ancement of 3olored 0eople, and their rulings such as the 1D50 case of /weatt *. 0ainter, where the /upreme 3ourt ruled that separate professional schools for blac's failed to meet the test of e6uality, such protestors as Rosa 0ar's, who in 7ecember 1D55, refused to gi*e up a bus seat in the Kwhites onlyL section, and pacifist leaders li'e (artin -uther Cing, Hr., who belie*ed in peaceful methods of ci*il rights protests, blac's were ma'ing their suffering and discrimination 'nown to the public.
o

+"# $eeds o% the Ci-i .ights .e-o (tion 1. After he heard about the 1D)6 lynchings of blac' soldiers see'ing rights for which they fought o*erseas, "ruman immediately sought to impro*e blac' rights by desegregating the armed forces, but Eisenhower failed to continue this trend by failing to support laws. o <nly the Audicial branch was left to impro*e blac' ci*il rights. !. Earl @arren, appointed 3hief Hustice of the /upreme 3ourt, shoc'ed his conser*ati*e bac'ers by acti*ely assailing blac' inAustice and ruling in fa*or of African$Americans. %. "he 1D5) landmar' case of .rown *. .oard of Education of "ope'a, Cansas, re*ersed the pre*ious 1MD6 ruling of Pless# v6 .erg!son when the .rown case said that Kseparate but e6ualL facilities were inherently une6ual. 9nder the .rown case, schools were ordered integrated. o ?owe*er, while the .order /tates usually obeyed this new ruling, states in the 7eep /outh did e*erything they could to delay it and disobey it, di*erting funds to pri*ate schools, signing a K7eclaration of 3onstitutional 0rinciplesL that promised not to desegregate, and physically pre*enting blac's to integrate. o "en years after the ruling, fewer than !E of eligible blac' students sat in the same classrooms as whites. o Real integration of schools in the 7eep /outh occurred around 1DI0. +""# Eisenhower .ep(b icanism at *ome 1. Eisenhower came into the @hite ?ouse pledging a policy of Kdynamic conser*atism,L which stated that he would be liberal with people, but conser*ati*e with their money. !. I'e decreased go*ernment spending by decreasing military spending, trying to transfer control of offshore oil fields to the states, and trying to curb the "=A by setting up a pri*ate company to ta'e its place. o ?is secretary of health, education, and welfare condemned free distribution of the /al' anti$polio *accine as being socialist. o /ecretary of Agriculture E ra "aft .enson tac'led agriculture issues, but despite the go*ernmentJs purchase of surplus grain

%.

).

5.

6. I.

which it stored in giant silos costing Americans W! million a day, farmers didnJt see prosperity. Eisenhower also crac'ed down on illegal (e#ican immigration that cut down on the success of the bracero program, by rounding up 1 million (e#icans and returning them to their nati*e country in 1D5). o @ith Indians, though, I'e proposed ending the lenient B7R$style treatment toward Indians and re*erting to a 7awes /e*eralty Act$style policy toward +ati*e Americans. .ut due to protest and resistance, this was disbanded. ?owe*er, Eisenhower 'ept many of the +ew 7eal programs, since some, li'e /ocial /ecurity and unemployment insurance, simply had to stay in the publicJs mind. o ?owe*er, he did do some of the +ew 7eal programs better, such as his bac'ing of the Interstate ?ighway Act, which built )!,000 miles of interstate freeways. /till, Eisenhower only balanced the budget three times in his eight years of office, and in 1D5D, he incurred the biggest peacetime deficit in 9./. history up to that point. o /till, critics said that he was economically timid, blaming the president for the sharp economic downturn of 1D5I$5M. Also, the AB of - merged with the 3I< to end !0 years of bitter di*ision in labor unions. @hen it came to ci*il rights, Eisenhower had a lu'ewarm record at best, and was slow to mo*e. o Eisenhower refused to issue a statement ac'nowledging the /upreme 3ourtJs ruling on integration, and he e*en pri*ately complained about this new end to segregation, but in /eptember 1D5I, when <r*al Baubus, the go*ernor of Ar'ansas, mobili ed the +ational &uard to pre*ent nine blac' students from enrolling in -ittle Roc'Js 3entral ?igh /chool, I'e sent federal troops to escort the children to their classes. "hat year, 3ongress passed the first 3i*il Rights Act since the Reconstruction days, an act that set up a permanent 3i*il Rights 3ommission to in*estigate *iolations of ci*il rights and authori ed federal inAunctions to protect *oting rights. o (eanwhile, (artin -uther Cing, Hr. formed the /outhern 3hristian -eadership 3onference, which aimed to mobili e the *ast power of blac' churches on behalf of blac' rightsRa shrewd strategy, since churches were a huge source of leadership in the blac' community. o <n Bebruary 1, 1D60, four blac' college freshmen launched a Ksit$inL mo*ement in &reensboro, +orth 3arolina, demanding ser*ice at a whites$only @oolworthJs lunch counter, thus spar'ing the sit$in mo*ement. o In April 1D60, southern blac' students formed the /tudent +on$=iolent 3oordinating 3ommittee, or /+33, to gi*e more focus and force to their ci*il rights efforts.

+"""# A New &ook in 0oreign Po ic1 1. /ecretary of /tate Hohn Boster 7ulles stated that the policy of containment was not enough and that the 9./. was going to push bac' communism and liberate the peoples under it. "his became 'nown as

Krollbac'.L All$the$while he ad*ocated toning down defense spending by building a fleet of superbombers called /trategic Air 3ommand, which could drop massi*e nuclear bombs in any retaliation. o Eisenhower had a 1new loo'1 on a policy of (assi*e Relatiation. (assi*e Reltaliation was the building up of our forces in the s'y to scare the enemys. @e created the /trategic Air 3ommand :/A3;. "his was an airfleet of superbombers e6uipped with city$flattening nuclear bombs. "hese fearsome weapons would inflict 1(assi*e Retaliation1 on the enemy, and were also a great bang for the buc'. !. I'e tried to thaw the 3old @ar by appealing for peace to new /o*iet 0remier +i'ita Chrushche* at the 1D55 &ene*a 3onference, but the /o*iet leader reAected such proposals, along with one for Kopen s'ies.L %. ?owe*er, hypocritically, when the ?ungarians re*olted against the 9././.R. and appealed to the 9./. for help, America did nothing, earning the scorn of bitter freedom fighters. "3# The +ietnam Nightmare 1. In =ietnam, re*olutionary ?o 3hi (inh had tried to encourage @oodrow @ilson to help the =ietnamese against the Brench and gained some support from @ilson, but as ?o became increasingly communist, the 9./. began to oppose him. !. In (arch 1D5), when the Brench became trapped at 7ienbienphu, EisenhowerJs aides wanted to bomb the =iet (inh guerilla forces, but I'e held bac', fearing plunging the 9./. into another Asian war so soon after Corea. After the =ietnamese won at 7ienbienphu, =ietnam was split at the 1Ith parallel, supposedly temporarily. o ?o 3hi (inh was supposed to allow free elections, but soon, =ietnam became clearly split between a communist north and a pro$@estern south. o 7ienbienphu mar's the start of American interest in =ietnam. o /ecretary 7ulles created the /outheast Asian "reaty <rgani ation :/EA"<; to emulate +A"<, but this pro*ided little help. 3# Co d War Crises in E(rope and the /idd e East 1. In 1D55, the 9//R formed the @arsaw 0act to counteract +A"<, but the 3old @ar did seem to be thawing a bit, as Eisenhower pressed for reduction of arms, and the /o*iets were surprisingly cooperati*e, and Chrushche* publicly denounced /talinJs brutality. o ?owe*er, in 1D56, when the ?ungarians re*olted against the 9//R, the /o*iets crushed them with brutality and massi*e bloodshed. o "he 9./. did change some of its immigration laws to let %0,000 ?ungarians into America as immigrants. !. In 1D5%, to protect oil supplies in the (iddle East, the 3IA engineered a coup in Iran that installed the youthful shah (ohammed Re a 0ahle*i, as ruler of the nation, protecting the oil for the time being, but earning the wrath of Arabs that would be repaid in the I0s. %. "he /ue crisis was far messier4 0resident &amal Abdel +asser, of Egypt, needed money to build a dam in the upper +ile and flirted openly with the /o*iet side as well as the 9./. and .ritain, and upon seeing

this blatant communist association, /ecretary of /tate 7ulles dramatically withdrew his offer, thus forcing +asser to nationali e the dam. o -ate in <ctober 1D56, .ritain, Brance, and Israel suddenly attac'ed Egypt, thin'ing that the 9./. would supply them with needed oil, as had been the case in @@II, but Eisenhower did not, and the attac'ers had to withdraw. o "he /ue crisis mar'ed the last time the 9./. could brandish its Koil weapon.L ). In 1D60, /audi Arabia, Cuwait, Ira6, Iran, and =ene uela Aoined to form the cartel <rgani ation of 0etroleum E#porting 3ountries, or <0E3. 3"# .o(nd Two %or ="ke> 1. In 1D56, Eisenhower again ran against /te*enson and won easily by a landslide. !. "he &<0 called itself the Kparty of peaceL while the 7emocrats assaulted I'eJs health, since he had had a heart attac' in 1D55 and a maAor abdominal operation in J56. o ?owe*er, the 7emocrats did win the ?ouse and /enate. %. After /ecretary of /tate 7ulles died of cancer in 1D5D and presidential assistant /herman Adams was forced to lea*e under a cloud of scandal due to bribery charges, Eisenhower, without his two most trusted and most helpful aides, was forced to go*ern more and golf less. ). A drastic labor$reform bill in 1D5D grew from recurrent stri'es in critical industries. 5. "eamster chief K7a*eL .ec' was sent to prison for embe lement, and his successor, Hames R. ?offaJs appointment got the "eamsters e#pelled out of the AB of -$3I<. o ?offa was later Aailed for Aury tampering and then disappeared in prison, allegedly murdered by some gangsters that he had crossed. 6. "he 1D5D -andrum$&riffin Act was designed to bring labor leaders to boo' for financial shenanigans and pre*ent bullying tactics. o Anti$laborites forced into the bill bans against Ksecondary boycottsL and certain types of pic'eting. I. A Kspace$raceL began in 1D5I. o <n <ctober ), 1D5I, the Russians launched /putni' I into space, and a month later, they sent /putni' II into orbit as well, thus totally demorali ing Americans, because this seemed to pro*e communist superiority in the sciences at least. 0lus, the /o*iets might fire missiles at the 9./. from space. o 3ritics charged that "ruman had not spent enough money on missile programs while America had used its science for other things, li'e tele*ision. o Bour months after /putni' I, the 9./. sent its own satellite :weighing only !.5 lbs; into space, but the apparent 9./. lac' of technology sent concerns o*er 9./. education, since American children seemed to be learning less ad*anced information than /o*iet 'ids. O"he 1D5M +ational 7efense and Education Act :+7EA; ga*e WMMI million in loads to needy college students and grants for the impro*ement of schools. 3""# The Contin(ing Co d War

1. ?umanity$minded scientists called for an end to atmospheric nuclear testing, lest future generations be deformed and mutated. o .eginning <ctober 1D5M, @ashington did halt KdirtyL testing, as did the 9././.R., but attempts to regulari e such suspensions were unsuccessful. !. ?owe*er, in 1D5D, Chrushche* was in*ited by I'e to America for tal's, and when he arri*ed in +ew 5or', he immediately spo'e of disarmament, but ga*e no means of how to do it. o -ater, at 3amp 7a*id, tal's did show upward signs, as the /o*iet premier said that his ultimatum for the e*acuation of .erlin would be e#tended indefinitely. %. ?owe*er, at the 0aris conference, Chrushche* came in angry that the 9./. had flown a 9$! spy plane o*er /o*iet territory :in this 9$! incident, the plane had been shot down and Eisenhower embarrassingly too' personal responsibility;, and tensions immediately tightened again. 3"""# C(ba8s Castroism $pe s Comm(nism 1. -atin American nations resented the 9nited /tatesJ gi*ing billions of dollars to Europe compared to millions to -atin America, as well as the 9./.Js constant inter*ention :&uatemala, 1D5);, as well as its support of cold dictators who claimed to be fighting communism. !. In 1D5D, in 3uba, Bidel 3astro o*erthrew 9./.$supported Bulgencio .atista, promptly denounced the 5an'ee imperialists, and began to ta'e 9./. properties for a land$distribution program. @hen the 9./. cut off hea*y 9./. imports of 3uban sugar, 3astro confiscated more American property. o In 1D61, America bro'e diplomatic relations with 3uba. %. Chrushche* threatened to launch missiles at the 9./. if it attac'ed 3uba2 meanwhile, America induced the <rgani ation of American /tates to condemn communism in the Americas. o Binally, Eisenhower proposed a K(arshall 0lanL for -atin America, which ga*e W500 million to the area, but many -atin Americans felt that it was too little, too late. 3"+# <enned1 Cha enges Nixon %or the Presidenc1 1. "he Republicans chose Richard +i#on, gifted party leader to some, ruthless opportunist to others, in 1D60 with ?enry 3abot -odge Hr. as his running mate2 while Hohn B. Cennedy surprisingly won for the 7emocrats and had -yndon .. Hohnson as his running mate. !. Cennedy was attac'ed because he was a 3atholic presidential candidate, but defended himself and encouraged 3atholics to *ote for him. As it turned out, if he lost *otes from the /outh due to his religion, he got them bac' from the +orth due to the staunch 3atholics there. o In four nationally tele*ised debates, HBC held his own and loo'ed more charismatic, perhaps helping him to win the election by a comfortable margin, becoming the youngest president elected :"R was younger after (cCinley was assassinated;.

3+# An 6 d 5enera 0ades Awa1 1. Eisenhower had his critics, but he was appreciated more and more for ending one war and 'eeping the 9./. out of others. !. E*en though the 1D51$passed !!nd Amendment had limited him to two terms as president, I'e displayed more *igor and controlled 3ongress during his second term than his first. %. In 1D5D, Alas'a and ?awaii became the )Dth and 50th states to Aoin the 9nion. ). 0erhaps EisenhowerJs greatest wea'ness was his ignorance of social problems of the time, preferring to smile them away rather than deal with them, e*en though he was no bigot. 3+"# The &i%e o% the /ind in Postwar America 1. Ernest ?emingwayJs "he <ld (an and the /ea and Hohn /teinbec'Js East of Eden and "ra*els with 3harlie showed that prewar writers could still be successful, but new writers, who, e#cept for +orman (ailerJs "he +a'ed and the 7ead and Hames HonesJs Brom ?ere to Eternity, spurned realism, were successful as well. !. Hoseph ?ellerJs 3atch$!! and Curt =onnegut, Hr.Js /laughter$?ouse Bi*e crac'led with fantastic and psychedelic prose, satiri ing the suffering of the war. %. Authors and boo's that e#plored problems created by the new mobility and affluence of American life4 Hohn 9pdi'eJs Rabbit, Run and 3ouples2 Hohn 3hee*erJs "he @apshot 3hronicle and "he @apshot /candal2 -ouis AuchinclossJs boo's, and &ore =idalJs (yra .rec'inridge. ). "he poetry of E ra 0ound, @allace /te*ens, @illiam 3arlos @illiams, "heodore Roeth'e, Robert -owell :Bor the 9nion 7ead;, /yl*ia 0lath :Ariel and "he .ell$Har;, Anne /e#ton, and Hohn .erryman reflected the twisted emotions of the war, but some poets were troubled in their own minds as well, often committing suicide or li*ing miserable li*es. 5. "ennessee @illiamsJs A /treetcar +amed 7esire and 3at on a ?ot "in Roof were two plays that searched for American *alues, as were Arthur (illerJs 7eath of a /alesman and "he 3rucible. 6. -orraine ?ansberryJs A Raisin in the /un portrayed African$American life while Edward AlbeeJs @hoJs Afraid of =irginia @oolfT re*ealed the underside of middle class life. I. .oo's by blac' authors such as Richard @right :.lac' .oy;, Ralph Ellison :In*isible (an;, and Hames .aldwin made best$sellerJs lists2 .lac' playwrights li'e -eRoi Hones made powerful plays :"he 7utchman;. M. "he /outh had literary artists li'e @illiam Baul'ner :"he /ound and the Bury, -ight in August;, @al'er 0ercy, and Eudora @elty. D. Hewish authors also had famous boo's, such as H.7. /alingerJs 3atcher in the Rye. Chapter 3F - The $torm1 $ixties "# <enned18s =New 0rontier> $pirit

1. In 1D60, young, energetic Hohn B. Cennedy was elected as president of the 9nited /tatesRthe youngest man e*er elected to that office. !. "he 1D60s would bring a se#ual re*olution, a ci*il rights re*olution, the emergence of a Kyouth culture,L a de*astating war in =ietnam, and the beginnings of a feminist re*olution. %. HBC deli*ered a stirring inaugural address :KAs' not, what your country can do for youNL;, and he also assembled a *ery young cabinet, including his brother, Robert Cennedy, as attorney general. o Robert Cennedy tried to recast the priorities of the B.I, but was resisted by H. Edgar ?oo*er. o .usiness whi Robert /. (c+amara too' o*er the 7efense 7epartment. ). Early on, HBC proposed the 0eace 3orps, an army of idealist and mostly youthful *olunteers to bring American s'ills to underde*eloped countries. 5. A graduate of ?ar*ard and with a young family, HBC was *ery *ibrant and charming to e*eryone. ""# The New 0rontier at *ome 1. CennedyJs social program was 'nown as the +ew Brontier, but conser*ati*e 7emocrats and Republicans threatened to 'ill many of its reforms. o HBC did e#pand the ?ouse Rules 3ommittee, but his program didnJt e#pand 6uic'ly, as medical and education bills remained stalled in 3ongress. o HBC also had to 'eep a lid on inflation and maintain a good economy. o ?owe*er, almost immediately into his term, steel management announced great price increases, igniting the fury of the president, but HBC also earned fiery attac's by big business against the +ew Brontier. !. CennedyJs ta#$cut bill chose to stimulate the economy through price$cutting. iii. Cennedy also promoted a proAect to land Americans on the moon, though apathetic Americans often ridiculed this goal. """# .(mb ings in E(rope 1. HBC met Russian 0remier +i'ita Chrushche* and was threatened, but didnJt bac' down. !. In August of the 1D61, the /o*iets began building the .erlin @all to separate East and @est &ermany. %. @estern Europe, though, was now prospering after help from the super$successful (arshall 0lan. o America had also encouraged a 3ommon (ar'et :to 'eep trade barriers and tariff low in Europe;, which later became the European 9nion :E9;. o "he so$called Cennedy Round of tariff negotiations eased trade between Europe and the 9./. ). 9nfortunately, Brench leader 3harles de &aulle was one who was suspicious of the 9./., and he reAected .ritainJs application into the 3ommon (ar'et.

"+# 0oreign 0 are-?ps and =0 exib e .esponse> 1. "here were many world problems at this time4 o "he African 3ongo got its independence from .elgium in 1D60 and then erupted into *iolence, but the 9nited +ations sent a peace'eeping force. o -aos, freed of its Brench o*erlords in 1D5), was being threatened by communism, but at the &ene*a 3onference of 1D6!, peace was sha'ily imposed. o 7efense /ecretary (c+amara pushed a strategy of Kfle#ible response,L which de*eloped an array of military options that could match the gra*ity of whate*er crises came to hand. <ne of these was the &reen .erets, ACA, the K/pecial BorcesL. +# $tepping into the +ietnam @(agmire 1. "he American$bac'ed 7iem go*ernment had sha'ily and corruptly ruled =ietnam since 1D5), but it was threatened by the communist =iet 3ong mo*ement led by ?o 3hi (inh. !. HBC slowly sent more and more 9./. troops to =ietnam to Kmaintain order,L but they usually fought and died, despite the fact that it was K=ietnamJs war.L +"# C(ban Con%rontations 1. CennedyJs Alliance for 0rogress was dubbed the K(arshall 0lan for -atin America,L and it aimed to close the rich$poor gap in -atin American and thus stem communism. o ?owe*er, too many -atin Americans felt that it was too little, too late. !. Cennedy also bac'ed a 9./.$aided in*asion of 3uba by rebels, but when the .ay of 0igs In*asion occurred, on April 1I, 1D61, it was a disaster, as Cennedy did not bring in the air support, and the re*olt failed. o "his e*ent pushed recently imposed 3uban leader Bidel 3astro closer to the communist camp. o HBC too' full responsibility for the attac', and his popularity actually went up. %. "hen, in 1D6!, 9./. spy planes recorded missile installations in 3uba. It was later re*ealed that these were, in fact, nuclear missiles aimed at America. o "he 3uban (issile 3risis lasted 1% ner*e$rac'ing days and put the 9./., the 9././.R., and the world at the brin' of nuclear war. .ut in the end, Chrushche* blin'ed, bac'ed off of a 9./. na*al bloc'ade, loo'ed *ery wea' and indecisi*e, and lost his power soon afterwards. o "he /o*iets agreed to remo*e their missiles if the 9./. *owed to ne*er in*ade 3uba again2 the 9./. also remo*ed their own Russia$aimed nuclear missiles in "ur'ey. o "here was also a direct phone call line :the Khot lineL; installed between @ashington 7.3. and (oscow, in case of any crisis.

In Hune, 1D6%, Cennedy spo'e, urging better feelings toward the /o*iets and beginning the modest policy of d`tente, or rela#ed tension in the 3old @ar.

+""# The $tr(gg e %or Ci-i .ights 1. @hile Cennedy had campaigned a lot to appeal to blac' *oters, when it came time to help them, he was hesitant and seemingly unwilling, ta'ing much action. !. In the 1D60s, groups of Breedom Riders chartered buses to tour through the /outh to try to end segregation, but white mobs often reacted *iolently towards them. "his drew more attention to the segregation and what went on down /outh. %. /lowly but surely, Cennedy urged ci*il rights along, encouraging the establishment of the /+33, a =oter Education 0roAect to register the /outhJs blac's to *ote. ). /ome places desegregated painlessly, but others were *olcanoes. o !D year$old Hames (eredith tried to enroll at the 9ni*ersity of (ississippi, but white students didnJt let him, so Cennedy had to send some )00 federal marshals and %,000 troops to ensure that (eredith could enroll in his first class. 5. In spring of 1D6%, (artin -uther Cing, Hr. launched a peaceful campaign against discrimination in .irmingham, Alabama, but police and authorities responded *iciously, often using e#tremely high$pressured water hoses to Khose downL the sit$in protesters. o "he entire American public watched in horror as the blac' protesters were treated with such contempt, since the actions were shown on national "=. o -ater, on Hune 11, 1D6%, HBC made a speech urging immediate action towards this Kmoral issueL in a passionate plea. 6. /till, more *iolence followed, as in /eptember 1D6%, a bomb e#ploded in a .irmingham church, 'illing four blac' girls who had Aust finished their church lesson. +"""# The <i ing o% <enned1 1. <n +o*ember !!, 1D6%, while riding down a street in 7allas, "e#as, HBC was shot and 'illed, allegedly by -ee ?ar*ey <swald, who was himself shot by self$proclaimed a*enger Hac' Ruby, and there was much contro*ersy and scandal and conspiracy in the assassination. !. -yndon .. Hohnson became the new president of the 9nited /tates as only the fourth president to succeed an assassinated president. %. It was only after CennedyJs death that America reali ed what a charismatic, energetic, and *ibrant president they had lost. "3# The &!4 !rand on the Presidenc1 1. -yndon Hohnson had been a senator in the 1D)0s and 50s, his idol was Bran'lin 7. Roose*elt, and he could manipulate 3ongress *ery well :through his in$your$face KHohnson treatmentL;2 also, he was *ery *ain and egotistical.

!. As a president, -.H went from conser*ati*e to liberal, helping pass a 3i*il Rights Act of 1D6), which banned all racial discrimination in most pri*ate facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants. o Also created was the E6ual Employment <pportunity 3ommission :EE<3;, which was aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring. %. HohnsonJs program was dubbed the K&reat /ociety,L and it reflected its +ew 7eal inspirations. o 0ublic support for the program was aroused by (ichael ?arringtonJs "he <ther America, which re*ealed that o*er !0E of American suffered in po*erty. 3# 4ohnson !att es 5o dwater in 1HDA 1. In 1D6), -.H was opposed by Republican Ari ona senator .arry &oldwater who attac'ed the federal income ta#, the /ocial /ecurity system, the "ennessee =alley Authority, ci*il rights legislation, the nuclear test$ban treaty, and the &reat /ociety. !. ?owe*er, Hohnson used the "on'in &ulf Incident, in which +orth =ietnamese ships allegedly fired on American ships, to attac' :at least partially; =ietnam, and he also got appro*al for the "on'in &ulf Resolution, which ga*e him a *irtual blan' chec' on what he could do in affairs in =ietnam. %. .ut on election day, Hohnson won a huge landslide o*er &oldwater to stay president. 3"# The 5reat $ociet1 Congress 1. HohnsonJs win was also coupled by sweeping 7emocratic wins that enabled him to pass his &reat /ociety programs. !. 3ongress doubled the appropriation on the <ffice of Economic <pportunity to W! billion and granted more than W1 billion to refurbish Appalachia, which had been stagnant. %. Hohnson also created the 7epartment of "ransportation and the 7epartment of ?ousing and 9rban 7e*elopment :?97;, headed by Robert 3. @ea*er, the first blac' cabinet secretary in the 9nited /tatesJ history. ). -.H also wanted aid to education, medical care for the elderly and indigent, immigration reform, and a new *oting rights bill. o Hohnson ga*e money to students, not schools, thus a*oiding the separation of church and state by not technically gi*ing money to 3hristian schools. o In 1D65, new programs called (edicare and (edicaid were installed, which ga*e certain rights to the elderly and the needy in terms of medicine and health maintenance. o "he Immigration and +ationality Act of 1D65 abolished the Knational originL 6uota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the 9./. annually, up to !D0,000. o An antipo*erty program called 0roAect ?ead /tart impro*ed the performance of the underpri*ileged in education. It was Kpre$schoolL for the poor.

3""# !att ing %or ! ack .ights 1. HohnsonJs =oting Rights Act of 1D65 attac'ed racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy tests and sending *oting registrars to the polls. !. "he !)th Amendment eliminated poll ta#es, and in the Kfreedom summerL of 1D6), both blac's and white students Aoined to combat discrimination and racism. o ?owe*er, in Hune of 1D6), a blac' and two white ci*il rights wor'ers were found murdered, and !1 white (ississippians were arrested for the murders, but the all$white Aury refused to con*ict the suspects. o Also, an integrated K(ississippi Breedom 7emocratic 0artyL was denied its seat. %. Early in 1D65, (artin -uther Cing, Hr. resumed a *oter$registration campaign in /elma, Alabama, but was assaulted with tear gas by state troopers. o -.HJs responded by calling for America to o*ercome bigotry, racism, and discrimination. 3"""# ! ack Power 1. 1D65 began a period of *iolent blac' protests, such as the one in the @atts area of -.A., as blac' leaders, moc'ing (artin -uther Cing, Hr., li'e (alcolm S :born (alcolm -ittle;, who was inspired by the +ation of Islam and its founder, EliAah (uhammed. "hey urged action now, e*en if it re6uired *iolence, to the tune of his battle cry, Kby any means necessary.L .ut, (alcolm S was 'illed in 1D65 by an assassin. !. "he .lac' 0anthers openly brandished weapons in <a'land, 3alifornia. %. "rinidad$born /to'ely 3armichael led the /tudent +on$=iolent 3oordinating 3ommittee and urged an abandonment of peaceful demonstrations. ). .lac' power became a rallying cry by blac's see'ing more rights, but Aust as they were getting them, more riots bro'e out, and ner*ous whites threatened with retaliation. 5. "ragically, on April ), 1D6M, (artin -uther Cing, Hr. was assassinated. o Guietly, though, thousands of blac's registered to *ote and went into integrated classrooms, and they slowly built themsel*es into a politically powerful group. 3"+# Combating Comm(nism in Two *emispheres 1. Hohnson sent men to put down a supposedly communist coup in the 7ominican Republic and was denounced as o*er$an#ious and too hyper. !. In =ietnam, though, he slowly sent more and more 9./. men to fight the war, and the /outh =ietnamese became spectators in their own war. (eanwhile, more and more Americans died. %. .y 1D6M, he had sent more than half a million troops to Asia, and was pouring in W%0 billion annually, yet the end was nowhere in sight. 3+# +ietnam +exations

1. America was floundering in =ietnam and was being condemned for its actions there, and Brench leader 3harles de &aulle also ordered +A"< off Brench soil in 1D66. !. In the /i#$7ay @ar, Israel stunned the world by defeating Egypt :and its /o*iet bac'ers; and gaining new territory in the /inai 0eninsula, the &olan ?eights, the &a a /trip, and the @est .an' of the Hordan Ri*er, including Herusalem. %. (eanwhile, numerous protests in America went against the =ietnam @ar and the draft. o <pposition was headed by the influential /enate 3ommittee of Boreign Relations, headed by /enator @illiam Bullbright of Ar'ansas. o K7o*esL :peace lo*ers; and K?aw'sL :war supporters; clashed. ). .oth sides :the 9./. and +orth =ietnam; did try to ha*e inter*als of 6uiet time in bombings, but they merely used those as e#cuses to funnel more troops into the area. 5. Hohnson also ordered the 3IA to spy on domestic antiwar acti*ists, and he encouraged the B.I to use its 3ounterintelligence 0rogram :K3ointelproL; against the peace mo*ement. 6. (ore and more, America was trapped in an awful =ietnam @ar, and it couldnJt get out, thus feeding more and more hatred and resentment to the American public. 3+"# +ietnam Topp es 4ohnson 1. Hohnson was personally suffering at the American casualties, and he wept as he signed condolence letters and e*en prayed with 3atholic mon's in a nearby churchRat night, secretly. And, the fact that +orth =ietnam had almost ta'en o*er /aigon in a blistering attac' called the "et <ffensi*e didnJt help either. !. Hohnson also saw a challenge for the 7emocratic tic'et from Eugene (c3arthy and Robert Cennedy, and the nation, as well as the 7emocratic party, was starting to be split by =ietnam. o -.H refused to sign an order for more troops to =ietnam. %. "hen, on (arch %1, 1D6M, Hohnson declared that he would stop sending in troops to =ietnam and that he would not run in 1D6M, shoc'ing America. 3+""# The Presidentia $weepstakes o% 1HDF 1. <n Hune 5, 1D6M, Robert Cennedy was shot fatally, and the 7emocratic tic'et went to ?ubert ?umphrey, HohnsonJs Kheir.L !. "he Republicans responded with Richard +i#on, paired with /piro Agnew, and there was also a third$party candidate4 &eorge 3. @allace, former go*ernor of Alabama, a segregationist who wanted to bomb the =ietnamese to death. %. +i#on won a nail$biter, and @allace didnJt do that badly either, though worse than e#pected. ). A minority president, he owed his presidency to protests o*er the war, the unfair draft, crime, and rioting. 3+"""# The 6bit(ar1 o% &1ndon 4ohnson

1. 0oor -yndon Hohnson returned to his "e#as ranch and died there in 1DI%. !. ?e had committed Americans into =ietnam with noble intentions, and he really wasnJt a bad guy, but he was stuc' in a time when he was damned if he did and damned if he didnJt. 3"3# The C( t(ra ?phea-a o% the 1HD0s 1. In the 60s, the youth of America e#perimented with se#, drugs, and defiance. !. "hey protested against con*entional wisdom, authority, and traditional beliefs. %. 0oets li'e Allen &insberg and no*elists li'e Hac' Cerouac :who wrote <n the Road; *oiced these opinions of the .eatni' generation. ). (o*ies li'e "he @ild <ne with (arlon .rando and Rebel without a 3ause starring Hames 7ean also showed this belief. Essentially, they championed the KneJer$do$wellL and the outcast. 5. At the 93$.er'eley, in 1D6), a so$called Bree /peech (o*ement began. o Cids tried drugs, Kdid their own thingL in new institutions, and reAected patriotism. 6. In 1D)M, Indiana 9ni*ersity Kse#ologistL 7r. Alfred Cinsey had published /e#ual .eha*ior in the ?uman (ale, and had followed that boo' fi*e years later with a female *ersion. ?is findings about the incidence of premarital se# and adultery were *ery contro*ersial. o ?e also estimated that 10E of all American males were gay. o "he (anhattan /ociety, founded in -.A. in 1D51, pioneered gay rights. I. /tudents for a 7emocratic /ociety, once against war, later spawned an underground terrorist group called the @eathermen. M. "he uphea*als of the 1D60s and the anti$establishment mo*ement can largely be attributed to the three 0Js4 the youthful population bulge, the protest against racism and the =ietnam @ar, and the apparent permanence of prosperity, but as the 1DI0s rolled around, this prosperity ga*e way to stagnation. D. ?owe*er, the KcountercultureL of the youths of the 1D60s did significantly wea'en e#isting *alues, ideas, and beliefs. Chapter 3H - The $ta emated $e-enties "# $o(rces o% $tagnation 1. After the flurry of economic growth in the 1D50s and 1D60s, the 9./. economy grew stagnant in the 1DI0s. +o year during that decade had a growth rate that matched any year of the preceding two decades. o 0art of the slowdown was caused by more women and teens in the wor' force who typically had less s'ill and made less money than males, while deteriorating machinery and 9./. regulations also limited growth. o A large reason for the 1DI0s economic woes was the upward spiral of inflation. !. Bormer 0resident -yndon .. HohnsonJs spending on the =ietnam @ar and on his &reat /ociety program also depleted the 9./. treasury, and this caused too much money in peopleJs hands and too little products to buy. %. Also, since the 9./. did not continue ad*ancing, Americans were caught by the Hapanese and the &ermans in industries that the 9./. had once dominated4 steel, automobiles, consumer electronics.

""# Nixon =+ietnami'es> the War 1. 9pon ta'ing office, 0resident Richard +i#on urged AmericanJs to stop tearing each other apart and to cooperate. o ?e was *ery s'illed in foreign affairs, and to cope with the =ietnam dilemma, he used a policy called K=ietnami ationL in which 5)0,000 American troops would be pulled out of the /outheast Asian nation and the war would be turned bac' o*er to the =ietamese. o "he /outh =ietnamese would slowly fight their own war, and the 9./. would only supply arms and money but not American troops2 this was called the K+i#on 7octrine.L !. @hile outwardly seeming to appease, +i#on di*ided America into his supporters and opponents. %. +i#on appealed to the K/ilent (aAority,L Americans who supported the war, but without noise. ). "he war was fought generally by the lesser$pri*ileged Americans, since college students and critically s'illed ci*ilians were e#empt, and there were also reports of dissension in the army. o /oldiers slogged through grimy mud and Aungle, trusting nothing and were paranoid and bitter toward a go*ernment that KhandcuffedL them and a war against a frustrating enemy. 5. "he (y -ai (assacre of 1D6M, in which American troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the *illage of (y -ai, illustrated the frustration and led to more opposition to the war. 6. In 1DI0, +i#on ordered an attac' on 3ambodia, =ietnamJs neighbor. """# Cambodiani'ing the +ietnam War 1. +orth =ietnamese had been using 3ambodia as a springboard for funneling troops and arms along the ?o 3hi (inh "rail, and on April !D, 1DI0, +i#on suddenly ordered 9./. troops to in*ade 3ambodia to stop this. !. (uch uproar was caused, as riots occurred at Cent /tate 9ni*ersity :where the +ational &uard opened fire and 'illed ) people; and at Hac'son /tate 3ollege. o "wo months later, +i#on withdrew 9./. troops from 3ambodia. %. "he 3ambodian incident split e*en wider the gap beween the Khaw'sL and the Kdo*es.L ). "he 9./. /enate repealed the "on'in &ulf Resolution, and in 1DI1, the !6th Amendment, lowering the *oting age to eighteen, was also passed. 5. In Hune 1DI1, "he +ew 5or' "imes published a top$secret 0entagon study of AmericaJs in*ol*ement of the =ietnam @arRpapers that had been lea'ed by 7aniel Ellsberg, a former 0entagon officialRthese K0entagon 0apersL e#posed the deceit used by the Cennedy and Hohnson administrations regarding =ietnam and people spo'e of a Kcredibility gapL between what the go*ernment said and the reality. "+# Nixon8s ,Otente with !ei9ing IPekingJ and /oscow 1. (eanwhile, 3hina and the /o*iet 9nion were clashing o*er their own interpretations of (ar#ism, and +i#on sei ed this as a chance for the 9./. to rela# tensions and establish Kd`tente.L !. ?e sent national security ad*iser 7r. ?enry A. Cissinger to 3hina to encourage better relations, a mission in which he succeeded, e*en though he used to be a big anti$ 3ommunist.

%. +i#on then tra*eled to (oscow in (ay 1DI!, and the /o*iets, wanting foodstuffs and alarmed o*er the possibility of a 9./.R3hina alliance against the 9././.R., made deals with America in which the 9./. would sell the /o*iets at least WI50 million worth of wheat, corn, and other cereals, thus ushering in an era of d`tente, or rela#ed tensions. o "he A.( "reaty :anti$ballistic missile treaty; and the /A-" :/trategic Arms -imitation "al's; also lessened tension, but the 9./. also went ahead with its new (IR= :(ultiple Independently$targeted Reentry =ehicles; missiles, which could o*ercome any defense by o*erwhelming it with a plethora of missiles2 therefore, the 9././.R. did the same. ). ?owe*er, +i#onJs d`tente policy did wor', at least in part, to rela# 9./.R/o*iet tensions. +# A New Team on the $(preme !ench 1. @hen Earl @arren was appointed as 3hief Hustice of the /upreme 3ourt, he headed many contro*ersial but important decisions4 o &riswold *. 3onnecticut :1D65; struc' down a state law that banned the use of contracepti*es, e*en by married couples, but creating a Kright to pri*acy.L o &ideon *. @ainwright :1D6%; said that all criminals were entitled to legal counsel, e*en if they were too poor to afford it. o Escobedo :1D6); and (iranda :1D66; were two cases in which the /upreme 3ourt ruled that the accused could remain silent. o Engel *. =itale :1D6!; and /chool 7istrict of Abington "ownship *s. /chempp :1D6%; were two cases that led to the 3ourt ruling against re6uired prayers and ha*ing the .ible in public schools, basing the Audgment on the Birst Amendment, which was argued separated church and state. !. Bollowing its ruling against segregation in the case .rown *. .oard of Education, the 3ourt bac'ed up its ruling with other rulings4 o Reynolds *. /ims :1D6); ruled that the state legislatures, both upper and lower houses, would ha*e to be reapportioned according to the human population. "his was to ensure each personJs *ote was weighed e*enly. %. "rying to end this liberalism, +i#on chose @arren E. .urger to replace the retiring Earl @arren in 1D6D, and this succeededRby the end of 1DI1, the /upreme 3ourt had four new members that +i#on had appointed. o /trangely though, this Kconser*ati*eL court made the contro*ersial Roe *. @ade decision allowing abortion. +"# Nixon on the *ome 0ront 1. +i#on also e#panded &reat /ociety programs by increasing appropriations for (edicare and (edicaid, as well as Aid to Bamilies with 7ependent 3hildren :AB73;, and created the /upplemental /ecurity Income ://I;, which ga*e benefits to the indigent, aged, blind, and disabled, and he raised /ocial /ecurity. !. +i#onJs so$called K0hiladelphia 0lanL of 1D6D re6uired construction$trade unions wor'ing on the federal payroll to establish Kgoals and timetablesL for .lac' employees. o "his plan changed Kaffirmati*e actionL to mean preferable treatment on groups :minorities;, not indi*iduals, and the /upreme 3ourtJs decision on &riggs *. 7u'e 0ower 3o. :1DI1; supported this. o ?owe*er, whites protested to Kre*erse discriminationL :hiring of minorities for fear of repercussions if too many whites were hired;. %. "he En*ironmental 0rotection Agency :E0A; was also created to protect nature, as well as </?A, or the <ccupational ?ealth and /afety Administration.

). In 1D6!, Rachel 3arson boosted the en*ironmental mo*ement with her boo' /ilent /pring, which e#posed the disastrous effects of pesticides :namely, 77";, and in 1D50, -os Angeles already had an Air 0ollution 3ontrol <ffice. 5. "he 3lean Air Act of 1DI0 and the Endangered /pecies Act of 1DI% both aimed to protect and preser*e the en*ironment and animals. 6. @orried about inflation, +i#on also imposed a D0$day wage free e and then too' the nation off the gold standard, thus ending the K.retton @oodsL system of international currency stabili ation, which had functioned for more than a 6uarter of a century after @@II. +""# The Nixon &ands ide o% 1HE7 1. In 1DI!, the +orth =ietnamese attac'ed again, surprisingly, and +i#on ordered massi*e retaliatory air attac's, which ground the =ietnamese offense to a stop when neither 3hina nor Russia stepped in to help, than's to +i#onJs shrew diplomacy. !. +i#on was opposed by &eorge (c&o*ern in 1DI!, who promised to end the war within D0 days after the election and also appealed to teens and women, but his running mate, "homas Eagleton was found to ha*e undergone psychiatric care before, and +i#on won in a landslide. %. +i#on also sought to Kbomb =ietnam to the peace table.L o 7espite CissingerJs promise of peace being near, +i#on went on a bombing rampage that e*entually dro*e the +orth =ietnamese to the bargaining table to agree to a cease$fire, which occurred on Hanuary !%, 1DI% "his peace was little more than a barely$disguised American retreat. In the terms of the peace, the 9./. would withdraw its remaining !I,000 troops and get bac' 560 prisoners of war. +"""# The $ecret !ombing o% Cambodia and the War Powers Act 1. It was then disco*ered that there had been secret bombing raids of +orth =ietnamese forces in 3ambodia that had occurred since (arch of 1D6D, despite federal assurances to the 9./. public that 3ambodiaJs neutrality was being respected. o "he public now wondered what 'ind of a go*ernment the 9./. had if it couldnJt be trusted and the credibility gap widened. !. Binally, +i#on ended this bombing in Hune of 1DI%. %. ?owe*er, soon 3ambodia was ta'en o*er by the cruel 0ol 0ot, who tried to commit genocide by 'illing o*er ! million people o*er a span of a few years. ). "he @ar 0owers Act of +o*ember 1DI% :1; re6uired the president to report all commitments of 9./. troops to 3ongress within )M hours and and :!; setting a 60 day limit on those acti*ities. 5. "here was also a K+ew IsolationismL that discouraged the use of 9./. troops in other countries, but +i#on fended off all efforts at this. "3# The Arab 6i Embargo and the Energ1 Crisis 1. After the 9./. bac'ed Israel in its war against /yria and Egypt which had been trying to regain territory lost in the /i#$7ay @ar, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the 9./. and caused a fuel crisis. o A speed limit of 55 (0? was imposed, and the oil pipeline in Alas'a was appro*ed in 1DI) despite en*ironmentalistsJ cries, and other types of energy were pursued.

/ince 1D)M, the 9./. had been importing more oil than it e#ported, and oil production had gone down since 1DI02 thus, this mar'ed the end of the era of cheap energy. !. <0E3 :<rgani ation of 0etroleum E#porting 3ountries; lifted the embargo in 1DI), and then 6uadrupled the price of oil by decadeJs end.
o

3# Watergate and the ?nmaking o% a President 1. <n Hune 1I, 1DI!, fi*e men wor'ing for the Republican 3ommittee for the Re$election of the 0resident :3REE0; were caught brea'ing into the @atergate ?otel and planting some bugs in the room. o @hat followed was a huge scandal in which many prominent administrators resigned. o It also pro*o'ed the improper or illegal use of the B.I and the 3IA. o -engthy hearings proceeded, headed by /enator /am Er*ing, and Hohn 7ean III testified about all the corruption, illegal acti*ities, and scandal that too' place. !. "hen, it was disco*ered that there were tapes that had recorded con*ersations that could sol*e all the mysteries in this case. .ut +i#on, who had e#plicitly denied participation in this @atergate /candal earlier to the American people, refused to hand o*er the tapes to 3ongress. o Also, =ice 0resident /piro Agnew was forced to resign in 1DI% due to ta# e*asion. o "hus, in accordance with the new !5th Amendment, +i#on submitted a name to 3ongress to appro*e as the new *ice presidentR&erald Bord. o "hen came the K/aturday +ight (assacreL :<ct. !0, 1DI%;, in which Archibald 3o#, special prosecutor of the case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired and the attorney general and deputy general resigned because they didnJt want to fire 3o#. %. +i#onJs presidency was coming unra*eled. o <n Huly !), 1DI), the /upreme 3ourt ruled that +i#on had to gi*e all of his tapes to 3ongress. "he tapes that had already been handed o*er showed +i#on cursing and swearingRpoor beha*ior for our president. o -ate in Huly 1DI), the ?ouse appro*ed its first article of impeachment for obstruction of the administration of Austice. o <n August 5, 1DI), +i#on finally released the three tapes that held the most damaging informationRthe same three tapes that had been Kmissing.L "he tapes showed +i#on had indeed ordered a co*er$up of the @atergate situation. o <n August M of the same year, he resigned, reali ing that he would be con*icted if impeached, and with resignation, at least he could still 'eep the pri*ileges of a former president. ). "hrough it all, the lesson learned was that the 3onstitution indeed wor's. 3"# The 0irst ?ne ected President 1. &erald Bord was the first unelected president e*er, since his name had been submitted by +i#on as a =.0. candidate when /piro Agnew resigned due to a bribery scandal while he was (aryland go*ernor. All the other =.0.Js that had ascended to the presidency had at least been supported as running mates of the president that had been elected. !. ?e was also seen as a dumb Aoc' of a president :he was a former 9ni*. of (ichigan football player;, and his popularity and respect further san' when he issued a full pardon of +i#on, thus setting off accusations of a Kbuddy deal.L

%. ?is popularity also declined when he granted amnesty to Kdraft dodgersL thus allowing them to return to the 9./. from where*er theyJd run to :usually 3anada or Europe;. ). In Huly 1DI5, Bord signed the ?elsin'i accords, which recogni ed /o*iet boundaries, guaranteed human rights, and eased the 9./.R/o*iet situation. o 3ritics charged that d`tente was ma'ing the 9./. lose grain and technology while gaining nothing from the /o*iets. 3""# ,e%eat in +ietnam 1. 7isastrously for Bord, /outh =ietnam fell to the communist +orth in 1DI5, and American troops had to be e*acuated, the last on April !D, 1DI5, thus ending the 9./. role in =ietnam @ar. !. America seemed to ha*e lost the war, and it had also lost a lot of respect. 3"""# 0eminist +ictories and ,e%eats 1. 7uring the 1DI0s, the feminist mo*ement became energi ed and too' a decidedly aggressi*e tone. !. "itle IS prohibited se# discrimination in any federally funded education program. o ItJs largest impact was seen in the emergence of girlsJ sports. %. "he /upreme 3ourt entered the fray in the feminist mo*ement. o "he 3ourtJs decisions challenged se# discrimination in legislation and employment. o "he super$hot Roe *. @ade case legali ed abortion, arguing that ending a pregnancy was protected under a right to pri*acy. ). E*en more ambitious was the ERA :E6ual Rights Amendment; to the 3onstitution. o ERA sought to guarantee gender e6uality through words. o 0hyllis /chlafly led other women against ERA. /chlafly said ERA ad*ocates were, Kbitter women see'ing a constitutional cure for their personal problems.L /he used the following arguments against the ERA amendment4 It would depri*e a womanJs right to be a wife. It would re6uire women to ser*e in combat. o It would legali e homose#ual marriage. o %M state legislatures adopted the amendment, )1 were necessary, and the ERA ended. 3"+# The $e-enties in ! ack and White 1. Race was a burning issue, and in the 1DI) (illi'en *. .radley case, the /upreme 3ourt ruled that desegregation plans could not re6uire students to mo*e across school$district lines. o "his reinforced the Kwhite flightL to the suburbs that pitted the poorest whites and blac's against each other, often with e#plosi*ely *iolent results. !. Affirmati*e action, where minorities were gi*en preference in Aobs or school admittance, was another burning issue, but some whites used this to argue Kre*erse discrimination.L o In the .a''e case of 1DIM, the /upreme 3ourt ruled 5 to ) that Allan .a''e :a white applicant claiming re*erse discrimination; should be admitted to 9.3.R7a*is med school. "he decision was ambiguous saying :1; admission preference based on any race was not allowed, but con*ersely that :!; race could be factored into the admission policy. %. "he /upreme 3ourtJs only blac' Austice, "hurgood (arshall, warned that the denial of racial preferences might sweep away the progress gained by the ci*il rights mo*ement.

3+# The !icentennia Campaign and the Carter +ictor1 1. In 1DI6, Himmy 3arter barely s6uee ed by &erald Bord :!DI to !)0; for president, promising to ne*er lie to the American public. ?e also had 7emocratic maAorities in both houses of 3ongress. !. ?e capitali ed on being a K@ashington outsider,L and therefore untainted by the supposed corruption of 7.3. :?eJd pre*iously been go*ernor of &eorgia.; %. In 1DIM, 3arter got an W1M billion ta# cut for America, but the economy soon continued sin'ing. ). 7espite an early spurt of popularity, 3arter soon lost it. 3+"# Carter8s *(manitarian ,ip omac1 1. 3arter was a champion for human rights, and in Rhodesia :later Qimbabwe; and /outh Africa, he championed for blac' rights and pri*ileges. !. <n /eptember 1I, 1DIM, 0resident Anwar /adat of Egypt and 0rime (inister (enachem .egin of Israel signed peace accords at 3amp 7a*id. o (ediated by 3arter after relations had strained, this was 3arterJs greatest foreign policy success. o Israel agreed to withdraw from territory gained in the 1D6I war, while Egypt would respect IsraelJs territories. %. In Africa, though, se*eral 3ommunist re*olutions too' placeRnot all successful, but disheartening and threatening still. ). 3arter also pledged to return the 0anama 3anal to 0anama by the year !000, and resumed full diplomatic relations with 3hina in 1DID. 3+""# Economic and Energ1 Woes 1. Inflation had been steadily rising, and by 1DID, it was at a huge 1%E. Americans would learn that they could no longer hide behind their ocean moats and li*e happily insulated from foreign affairs. !. 3arter diagnosed AmericaJs problems as stemming primarily from the nationJs costly dependence on foreign oil, which was true. %. ?e called for legislation to impro*e energy conser*ation, but the gas$gu ling American people, who had already forgotten about the long gas lines of 1DI%, didnJt li'e these ideas. ). Energy problems escalated under 3arter. o In, 1DID, IranJs shah (ohammed Re a 0ahle*i, who had been installed by America in 1D5% and had ruled his land as a dictator, was o*erthrown and succeeded by the Ayatollah Chomeini. Iranian fundamentalists were *ery much against @estern>9./. customs, and Iran stopped e#porting oil2 <0E3 also hi'ed up oil prices, thus causing another oil crisis. o In Huly 1DID, 3arter retreated to 3amp 7a*id and met with hundreds of leaders of *arious things to ad*ise and counsel him, then he came bac' on Huly 15, 1DID and chastised the American people for their obsession of material woes :KIf itJs cold, turn down the thermostat and put on a sweater.L; "his tough tal'ing stunned the nation. "hen, a few days later, he fired four cabinet secretaries and tightened the circle around his &eorgian ad*isors e*en more tightly.

3+"""# 0oreign A%%airs and the "ranian "mbrog io 1. 3arter signed the /A-" II agreements with /o*iet 0remier -eonid .re hne*, but the 9./. /enate wouldnJt ratify it. !. "hen, on +o*ember ), 1DID, a bunch of anti$American (uslim militants stormed the 9./. embassy in "ehran and too' the people inside hostage, demanding that the 9./. return the e#iled shah who had arri*ed in the 9./. two wee's earlier for cancer treatments. %. "hen, in 7ecember !I, 1DID, the 9././.R. in*aded Afghanistan, which later turned into their *ersion of =ietnam. o ?owe*er, at the moment, their action threatened precious oil supplies. ). 3arter put an embargo on the /o*iet 9nion and boycotted the <lympic games in (oscow. o ?e also proposed a KRapid 7eployment BorceL that could respond to crises anywhere in the world in a 6uic' manner. 5. 0resident 3arter and America fell into an Iran hostage mess. o "he American hostages languished in cruel capti*ity while night "= news reports showed Iranian mobs burning the American flag and spitting on effigies of 9ncle /am. o At first 3arter tried economic sanctions, but that didnJt wor'. o -ater, he tried a daring commando rescue mission, but that had to be aborted, and when two military aircraft collided, eight of the would$be rescuers were 'illed. It was a humiliating failure for the 9./. and for 3arter especially. o "he stalemated hostage situation dragged on for most of 3arterJs term, and was ne*er released until Hanuary !0, 1DM1Rthe inauguration day of Ronald Reagan. Chapter A0 - The .es(rgence o% Conser-atism 1. 0resident Himmy 3arterJs administration seemed to be befuddled and bungling, since it could not control the rampant double$digit inflation or handle foreign affairs, and he would not remo*e regulatory controls from maAor industries such as airlines. o -ate in 1DID, Edward :"ed; Cennedy declared his candidacy for the 7emocratic nomination for 1DM0. .ut, he was hurt by his suspicious 3happa6uiddic' 1D6D dri*ing accident in when a young female passenger drowned and he delayed reporting the incident. !. As the 7emocrats dueled it out, the Republicans chose conser*ati*e former actor Ronald Reagan, signaling the return of conser*atism, since the a*erage American was older than during the stormy si#ties and was more li'ely to fa*or the right :conser*ati*es;. %. +ew groups that spearheaded the Knew rightL mo*ement included (oral (aAority and other conser*ati*e 3hristian groups. ). Ronald Reagan was a man whose *alues had been formed before the turbulent si#ties, and Reagan adopted a stance that depicted Kbig go*ernmentL as bad, federal inter*ention in local affairs as condemnable, and fa*oritism for minorities as negati*e. o ?e drew on the ideas of a group called the Kneoconser*ati*es,L a group that included +orman 0odhort , editor of 3ommentary maga ine, and Ir*ing Cristol, editor of 0ublic Interest, two men who championed free$mar'et capitalism. 5. Reagan had grown up in an impo*erished family, become a .$mo*ie actor in ?ollywood in the 1D)0s, became president of the /creen Actors &uild, purged suspected KredsL in the (c3arthy era, acted as spo'esperson for &eneral Electric, and become %3alifornian go*ernor. 6. ReaganJs photogenic personality and good loo's on tele*ised debates, as well as his attac's on 0resident 3arterJs problems, helped him win the election of 1DM0 by a landslide :)MD$)D;.

Also, Republicans regained control of the /enate. I. 3arterJs farewell address tal'ed of toning down the nuclear arms race, helping human rights, and protecting the en*ironment :one of his last acts in office was to sign a bill protecting 100 million acres of Alas'an land as a wildlife preser*e;.
o

""# The .eagan .e-o (tion 1. ReaganJs inauguration day coincided with the release by the Iranians of their 9./. hostages, and Reagan also assembled a cabinet of the Kbest and brightest,L including /ecretary of the Interior Hames @att, a contro*ersial man with little regard to the en*ironment. o @att tried to hobble the En*ironmental 0rotection Agency and permit oil drilling in scenic places, but finally had to resign after telling an insulting ethnic Ao'e in public. !. Bor o*er two decades, the go*ernment budget had slowly and steadily risen, much to the disturbance of the ta#$paying public. .y the 1DM0s, the public was tired of the +ew 7eal and the &reat /ociety programsJs costs and were ready to slash bills, Aust as Reagan proposed. o ?is federal budget had cuts of some W%5 billion, and he e*en wooed some /outhern 7emocrats to abandon their own party and follow him. o .ut on (arch %0, 1DM1, the president was shot and wounded by a deranged Hohn ?inc'ley. ?e reco*ered in only twel*e days, showing his de*otion to physical fitness despite his age :near I0; and gaining massi*e sympathy and support. """# The !att e o% the !(dget 1. ReaganJs budget was W6D5 billion with a W%M billion deficit. ?e planned cuts, and *ast maAority of budget cuts fell upon social programs, not on defense, but there were also sweeping ta# cuts of !5E o*er three years. o "he president appeared on national "= pleading for passage of the new ta#$cut bill, and bolstered by Kboll wee*ils,L or 7emocrats who defected to the Republican side, 3ongress passed it. o "he bill used Ksupply side economicsL or KReaganomicsL :policies fa*orable to businesses; to lower indi*idual ta#es, almost eliminate federal estate ta#es, and create new ta#$free sa*ings plans for small in*estors. !. ?owe*er, this theory bac'fired as the nation slid into its worst recession since the &reat 7epression, with unemployment reaching nearly 11E in 1DM! and se*eral ban's failing. o 3ritics :7emocrats; yapped that ReaganJs programs and ta# cuts had caused this mayhem, but in reality, it had been 3arterJs Ktight moneyL policies that had led to the recession, and Reagan and his ad*isors sat out the storm, waiting for a reco*ery that seemed to come in 1DM%. %. ?owe*er, during the 1DM0s, income gaps widened between the rich and poor for the first time in the !0th century :this was mirrored by the emergence of KyuppiesLR5oung 9rban 0rofessionals, *ery materialistic professionals;. And it was massi*e military spending :a W100 billion annual deficit in 1DM! and nearly W!00 million annual deficits in the later years; that upped the American dollar. "he trade deficit, also rose to a record W15! billion in 1DMI. "hese facts helped ma'e America the worldJs biggest borrowers. "+# .eagan .enews the Co d War 1. Reagan too' a get$tough stance against the 9//R, especially when they continued to in*ade Afghanistan, and his plan to defeat the /o*iets was to wage a super$e#pensi*e

arms race that would e*entually force the /o*iets into ban'ruptcy and render them powerless. o ?e began this with his /trategic 7efense Initiati*e :/7I;, popularly 'nown as K/tar @ars,L which proposed a system of lasers that could fire from space and destroy any nuclear weapons fired by (oscow before they hit AmericaRa system that many e#perts considered impossible as well as upsetting to the Kbalance of terrorL :donJt fire for fear of retaliation; that had 'ept nuclear war from being unleashed all these years. /7I was ne*er built. !. -ate in 1DM1, the /o*iets clamped down on 0olandJs massi*e union called K/olidarityL and recei*ed economic sanctions from the 9./. o "he deaths of three different aging /o*iet oligarchs from 1DM!$M5 and the brea'ing of all arms$control negotiations in 1DM% further complicated dealings with the /o*iets. +# Tro(b es Abroad 1. Israel in*aded -ebanon in 1DM! to destroy guerilla bases, and the ne#t year, Reagan sent 9./. forces as part of an international peace$'eeping force. .ut, when a suicide bomber crashed a bomb$filled truc' into 9./. (arine barrac's on <ctober !%, 1DM% 'illing o*er !00 marines, Reagan had to withdraw the troops, though he miraculously suffered no political damage. o Afterwards, he became 'nown as the K"eflon president,L the president to which nothing harmful would stic'. !. Reagan accused +icaraguan K/andinistas,L a group of leftists that had ta'en o*er the +icaraguan go*ernment, of turning the country into a forward base from which 3ommunist forces could in*ade and con6uer all of -atin America. o ?e also accused them of helping re*olutionary forces in El /al*ador, where *iolence had reigned since 1DID, and Reagan then helped KcontraL rebels in +icaragua fight against the /andinistas. o In <ctober 1DM%, Reagan sent troops to &renada, where a military coup had 'illed the prime minister and brought communists to power. "he 9./. crushed the communist rebels. +"# .o(nd Two %or .eagan 1. Reagan was opposed by 7emocrat @alter (ondale and =.0. candidate &eraldine Berraro, the first woman to appear on a maAor$party presidential tic'et, but won handily. !. Boreign policy issues dominated ReaganJs second term, one that saw the rise of (i'hail &orbache*, a personable, energetic leader who announced two new /o*iet policies4 glasnost, or Kopenness,L which aimed to introduce free speech and political liberty to the /o*iet 9nion, and perestroi'a, or Krestructuring,L which meant that the /o*iets would mo*e toward adopting free$mar'et economies similar to those in the @est. %. At a summit meeting at &ene*a in 1DM5, &orbache* introduced the idea of ceasing the deployment of intermediate$range nuclear forces :I+B;. At a second meeting at Rey'Aa*i', Iceland, in +o*ember 1DM5, there was stalemate. At the third one in @ashington 7.3., the treaty was finally signed, banning all I+BJs from Europe. o "he final summit at (oscow saw Reagan warmly praising the /o*iet chief for trying to end the 3old @ar. ). Also, Reagan supported 3ora on A6uinoJs ousting of Bilipino dictator, Berdinand (arcos.

5. ?e also ordered a lightning raid on -ibya, in 1DM6, in retaliation for -ibyaJs state$ sponsored terrorist attac's, and began escorting oil tan'ers through the 0ersian &ulf during the IranRIra6 @ar. +""# The "ran-Contra "mbrog io 1. In +o*ember 1DM6, it was re*ealed that a year before, American diplomats led by 3ol. <li*e +orth had secretly arranged arms sales to Iranian diplomats in return for the release of American hostages :at least one was; and had used that money to aid +icaraguan contra rebels. o "his bra enly *iolated the congressional ban on helping +icaraguan rebels, not to mention ReaganJs personal *ow not to negotiate with terrorists. o An in*estigation concluded that e*en if Reagan had no 'nowledge of such e*ents, as he claimed, he should ha*e. "his scandal not only cast a dar' cloud o*er ReaganJs foreign policy success, but also brought out a picture of Reagan as a somewhat senile old man who slept through important cabinet meetings. /till, Reagan remained e*er popular. +"""# .eagan8s Economic &egac1 1. /upply$side economics claimed that cutting ta#es would actually increase go*ernment re*enue, but instead, during his eight years in office, Reagan accumulated a W! trillion debtRmore than all his presidential predecessors combined. o (uch of the debt was financed by foreign ban'ers li'e the Hapanese, creating fear that future Americans would ha*e to wor' harder or ha*e lower standards of li*ing to pay off such debts for the 9nited /tates. !. Reagan did triumph in containing the welfare state by incurring debts so large that future spending would be difficult, thus pre*ent any more welfare programs from being enacted successfully. %. Another trend of KReaganomicsL was the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. "he idea of Ktric'le$down economicsL :helping the rich who own business would see money tric'le down to wor'ing classes; seemed to pro*e false. "3# The .e igio(s .ight 1. .eginning in the 1DM0s, energi ed religious conser*ati*es began to e#ert their political muscle in a cultural war. o Re*. Herry Balwell started the (oral (aAority, consisting of e*angelical 3hristians. o !$% million registered as (oral (aAority *oters in its first two years. o 9sing the power of media, they opposed se#ual permissi*eness, abortion, feminism, and homose#uality. !. In large part, the conser*ati*e mo*ement of the M0s was an answer to the liberal mo*ement of the 60s. "he pendulum was swinging bac'. o 3onser*ati*es *iewed America as being hiAac'ed in the 60s by a minority of radicals with political aims2 the conser*ati*es saw themsel*es as ta'ing bac' America. 3# Conser-atism in the Co(rts 1. Reagan used the courts as his instrument against affirmati*e action and abortion, and by 1DMM, the year he left office, he had appointed a near$maAority of all sitting federal Audges.

Included among those were three conser*ati*e$minded Audges, one of which was /andra 7ay <J3onnor, a brilliant /tanford -aw /chool graduate and the first female /upreme 3ourt Austice in American history. !. In a 1DM) case in*ol*ing (emphis firefighters, the 3ourt ruled that union rules about Aob seniority could outweigh affirmati*e$action concerns. %. In @ardJs 3o*e 0ac'ing *. Ari ona and (artin *. @il's, the 3ourt ruled it more difficult to pro*e that an employer practiced discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to argue that they were *ictims of re*erse$discrimination. ). "he 1DI% case of Roe *. @ade had basically legali ed abortion, but the 1DMD case of @ebster *. Reproducti*e ?ealth /er*ices seriously compromised protection of abortion rights. o In 0lanned 0arenthood *. 3asey :1DD!;, the 3ourt ruled that states could restrict access to abortion as long as they didnJt place an Kundue burdenL on the woman.
o

3"# .e%erend(m on .eaganism in 1HFF 1. 7emocrats got bac' the /enate in 1DM6 and sought to harm Reagan with the Iran$3ontra scandal and unethical beha*ior that tainted an oddly large number of ReaganJs cabinet. o "hey e*en reAected Robert .or', ReaganJs ultraconser*ati*e choice to fill an empty space on the /upreme 3ourt. !. "he federal budget and the international trade deficit continued to soar while falling oil prices hurt housing *alues in the /outhwest and damaged sa*ings$and$loans institutions, forcing Reagan to order a W500 million rescue operation for the /,- institutions. o <n <ctober 1D, 1DMI, the stoc' mar'et fell 50M points, spar'ing fears of the end of the money culture, but this was premature. %. In 1DMM, &ary ?art tried to get the 7emocratic nomination but had to drop out due to a se#ual misconduct charge while Hesse Hac'son assembled a Krainbow coalitionL in hopes of becoming president. .ut, the 7emocrats finally chose (ichael 7u'a'is, who lost badly to Republican candidate and ReaganJs *ice president &eorge ?erbert @al'er .ush, 11! to )!6. 3""# 5eorge *# W# !(sh and the End o% the Co d War 1. .ush had been born into a rich family, but he was committed to public ser*ice and *owed to sculpt Ka 'indler, gentler America.L !. In 1DMD, it seemed that 7emocracy was re*i*ing in pre*iously 3ommunist hot$spots. o In 3hina, thousands of democratic$see'ing students protested in "iananmen /6uare but they were brutally crushed by 3hinese tan's and armed forces. o In Eastern Europe, 3ommunist regimes fell in 0oland :which saw /olidarity rise again;, ?ungary, 3 echoslo*a'ia, East &ermany, and Romania. /oon afterwards, the .erlin @all came tumbling down. o In 1DD0, .oris 5eltsin stopped a military coup that tried to dislodge &orbache*, then too' o*er Russia when the /o*iet 9nion fell and disintegrated into the 3ommonwealth of Independent /tates, of which Russia was the largest member. "hus, the 3old @ar was o*er. "his shoc'ed e#perts who had predicted that the 3old @ar could only end *iolently. %. 0roblems remained howe*er, as the 6uestion remained of who would ta'e o*er the 9././.R.Js nuclear stoc'piles or its seat in the 9.+. /ecurity 3ouncilT E*entually, Russia did.

). In 1DD%, .ush signed the /"AR" II accord with 5eltsin, pledging both nations to reduce their long$range nuclear arsenals by two$thirds within ten years. o "rouble was still present when the 3hechnyen minority in Russia tried to declare independence and was resisted by Russia2 that incident hasnJt been resol*ed yet. 5. Europe found itself 6uite unstable when the economically wea' former communist countries re$integrated with it. 6. America then had no ri*al to guard against, and it was possible that it would re*ert bac' to its isolationist policies. Also, military spending had soa'ed up so much money that upon the end of the 3old @ar, the 0entagon closed %) military bases, canceled a W5! billion order for a na*y attac' plane, and forced scores of 3alifornian defense plants to shut their doors. I. ?owe*er, in 1DD0, /outh Africa freed +elson (andela, and he was elected president ) years later.
1.

Bree elections remo*ed the /andinistas in +icaragua in 1DD0, and in 1DD!, peace came to Ecuador at last.

3"""# The Persian 5( % Crisis 1. <n August !, 1DD0, Ira6i leader /addam ?ussein in*aded oil$rich Cuwait with 100,000 men, hoping to anne# it as a 1Dth pro*ince and use its oil fields to replenish debts incurred during the Ira6RIran @ar, a war which oddly saw the 9./. supporting ?ussein despite his bad reputation. !. /addam attac'ed swiftly, but the 9.+. responded Aust as swiftly, placing economic embargoes on the aggressor and preparing for military punishment. %. Bighting K<peration 7esert /tormL o /ome 5%D,000 9./. military force members Aoined !I0,000 troops from !M other countries to attac' Ira6 in a war, which began on Hanuary 1!, 1DD1, when 3ongress declared it. <n Hanuary 16, the 9./. and 9.+. unleashed a hellish air war against Ira6 for %I days. Ira6 responded by launching se*eral ultimately ineffecti*e KscudL missiles at /audi Arabia and Israel, but it had far dar'er strategies a*ailable, such as biological and chemical weapons and strong desert fortifications with oil$ filled moats that could be lit afire if the enemy got too close. o American &eneral +orman /chwar 'opf too' nothing for granted, strategi ing to suffocate Ira6is with an onslaught of air bombing raids and then rush them with troops. <n Bebruary !%, K<peration 7esert /tormL began with an o*erwhelming land attac' that lasted four days, saw really little casualties, and ended with /addamJs forces surrender. American cheered the warJs rapid end and well$fought duration and was relie*ed that this had not turned into another =ietnam, but /addam ?ussein had failed to be dislodged from power and was left to menace the world another day. ). "he 9./. found itself e*en more deeply ensnared in the regionJs web of mortal hatreds. 3"+# !(sh on the *ome 0ront 1. 0resident .ushJs 1DD0 Americans with 7isabilities Act was a landmar' law that banned discrimination against citi ens with disabilities.

!. .ush also signed a maAor water proAects bill in 1DD! and agreed to sign a watered$down ci*il rights bill in 1DD1. %. In 1DD1, .ush proposed 3larence "homas :a .lac' man; to fill in the *acant seat left by retiring "hurgood (arshall :the first .lac' /upreme 3ourt Austice;, but this choice was opposed by the +AA30 since "homas was a conser*ati*e and by the +ational <rgani ation for @omen :+<@;, since "homas was supposedly pro$abortion. o In early <ctober 1DD1, Anita ?ill charged "homas with se#ual harassment, and e*en though "homas was still selected to be on the 3ourt, ?illJs case publici ed se#ual harassment and tightened tolerance of it :<regonJs /enator Robert 0ac'wood had to step down in 1DD5 after a case of se#ual harassment;. o A gender gap arose between women in both parties. ). In 1DD!, the economy stalled, and .ush was forced to brea' an e#plicit campaign promise :KRead my lips, no new ta#esL; and add W1%% billion worth of new ta#es to try to curb the W!50 billion annual budget. o @hen it was re*ealed that many ?ouse members had written bad chec's from a pri*ate ?ouse Kban',L public confidence lessened e*en more. 5. "he !Ith Amendment banned congressional pay raises from ta'ing effect until an election had seated a new session of 3ongress, an idea first proposed by Hames (adison in 1IMD. Chapter A1 - America Con%ronts the Post-Co d War Era "# !i C inton; the 0irst !ab1-!oomer President 1. In 1DD!, the 7emocrats chose .ill 3linton as their candidate :despite accusations of womani ing, drug use, and draft e*asion; and Albert &ore, Hr. as his running mate. !. "he 7emocrats tried a new approach, promoting growth, strong defense, and anticrime policies while campaigning to stimulate the economy. %. "he Republicans dwelt on Kfamily *aluesL and selected .ush for another round and H. 7anforth Guayle as his running mate. "hey claimed that Kcharacter mattersL and so 3linton and his baggage should not be elected. ). "hird party candidate Ross 0erot added color to the election by getting 1D,I)!,!6I *otes in the election :no electoral *otes, though;, but 3linton won, %I0 to 16M in the Electoral 3ollege. o 7emocrats also got control of both the ?ouse and the /enate. 5. 3ongress and the presidential cabinet were filled with minorities and more women, including the first female attorney general e*er, Hanet Reno, /ecretary of ?ealth and ?uman /er*ices 7onna /halala, and Ruth .ader &insburg in the /upreme 3ourt ""# A 0a se $tart %or .e%orm 1. 9pon entering office, 3linton called for accepting homose#uals in the armed forces, but finally had to settle for a KdonJt as', donJt tellL policy that unofficially accepted gays and lesbians. !. 3linton also appointed his wife, ?illary, to re*amp the nationJs health and medical care system, and when it was re*ealed in <ctober 1DD%, critics blasted it as cumbersome, confusing, and unpractical, thus suddenly ma'ing ?illary Rodham 3linton a liability whereas before, she had been a full, e6ual political partner of her husband. %. .y 1DD6, 3linton had shrun' the federal deficit to its lowest le*el in a decade, and in 1DD%, he passed a gun$control law called the .rady .ill, named after presidential aide Hames .rady who had been wounded in 0resident ReaganJs attempted assassination.

In Huly 1DD), 3linton persuaded 3ongress to pass a W%0 billion anticrime bill. ). 7uring the decade, a radical (uslim group bombed the @orld "rade 3enter in +ew 5or', 'illing si#. An American terrorist, "imothy (c=eigh, bombed the federal building in <'lahoma in 1DD5, ta'ing 16D li*es. And a fiery standoff at @aco, "e#as, between the go*ernment and the .ranch 7a*idian religious cult ended in a huge fire that 'illed men, women, and children. o .y this time, few Americans trusted the go*ernment, the re*erse of the @@II generation.
o

"""# The Po itics o% ,istr(st 1. In 1DD), +ewt &ingrich led Republicans on a sweeping attac' of 3lintonJs liberal failures with a conser*ati*e K3ontract with America,L and that year, Republicans won all incumbent seats as well as eight more seats in the /enate and 5% more seats in the ?ouse. &ingrich became the new /pea'er of the ?ouse. !. ?owe*er, the Republicans went too far, imposing federal laws that put new obligations on state and local go*ernments without pro*iding new re*enues and forcing 3linton to sign a welfare$reform bill that made deep cuts in welfare grants. o 3linton tried to fight bac', but gradually, the American public grew tired of Republican conser*atism, such as &ingrichJs suggestion of sending children of welfare families to orphanages, and of its incompetence, such as the 1DD5 shut down of 3ongress due to a lac' of a sufficient budget pac'age. %. In 1DD6, 3linton ran against Republican .ob 7ole and won, %ID to 15D, and Ross 0erot again finished a sorry third. "+# C inton Again 1. 3linton became the first 7emocrat to be re$elected since B7R. !. ?e put conser*ati*es on the defensi*e by claiming the middle ground. o ?e embraced the @elfare Reform .ill. o ?e balanced affirmati*e action :preferential treatment for minorities;. @hen *oters and courts began to mo*e away from affirmati*e action, 3linton spo'e against the direction away from affirmati*e action, but stopped short of any action. %. (ostly, 3linton enAoyed the popularity of a president during an economic good$time. o ?e supported the contro*ersial +AB"A :+orth American Bree "rade Agreement; which cut tariffs and trade barriers between (e#icoR9./.R3anada. o /imilarly, he supported the start of the @"< :@orld "rade Agreement; to lower trade barriers internationally. ). "he issue of campaign finance reform rose to water le*el. Republicans and 3linton ali'e, ga*e the issue lip ser*ice, but did nothing. +# Prob ems Abroad 1. 3linton sent troops to /omalia :where some were 'illed;, withdrew them, and also meddled in +orthern Ireland to no good effect. .ut after denouncing 3hinaJs abuses of human rights and threatening to punish 3hina before he became president, 3linton as president disco*ered that trade with 3hina was too important to throw away o*er human rights. !. 3linton committed American troops to +A"< to 'eep the peace in the former 5ugosla*ia, and he sent !0,000 troops to return Hean$.ertrand Aristide to power in ?aiti.

%. ?e resolutely supported the +orth American Bree "rade Agreement :+AB"A; that made a free$trade one surrounding (e#ico, 3anada, and the 9./., then helped form the @orld "rade <rgani ation :@"<;, the successor to the &eneral Agreement on "ariffs and "rade :&A"";, and also pro*ided W!0 billion to (e#ico in 1DD5 to help its faltering economy. ). 3linton also presided o*er an historic reconciliation meeting in 1DD% between IsraelJs 5it ha' Rabin and 0alestinian 5asir Arafat at the @hite ?ouse, but two years later, Rabin was assassinated, thus ending hopes for peace in the (iddle East. +"# $canda and "mpeachment 1. "he end of the 3old @ar left the 9./. groping for a diplomatic formula to replace anti$ 3ommunism and re*ealed misconduct by the 3IA and the B.I. !. 0olitical reporter Hoe Clein wrote 0rimary 3olors, mirroring some of 3lintonJs personal life>womani ing. (eanwhile 3linton also ran into trouble with his failed real estate in*estment in the @hitewater -and 3orporation. o In 1DD%, =incent Boster, Hr. apparently committed suicide, perhaps o*erstressed at ha*ing to :perhaps immorally; manage 3lintonJs legal and financial affairs. %. As 3linton began his second term, the first by a 7emocratic president since B7R, he had Republican maAorities in both houses of 3ongress going against him. ). <ddly for a president who seemed obsessed with ma'ing a place for himself in history, his place li'ely was made with the infamous (onica -ewins'i se# scandal. In it, 3linton had oral se# in the @hite ?ouse <*al <ffice with the intern -ewins'i. "hen he denied, under oath, that he had done so, figuring that oral se# was not actually se#. o Bor his Klittle white lie,L 3linton was impeached by the ?ouse :only the !nd president to be impeached, behind Andrew Hohnson right after the 3i*il @ar;. o ?owe*er, Republicans were unable to get the necessary !>% super$maAority *ote in the /enate to 'ic' 3linton from the @hite ?ouse. /o, 3linton fulfilled his final years as president, but did so with a tarnished image and his place in history assured. ?is actions saw Americans lean toward the reali ation that character indeed must really matter after all. +""# C inton8s &egac1 1. In his last se*eral months as president, 3linton tried to secure a non$(onica legacy. o ?e named tracts of land as preser*ations. o ?e initiated a KpatientsJ bill of rights.L o ?e hired more teachers and police officers. !. <n the good side, 3linton pro*ed to be a largely moderate 7emocrat. "he economy was strong, the budget was balanced, and he cautioned people from e#pected big$ go*ernment from being the do$all and gi*e$all to e*eryone. %. <n the bad side, the (onica -ewins'i situation created great cynicism in politics, he negotiated a deal with the -ewins'i prosecutor where heJd ga*e immunity in e#change for a fine and law license suspension, and his last$minute e#ecuti*e pardons ga*e the appearance of rewarding political donors. +"""# The !(sh-5ore Presidentia !att e 1. "he !000 election began to shape up as a colorful one. o 7emocrats chose =ice 0resident Albert &ore. ?e had to balance aligned with 3lintonJs prosperity and against his scandals.

"he &reen 0arty :consisting mostly of liberals and en*ironmentalists; chose consumer ad*ocate Ralph +ader. o Republicans chose "e#as go*ernor &eorge @. .ush :son of &eorge ?. @. .ush and 'nown simply as K@L or, in "e#as, as K7ub$yaL;. !. A budget surplus bec'oned the 6uestion, K@hat to do with the e#tra moneyTL o .ush said to ma'e big cut ta#es for all. o &ore said to ma'e smaller ta# cuts to the middle class only, then use the rest to shore up the debt, /ocial /ecurity, and (edicare. o +ader, in reality, was little more than a side$show.
o

"3# The Contro-ersia E ection o% 7000 1. A close finish was e#pected, but not to the degree to which it actually happened. o "he confused finish was reminiscent of the ?ayes$"ilden standoff of 1MI6. !. 3ontro*ersy surrounded Blorida. o ?a*ing the nationJs )th most electoral *otes, Blorida was the swing$state. o Blorida effecti*ely had a tie, with .ush ahead by the slightest of margins. o /tate law re6uired a recount. "he recount upheld .ushJs narrow win. 7emocrats charged there were irregularities in 'ey counties :notably 0alm .each county that had a large Hewish populace and therefore would figure to be highly 7emocratic in support of &oreJs =.0. candidate Hoseph -ieberman, the 1st Hewish candidate for president or =.0.;. At heart of the matter was the infamous Kbutterfly ballotL which supposedly confused the easily$confounded elderly of 0alm .each countyRsupposedly to .ushJs ad*antage. As the confusion wore on and America needed a president A./.A.0., Blorida e*entually *alidated the .ush *ote. Additionally, &eorge @.Js brother Heb .ush was the Blorida go*ernor2 and, the Blorida /ecretary of /tate Catherine ?arris, who officially *alidated the .ush$*ote, had been appointed by Heb. Bor conspiracy theorists, it was li'e a field$day on 3hristmas morning. <ne irony of the election was the role of Ralph +ader. ?e energi ed the liberalist liberals :and therefore those who disli'ed .ush the most;. "he irony4 &reen *otes for +ader stole *otes that wouldJ*e gone to &ore and ostensibly ga*e the election to .ush. 7rama aside, .ush won. &ore actually got more popular *otes :50,DDD,MDI to .ushJs 50,)56,00!;, but lost the critical electoral *ote :!66 to .ushJs !I1;. 3# !(sh !egins 1. .ush too' office tal'ing up his "e#as upbringing :true; and tal'ing down his familyJs .ac'$ East pri*ilege :also true;. !. .ush too' on hot topics and fired up both sides of the political spectrum. o ?e withdrew 9./. support from international programs that o'ayed abortion. o ?e ad*ocated faith$based social welfare programs. o ?e opposed stem$cell research, which had great medical possibilities, on the grounds that the embryo in reality was a small person and doing tests on it was nothing other than abortion. o ?e angered en*ironmentalists with his policies.

?e e*en worried conser*ati*es by cutting ta#es W1.% trillion. "he budget surpluses of the D0s turned into a W)00 billion deficit by !00).

3"# Terrorism Comes to America 1. <n /eptember 11, !001, AmericaJs centuries$old enAoyment of being on Kour side of the pondL ended when militant (uslim radicals attac'ed America. "he radicals hiAac'ed passenger planes and used the planes, and hostages, as guided missiles. o "wo planes slammed into the @orld "rade 3enter towers in +ew 5or' 3ity. "he towers caught afire, then came down. o A third plane slammed into the 0entagon. o A fourth plane was aiming for the @hite ?ouse, but heroic passengers too' bac' the plane before it crashed in a 0ennsyl*ania field. !. America was stunned, to say the least. %. 0resident .ushJs leadership after the attac's was solemn and many began to forget the disputed election of !000. o ?e identified the culprits as Al Gaeda, a religious militant terrorist group, led by <sama .in -aden. o .in -adenJs hatred toward America re*ol*ed around resent of AmericaJs economic, military, and cultural power. ). "e#as$style, .ush called for .in -adenJs head. Afghanistan refused to hand him o*er so .ush ordered the military to go on the offensi*e and hunt him down. "he hunt pro*ed to be difficult and .in -aden pro*ed elusi*e. 5. At the same time, the American economy turned for the worse, and a few Americans died after recei*ing anthra#$laden letters. 3oupled with fear of another attac', an#iety loomed. 6. "errorism launched a Knew 'ind of warL or a Kwar on terrorL that re6uired tactics beyond the con*entional battlefield. 3ongress responded in turn. o "he 0atriot Act ga*e the go*ernment e#tended sur*eillance rights. 3ritics charged this was a .ig .rother$li'e infringement of rightsRa re*ersal of the freedoms that Americans were fighting for. o "he 7epartment of ?omeland /ecurity was established as the newest cabinet department. ItJs goal was to secure America. 3""# !(sh Takes the 6%%ensi-e Against "ra) 1. /addam ?ussein had been a long time menace to many people. @ith .ush, his time had run out. .ush stated heJd not tolerate ?usseinJs defiance of the 9.+.Js weapons inspectors. !. At heart of problems4 intelligence at the time suggested that ?ussein had and was acti*ely ma'ing weapons of mass destruction :K@(7sL;. ?ussein continually thumbed his nose at the weaponJs inspectors who tried to *alidate or dispro*e the threat. %. .ush decided it was time for action. o .ush sought the 9.+.Js appro*al for ta'ing military action, but some nations, notably Brance with its /ecurity 3ouncil *eto, had cold feet. o /o, .ush decided to go it alone. ?ea*y maAorities of 3ongress in <ctober of !00! appro*ed armed force against Ira6. o "he 9.+. tried one last time to inspect, ?ussein bloc'ed the inspectors again. "he 9.+. and inspectors as'ed for more time still. o Bor .ush, time was up. ?e launched an attac' and .aghdad fell within a month. /addam went on the run, then was found nine months later hiding in a hole in the ground.

"a'ing Ira6, though not easy, was swift and successful2 securing and rebuilding Ira6 would pro*e tougher.

3"""# 6wning "ra) 1. (ost Ira6i people welcomed the Americans, but certainly not all. !. Bactions bro'e out. Ira6i insurgents attac'ed American &.I.Js and casualties mounted to nearly 1,!00 by !00). %. Americans soon began to wonder, K?ow long will we be thereTL ). "he new goals were to :1; establish security in Ira6, hopefully by Ira6i troops, and :!; create and turn o*er control to a new democratically elected Ira6i go*ernment. o "raining Ira6i troops pro*ed pitifully slow. o A new go*ernment was created and limited power handed o*er on Hune !M, !00). 5. Ira6 became a di*isi*e issue in America. 3onser*ati*es generally supported the war and post$war efforts. -iberals charged that .ush was on some ego$tripping battle charge to hunt down phantom weapons of mass destruction. 3"+# A Co(ntr1 in Con% ict 1. <ther issues di*ided America4 o 7emocrats continually grumbled about the KstolenL !000 election. o 3i*il libertarians fumed o*er the 0atriot Act. o 0acifists said the @(7 reasoning was made up from the get$go to start a war. o .ig business :li'e Enron and @orld3om that mon'eyed with their boo's; supposedly fattened the rich and gleaned the poor. o /ocial warfare continued o*er abortion and homose#uality. o Affirmati*e action still boiled, and the /upreme 3ourt came up with mathematical formulae for minority admittance to undergrads. "he 3ourt also stated that in !5 years racial preferences would li'ely be unnecessary. 3+# .ee ecting 5eorge W# !(sh 1. Republicans put .ush up for reelection in !00). !. 7emocrats selected /en. Hohn Cerry of (assachusetts. %. 7espite the usual litany of issues :education, health care, etc.; the 'ey issue of the !00) election was national security. o At the heart of the security issue, was the 6uestion of the war in Ira6. o .ush said to Kstay the courseL2 Cerry too' an anti$war position. ?owe*er, CerryJs position and image was somewhat confounding4 Cerry was a =ietnam war hero, but then a =ietnam war protestor. Cerry *oted for military action in Ira6, but then *oted against a bill for military spending for the war. ). Cerry gained much support by critici ing .ushJs management :or mismanagement; of the Ira6 situation. Cerry charged that .ush had no plan for Ira6 after the initial ta'e$o*er. ?owe*er, Cerry focused only on .ushJs failure and failed to effecti*ely present *oters with his own alternati*e course of action. 5. In the election, and despite polls to the contrary, .ush won with a surprisingly strong showing :a popular *ote of 60,6%D,!M1 to CerryJs 5I,%55,DIM; of !M6 electoral *otes to CerryJs !5!. Chapter A7 - The American Peop e 0ace a New Cent(r1

"# Economic .e-o (tions 1. As hea*y industry waned, the information age 'ic'ed into high gear. o (icrosoft 3orp. and the internet brought about the communications re*olution. o Entrepreneurs led the way to ma'ing the Internet a !1st century mall, library, and shopping center. o /peed and efficiency of new communications tools threatened to wipe out other Aobs. !. @hite$collar Aobs in financial ser*ices and high tech engineering were being outsourced to other countries li'e Ireland and India. o Employees could thus help 'eep the companyJs global circuits wor'ing !) hrs. a day. %. (any disco*ered that the new high tech economy was also prone to boom or bust, Aust li'e the old economy. o In the /pring of !000, the stoc' mar'et began its biggest slide since @@II. o .y !00%, the mar'et had lost W6 trillion in *alue. AmericanJs pension plans shran' to 1>% or more. Recent retirees scrambled to get Aobs and offset their pension losses which were tied to the stoc' mar'et. "his showed that Americans were still scarcely immune to ris', error, scandal, and the ups$and$downs of the business cycle. ). /cientific research propelled the economy. o Researchers unloc'ed the secrets of molecular genetics :1D50s;. "hey de*eloped new strains of high yielding, pest>weather resistant crops. "hey sought to cure hereditary diseases. "he mo*ement started to fi# genetic mutations. o "he 1?uman &enome 0roAect1 established the 7+A se6uence of the %0 thousand human genes, helping create radical new medical therapies. o .rea'throughs in cloning animals raised 6uestions about the legitimacy of cloning technology in human reproduction. o /tem 3ell Research, where ygotes or fertili ed human eggs, offered possible cures for Al heimerJs and 0ar'insonJs. "he .ush administration, and many religious groups, belie*ed that this research was 'illing people in the form of a human fetus. .ush said a fetus is still a human life, despite its small si e, and e#perimenting and destroying it is therefore wrong. Bor this reason, he limited go*ernment funding for stem cell research. ""# A%% (ence and "ne)(a it1 1. 9./. standard of li*ing was high compared to the rest of human 'ind o (edian household income in !00! F W)!,)00 !. Americans, howe*er, werenJt the worldJs wealthiest people %. Rich still got richer while the poor got poorer o "he richest !0E in !001 ra'ed in nearly half the nationJs income while the poorest !0E got a mere )E ). "he @elfare Reform .ill :1DD6; restric5ted access to social ser*ices and re6uired able$ bodied welfare recipients to find wor'. o "his further wea'ened the financial footing of many impo*erished families. 5. @idening ine6uality could be measured in different ways as well o 3hief e#ecuti*es roughly earned !)5 times as much as the a*erage wor'er

In !00), o*er )0 million people had no medical insurance %) million :1!E of population; were impo*erished 6. 3auses of the widening income gap o "he ta# and fiscal policies of the Reagan and both .ush presidencies o Intensifying global economic competition o shrin'age of high$paying manufacturing Aobs for semis'illed>uns'illed wor'ers o the decline of unions o the economic rewards to those of higher education o the growth of part time and temporary wor' o the increase of low$s'illed immigrants o the tendency of educated, wor'ing men and woman marriages, creating households w> high incomes I. Educational opportunities also had a way of perpetuating ine6uality o under funding of many schools in poor urban areas
o o

"""# The 0eminist .e-o (tion 1. !. %. ). 5. @omen were greatly affected by the great economic changes of the late !0th 3entury <*er 5 decades, women steadily increased their presence in the wor' place .y 1DD0s, nearly half of all wor'ers were women (ost surprising was the upsurge of employment in mothers o by 1DD0s, a maAority of women with 'ids as young as one were wor'ing (any uni*ersities opened their doors to women :1D60s;4 o 5ale o 0rinceton o @est 0oint o "he 3itadel and =irginia (ilitary Institute :=(I; 7espite these gains, many feminists remained frustrated o women still got lower wages o were concentrated in few low$prestige, low$paying occupations Bor e#ample, in !00!, on !D E of women were lawyers or Audges and !5E physicians "his is li'ely due to women would interrupt their careers to bear and raise 'ids and e*en too' a less demanding Aob to fulfill the traditional family roles 7iscrimination and a focus on 'ids also helped account for the Kgender$gapL in elections o @omen still *oted for 7emocrats more than men "hey seemed to be more willing to fa*or go*Jt support for health and child care, education, and Aob e6uality, as well as more *igilant in protecting abortion rightsRthus, 7emocratic *oters. (ensJ li*es changed in the !000s as well o /ome employers ga*e maternity lea*e as well as paternity lea*e in recognition of shared obligations of the two wor'er household. o (ore men shared the traditional female responsibilities coo'ing, laundry, and child care In 1DD%, congress passed the Bamily -ea*e .ill, mandating Aob protection for wor'ing fathers as well as mothers who needed to ta'e time off from wor' for family reasons

6.

I.

M.

D.

"+# New 0ami ies and 6 d 1. "he nuclear family suffered hea*y blows in modern America o by 1DD0s, one out of e*ery two marriages ended in di*orce

!.

%. ). 5.

6.

I# more children were affected by di*orce compared to the beginning of the decade o Cids who commuted between parents was common ground "raditional families werenJt Aust falling apart at an alarming rate, but were also increasingly slow to form in the first place. o "he proportion of adults li*ing alone tripled in the ) decades after 1D50s o In 1DD0s, 1>% of women age !5 $ !D had ne*er married o E*ery forth child in 9/ was growing up in a household that lac'ed two parents "he reason for this o the pauperi ation of many women and children :single parent income F ?AR7; o /ingle parent hood was the Z1 cause for the reason behind po*erty 3hild raising, the reason behind a family, was being pawned off to day$care centers, school, or "= :electronic babysitter; =iable families now assumed a *ariety of different forms o Cids in households were raised by a single parent, stepparent, or grandparent, and e*en 'ids with gay parents encountered a degree of acceptance that would ha*e been unimaginable a century earlier. o &ay marriage and teenage pregnancy was on a decline after the mid$1D00s Bamilies werenJt e*aporating, but were altering into much different forms
o

+# The Aging o% America 1. <ld age was e#pected, due to the fact that Americans were li*ing longer than e*er before o 0eople born in !000 could anticipate li*ing to an a*erage I0 years (iraculous medical ad*ances lengthened and strengthened li*es 1. -onger li*es F more older people o 1 American in M was o*er 65 years of age in !000 !. "his aging of population raised a slew of economic, social, and political 6uestions o <ld people formed a potent electoral bloc that aggressi*ely lobbied for go*Jt fa*ors and achie*ed real gains for senior citi ens o "he share of &+0 spent on health care for people o*er 65 more than doubled o "he more payments to healthcare, hurt education, thus ma'ing social and economic problems further down the road. "he old are getting helped, but the young are being punished for it %. "hese triumphs for senior citi ens brought fiscal strains, li'e on /ocial /ecurity o At the beginning of the creation of /ocial /ecurity, a small maAority depended on it. o .ut by now, it has increased, and now wor'ersJ /ocial /ecurity is actually being funded to the senior citi ens. @?5T "he ratio of acti*e wor'ers to retirees had dropped so low, that drastic adAustments were necessary @orsened further, when med care for seniors rose out of their price range ). As @@! baby boomers began to retire the 9nfunded -iability :the difference between what the go*Jt promised to pay to the elderly and the ta#es it e#pected to ta'e in; was about WI trillion, a number that might destroy 9/ if new reforms werenJt adopted o 0ressures mounted4 to persuade older Americans to wor' longer in*est the current /ocial /ecurity surplus in e6ualities and bonds to meet future obligations

 pri*ati

e a portion of the /ocial /ecurity to younger people who wanted to in*est some of their pay$roll ta#es into indi*idual retirement accounts

+"# The New "mmigration 1. +ewcomers continued to flow into (odern America o +early 1 million per year from 1DM0s up to !000s o 3ontradicting history, Europe pro*ided few compared to Asia>-atin America !. @hat prompted new immigration to the 9/T o +ew immigrants came for many of the same reasons as the oldN they left countries where population was increasing rapidly andN where agricultural>industrial re*olutions were sha'ing people loose of old habits of life they came in search of Aobs and economic opportunities %. /ome came with s'ills and e*en professional degrees and found their way into middle$ class Aobs o ?owe*er, most came with fewer s'ills>less education, see'ing wor' as Aanitors, nannies, farm laborers, lawn cutters, or restraint wor'ers. ). "he southwest felt immigration the hardest, since (e#ican migrants came hea*ily from there o .y the turn of the century, -atinos made up nearly 1>% of the population in 3alifornia, Ari ona, and "e#as, and nearly )0E in +ew (e#ico o -atinos succeeded in ma'ing the south west a bi$cultural region by holding onto to their culture by strength in numbers, compared to most immigrants whom had to conform. 0lus, it did help to ha*e their Vmothering countryL right ne#t door. 5. /ome Kold$stoc'L Americans feared about the modern AmericaJs capacity to absorb all these immigrants. o "he Immigration Reform and 3ontrol Act :1DM6; attempted to cho'e off illegal entry by penali ing employers of the undocumented aliens and by granting amnesty of those already here. o Ant$immigrant sentiment flared :a lot in 3A; in the wa'e of economic recession in the early 1DD0s 3A *oters appro*ed a ballot initiati*e that attempted to deny benefits, including education, to illegal immigrants :later struc' down by courts; /tate then passed another law in 1DDM which put an end to bilingual teaching in state schools 6. "he fact was, that only 11.5E of foreign$born people accounted for the 9/ population I. E*idence, nonetheless, still showed that 9/ welcomed and needed immigrants M. "he good side to itN o Immigrants too' Aobs that Americans didnJt want o Infusion of young immigrants and their offspring counter$balanced the o*erwhelming rate of an aging population +""# !e1ond the /e ting Pot 1. "han's to their increasing immigration and high birthrate -atinos were becoming an increasingly important minority o .y !00%, the 9/ was home to about %D million of them !6 million 3hicanos, (e#ican American % million 0uerto Ricans 1 million 3ubans

!. Ble#ing political powers, -atinos elected mayors of (iami, 7en*er, and /an Antonio %. After many years of struggle, the 9nited Barm @or'ers <rgani ing 3ommittee :9B@<30, headed by 3esar 3ha*e , succeeded in ma'ing wor'ing conditions better for 3hicano Kstoop laborersL who followed the planting cycle of the American @est ). -atino influence seemed li'ely to grow o -atinos, well organi ed, became the nationJs largest ethnic minority 5. Asian Americans also made great strides. o .y the 1DM0s, they were AmericaJs fastest$growing minority and their numbers reached about 1! million by !00%. o 3iti ens of Asian ancestry were now counted among the most prosperous In !00%, the a*erage Asian household was !5E better off than that of the a*erage white household 6. Indians, the original Americans, numbered some !.) million in !000 census. o ?alf had left their reser*ations to li*e in cities. o 9nemployment and alcoholism had blighted reser*ation life o (any tribes too' ad*antage of their special legal status of independence by opening up casinos on reser*ations to the public. o ?owe*er, discrimination and po*erty pro*ed hard to brea' +"""# Cities and $(b(rbs 1. 3ities grew less safe, crime was the great scourge of urban life. o "he rate of *iolent crimes raised to its pea' in the drug infested M0s, but then le*eled out in the D0s. o "he number of *iolent crimes substantially dropped in many areas after 1DD5 o +one the less, murders, robberies and rapes remained common in cities and rural areas and the suburbs !. In mid$1DD0s, a swift and massi*e transition too' place from cities to suburbs, ma'ing Aobs Ksuburbani ed.L o "he nationJs brief Kurban ageL lasted for only a little less than I decades and with it, Americans noticed a new form of isolationism o /ome affluent suburban neighborhoods stayed secluded, by staying loc'ed in Kgated communitiesL o .y the first decade of the !1st century, big suburban rings around cities li'e +5, 3hicago, ?ouston, and @ashington 73 had become more racially and ethically di*erse %. /uburbs grew faster in the @est and /outhwest o .uilders of roads, water mains, and schools could barely 'eep up with the new towns sprouting up across the landscapes o +ewcomers came from nearby cities and from across the nation A huge shift of 9/ population was underway from East to @est "he &reat 0lains hurt from the 60E decline of all counties ). ?owe*er, some cities showed signs of renewal o 3ommercial rede*elopment gained ground in cities li'eN +ew 5or' 3hicago -os Angeles .oston /an Brancisco "3# /inorit1 America

1. Racial and ethic tensions also e#acerbated the problems of American 3ities o "his was specifically e*ident in -A :magnet for minorities; It was a 1DD! case wherein a mostly white Aury e#onerated white cops who had been *ideotaped ferociously beating a blac' suspect. "he minority neighborhoods of -A erupted in anger Arson and looting laid waste on e*ery bloc' (any people were 'illed (any blac's *ented their anger towards the police>Audicial system by attac'ing Asian shop'eepers In return, Asians set up patrols to protect themsel*es "he chaos still lingers decades later o -A riots *i*idly testified to blac' s'epticism about the 9/ system of Austice "hree years later, in -A, a tele*ised showing of <H /impsonJs murder trial fed white disillusionment w> the state of race relations after months of testimony, it loo'ed li'e <H was guilty, but was ac6uitted due to the fact some white cops had been shown to harbor racist sentiments In a a later ci*il trail, another Aury unanimously found /impson liable for the Kwrongful deathsL of his former wife and another *ictim "he /impson *erdicts re*ealed the huge gap between white and blac' America :whites F guilty, blac's F 1st *erdict stands; o .lac's still felt that they were mistreated, especially in !000 elections when they accused that they werenJt allowed to *ote in Blorida. /aid they were still facing the Him 3row /outh of racial indifference !. 9/ cities ha*e always held an astonishing *ariety of ethnic>racial groups, but by !0th century, minorities made up the maAority, ma'ing whites flee to the suburbs o In !00!, 5!E of blac's and only !1E of whites li*ed in central cities %. "he most desperate blac' ghettos were especially problematic o .lac's who benefited form the 60s 3i*il Rights (o*ement left to the suburbs with whites lea*ing the poorest of the poor in the old ghettos. o @ithout a middle class to help the community, the cities became plagued by unemployment and drug addiction ). /ingle women headed about )%E of blac' families in !00!, % times more than whites o (any single, blac' mothers depended on welfare to feed their 'ids 5. /ocial /cientists made clear that education e#cels if the child has warm, home en*ironment o It seemed clear that many fatherless, impo*erished .lac' 'ids seemed plagued by educational handicaps which were difficult to o*ercome 6. /ome segments of .lac' communities did prosper after the 3i*il Rights (o*ement :50s, 60s;, although they still had a long tre' ahead until they got e6uality o by !00!, %%E of blac' families had a W50,000 income :F middle class; o .lac's also impro*ed in politics +umber of blac' officials elected had risen to the D,000 mar' (ore than % do en members of congress and mayors of some big cities =oter tallies showed that blac' *otes had risen I. .y the early !1st century, blac's had dramatically ad*anced into higher education o In !00!, 1IE of .lac's o*er !5 had bachelorJs degree o "he courts still preser*ed affirmati*e action in the uni*ersity admissions 3# E P (rib(s P (res 1. 3ontro*ersial issues of color and culture also per*aded the realm of ideas in the late !0th

!. Echoing early !0th 3entury Kcultural pluralistL li'e ?orace Callen and Randolph .ourne, many people embraced the creed of KmulticulturalismL o "his stressed the need to preser*e and primate, rather than s6uash racial minorities %. In 1DI0s and M0s, the catchword of philosophy was ethnic pride. o 0eople wanted to still 'eep their identity and culture :eg -atinos and Asians; o "he old idea of a Kmelting potL turned into a colorful Ksalad bowlL ). +ationJs classrooms became the heated area for debate o (ulticulturalists attac'ed traditional curriculum and ad*ocated a greater focus on achie*ements of blac's, -atinos, Asians, Indians o In defense, critics said that studies on ethnic differences would destroy American *alues o 3ensus .ureau further ad*ocated the debate when in !000 it allowed respondents to identify themsel*es w> more than one of the si# categories4 blac' white -atino American Indian Asian +ati*e ?awaiian or other 0acific Islander 3"# The &i%e o% the /ind 1. 7espite the mind$sapping chatter of the Kboob tube,L Americans in the early !1st century read more, listened to more music, and were better educated than e*er before o 3olleges awarded some !.5 million degrees in !00) o 1 in ) !5$%) year old age group was a ) year college graduate !. "his spurt of educated people raised the economy %. @hat Americans read said much about the state of 9/ society o /ome American authors, concerning the west -arry (c(urtry the small town @est and recollected about the end of the cattle dri*e era in -onesome 7o*e :1DM5; Raymond 3ar*er wrote powerful stories about the wor'ing class in the 0acific +orthwest Annie 7illard, I*an 7oig, and Him ?arrison re$created the frontier in the same region as 3ar*er 7a*id &uterson wrote a mo*ing tale of interracial an#iety and affection in the @@II era in 0acific +orthwest in /now Balling on 3edars :1DD); @allace /tagner produced many wor's that transcended their original themes li'eN Angle of Repose :1DI1; 3rossing to /afety :1DMI; +orman (ac-ean wrote two unforgettable e*ents about his childhood in (ontana, A Ri*er Runs "hrough It :1DI6; and 5oung (en and Bire :1DD!; o African American Authors August @ilson retold the history of the blac's in !0th century w> emphasis on the psychic cost of the northward migration &eorge @olf e#plored sobering 6uestions of blac' identity in his HellyJs -ast Ham :the life story of Aa man KHelly RollL (orton; Alice @al'er ga*e fictional *oice to the e#periences of blac' women in her hugely popular "he 3olor 0urple

in his 0ulit er 0ri e$wining "he Cnown @orld. Indians got recognition, too +. /cott (omaday won a 0ulit er 0ri e for his portrayal of Indian life in ?ouse (ade of 7awn Hames @elch wrote mo*ingly about his .lac'foot ancestors in Bools 3row Asian American authors flourished as well Among them was playwright 7a*id ?wang, no*elist Amy "an, and essayist (a#ine ?ong Cingston &ish Hen in (ona in the 0romise -and guided her readers into the poignant comedy of suburban family relationships that wasnJt uncommon to !nd$ generation Asian Americans Hhumpa -ahirisJ Interpreter of (aladies, e#plored the sometimes painful relationship between immigrant Indian parents and their American$born 'ids -atino writers includedN /andra 3isneros drew hoer own life as a (e#ican American 'id to e*o'e -atino life in the wor'ing$class 3hicago in "he ?ouse on (ango /treet

"oni (orrison wrote a bewitching portrait of maternal affection in .elo*ed Edward 0. Hones in*enti*ely rendered the life of a sla*e$owning blac' family

3""# The American Prospect 1. American spirit pulsed with *itality in the early !1st century, but bug problems continued o @omen still fell short of 1st class citi enship o 9/ society also wanted to find ways to adapt bac' to the traditional family, but w> the new realities of womenJs wor' outside the home o Bull e6uality was till an elusi*e dream for some races o 0owerful foreign competitors threatened the 9/ economic status o "he alarmingly une6ual distribution of wealth and income threatened to turn America into a society of ha*es and ha*e$nots, moc'ing the *ery ideals of democracy !. En*ironmental worries clouded the countries future o 3oal$fired electrical energy plants produced acid rain and helped greenhouse effect o 9nsol*ed problem of radioacti*e waste disposal stopped the ma'ing of nuclear power plants o "he planet was being drained of oil and oil spills showed the danger behind oil e#ploration>transportation %. "he public loo's towards alternati*e fuel sources in the !1st 3entury4 o /olar powers and wind mills o methane fuel o electric KhybridL cars o the pursuit of an affordable hydrogen fuel cell o Energy conser*ation remained another crucial, but elusi*e strategy ). "he tas' of cleansing the earth of abundant pollutants was one urgent mission confronting the 9/ people 5. Another was see'ing ways to resol*e ethnic and cultural conflicts once erupted around the worldJs end of the 3old @ar 6. All at the same time more doors were opening for the 9/ people o opportunities in outer space and inner$city streets o artistJs easel and the musicianJs concert hall o at the in*entorJs bench and the scientistJs laboratory

"he unending 6uest for social Austice, indi*idual fulfillment, international peace