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This is the theo!% that in mi+ed2se+ con)e!sations men are more likely to interrupt than women# t uses a fai!l% old stud% of a small sample of con)e!sations, !eco!ded b% 5on 6imme!man and .andace West at the 7anta 8a!ba!a campus of the 9ni)e!sit% of .alifo!nia in 1975. The% !epo!t that in 11 con)e!sations between men and women, men used :; inte!!uptions, but women onl% two. <eoff!e% 8eattie, of 7heffield 9ni)e!sit%, points out /w!iting in =ew 7cientist maga>ine in 19?@0& AThe p!oblem with this is that %ou might simpl% ha)e one )e!% chatt% man in the stud% which has a disp!opo!tionate effect on the total.A 8eattie goes on to show& AWh% do inte!!uptions necessa!il% !eflect dominance( .an inte!!uptions not a!ise f!om othe! sou!ces( 5o some inte!!uptions not !eflect inte!est and in)ol)ement(A
!ea ie found that women and men interrupted with more or less equal frequency /men B:.1,
women BB.?0 2 so men did inte!!upt mo!e, but b% a ma!gin so slight as not to be statisticall% significant. 'et 8eattie's findings a!e not *uoted so often as those of 6imme!man and West. Wh% is this( 8ecause the% do not fit what someone wanted to show( C! because 8eattie's wo!k is in some othe! wa% less )aluable(
Debora$ Tannen has summa!i>ed he! book 'ou Dust 5on't 9nde!stand in an a!ticle
in which she !ep!esents male and female language use in a se!ies of si+ cont!asts. These a!e& 7tatus )s. suppo!t ndependence )s. intimac% "d)ice )s. unde!standing nfo!mation )s. feelings C!de!s )s. p!oposals .onflict )s. comp!omise n each case, the male cha!acte!istic /that is, the one that is 4udged to be mo!e t%picall% male0 comes fi!st. What a!e these distinctions( See the extra sheet'
"e er Tr%d&i## made a detailed stud% in which sub4ects we!e g!ouped b% social class and
se+. Ee in)ited them to speak in a )a!iet% of situations, befo!e asking them to !ead a passage that contained wo!ds whe!e the speake! might use one o! othe! of two speech sounds. "n e+ample would be )e!bs ending in 2ing, whe!e T!udgill wanted to see whethe! the speake! d!opped the final g and p!onounced this as 2in'. (rudgill found that men were less likely and women more likely to use the prestige pronunciation of certain speech sounds# n aiming fo! highe! p!estige /abo)e that of thei! obse!)ed social class0 the women tended towa!ds h%pe!co!!ectness. The men would often use a low p!estige p!onunciation 2 the!eb% seeking co)e!t /hidden0 p!estige b% appea!ing #tough$ o! #down to ea!th$.
Debora$ (ameron says women have $een instructed in the proper ways of
talking just as they have $een instructed in the proper ways of dressing , in the use of cosmetics, and in othe! #feminine$ kinds of beha)iou!. This acceptance of a #p!ope!$ speech st%le, .ame!on desc!ibes /in he! 1995 book of the same name0 as #)e!bal h%giene$.
Gare $ Da)ies said that if you spend your whole exam answer just listing theories
and not discussing the data he will come after you with a heavy shovel# Too man% candidates ha)e spent the whole e+am hou! talking about the a!guments between 6imme!man, West and 8eatie and ha)e done badl%. The e+amine! alwa%s takes ca!e to sa% this is not a sociolog% e+am. Spend less time learning the names , though it is nice to $e a$le to throw these in , and focus on the ideas% which are in $old% and apply them to the data# "nd do some !e)ision3