Aim:

To determine:

acceleration due to gravity 'g' using compound pendulum. radius of gyration about an axis passing through its centre of gravity . moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of oscillation and passing through the centre of gravity of compound pendulum.

Theory:
In the fig(1), O is the point of suspension, G is the centre of gravity and O' is the centre of oscillation. OO' is the length l of an equivalent simple pendulum. The acceleration due to gravity 'g' at the place is given by;

....................(1) Where T is the period of oscillations of the pendulum about O.

figure(1)

If

and

radius of gyration is given by the expression ,

....................(2)

Moment of inertia I of the pendulum about an axis passing through its centre of gravity, Where M is the mass of the pendulum. 1.

....................(3)

The compound bar pendulum AB is suspended by passing the knife edge through first hole from the end A. The pendulum is pulled aside through a small angle and released. The pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane with a small amplitude. The time for 10 oscillations is calculated. From this the period(T) of the oscillation of the pendulum is determined. In a similar manner periods of oscillations are determined by suspending the pendulum through all the holes on the side of the centre of gravity G of the bar.(The bar is then inverted and the period of oscillations are determined by suspending the pendulum through all the holes on the other side of the centre of gravity G). The distances 'd ', of the top edges of different holes from the end of the bar is measured for each case. The distance of the centre of gravity of the bar from the end A is noted by balancing the bar horizontally on a knife edge. The mass of the pendulum is also determined.

A graph is drawn with distance (d) of the various holes from the end A along the X-axis and the period (T) of the pendulum about these holes along the Y-axis. The graph has exactly two similar parts which are symmetrical about G . To determine the length of the equivalent simple pendulum corresponding to any period ,a straight line is drawn parallel to the X- axis from the point on the Y- axis, cutting the graph at four points A, B, C, D. The distances AC and BD are determined from the graph. The length l is calculated as l=(AC+BD)/2. Then( l / T 2) is calculated. In the similar way , (l / T 2) is calculated for different periods by drawing a line parallel to the X-axis from the corresponding values of T along the Y- axis.

The average value of (l / T 2) is found out . The acceleration due to gravity is calculated from the equation, Then minimum period Tmin= t is noted by drawing a tangent EF at the curved part of the graph.

The distance EF is measured as 2k. Acceleration due to gravity is also calculated from the equation, 2. gyration k can also be determined

.....................(4) as follows.

From the graph, the distance EF is measured as 2k. From this, 'K' the radius of gyration of the pendulum about its centre of gravity is calculated. The radius of A line is drawn parallel to the Y -axis from the point G corresponding to the centre of gravity on the X-axis meeting the line ABCD at P. The distances AP = PD = AD/2

= h1 and BP = PC = BC/2 = h2 are calculated. The radius of gyration k about the centre of gravity of the bar is determined from the equation, The average value of k is determined. The moment of inertia of the bar about a perpendicular axis through its centre of gravity is calculated using the

equation,

Performing the simulation:

1.Suspend the pendulum in the first hole by choosing the length as 5 cm in the length bar. 2.Click and drag the pendulum to one side to set the initial angle.Pendulum starts to oscillate harmonically. 3.Click and drag the pendulum to one side to set the initial angle.Pendulum starts to oscillate harmonically. 4.Repeat the process by suspending the pendulum in second,third,..upto last hole by choosing the corresponding length from the length bar. 5.Draw a graph by taking distance along X-axis and time period along Y-axis. 6.Find out l/T2 and calculate g. 7.Repeat the experiment in different environment by selecting an environment from the environment bar.

Observations:
To draw graph :

Distance No.of of knife Time for 10 holes edge oscillations (s) from from A A:l(cm) 1 2 Mean(s)

Time period T(s)

Length of equivalent simple pendulum(cm) Sl.No AC(cm) BD(cm) Mean L

Time L/T2(cm/s2) period,T(s)

To find the value of 'g' :

To find the radius of gyration:

Sl.No
h1=AD/2 h2=BC/2 k=(h1h2)1/2

Calculation:
Acceleration due to gravity , Mass of the pendulum=.....Kg Radius of gyration Moment of inertia =.....m =Mk2=.....Kgm2 =.....m/sec2

Results:
(i)The acceleration due to gravity=......m/s2 (ii)Moment of inertia of the bar about an axis passing through the centre of gravity=.....Kgm2

V
1) The time taken by a pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its

Time period

Amplitude

Frequency

Velocity

2)

The maximum displacement of the compound pendulum from its mean position is called

Time period Frequency

Amplitude Velocity

3)

The moment of momentum is called

torque angular momentum

moment of inertia linear momentum

4)

What is the rotational analog corresponds to mass in linear motion?

Inertial mass Radius of gyration

Moment of inertia Torque

5)

Moment of inertia of a rectangular strip of length l and breadth b is given by

(M/12)(l+b) (M/2) (l+b)

(M/2) (l+b) (M/12)(l+b)