Chapter 3 69

must always be compared to actual operation of hydraulic power systems.

Comparison will increase condence in mathematical modeling procedures.
The establishment of a model will always lead to better understanding of
system performance. Therefore, the time spent to write the model will be
well rewarded.
PROBLEMS
3.1 A truck with a hydraulic boom is equipped with a hydraulic chain
saw at the operators basket as shown in the gure. The pump is
mounted on the truck. The characteristics of the system are shown
in the table. The temperature is constant in the system. All ow
velocities in the system are equal.
Z = 0 N. Z = 840 N.
2 1
Z = -840 N.
3
Determine the power available at the motor for each of the three
elevations Z
1
, Z
2
, and Z
3
given on the gure.
Characteristics of a system using a movable chain saw
Characteristic Size Units
Pump displacement, D
p
0.45 in.
3
/rev
Pump outlet pressure, p
s
2100 lb
f
/in.
2
Pump shaft speed 1200 rpm
Pressure loss between pump
and motor, p
450 lb
f
/in.
2
Oil density, 0.03 lb
m
/in.
3
Motor return pressure, p
d
0.0 lb
f
/in.
2
3.2 A uid power pump is used to drive a motor as shown in the gure.
The components are connected with commercial steel tubing. De-
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
70 STEADY STATE MODELING
termine the correct pump speed, n, to provide a ow velocity, v, in
the line of 7.0 m/s. Determine the allowable torque output from the
motor to provide a factor of safety of 4 for the tube wall.
PUMP
p
0
p
1
Q
MOTOR
DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL
VALVE
p
2 3
p
Characteristics of a pump and motor transmission system
Characteristic Size Units
Tube length,
L
1.2 m
Tube external diameter, d
o
12.0 mm
Tube wall thickness,
t
0.1 mm
Tube tensile strength, S
t
395 MPa
Oil viscosity, 11.5 mPa s
Oil density, 837 kg/m
3
Pump displacement, D
p
20.0 mL/rev
Pump inlet pressure, p
0
0.0 kPa
Pump volumetric eciency,

vp
95.0 %
Valve loss factor, K 10.0
Motor displacement, D
m
37.0 mL/rev
Motor mechanical eciency,

mm
94.0 %
Motor outlet pressure, p
3
500 kPa
3.3 A hydraulic motor is used to drive the rear wheels of a truck through
a drive shaft. The truck is equipped with an accumulator that stores
the kinetic energy of the truck during deceleration.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 3 71
CONSTANT PRESSURE
VALVE
TRUCK - MOTOR POWERS REAR WHEEL DRIVE SHAFT
CONTROL
VALVE
ACCUMULATOR
MOTOR
s
p
r
p
Determine the kinetic energy, KE, that can be stored in the accu-
mulator if the truck is travelling at a velocity 70 kph and the energy
is transferred to the accumulator with a pump as the truck deceler-
ates to 0 kph. Determine the power, P, that is available to drive
the truck if the energy from the previous part is used in a 30 s time
interval. Determine the acceleration of the rear wheels caused by the
pressure, p
s
, applied to the motor. Determine the acceleration of the
rear wheels caused by the pressure, p
s
, applied to the motor when a
load torque, T
L
, of 175 N m develops at the rear wheels. NOTE:
T
L
is the combined load torque for both rear wheels. Determine the
acceleration of the rear wheels for the conditions given in the previous
part, but with the mass of the truck, m, included in the calculation.
Simplied regenerative energy storage for a truck
Characteristic Size Units
System pressure, p
s
32.0 MPa
Motor return pressure, p
r
250.0 kPa
Motor displacement, D
m
55.0 mL/rev
Rear wheel diameter, d 900 mm
Truck mass, m 1700 kg
Moment of inertia, I
c
20.0 kg m
2
(I
c
is combined moment for
2 rear wheels and drive shaft)
3.4 A hydraulic lift consists of a large ram and a hand operated pump.
Determine the pressure, p, and the force, F, that is needed to raise
the mass, m. Determine the power, P, that is developed to raise
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
72 STEADY STATE MODELING
the mass, m, a distance, h, during the given interval. Determine the
number of strokes required to raise the mass, m, during the interval.
HAND
OPERATED
PUMP
PSTON
DAMETER
d
CHECK
VALVE
CHECK
VALVE
RESERVOR
p
F
PSTON
DAMETER
d
r LFTNG
RAM
p
m
Hand operated hydraulic jack system
Characteristic of item Size Units
Hand pump piston diameter,
d
p
0.25 in.
Hand pump piston stroke,
s
5.0 in.
Lifting ram piston diameter,
d
r
2.75 in.
Mass being lifted, m 2000 lb
m
Height moved by weight, h 15.0 in.
Duration of lift phase, t 4.0 min.
3.5 A hydraulic motor is used to drive the rear wheels of a truck through
a drive shaft. The truck is equipped with an accumulator that stores
the kinetic energy of the truck during deceleration.
CONSTANT PRESSURE
VALVE
TRUCK - MOTOR POWERS REAR WHEEL DRIVE SHAFT
CONTROL
VALVE
ACCUMULATOR
MOTOR
s
p
r
p
Determine the kinetic energy, KE, that can be stored in the accumu-
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 3 73
lator if the truck is travelling at a velocity 45 mph and the energy
is transferred to the accumulator with a pump as the truck deceler-
ates to 0 mph. Determine the power, P, that is available to drive
the truck if the energy from the previous part is used in a 30 s time
interval. Determine the acceleration of the rear wheels caused by the
pressure, p
s
, applied to the motor. Determine the acceleration of the
rear wheels caused by the pressure, p
s
, applied to the motor when a
load torque, T
L
, of 1550 lb
f
in. develops at the rear wheels. NOTE:
T
L
is the combined load torque for both rear wheels. Determine the
acceleration of the rear wheels for the conditions given in the previous
part , but with the mass of the truck, m, included in the calculation.
Simplied regenerative energy storage for a truck
Characteristic Size Units
System pressure, p
s
4500 lb
f
/in.
2
Motor return pressure, p
r
50 lb
f
/in.
2
Motor displacement, D
m
3.4 in.
3
/rev
Rear wheel diameter, d 35.0 in.
Truck mass, m 3800 lb
m
Moment of inertia, I
c
177 lb
f
in. s
2
(I
c
is combined moment for
2 rear wheels and drive shaft)
3.6 A uid power pump is used to drive a motor as shown in the gure.
The ow velocity equals the line velocity thus v
1
= v
2
= v
3
= v
4
.
CONTROL VALVE
LOSS FACTOR, K
PUMP
1 2 Q
HEAT
EXCHANGER
MOTOR
3 4
Determine the Reynolds Number, Re, uid friction pressure loss, p
f
,
and the valve geometry loss, p
k
, in the ow line between stations 2
and 3. Determine the power, P
m
, produced by the motor. Determine
the heat ow, Q
h
J/h, that must be removed between stations 1 and
4 to maintain the nal temperature,
4
.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
74 STEADY STATE MODELING
Heat generation in a pump and motor transmission system
Characteristic Size Units
Pump power input, P
p
20 kW
Pump inlet pressure, p
1
0
Pump outlet pressure, p
2
17.0 MPa
Pump inlet oil temperature,

1
85.0

C
Valve loss factor, K 200
Total line length,
L
8.0 m
Line diameter, d 30.0 mm
Motor outlet pressure, p
4
0 Pa
Motor outlet temperature,
4
85.0

C
Oil specic heat, C
p
2002 J/kg

C
Oil density, 850 kg/m
3
Oil viscosity, 9.4 mPa s
3.7 A uid power pump is used to drive a cylinder as shown in the gure.
s f
LNE LENGTH,
LNE DAMETER, d
vr
p
p p
L
vp
p
p
p
r
y
Q
F
Determine the uid friction pressure loss, p
f
, and the valve losses,
p
vp
and p
vr
. Determine the required pressure, p, at the piston to
drive the cylinder. Determine the required pump speed, n rpm.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 3 75
Characteristics of a pump and cylinder system
Characteristic Size Units
Cylinder piston diameter,
d
p
42.0 mm
Cylinder rod diameter, d
r
20.0 mm
Cylinder load force, F 17000 N
Piston velocity, y 0.35 m/s
Pump displacement, D
p
32.0 mL/rev
Pump volumetric eciency,

V
95 %
Line length,
L
4.0 m
Line diameter, d 12.0 mm
Flow coecient into cylinder,
C
dp
0.60
Flow coecient for return,
C
dr
0.62
Valve ow area into cylinder,
A
vp
15.0 mm
2
Valve ow area for return, A
vr
17.0 mm
2
Oil mass density, 850 kg/m
3
Oil viscosity, 9.4 mPa s
REFERENCES
1. Merritt, H. E. , 1967, Hydraulic Control Systems, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, NY.
2. Paul-Munroe Rucker, Inc., 1994, Fluid Power Designers Lightning
Reference Handbook, 8th ed., Paul-Munroe Rucker, Inc., Whittier,
CA.
3. Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., and Okiishi, T. H., 1994, Fundamentals
of Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
4. Blackburn, J. F., Reethof, G., and Shearer, J. L., 1960, Fluid Power
Control, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC