Bibliography Primary Sources Boggs, Belle. "Salon." Saloncom RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.

This photograph is of William Lynch and his order from the North Carolinas state government to get sterilize. Its located in the Impact: At Home page. Charles Darwin. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a photograph of the famous naturalist Charles Darwin. It used this photograph as a visual piece to his quote on the weak vs. the fit, as his words and theory of evolution were the basis of the eugenics movement. Charles F. Dight of Minneapolis. Digital image. Collections Online. Minnesota Historical Society, n.d. Web. This is a photograph of Charles Fremont Dight, who was the physician that introduced eugenics and sterilization to Minnesota. We used his image to go with our section on the impact of eugenics at home in the state of Minnesota and Dights efforts to draw attention to the movement. Effects of Eugenic Sterilization as Practiced in California. Pasadena: Human Betterment Foundation, 1937. Print. This document explained why California passed its sterilization law. We used the 12th point, which stated that it was to prevent racial deterioration. "Eugenics Archive: Buck vs. Bell Supreme Court Decision - Book." Eugenics Archive: Buck vs. Bell Supreme Court Decision - Book. N.p., n.d. Web. This document provided the court decision of the case Buck. Bell, which upheld the constitutionality of sterilizing a person deemed feeble-minded against their will. In addition, we included Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jrs court opinion as part of the final court decision in our Turning Point page. Eugenics Record Office advertisement. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is an advertisement used by the ERO advertising the issue of many individuals born as burdens on the rest of society. We included this on the banner of our page covering the American Eugenics Society. Fitter Families Medal (1920s). Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is an image of an award given to winners of Fitter Family contests. The back of the medal says Yea, I Have a Goodly Heritage! and the back shows sponsorship from the American

Eugenics Society. We included this in our slideshow of the AES to show their favoritism towards the genetically superior. Hadden, W. J. N.p.: Martin and Murray, 1925. Print. This document showed the eugenists' point-of-view. They believed that reproduction is a science, and that only the "fittest" human-beings are suitable for procreation. Human Sterilization Today. Human Betterment Foundation. Pasadena: Human Betterment Foundation, 1938. Print. This document stated that the human race is degenerating. The "feeble-minded" are over populating the nation and sterilization is the only solution in this dilemma. Kansas Eugenics. Digital image. Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American State. University of Vermont, n.d. Web. This is an image of a Kansas eugenic & health exhibit sponsored by the American Eugenics Society. We used this image on the homepage and our American Eugenics Society to visually show the popularization of the eugenics movement. "Medium Family" Fitter Families Winner. Digital image. DNA Learning Center, n.d. Web. This is a photograph from the Kansas State Free Fair (1927) of a family who had won a Fitter Family contest sponsored by the American Eugenics Society. This was included in our page about the AES because these contests were used to popularize eugenics and to display genetically superior individuals. Minnesota Eugenics Society & Founder Charles Fremont Dight. Digital image. Minnesota Historical Society, n.d. Web. This is an image of a clipping from a Minneapolis newspaper revealing Charles F. Dights support for Hitlers eugenic program in Germany, courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Societys online eugenics page. We added this to our Impact: Abroad page, as Hitler was well inspired by the US in establishing sterilization programs. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is an image of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., who was involved in the case Buck v. Bell. We included his image to pair with his famous quote that was given as the courts opinion during the ruling of the case. Participants in the fitter families contest at the Georgia State Fair in 1924. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is an image of a group of families participating in a Fitter Family contest in Georgia. We included this image because the American Eugenics Society sponsored these contests as a way to inform the public of eugenics and display genetically superior families, so it was added to our

slideshow on the AES. Plecker, W.A. ""The New Virginia Law to Preserve Racial Integrity"" Virginia Health Bulletin 16 (1924): 2. Print. This document was incorporated into our explanation of the spread of sterilization laws throughout the United States. The bulletins promotion of preserving a pure race was in essence, the goal of all eugenical laws in the state of Virginia and throughout the country. Rose, Cynthia. American Decades Primary Sources. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Print. This is a book that one member in our group checked out from the MSU library that provided primary source information such as testimonies and quotes of those involved in the eugenics movement around the 1930s. The information provided was useful in helping us set the scene of the movement and its laws in our homepage. The Eugenics Tree, logo by the Eugenics Record Office. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a popular emblem used to draw attention to the eugenics. We used it throughout the website as a banner. U.S. Maps Showing the States Having Sterilization Laws in 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940." Princeton: Birthright, 1947. N. pag. North Carolina Digital Collections. Web. This is an image containing maps and a small chart showing the dates of when states passes sterilization laws and the number of sterilizations done between 1930 and 1945. The image was used to show the impact of sterilization laws on the population in the Impact page. Secondary Sources Antonios, Natalie. "The Embryo Project Encyclopedia." Buck v. Bell (1927). N.p., n.d. Web. This article provided essential background information on Buck v. Bell. It explained why the case was taking place and how Whitebeard defended his plaintiff. Its used in the Turning Point page. Black, Edwin. "Hitler's Debt to America." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 06 Feb. 2004. Web. This article by Edwin explained that Hitlers eugenic policies were due to the U.S influence. The article stated that Hitler watched the U.S eugenic movement and copy its policies toward the unfit. "Eliminating the Inferior: American and Nazi Sterilization Programs: Institute for the Study of Academic Racism - Ferris State University." Eliminating the Inferior: American and Nazi Sterilization Programs: Institute for the Study of Academic Racism - Ferris State University. N.p., n.d. Web. This article was used in the Impact: Abroad page. It shows all the country that passed

sterilization laws between 1928 to 1936. It shows the impact of the eugenics movement and the importance of Buck v. Bell(1927). 1907 Indiana Eugenics Law. Digital image. Indiana Historical Bureau, n.d. Web. This is an image of a plaque in Indiana commemorating the passing of its first eugenics law. We included this image in the legal origins section because Indiana was the first state to pass a law permitting sterilizations for minorities, inspiring other states to join the eugenics movement. Johnson, Corey G. "Female Inmates Sterilized in California Prisons Without Approval." NBC Bay Area. N.p., 9 July 2013. Web. This article explained the recent exposure of California prisons that forcefully sterilized female inmates from 1997 to 2010 after an investigation ended the practice. Although sterilization laws in nearly all states were repealed in the 70s, we included this bit of shocking information to the Moving Forward page as a way to reveal that sterilization is still in this country today. Justice for Sterilization Victims Logo. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. This is the logo for an organization created by the state of North Carolina as a way to provide justice and compensation for victims of sterilization. We included this in the Moving Forward section about compensation by North Carolina Kaelber, Luz. "Minnesota." Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States. University of Vermont, n.d. Web. The web page is part of a database of the influence of eugenics movement in all 50 states of the US. We found the Minnesota page to be fitting for our section of the sterilization laws impact at home. In addition, the page provided a graph to show the number of sterilization victims over a span of 20+ years, and this was added to the impact page as well. Lombardo, Paul A., and Peter L. Hardin. "Compensate Eugenic Sterilization Victims: Column." USA Today. Gannett, 21 Aug. 2013. Web. This article provided extensive background information on the current issue of North Carolina compensating its victims of sterilization laws that were put forth decades back. We incorporated this into the Moving Foward page as a way to demonstrate efforts to apologize for horrific legislation during the eugenics movement. Lombardo, Paul. "Photo of Carrie Buck and Her Mother." Interview. DNA Learning Center. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/15222-Photo-of-Carrie-Buck-and-her-mother-PaulLombardo.html>. This video clip contains a short interview with bioethical issues expert Paul Lombardo and his analysis of the only picture of Carrie Buck and her mother before the Buck v. Bell case. Lombardo described the fear in Bucks eyes, as she knew that she would be ultimately sterilized

and we used this clip as a dramatic touch to our Turning Point page. Lombardo, Paul. "Social Origins of Eugenics." Social Origins of Eugenics. Nation Genome Research Institute, n.d. Web. This website was very helpful as to giving a background on the eugenics movement and its origins, tracing back to Darwins theory of evolution. With this, we created a section on the scientific origins to couple with the social and legal origins of the eugenics movement. Ness, Immanuel. Encyclopedia of American Social Movements. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2004. 617-19. Print. This books section on eugenics and sterilization provided a small, yet informative summary of the movement, in which details of its history was mentioned throughout the website. We found the described ties between Carrie Buck and her case with the entire eugenics movement to be impelling enough to make Buck v. Bell the turning point of our project. Piotrowski, Christa. "Dark Chapter of American History: U.S. Court Battle Over Forced Sterilization." Dark Chapter of American History: U.S. Court Battle Over Forced Sterilization. N.p., 21 July 2000. Web. This is an internet article by Christa Piotrowski that explained the major events and influence of the eugenics movement. We found the listed numbers of people sterilized in the Unites States and by the Nazis particularly useful in the Impact section of our website. Scientific Racism: The Eugenics of Social Darwinism. BBC, n.d. Web. This is a documentary about eugenics and its impact across the globe. We specifically chose a clip about sterilization and eugenic programs in Europe to include in our Impact: Abroad page. American eugenics programs proved to be influential across the Atlantic. War on the Weak Documentary. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a short documentary covering the entire American eugenics movement and sterilization laws. The opening of the documentary perfectly described the motives and desire of American society for a perfect utopia, so we included this into our homepage to go with our thesis and introduction.