MaLerlals

Learnlng ob[ecuves
CemenL (consuLuenLs, producuon, and
hydrauon)
AggregaLes (Lypes, gradauon, and molsLure
properues)
roperues of concreLe
roperues of relnforclng sLeel
rlmary ConsuLuenLs of 8aw MaLerlals
necessary for orLland CemenL ManufacLure
Calclum
Slllca
Alumlnum
lron
SulfaLe
Calcium Iron Silica Alumina Sulfate
Alkali waste
Aragonite
Calcite
Cement-kiln
dust
Cement rock
Chalk
Clay
Fullers earth
Limestone
Marble
Marl
Seashells
Shale
Slag
Blast-furnace
flue dust
Clay
Iron ore
Mill scale
Ore washings
Pyrite cinders
Shale
Calcium silicate
Cement rock
Clay
Fly ash
Fullers earth
Limestone
Loess
Marl
Ore washings
Quartzite
Rice-hull ash
Sand
Sandstone
Shale
Slag
Traprock
Aluminum-ore
refuse
Bauxite
Cement rock
Clay
Copper slag
Fly ash
Fullers earth
Granodiorite
Limestone
Loess
Ore washings
Shale
Slag
Staurolite
Anhydrite
Calcium
sulfate
Gypsum
Traditional Manufacture
of Portland Cement
1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.)
size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.

2. Raw materials are ground to powder and blended.

3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into cement clinker.
3a. Different zones in the kiln.
CO
2
driven off
4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into portland cement and
shipped.
Clinker Gypsum
Clinker + Gypsum = Portland Cement
Scannlng-LlecLron Mlcrograph of
owdered CemenL
10.0 !
CemenL chemlcal componenLs
C
3
S 3 CaO SiO
2
Tricalcium silicate
C
2
S 2 CaO SiO
2
Dicalcium silicate
C
3
A 3 CaO Al
2
O
3
Tricalcium aluminate
C
4
AF 4 CaO Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
Tetracalcium alumino ferrite
ConLrlbuuon of cemenL compounds Lo
sLrengLh
1ypes of orLland CemenL
I Normal
II Moderate sulfate resistance
III High early strength
IV Low heat of hydration
V High sulfate resistance
ASTM C 150 (AASHTO M 85)
Type of
portland
cement
Potential compound composition,%
Blaine
fineness
m
2
/kg C
3
S C
2
S C
3
A C
4
AF
I (mean) 54 18 10 8 369
II (mean) 55 19 6 11 377
III (mean) 55 17 9 8 548
IV (mean) 42 32 4 15 340
V (mean) 54 22 4 13 373
Hydration and hydration products
1. Cement grains partially dissolve
2. Ions in solution start to react with water
(hydration) once concentration is high
enough
3. New hydration products form out of the
solution and glue everything together
Pydrauon of C
3
S and C
2
S
2C
3
S + 11H ! C
3
S
2
H
8
+ 3CH
C-S-H
Calcium
hydroxide
2C
2
S + 9H ! C
3
S
2
H
8
+ CH
CH is crystalline
C-S-H - amorphous in nature, is an inexact composition,
and is extremely fine.
CP
C-S-H
Type II & Type V
Sulfate Resistant
Cements
Moderate and Low Heat Cements
Type IV
Type III
High Early Strength Cements
Properties of Concrete
Behavior of concrete under compression
!"#$%&'& )* + ,%)-.& /+'&%)+.
SLraln
S
L
r
e
s
s

012)$+. ,&3+4)"% "5
+ ,%)-.& /+'&%)+.
SLress-sLraln curve ls llnear up Lo 0.30!"#
8eyond 0.30!"# new bond cracks form
8eyond 0.30!"# - 0.60!"# (dlsconunulLy llmlL) morLar cracks
form
ln normal sLrengLh concreLe unsLable cracklng sLarLs Lo
develop aL Lhe 0.73!"#. ln hlgh sLrengLh aL 0.83!"#
ln hlgh sLrengLh concreLe laLeral sLraln ls smaller and
Lherefore splral connemenL does noL lmprove sLrengLh much
more
lour sLages ln mlcrocrack developmenL and
fallure ln concreLe sub[ecL Lo unlaxlal loadlng
1. Shrlnkage of pasLe and developmenL of !"#$"%& ("!&
)*%)+,. (before loadlng)
2. When Lhe applled sLress ls greaLer Lhan 30-40 of
compresslve sLrengLh ("!& )*%)+, form. 8ond cracks
are sLable and mark Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe lnelasuc
behavlor.
3. When load ls beyond 30-60 of Lhe ulumaLe load,
/"%'+% $%+$6* develop. 1hey are sLable Loo.
4. AL 73-80 of Lhe ulumaLe load Lhe number of morLar
cracks lncrease. Addluonally, Lhey become unsLable.
uenluon of ConcreLe SLrengLh"
ConcreLe sLrengLh refer Lo Lhe compresslve sLrengLh measured
by a compresslon LesL of a sLandard LesL cyllnder.
7809 8'+#:+%:* !;< +#: !;=>
Cyllnders 6" ln dlameLer and 12" hlgh (4"-by-8" ls also
posslble)
CasL aL Lhe [ob slLe and allowed Lo be hardened for 24 hours
whlle proLecLed from loss of molsLure.
1ransferred Lo Lhe molsL room or lmmersed ln waLer aL Lhe
LemperaLure of 73l, and LesL aL Lhe age of 28 days
1wo 6"-by-12" (or four 4"-by-8") cyllnders musL be LesLed
and Lhelr sLrengLhs be averaged
Loadlng raLe ls 33 psl per second
lacLors aecung concreLe sLrengLh
1. WaLer/cemenL rauo (w/c)
2. 1ype of cemenL :nexL sllde
1ype of cemenL and concreLe sLrengLh
lacLors aecung concreLe sLrengLh (ConL.)
3. SupplemenLary maLerlals and addluves
%&'()*+,-
Slllca fume
Superplasuclzers

4. AggregaLe
SLrengLh
Cradauon
8eacuvlLy

3. asLe Lo aggregaLe rauo
6. Mlxlng waLer
7. MolsLure condluon
durlng curlng
8. 1emperaLure
condluons durlng
curlng
lacLors aecung concreLe sLrengLh (ConL.)
lacLors aecung concreLe sLrengLh (ConL.)
9. Age of concreLe
10. 8aLe of loadlng
under very slow raLes of loadlng, Lhe axlal
compresslve sLrengLh ls reduced Lo 73 of sLandard
LesL sLrengLh

AL a hlgh raLe of loadlng (30,000 psl/sec compared
Lo Lhe sLandard 33 psl/sec, sLrengLh ls 113 of
sLandard LesL sLrengLh.
1enslle sLrengLh of concreLe
1enslle sLrengLh of concreLe ls
beLween 8 and 13 percenL of Lhe
compresslve sLrengLh

1wo meLhods for measurlng
Lenslle sLrengLh:

1. 8eam bendlng LesL (AS1M
C78):
2. SpllL cyllnder LesL (AS1M
C496)
1enslle sLrengLh ls aecLed by Lhe same facLors LhaL aecL Lhe
compresslve sLrengLh
ConcreLe made of crushed rock ls up Lo 20 sLronger ln
Lenslon Lhan concreLe made from rounded gravel
ConcreLe made from llghL-welghL aggregaLes ls Lyplcally
weaker ln Lenslon
lacLors aecung Lenslle sLrengLh of concreLe