Ilwis3 Chap02

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.
CHAPTER 2
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

In chapter one, Introduction to ILWIS , you started with ILWIS, and learned the basics o the user inter ace! This chapter presents so"e #ey concepts o ILWIS! In section 2!$, the two basic data "odels %&ector and raster "odels' that are used in ILWIS are treated to(ether with the di erent types o ob)ects %i!e! data ob)ects, ser&ice ob)ects, container ob)ects and special ob)ects'! In section 2!2 the &arious types o "aps are shown* point, se("ent, poly(on and raster "aps! +ector and raster "aps can be displayed si"ultaneously in a "ap window! In this section and in section 2!, you will also ha&e a closer loo# at one o the #ey concepts o ILWIS* the use o do"ains! A do"ain lists e!(! the possible units in a "ap %as class na"es or I-s' or the ran(e o possible &alues in a "ap! A representation, treated in detail in section 2!., contains the in or"ation that deter"ines how your spatial data should be represented on screen or in a printout! A coordinate syste" %section 2!/' contains in or"ation on the #ind o coordinates you are usin( in your "aps! In section 2!0 o this chapter you will pay special attention to the (eore erence %containin( in or"ation about the nu"ber o lines and colu"ns o a raster "ap, the coordinates and the pi1el si2e'! In the sections 2!3 and 2!4 you will see how spatial and attribute data are lin#ed and how you can retrie&e in or"ation ro" both si"ultaneously, by usin( the pi1el in or"ation window! In section 2!5 the details &iew o the Catalo( is treated! The last section, section 2!$6, deals with another i"portant concept o ILWIS* dependency lin#s! In ILWIS the "aps, tables and colu"ns created by an operation, #now how they were "ade! This has so"e "a)or ad&anta(es, such as the possibility to store only the de inition o a
-ouble7clic# the ILWIS icon on the des#top! 8se the 9a&i(ator to (o to the directory* C*:ILWIS ,!6 -ata:8sers ;uide:
Chapter62!
"ap, without storin( the data o the "ap itsel , and the possibility to si"ply recalculate output "aps when input data has been chan(ed %"a#e output "aps up7to7 date'! ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 <e ore you can start with the e1ercises, you should start up ILWIS and chan(e to the subdirectory C*:ILWIS ,!6 -ata:8sers ;uide:Chapter62 , where the data iles or this chapter are stored!
2.1 Structure of spatial data in ILWIS

In the pre&ious chapter we ha&e loo#ed at how you can display "aps and tables in ILWIS! 9ow we will see "ore in depth how the data are structured! We will treat the structure o spatial data! Spatial eatures are represented in ILWIS in the ollowin( ways* 7 Points! =any ite"s can be represented as sin(le points on a "ap! Points "ay re er to rain all stations, houses, ield obser&ations, sa"plin( points, etc! 7 Lines! Linear eatures such as roads, draina(e lines or contour lines! 7 Areas! >eatures which occupy a certain area, such as land use units %e!(! orest', (eolo(ical units, etc! The spatial entities described abo&e can be represented in di(ital or" in two data "odels %>i(ure 2!$'* vector models or raster models! <oth "odels store details on the
location o
entities and
their &alue,
class na"e or
identi ier! The "ain di erence between the two data "odels is the way they store and represent the locations!
Figure 2.1 +ector and raster representation o points, lines and areas! The code o a
!ector "odel
eature is either a class na"e, an I-, or a &alue!
ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide 2# IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 In a vector model the position o each spatial eature is de ined by %a series o ' ? and @ coordinates! <esides the location, the "eanin( o the eature is (i&en by a code %label'! The location o a point is described by a sin(le XY coordinate pair! Points are stored
Points
in point maps by re(isterin( their location in X and Y coordinates and by codin( the" %e!(! a rain all station, ele&ation, etc!'!
Se("ents A line is stored as a series o ? and @ coordinates %points' that best re lect its
characteristics! The points are connected by strai(ht lines! In ILWIS line eatures are called segments! A se("ent is described by the coordinates o its startin( and endin( points %its nodes' and the intermediate points! The code o a se("ent de ines what the se("ent represents %e!(! road, state boundary, contour &alue, etc!'!
Poly(ons Areas are represented by their borders or boundary lines, which are in act lines
stored in the sa"e way as se("ents! A poly(on is a closed area o one or "ore boundary Ase("entsB and a code! <oundary se("ents de ine both the boundary o the poly(on to their le t as to their ri(ht %topolo(ical structure'! An area de ined by its boundary line and by its code is called a polygon! The code o a poly(on de ines the contents o the poly(on %e!(! orest, city, sandstone, etc!'! In ILWIS vector maps are either point, segment, or polygon maps! =ost o these "aps are obtained by di(iti2in( or by i"portin( the"! +ector "aps reCuire less dis# stora(e space and are suitable or creatin( hi(h Cuality outputs! They are less suitable or a nu"ber o ;IS operations, especially those dealin( with "ap o&erlayin(! @ou can rasteri2e the &ector "aps into raster "aps %this will be e1plained in chapter .'! In ILWIS, "ost o the analysis operations are raster7based! $aster "odel In a raster "odel, spatial data are or(ani2ed in grid cells or pixels! Pi1els, a ter" deri&ed ro" picture element, are the basic units or which in or"ation is e1plicitly recorded! Each pi1el is only assi(ned one &alue! The "aps stored in ILWIS accordin( to the raster "odel are called raster maps! Pi1els in a raster "ap all ha&e the sa"e di"ensions! Thus, it is not necessary to store all pi1el coordinates as the pi1els are arran(ed in a re(ular pattern! It is enou(h to deter"ine the pi1el si2e and the para"eters to trans or" between ? and @ coordinates o a "ap and the pi1el locations in the raster "ap %rowsDlines and colu"ns'! The process to establish this relationship is called georeferencing! Throu(h a (eore erence you thus #now the relationship between a coordinate syste" and pi1el locations in the i"a(e! A point is described in the raster "odel by the position o a sin(le pi1el! The position o each cell is de ined by a row and colu"n nu"ber! A pi1el is assi(ned a code %label'! A line and an area are described by a set o connected pi1els ha&in( the sa"e code %label'! In the raster "odel there is no basic di erence in how points, lines and areas are stored! Throu(h rasterization &ector data %points, se("ents or poly(ons' can be con&erted to the raster or"at! Apart ro" this source o raster "aps, there are i"ported i"a(es, ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 either satellite i"a(es, scanned aerial photo(raphs or i"ported raster "aps ro" other sources! =ost ILWIS analyses are based on the raster data "odel! The results o "ost o the operations are also raster "aps!
%&'ect t(pes <e ore we are (oin( to display &ector and raster "aps and in&esti(ate the di erent types o do"ains, it is "ay be use ul to e1plain that ILWIS uses di erent types o ob)ects! 7 Data objects! Raster "aps, poly(on "aps, se("ent "aps, point "aps, tables and colu"ns are called data ob)ects! They contain the actual data! 7 Service objects! Ser&ice ob)ects are used by data ob)ectsE they contain accessories that data ob)ects need besides the data itsel ! -o"ains, representations, coordinate syste"s and (eore erences are called ser&ice ob)ects! 7 Container objects! Container ob)ects are collections o data ob)ects andDor annota7 tion* "ap lists, ob)ect collections, "ap &iews, layouts and annotation te1t! 7 Special objects! Special ob)ects are histo(ra"s, sa"ple sets, two7di"ensional tables, "atrices, ilters, user7de ined unctions and scripts! A &ector "ap needs a coordinate syste", a do"ain and a representation! These ser&ice ob)ects are also needed or raster "aps, to(ether with another type o ser&ice ob)ect* a (eore erence! In this chapter we will ocus our &iew on data and ser&ice ob)ects! The container and special ob)ects will be treated in other parts o the ILWIS 8serBs ;uide!
Su""ar( Structure of spatial data in ILWIS In this section you learned the ollowin(* 7 ILWIS uses two types o "aps* &ector "aps and raster "aps! 7 +ector "aps in ILWIS are either point "aps, se("ent "aps or poly(on "aps! 7 +ector "aps can be obtained either by di(iti2in( analo( "aps, or by i"portin( the" ro" other sources! 7 Raster "aps can be obtained either by rasteri2in( &ector "aps, by i"portin( the" ro" other sources or by per or"in( ;IS or i"a(e processin( operations in ILWIS! 7 Raster "aps, poly(on "aps, se("ent "aps, point "aps, tables and colu"ns are called data ob)ects! They contain the actual data! 7 Ser&ice ob)ects are used by data ob)ectsE they contain accessories that data ob)ects ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide 30 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 need besides the data itsel ! -o"ains, representations, coordinate syste"s and (eo7 re erences are called ser&ice ob)ects! 7 +ector "aps need a nu"ber o ser&ice ob)ects* a do"ain, a representation and a coordinate syste"! 7 Raster "aps also need these ser&ice ob)ects* a do"ain, a representation and a coor7 dinate syste"! All raster "aps contain in or"ation in discrete cells or pi1els, which are ordered in rows and colu"ns! To relate these pi1els to "ap coordinates another ser&ice ob)ect called a (eore erence is needed!
2.2 )ispla(ing "aps and La(er Manage"ent )ispla(ing

*ector and raster "aps
Lets us now ha&e a loo# at the di erent types o "aps in ILWIS! In chapter $ you
-ouble7clic# poly(on "ap
Landuse in the Catalo(! The -isplay Fptions G Poly(on =ap dialo( bo1 is opened!
FH! The poly(on "ap is displayed!
Accept the de aults in the -isplay Fptions 7 Poly(on =ap dialo( bo1 by clic#in( Clic# the Title bar o
the "ap window, #eep the le t "ouse button down, and "o&e the "ap window to the side o the screen! Then release the le t "ouse button! This is called dragging! Landuse in the
-ouble7clic# raster "ap
Fptions Raster =apdialo( bo1 is shown in which you can speci y how you Catalo( ! The7-isplay want to see the raster "ap! 9ote that there are less options than in the -isplay Fptions G Poly(on =apdialo( bo1!
Accept the de ault &alues in the dialo( bo1 by clic#in( FH! The raster "ap is
displayed in another "ap window! -ra( and successi&ely resi2e both windows so that they are ne1t to each other!
ha&e seen the Landuse "ap! Re"e"ber that it was a poly(on "ap! Let us now co"pare the poly(on "ap with a raster "ap, which is obtained by rasteri2in( the poly(on "ap! The irst i"pression is that both "aps are the sa"e! They are si"ilar with respect to the in or"ation they contain! @ou can chec# this by clic#in( the sa"e unit in both "aps! The units o both "aps are also displayed in the sa"e colors! The di erence,
Clic# the Ioo" In button
in the Toolbar o the raster "ap! Position the "ouse pointer in a section o the "ap near the boundary o se&eral units! Press the le t "ouse button, hold it down, and dra( it to de ine a s"all area to 2oo" in on! or the poly(on "ap! Ioo" in on the sa"e area!
Repeat this procedure
9ow you can see Cuite so"e di erences between the two "aps! The poly(on "ap displays s"ooth boundaries between the units, whereas the raster "ap has a bloc#y appearance! I this is not clear then 2oo" in urther! The bloc#y appearance o the raster "ap is due to the re(ular arran(e"ent o the pi1els! @ou are able to see ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide indi&idual pi1els and the land use unit they represent!
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 howe&er, is in the way the in or"ation is stored in both "apsE one in &ector or"at and the other in raster or"at! The best way to e&aluate this is by 2oo"in( in on both "aps!
We can see the indi&idual pi1els e&en "ore clearly when we display another type o raster "ap* a satellite i"a(e %T"b$* <and $ o a Landsat The"atic =apper i"a(e'!
=o&e the "ap window with the raster "ap Landuse to the side o
screen, by dra((in( its Title bar!
the
=a#e the ILWIS =ain window acti&e! I
the =ain window is &isible on the screen, then you can )ust clic# any part o the =ain window! I the =ain win7 dow is not &isible any"ore, clic# the ILWIS button on the Windows Tas#barat the botto" o your screen! the "ap with the le t "ouse button and "o&e it while #eepin( the le t "ouse button pressed, and release the "ouse button when you are in the "ap win7 dow'! The -isplay Fptions 7 Raster =ap dialo( bo1 is opened! As you can see the T"b$ "ap has a do"ain image!
>ro" the Catalo(, dra( the raster "ap T"b$ to the raster "ap window %clic#
Ioo" in on a part o
the raster "ap T"b$ until you clearly see the di erent pi1els o which this i"a(e is co"posed!
Press the 9or"al button
in the Toolbar o the "ap window to (o bac# ro" the Ioo" In "ode to the 9or"al "ode, and subseCuently clic# indi7&idual pi1els with the le t "ouse button!
Close the "ap window that displays the raster "ap T"b$!
9ow the raster "ap Landuse in the "ap window is substituted by the raster "ap T"b$! It is only possible to display one raster "ap in a "ap window at the sa"e ti"e, ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide 32 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 since you cannot see two colors o two pi1els on top o each other!
In a satellite i"a(e nearly each o the indi&idual pi1els has a di erent &alue than its nei(hbours, due to the di erent re lectance &alues o the earth sur ace as recorded by the sensor o the satellite! To read so"e o the pi1el &alues* I"a(e The &alues that you can read ro" the "ap are whole nu"bers between 6 and 2//! This "eans that whene&er we wor# with satellite i"a(es %such as SPFT or Landsat' the do"ain o these i"a(es is called i"a(e! Domain image is used or satellite i"a(es, and scanned blac# and white aerial photo(raphs! Pi1el &alues in a band o a satellite i"a(e represent re lection &alues in a certain wa&elen(th inter&al!
La(er "anage"ent
In the Catalo( o
the =ain window select satellite i"a(e T"b$ and dra( it to the "ap window containin( poly(on "ap Landuse! The -isplay Fptions 7 Raster =apdialo( bo1 is opened! window!
Accept the de aults and clic# FH! Raster "ap T"b$ is now added to the "ap
In the Layer =ana(e"ent pane, dra( and drop the Landuse data layer below the
T"b$ data layer! 9ow raster "ap T"b$ is displayed on top o poly(on "ap Landuse! =o&e with the "ouse pointer throu(h the "ap while #eepin( the le t "ouse button pressed! The &alues that can be read ro" the "ap are the &alues o raster "ap T"b$!
-ouble7clic# T"b$ in the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! The -isplay Fptions

G Raster =apdialo( bo1 o raster "ap T"b$ appears!
In the -isplay Fptions G Raster =apdialo( bo1 clear the In o chec# bo1!
This "eans that you will not see the &alues o the pi1els any"ore when clic#in( in the "ap!
Accept all other de aults and clic# FH! 9ote that in the Layer =ana(e"ent
pane the i in ront o the T"b$ chec# bo1 has disappeared!
=o&e a(ain with the "ouse pointer throu(h the "ap while #eepin( the le t
"ouse button pressed! The classes that can be read ro" the "ap &iewer are the class na"es o poly(on "ap Landuse! In the Layer =ana(e"ent pane, select poly(on "ap Landuse! Press the ri(ht "ouse button and choose the Re"o&e Layer co""and or clic# the Re"o&e Layer button in the Toolbar o the "ap window! The Re"o&e Layerbo1 appears with the Cuestion Re"o&e =ap JLanduseK Are Poly(on you sureL
Answer this Cuestion with @es!
In the "ap window, poly(on "ap Landuse is displayed on top o raster "ap T"b$! A "ap window can contain only one raster "ap, but it can be co"bined with se&eral in the Toolbar o the "ap window! The Add -ata Layer dialo( bo1 is opened! ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide
Fpen the Layers "enu and select the Add Layer co""and or clic# the Add
Layerbutton
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 se("ent, poly(on or point "aps! Each o the "aps displayed in a "ap window is called a data layer!
Let us now loo# at another poly(on "ap! We ha&e already seen the poly(on "ap Landuse, which has a class do"ain! We will now loo# at the poly(on "ap Citybloc#, which contains the city bloc#s o a part o the city o Cochaba"ba!
In the Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1 select poly(on "ap Citybloc# and
clic# FH! The -isplay Fptions 7 Poly(on =apis opened!
Accept all de aults and clic# FH! Poly(on "ap Citybloc# is now added to
the "ap window! The poly(on "ap Citybloc# only co&ers the lower ri(ht part o the "ap window!
Ioo" in on the lower ri(ht part where the poly(on "ap Citybloc# is dis7
played and clic# the di erent city bloc#s to #now there content! @ou will see that each city bloc# is identi ied by a nu"ber! These nu"bers, howe&er, do not represent "easured, calculated, or interpolated &alues! Each city bloc# has its own code and in or"ation ro" each indi&idual bloc# can be obtained ro" a table connected to the "ap! The poly(on "ap Citybloc# has an identifier domain %ID domain'! 8ntil now you saw two poly(on "aps %Landuse and Citybloc#' and two raster "aps %Landuse which was obtained by rasteri2in( the poly(on "ap Landuse and a satellite i"a(e T"b$'! 9ow we will ha&e a loo# at the other types o &ector data* segment maps and point maps!
Clic# the Entire =apbutton Press the Add Layer button in the Toolbar o
!
Layerdialo( bo1 appears!
the "ap window! The Add -ata ro" the list bo1
In the Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1, select se("ent "ap -raina(e

and clic# FH! The -isplay Fptions G Se("ent =apis opened!
Select the In o chec# bo1 and clic# FH! Se("ent "ap -raina(e is now
added to the "ap window and is displayed on top o raster "ap T"b$ and poly(on "ap Citybloc#!
Clic# the draina(e lines to learn the contents o
the "ap -raina(e!
As you can see, se("ent "ap -raina(e contains three units* -raina(e, La#e and =ain ri&er! These are the na"es o three classes! The contents o the se("ent "ap -raina(e there ore, consists o classes! In ILWIS ter"s it is said that the se("ent "ap -raina(e has a class domain! Let us now add another data layer to the "ap window* a se("ent "ap containin( di(iti2ed contour lines!
Fpen the Layers "enu and select the Add Layer co""and! In the Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1, select se("ent "ap Contour and clic# ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide FH! The -isplay Fptions 7 Se("ent =ap dialo( bo1 is opened!
3+ IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Select the In o chec# bo1, accept all other de aults and clic# FH! Se("ent
"ap Contour is now added to the "ap window!
Clic# the contour lines and read their "eanin(! 9ote that you can also read
the "eanin( o the draina(e lines and the city bloc#s when you clic# the"! The contents o se("ent "ap Contour are di erent ro" se("ent "ap -raina(e! The contour lines are all coded accordin( to their ele&ation! In this case the contents cannot be represented as classes, but as &alues! The "ap Contour there ore has a value domain! >inally, let us ha&e a loo# at a point "ap! The point "ap that will be displayed shows the location o rain all stations in the area %it is a icti&e "ap, only "eant or this 8serBs ;uide and not representin( the real situation in Cochaba"ba'!
In the Catalo( o
the =ain window, select point "ap Rain all and dra( it to the "ap window! The -isplay Fptions 7 Point =apdialo( bo1 appears!
Please note that point "ap Rain all also uses an I- do"ain! The do"ain o a "ap is
Select the chec# bo1 Te1t! So"e e1tra te1t options appear! Clic# the >ont button! The >ont dialo( bo1 is opened! In the >ont dialo( bo1, select >ont* Arial, >ont Style* Re(ular and
Si2e* 4!
Clic# FH in the >ont dialo( bo1! In the -isplay Fptions G Point =apdialo( bo1, select Te1t Color*;reen
and clic# the Sy"bol button!
In the Sy"bol dialo( bo1 select Sy"bol Type* Si"ple, Sy"bol* SCuare,
Si2e* /, >ill Color* ;reen, Line Width* $, and Color* Red!
Clic# FH in the Sy"bol dialo( bo1!

always indicated at the top o a -isplay Fptions dialo( bo1! In the dialo( bo1 there is an option to show the na"es o the points as well!
Practice so"e "ore with the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! Add so"e other
poly(on and se("ent "aps, and see the do"ain used by the "aps! Practice also in chan(in( the order o the layers by dra((in( a layer up or down
9ote that the na"es o so"e o the rain all stations are only partially shown, because those stations are situated )ust outside the area co&ered by the satellite i"a(e!
ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide
in the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! @ou can also choose not to display a data layer by clearin( its chec# bo1!
When you ha&e
inished, close the "ap window!
Su""ar( )ispla(ing "aps and La(er Manage"ent In this e1ercise you learnt the ollowin(* 7 ILWIS allows the display o "any data layers in the sa"e "ap window! A "ap win7 dow can display only one raster "ap, but a raster "ap "ay be displayed to(ether with "any di erent point, se("ent andDor poly(on "aps! 7 The way in which &arious data layers are displayed in a "ap window can be "anip7 ulated &ia the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! 7 In the Layer =ana(e"ent pane you can select the layers to be displayed, and ro" which layers you want to obtain in or"ation! @ou can chan(e the display options o a layer, the order o the layers and you can add or re"o&e layers!
3,
IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
2.3 -&out do"ains

In the pre&ious section you ha&e already seen the our "ost i"portant types o do"ains* 7 Class do"ains or data ob)ects that contain classes %e!(! land use units, (eo"or7 pholo(ical units'E 7 I- do"ains or data ob)ects that contain uniCue identi iers %e!(! city bloc# $62, rain all station La(una'E 7 +alue do"ains or data ob)ects that contain "easured, calculated or interpolated &alues %e!(! hei(ht, concentration'E 7 The I"a(e do"ain or satellite i"a(es or scanned aerial photo(raphs containin( &alues between 6 and 2//! A do"ain stores the set o possible data A&aluesB %class na"es, I-s or &alues' that should be a&ailable in a "ap, table or colu"n! ILWIS uses do"ains e1tensi&ely and or "any operations you should decide in ad&ance about the do"ain o a resultin( "ap* a class "ap, an I- "ap, or a &alue "ap! This enables you to ha&e a direct control o&er your data types, e!(! ha&in( the do"ain as a separate ob)ect you can ha&e a direct loo# at the #ind o data are stored in your "aps!
In se&eral other raster7based ;IS syste"s, and also in the pre&ious -FS &ersions o ILWIS, you always had to re"e"ber what each pi1el represented! >or e1a"ple, i you had a land use "ap with . classes %in which $ N A(riculture, 2N >orest, , N ;rassland and . N Shrubs' and when you wanted to ind the areas which are suitable or urther de&elop"ent %e!(! the current shrub area'! Then, to show the suitable areas you had to use a "ap calculation or"ula %this will be e1plained in depth in chapters 3 and 4' which had the ollowin( or"* Result N I>>%LanduseN., $, 6' This or"ula "eant* i the Landuse "ap has a pi1el &alue o . %shrubs', then the resultin( "ap will ha&e a &alue o $ %"eanin( that it "ay be used or urther de&elop"ent', and otherwise a &alue o 6 %not suitable'!
>ro" ILWIS 2 onward, you use do"ains and you no lon(er need to #now the relation between the pi1el &alues and the classes, since ILWIS #eeps trac# o that! In ILWIS, your "ap calculation or"ula reads* Result N I>>%LanduseNJ>orestK, JSuitableK,J9ot suitableK' ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 The resultin( "ap is also a class "ap, so you directly #now what the units "ean! Lets us loo# now at so"e other ad&anta(es o do"ains!
More a&out class do"ains

Class
A class do"ain consists o a list o class na"es and optionally class codes! Ele"ents in a "ap %points, se("ents, poly(ons or pi1els' which uses a certain class do"ain, are coded by the class na"es and codes present in that class do"ainE ele"ents
without a class na"e are considered unde ined! The sa"e class na"e can be used or se&eral points, se("ents, poly(ons or "appin( units in one "ap! As you will re"e"ber ro" the pre&ious e1ercise, poly(on "ap Landuse had a class do"ain,
Fpen the do"ain o
poly(on "ap Landuse by double7clic#in( the do"ain Landuse in the Catalo(! The -o"ain Class editor is opened!
which contained the na"es o the di erent land use types! The -o"ain Class editor allows you to add new ite"s to the do"ain, and to chan(e or delete e1istin( ones! Fne should be care ul, howe&er, with deletin( do"ain ite"s, since this "ay cause proble"s in the "aps and tables that use this do"ain! >or e1a"ple, i you delete the >orest ite", there will be poly(ons in the "ap Landuse with an internal code that is not present any"ore in the do"ain! The orest unit in the "ap will then be represented as undefined ( ! and will also loose its color! @ou should always ta#e care that a do"ain contains all the ite"s that can occur in a "ap or a table! A do"ain "ay contain "ore ite"s, howe&er, than are present in the "ap! This is &ery use ul i you ha&e di erent "aps dealin( with the sa"e topic, or e1a"ple "ulti7 te"poral land use "aps o a certain area, or &arious (eolo(ical "aps with the sa"e le(end!
What is the ad&anta(e o the do"ain approachL Let us (i&e an e1a"ple*
Suppose you ha&e two land use "aps o di erent re(ions in the sa"e country! Suppose in one "ap you ha&e land use types a(riculture, (rassland and shrubs, and in the other "ap a(riculture, orest and shrubs! In the -FS &ersions o ILWIS, pi1el &alues o your units "i(ht be A(riculture N $, ;rassland N 2 and Shrubs N , or the irst "ap, and A(riculture N $, >orest N 2 and Shrubs N , in the second "ap! So, pi1el &alue 2 is once orest and once (rass7land, which is &ery
Fpen the >ile "enu in the -o"ain Class editor, and select the Properties
co""and or clic# the Properties button in The Properties o -o"ain the Toolbar o the editor! Class JLanduseKsheet appears, which describes a"on( others what this do"ain is used or!
Clic# the 8sed <y tab!

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide @ou see a list o ob)ects that are usin( this do"ain Landuse* raster "ap Landuse, poly(on "ap Landuse, table Landuse, and representation Landuse! 3# IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 con usin(M Howe&er, i you use one do"ain containin( all the possible land use classes, you do not need to care about pi1el &alues o separate "aps since all the necessary in or"ation or all your land use "aps is stored in one do"ain! The do"ain then contains the class na"es* A(riculture, >orest, ;rassland, Shrubs!
Clic# the Cancel button in the Properties sheet and close the -o"ain
Classeditor!
Fpen another class do"ain* ;eo"orpholo(y!

This is the do"ain o the (eo"orpholo(ic "ap! The list o classes in this do"ain loo#s a bit di erent to the one o the land use classes! @ou see irst a Class 9a"e and then a Code! Since so"e o the class na"es can be &ery lon(, ILWIS allows the use o abbre&iations, or codes or the do"ain ite"s! This is &ery handy when you want to do calculations with "aps, or colu"ns! Instead o ha&in( to write a e1pression li#e* Result N I>>%;eo"orpholo(yNKAccu"ulation o debris on slopeK, KPossible landslideK,K9ot a possiblelandslideK' @ou can now write* Result N I>>%;eo"orpholo(yNKAdK, KPossible landslideK,K9ot a possible landslideK' Codes can be entered, edited and deleted with the Add Ite", Edit Ite" and -elete Ite"co""ands on the Edit "enu, with the buttons in the Toolbar o the -o"ain Class editor or by usin( the ri(ht "ouse "enu on a do"ain ite"!
Close the -o"ain Class editor!
More a&out identifier do"ains IAn identi ier do"ain can be used when each ele"ent in a "ap is identi ied by a uniCue na"e, i!e! an identi ier %I-'E ele"ents without an identi ier are considered unde ined! Each ite" occurs in principle only once in the "ap! Attributes can be lin#ed to the uniCue na"es, that is to the identi iers! The attribute table contains additional in or"ation on the uniCuely identi ied ele"ents and uses the sa"e do"ain as the "ap! An identi ier do"ain can be used in point, se("ent, and poly(on "aps, and in rasteri2ed point, se("ent, and poly(on "aps! The identi ier do"ain is ad&ised or detailed "aps on lar(e scales such as $*/66 or cadastral and in rastructural purposes!
In the Catalo(, clic# do"ain Citybloc# with the ri(ht "ouse button and
select Fpen ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu!
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 Let us now loo# in "ore detail at so"e identi ier do"ains!
-o"ain Citybloc# is an identi ier %I-' do"ain! It is lin#ed to the poly(on "ap with the city bloc#s, as well as to the table Citybloc#! -o"ain Citybloc# contains the cadastral codes o the city bloc#s o the central part o Cochaba"ba city!
In this case the identi iers are uni"ue numbers!
Close do"ain Citybloc#, and open do"ain Rain all!
-o"ain Rain all is also an I- do"ain %you can chec# this or instance by openin( the Properties o the do"ain'! In this do"ain, the indi&idual ite"s are the uni"ue names o the rain all stations! It is not a class do"ain, since each na"e is only &alid or one
Close the -o"ain Identi ier editor!

rain all station only! I it would be related to "ore rain all stations, the syste" would not #now to which station the data in the correspondin( table Rain all are re errin(!
More a&out *alue do"ains +alue +alue "aps and &alue colu"ns use a &alue do"ain! Ele"ents in &alue "aps %raster, poly(on, se("ent, or points' or ields in &alue colu"ns represent "easured,
Fpen the do"ain

Hei(ht! calculated, or interpolated &alues! +alues in a &alue do"ain are de ined by a "ini"u" and "a1i"u" &alue %the &alue ran(e' and a precisionE &alues s"aller than the "ini"u" or lar(er than the "a1i"u" are considered unde ined! In this section we will loo# at so"e &alue do"ains! -o"ain Hei(ht is used or se("ent "ap Contour which contains contour lines! A &alue do"ain loo#s Cuite di erent ro" a class or I- do"ain! It is not a list o na"es or codes, but it is a de inition o certain &alues that should be used in a "ap or a colu"n! In this e1a"ple, do"ain Hei(ht describes the Hei(ht in "eters! >or the Cochaba"ba area, hei(ht &alues ran(e ro" 2/66 to .066 "eters! These are the "ini"u" %=in' and "a1i"u" %=a1' &alues o the do"ain Hei(ht! The Precision o a &alue do"ain deter"ines the incre"ent between two possible successi&e &alues! The precision deter"ines or instance the nu"ber o deci"als that are used to store the &alues! When you use a precision o 6!$ the &alues are stored with ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide +0 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 $ deci"al! @ou can also store &alues with a certain step si2e, or e1a"ple only the &alues endin( on /, $6, $/, 26, 2/, etc! In that case you use a precision o /! @ou can use any &alue or the precision, as lon( as it "a#es sense with respect to the "ini"u" and "a1i"u" &alue, and the "eanin( o the &alues! >or instance, it would be Cuite useless to use a precision o 6!66$ or the do"ain Hei(ht, since the altitude o the contour lines are in "eters on the topo(raphic "ap ro" which they were di(iti2ed! It is i"portant to #eep in "ind, that i you use &ery s"all &alues or the precision % or
e1a"ple 6!666666$', the si2e o the "ap on dis# can beco"e &ery lar(e %up to 4 bytes per pi1el'! This will also lead to slower per or"ance o the syste" and to dis# space proble"s! So you should use a precision which is use ul or the data you are wor#in( with! -o"ain Hei(ht is a so7called user#defined value domain! It was created or the de"o data set! 8ser7de ined &alue do"ains are use ul when you ha&e a series o "aps or which you need the sa"e ran(e o &alues and the sa"e precision! @ou do not ha&e to de ine a new do"ain or each "ap, and e&en "ore i"portant, you can show these "aps with the sa"e representation! 8ser7de ined &alue do"ains can ha&e their own representation &alue! >or e1a"ple, when you are wor#in( with di(iti2ed contour "aps o di erent areas and when all "aps should by de ault be displayed in the sa"e colors!
Close the Hei(ht do"ain!
In the =ain window open the +iew "enu and select the Custo"i2e
t.e
Standard toolbar! The Custo"i2e Catalo( sheet appears!
Fn the Selection tab, select ob)ect type -o"ain in the list bo1 and clic#
Apply! 9ow you will see only the user7de ined do"ains in the Catalo(!
These do"ains ha&e been "ade especially or the data set!
Fn the Selection tab, select the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ectsand
clic# FH! 9ow also the syste"7de ined do"ains are listed in the Catalo(! There are also a nu"ber o system#defined value domains! These &alue do"ains are de ined by the syste" and are stored in the ILWIS:Syste" directory! Syste"7de ined &alue do"ains can be displayed in the Catalo( but it is not possible to chan(e the"!
Fpen the syste" do"ain +alue! As you can see, the "ini"u" &alue that
can be stored is 75555555!5 and the "a1i"u" is the positi&e eCui&alent o that! So it is sa e to conclude that you can store all possible &alues which "ay occur in "aps and tables in the &alue do"ain!
Close do"ain +alue and open do"ain Perc! This is a special &alue do"ain
which is intended or storin( percenta(e &alues with a de ault &alue ran(e between 6 and $66, and a precision o 6!6$ %two deci"als'! ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide Close do"ain Perc and open the <ool do"ain! This is the <oolean do"ain, which only allows two situations* >alse %6' or True %$'! Li#e "ost other
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 The "ost i"portant syste"7de ined &alue do"ain is the one called $alue! In act you can "a#e all other &alue do"ains with this do"ain! The others are (i&en to pre&ent you ro" needin( to de ine do"ains too o ten! Let us loo# at so"e e1a"ples!
&alue do"ains also unde ined &alues can be used in the <ool do"ain! In "aps and colu"ns, unde ined &alues are represented by a Cuestion "ar# %L'!
Ha&e a loo# at so"e other syste" &alue do"ains! When you ha&e
inished, select all ob)ect types a(ain &ia the Custo"i2e Catalo( sheet and clear the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ects!
There are so"e do"ain types that we ha&e not yet treated so ar, because they are speci ic or certain operations! They will be discussed later on in this boo#! A co"plete o&er&iew o do"ains can be obtained ro" the ILWIS Help topic JILWIS Fb)ects, -o"ainsK!
Su""ar( -&out do"ains 7 A do"ain stores the set o possible data A&aluesB that are used by a "ap, table andDor colu"n! All ILWIS data ob)ects %&ector "aps, raster "aps and tables' always ha&e a do"ain! 7 The sa"e do"ain can be used by a &ector "ap, a raster "ap and a table! 7 The our "ost i"portant types o do"ains are* class do"ains, identi ier do"ains, &alue do"ains and the i"a(e do"ain! 7 Class do"ains are used or data ob)ects that contain classes! A class do"ain "ay or instance store the na"es o land use units or (eo"orpholo(ical units! 7 I- do"ains are used or data ob)ects that contain uniCue identi iers! An I- do"ain "ay or instance store the uniCue I-s o city bloc#s, or the uniCue I-s o rain all stations! 7+alue do"ains are used or data ob)ects that contain "easured, calculated or inter7 polated &alues! A &alue do"ain "ay or instance store the &alues %ran(e and preci7 sion' needed to de ine hei(hts or to de ine concentrations! 7 The syste" I"a(e do"ain is used or satellite i"a(es or scanned aerial photo7 (raphs containin( &alues between 6 and 2//! This do"ain is a special type o &alue do"ain, as the i"a(e do"ain cannot contain unde ined &alues! 7 Class and I- do"ains are always user7de ined! +alue do"ains can be user7de ined, or syste"7de ined! ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide +2 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
2.+ -&out representations

A representation contains the in or"ation that deter"ines how your spatial data should be represented on screen or in a printout! Representations are ser&ice ob)ects lin#ed to a do"ain! The do"ain deter"ines what is in a "ap %or a table or a colu"n', and the representation de ines the colors o the do"ain ite"s! There are di erent types o representations dependin( on the type o do"ain!
More a&out representation class

Class
Class do"ains ha&e the "ost strai(ht orward representation! A "ap with a class do"ain should ha&e a representation, otherwise it is i"possible or ILWIS to #now
-ouble7clic# poly(on "ap Landuse in the Catalo(! The -isplay Fptions

G Poly(on =ap dialo( bo1 is opened!
Accept the de aults in the -isplay Fptions 7 Poly(on =ap dialo( bo1 by
clic#in( FH! The poly(on "ap is displayed! the Landuse "ap, which is in act, representation Landuse! -ouble7clic# the word Le(end in the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! The Representation Class editor is opened the poly(on "ode %e!(! theor Poly(on is acti&e'! how toin display it! A representation a classtab do"ain is always user7de ined! The user should set the color or each class in the class do"ain!
The Layer =ana(e"ent pane shows the Le(end o
Practice with chan(in( colors as e1plained abo&e! Chan(e also so"e colors
by usin( the Edit Ite"%s' button the Edit "enu and select7in( Edit Ite"%s'!
or by openin(
Select the Se("ent tab and loo# at the representation! A ter that, select the
Point tab! Since we can use the sa"e do"ain, and the sa"e representation or
raster, poly(on, se("ent and point "aps, these options can used to see what a line would loo# li#e, or a point, or an area!
Ha&e a loo# at the other "enu ite"s and try so"e! A ter that, close representation Landuse!
Each ite" in the do"ain has a color assi(ned to it! The colors can be edited by clic#in( on an ite", and then chan(in( the RedD;reenD<lue a"ount by dra((in( the slide bars in the Color Slider, by selectin( a color in the Color Selector or by double7 clic#in( an ite" in the editor! Identi ier do"ains %I-' do not need a user7de ined representation because the I-s are usually )ust nu"bers without a certain "eanin(!
In the Catalo(, double7clic# poly(on "ap Citybloc#! In the -isplay

Fptions 7 Poly(on =apdialo( bo1, you see se&eral options* Sin(le Color, or =ultiple Color 3, $/ or ,$!
Select the option =ultiple Colors, ,$ and clic# FH!

>or an identi ier "ap such as the "ap Citybloc# it would be useless to spend "uch ti"e in de inin( the color o each indi&idual ite" by hand, since di erent colors do not represent any the"atic di erence! The colors are only used to "a#e a di erentiation between the units! There ore, a user7de ined representation is not needed! >urther"ore, you will (enerally display I- "aps by one o the attributes ound in the attribute table o the "ap! >or "ore in or"ation see section 3!2!
Close poly(on "ap Citybloc#!
+alue
More a&out representation *alue =aps with a &alue do"ain ha&e a representation &alue! @ou can "a#e two types o representations or &alue "aps* 7arepresentation value, in which boundaries and inter"ediate li"its appear in &al7 uesE 7arepresentation gradual, in which boundaries and inter"ediate li"its appear in percenta(es! I you use it on a &alue "ap, the percenta(es o the reCuency distribu7
In the Catalo(, clic# do"ain Hei(ht with the ri(ht "ouse button, and
select the Properties co""and ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu! The Properties sheet is opened! As you can see, do"ain Hei(ht has a represen7 tation &alue called Hei(ht!
Close the Properties sheet and open representation Hei(ht by double7clic#7

in( the ob)ect in the Catalo(! The Representation +alueeditor is opened! tion o pi1el &alues are ta#en ro" the histo(ra"!
++
A representation or a &alue do"ain is de ined on the basis o a nu"ber o li"itin( &alues between which the color chan(es ro" one color to another in a nu"ber o user7de ined steps! In this e1a"ple the li"its are 2/66 %the "ini"u" o the do"ain', ,/66, and .066 %the "a1i"u" &alue o the do"ain'! @ou can insert as "any inter"ediate li"its as you wish!
Select the Li"it ,/66, open the Edit "enu and select the Edit Li"it co"7"and or
clic# the Edit Li"it button Toolbar o the Representation +alueeditor! in the
In the Edit Li"it dialo( bo1, chan(e the color to Lawn;reen and clic# FH! Fpen the Edit "enu and select Stretch Steps!The Stretch Steps dialo( bo1 is shown!
Chan(e the Stretch Steps &alue to ,6 and clic# FH!
Select the word Stretch in the editor! A drop7down list bo1 appears! Clic# once "ore to open the list bo1 and select the word 8pper! This "eans >ro" the Edit "enu choose Insert Li"it! The Insert Li"it dialo( bo1 appears! Insert a new li"it %+alue.666, Color;old' and clic# FH in the Insert Li"itdialo(
bo1! that all &alues between the li"its are displayed in the color o the upper li"it!
When
inished close representation Hei(ht!
There are also a nu"ber o system#defined representations a&ailable! These representations all use percenta(es as li"its %representations o type (radual', so that they can be used on di erent types o &alue ran(es!
Clic# the Custo"i2e Catalo( button in the Standard toolbar o

window! The Custo"i2e Catalo( sheet appears!
the =ain
Fn the Selection tab, select ob)ect type Representation in the list bo1,
select the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ectsand clic# FH! 9ow you will see only the representations, includin( the syste"7de ined ones!
Fpen so"e o
these representations to see how the colors are assi(ned to di 7 erent percenta(e &alues! ro"
Clic# a(ain on the Custo"i2e Catalo( button! Select all the ob)ects
the list, clear the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ectsand clic# FH!
In the Catalo(, double7clic# the se("ent "ap Contour! The -isplay

Fptions G Se("ent =apdialo( bo1 is opened!
Select a syste"7de ined representation,
or e1a"ple RepresentationRed and clic# FH! 9ow the contour lines are displayed accordin( to that repre7 sentation!
Representation ;radual editor is opened! It is not possible to edit this rep7
-ouble7clic# the word Le(end in the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! The

resentation because it is a syste"7de ined one and syste"7de ined represen7 tations cannot be edited!
Su""ar( -&out representations 7 A representation contains in or"ation that deter"ines how your spatial data should be represented on screen or in a printout! Representations are ser&ice ob)ects lin#ed to a do"ain! The do"ain deter"ines what is in a "ap %or a table or a colu"n', and the representation de ines which colors these do"ain ite"s should ha&e! 7 There are di erent types o representations, dependin( on the type o do"ain! 7 Class do"ains always ha&e a user7de ined representation Class! 7 I- do"ains cannot ha&e a user7de ined representation! They can only be displayed in $, 3, $/ or ,$ di erent colors or by one o their attributes %see section 3!2'! 7 +alue do"ains can ha&e two types o representations* 7 representation +alue, usin( actual &alues as li"itsE 7 representation ;radual, usin( percenta(e &alues as li"its! See also chapter $, i you want to #now "ore about representations!
ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide +, IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
2./ -&out coordinate s(ste"s

In section $!,, you already learnt that the Status bar in a "ap window displays the coordinates o a "ap!
Fpen poly(on "ap Landuse by double7clic#in( it in the Catalo(! The

-isplay Fptions G Poly(on =apdialo( bo1 appears!
Accept all de aults in this dialo( bo1 and clic# FH! Poly(on "ap Landuse
is displayed!
=a1i"i2e the "ap window! =o&e the "ouse pointer throu(h the "ap and &eri y the display o
coordi7 nates in ? and @ &alues, as well as in de(rees, "inutes and seconds in the Status bar!

window! The Custo"i2e Catalo( dialo( bo1 is opened!
the =ain
In the Custo"i2e Catalo( dialo( bo1, select ob)ect type Coordinate

Syste", select the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ectsand clic# FH!
The in or"ation on the ? and @ coordinates o a &ector "ap is stored in a ser&ice
Fpen coordinate syste" Cochaba"ba by double7clic#in( it in the Catalo(!

A dialo( bo1 is opened titled Coordinate Syste" Pro)ection JCochaba"baK! ob)ect called the coordinate system! A coordinate syste" is a ser&ice ob)ect or point, se("ent and poly(on "aps, and or (eore erences %the latter are used or raster "aps and will be treated in the ne1t section'! A coordinate syste" contains in or"ation on the #ind o coordinates you are usin( in your "aps! @ou "ay or instance use user7 de ined coordinates, coordinates de ined by a national standard or coordinates o a
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 certain 8T= 2one!
The Catalo( now only shows coordinate syste"s! Fne coordinate syste" was "ade especially or the data set* Cochaba"ba! The other three %Latlon, LatlonW;S4. and 8n#nown' are standard ones!
A coordinate syste" de ines the possible "ini"u" and "a1i"u" ?Bs and @Bs that can be used in a "ap, and in case o a coordinate syste" o type pro)ection, you can also store in or"ation on a "apBs pro)ection, ellipsoid andDor datu"! 9or"ally locations on the earthBs sur ace are shown in (eo(raphic coordinates!
The %eograp&ic Coordinates o the earth are e1pressed in Latitudes and Lon(itudes %see >i(ure 2!2'! 'atitudes %parallels' are "easured ro" the eCuator and "ay ran(e ro" 6O to 56O 9 or ro" 6O to 56O S! 'ongitudes %"eridians' are "easured ro" the
;reenwich "eridian and "ay ran(e ro" 6O to $46O E o ro" 6O to $46O W!

Figure 2.2 ;eo(raphic coordinate syste"* the location o A is deter"ined by the Lon(itude %'
and the Latitude %'!
The shape o the earth is li#e a ball %spherical' or li#e a Jhori2ontal ru(by ball with lattened polesK %ellipsoidal'! To represent areas ro" this sphere or ellipsoid into a plain sur ace, you need a map projection! The earthBs sur ace can e&en be better approached i a pro)ection uses a datu"! With the help o a "ap pro)ection, (eo(raphic coordinates are con&erted into a "etric coordinate syste", "easurin( the ? and @ directions in "eters! Practically e&ery country in the world uses its own coordinate syste", based on a certain pro)ection! Fne o the "ost used pro)ections is the so7called (niversal )ransverse *ercator %8T='! The 8T= is an international "etric coordinate syste", which co&ers the whole earth and di&ides it into 06 2ones each co&erin( 0O Lon(itude! <ecause o the s"all area co&ered by each 2one, a hi(h de(ree o accuracy is possible! In ILWIS you can di(iti2e a "ap either in "etric or in (eo(raphic coordinates! The con&ersion ro" (eo(raphic to "etric coordinate is done &ia a "ap pro)ection! >or e1a"ple, point data obtained ro" ;PS %;lobal Positionin( Syste"s' "ay ha&e been re(istered in (eo(raphic coordinates! ILWIS has three standard coordinate syste"s* 7Latlon* ;eo(raphical coordinates in de(rees! 7LatlonW;S4.* ;eo(raphical coordinate syste" usin( the W;S4. datu"! 78n#nown* When coordinates are not #nown! This coordinate syste" should not be used!
+#
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 >or "ore in or"ation on types o coordinate syste"s and trans or"ations, see section .!2! In (eneral itBs best to create a coordinate o type pro)ection and speci y the "ini"u" and "a1i"u" ? and @ coordinates o your study area! Pro)ection in or"ation "ay be added to the coordinate syste" in a later sta(e or not at all!
In principle, all "aps o the sa"e area should ha&e the sa"e coordinate syste"! ILWIS assu"es that all "aps that you want to superi"pose or display to(ether in one "ap window ha&e the sa"e coordinate syste"! -isplayin( "aps with di erent coordinate syste"s is possible i pro)ection in or"ation is a&ailable or both coordinate syste"s! Then the coordinates o a &ector "ap are trans or"ed on the ly accordin( to the coordinate syste" that the "ap window is usin( at the "o"ent! F course, you can use the Trans or" operations to per"anently trans or" coordinates %see chapter . or "ore in or"ation'!
9ote that the Pro)ection in the coordinate syste" Cochaba"ba is 8T=, with
the EllipsoidInternational$52. and that the -atu" is Pro&isional South A"erica $5/0, with the -atu" Area<oli&ia!
Clic# Cancel in the Coordinate Syste" Pro)ectiondialo( bo1! Clic# the Custo"i2e Catalo( button in the Standard toolbar o
the =ain window and select all ob)ects! Clear the chec# bo1 Include Syste" Fb)ects and clic# FH!
The use o pro)ections is urther discussed in chapter .!
Su""ar( -&out coordinate s(ste"s 7 A coordinate syste" is a ser&ice ob)ect or point, se("ent and poly(on "aps, and or (eore erences %the latter are used by raster "aps and will be treated in the ne1t section'! +ector "aps and (eore erences always need a coordinate syste"! 7 A coordinate syste" de ines the possible ?@7coordinates or LatLon7coordinates that can be used in your "aps and thus stores in or"ation on the #ind o coordi7 nates you are usin( in your "aps! @ou "ay or instance use user7de ined coordi7 nates, coordinates de ined by a national standard or coordinates o a certain 8T= 2one!
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 7 A coordinate syste" "ay ha&e in or"ation on the "apBs pro)ection, ellipsoid and datu"!
2., More a&out georeferences

A (eore erence is a ser&ice ob)ect, which stores the relation between the rows and colu"ns in raster "ap%s' and the (round7coordinates %?, @'! A (eore erence is needed or raster "aps and uses a coordinate syste"! I you wor# with se&eral raster "aps o the sa"e area, and you want to o&erlay the" %e!(! with the Cross operation', it is i"portant that all "aps ha&e the sa"e nu"ber o rows and colu"ns, and the sa"e pi1el si2e! The pi1els in both "aps thus re er to the sa"e position on the (round! There ore all raster "aps o the sa"e area should ha&e the sa"e (eore erence! Let us
Fpen (eore erenceCochaba"ba!

loo# at a (eore erence! ;eore erence Cochaba"ba is a georeference corners! <y de inin( the ? and @ &alues o the corner o the raster "ap, ILWIS is able to ind the correct coordinates or each pi1el! A (eore erence corners assu"es that the raster "ap is oriented to the north! The ?7coordinate increases ro" the le t colu"n to the ri(ht colu"n, and the @7coordinate increases ro" the lowest line to the upper line! The ? and @ &alues relate to the coordinate syste" that we ha&e seen in the pre&ious e1ercise! A (eore erence corners has in or"ation on the nu"ber o rows and colu"ns in the "ap, the coordinate syste", the "ini"u" and "a1i"u" ?7 and @7coordinates o the corners o the "ap, and the pi1el si2e! A (eore erence o type corners is used or instance or "aps which are con&erted ro" &ector to raster %i!e! rasteri2ed &ector "aps'!
Chec# i
the pi1el si2e (i&en in the ;eoRe erence Cornerseditor is cor7 rectE subtract the "ini"u" ? &alue ro" the "a1i"u" ? &alue! Then di&ide the resultin( &alue by the nu"ber o colu"ns!
Position the "ouse pointer on the Co""and line and type an e1pression
such as* L%maxX#minX'Dnr+ columns
Close (eore erence Cochaba"ba a ter you ha&e seen the result o
e1pression in the Calculation Result bo1!
the
/0
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 >or such calculations you can also use the Co""and line o the =ain window!
>or satellite i"a(es, scanned aerial photo(raphs and other i"ported i"a(es, which "ay not be north7oriented, we ha&e another type o (eore erence* a georeference tiepoints!
In the Catalo( double7clic# (eore erenceT"(eo! The -isplay Fptions 7

Raster =apdialo( bo1 o T"b$ appears! Accept the de aults and clic# FH! The ;eoRe erence Editor* T"(eo is opened!
In the satellite i"a(e you will see se&en points displayed, which are related to the se&en points in the Tie Point Tableo the ;eoRe erence Tiepoints editor! >or each point the ?7 and @7coordinates are (i&en, alon( with the Row and Colu"n locations o these points in the i"a(e! Fn the basis o these coordinates usin( an A ine trans or"ation, all rows and colu"ns will be assi(ned ?7 and @7coordinates, with a certain error, e1pressed as Si("a! In Chapter 0 we will treat the ;eoRe erence Tiepointseditor in "uch "ore detail! What is i"portant to note here is that the i"a(e is not oriented per ectly to the north! The i"a(e is distorted with respect to a topo(raphic "ap! When you want to o&erlay i"a(es in co"bination with north oriented "aps, you need to re"o&e the distortion o the i"a(e by resa"plin( it %see chapter 0'!
Close the ;eoRe erence Tiepoints editor by openin( the >ile "enu and
selectin( the E1it Editor co""and or by clic#in( the E1it Editor button -o not close the "ap T"b$! ! Clic# the Add Layer button! The Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1 appears! In the Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1, select se("ent "ap Contour and clic# FH, and a(ain FH in the -isplay Fptions 7 Se("ent =apdialo( bo1! The Contour "ap is now displayed on top o the i"a(e! Fpen the Layers "enu and select Add ;rid Lines! The -isplay Fptions G ;riddialo( bo1 is opened!
In the -isplay Fptions G ;riddialo( bo1 chan(e the Color to @ellow,

accept all other de aults and clic# FH! The (rid layer is now displayed on top o the two "ap layers! The (rid lines are displayed in a rotated way! >ro" this you can conclude that the i"a(e is distorted and not oriented to the north!
-ra( and drop raster "ap Landuse in the "ap window! Raster "ap T"b$
will be replaced by raster "ap Landuse! @ou will see that the display o (rid lines and the contour lines now chan(es! They are now displayed in a north7 oriented way!
Close the "ap window!
Su""ar( -&out georeferences 7 A (eore erence is needed or raster "aps and uses a coordinate syste"! 7 A (eore erence is a ser&ice ob)ect, which stores the relation between the rows and colu"ns in raster "ap%s' and the (round7coordinates %?, @'! 7 Two types o (eore erences or raster "aps were discussed here* 7;eore erence corners, used or raster "aps "ade ro" rasteri2in( &ector "aps, and the resultin( "aps ro" operations on these "aps! A (eore erence corners is used or raster "aps that are oriented to the north! 7 ;eore erence tiepoints, used or satellite i"a(es, scanned aerial photo7(raphs and other i"ported i"a(es, which "ay not be north7oriented! 7 In the chapters 0 and $6 you will see that there are se&eral other types o (eore er7 ences!
ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide /2 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
2.0 -ttri&ute data

In sections 2!$ and 2!2 we ha&e loo#ed at the way "aps are stored and displayed in ILWIS, either as point, se("ent, poly(on or raster "aps! In the sections 2!. up to and includin( 2!0 we ha&e also loo#ed at the ser&ice ob)ects that contain in or"ation about these "aps, such as a do"ain, a representation, a coordinate syste" and a (eore erence! In section $!, we ha&e also seen that spatial data %"aps' can be lin#ed to non7spatial, or attribute data %tables'! In order to be able to lin# a "ap with a table, the units o a "ap "ust be lin#ed to records in a table! The attribute in or"ation can then be added in colu"ns! In other words, a "ap and its attribute table should use the sa"e do"ain!
In the Catalo(, select do"ain Landuse, table Landuse and poly(on "ap
Landuse %hold the Ctrl7#ey down while selectin( the ob)ects'!
Clic# the ri(ht "ouse button and select Fpen

"enu! All three ob)ects are opened!
ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e
=o&e the three windows in such a way that you can see all three ne1t to each
other! Resi2e the windows i necessary!
Clic# se&eral units in the poly(on "ap! 9ote that the class na"es appear in
the "ap, in the table and in the do"ain!
When
inished acti&ate the =ain window, open the Window "enu and select -ata Windows, Close All! All three windows will be closed! and select Properties! The Properties o Table JLanduseK sheet is opened! 9ote that the do"ain o the table is -o"ain Class JLanduseK! Clic# the Cancel button!
In the Catalo(, select table Landuse, clic# it with the ri(ht "ouse button
Clic# with the ri(ht "ouse button on poly(on "ap Landuse, and select
Properties ! The Properties Let us brie ly chec# this a(ain! o Poly(on =ap JLanduseK sheet appears!
So we can conclude that maps and tables can be lin,ed if t&ey &ave t&e same domain! Howe&er, there is a &ery i"portant restriction that should be "entioned here! It is only possible to ha&e an attribute table with a class do"ain, or with an I- do"ain! Tables with a &alue do"ain are not possible! The reason or that is* 7 Suppose you ha&e de ined a &alue do"ain with "ini"u" 6 and "a1i"u" $6666, and a precision o 6!6$! In that case, a table connected to the "ap should ha&e a &ery lar(e nu"ber o records %$6666P$66 N $,666,666'! The nu"ber o records and the e1tre"e si2e o a table will beco"e a proble"! 7 A "ore i"portant reason, howe&er, is that &alue "aps the"sel&es do not contain in or"ation to which attributes they can be lin#ed! They are in act attribute "aps, and not the"atic "aps! The Landuse "ap %with a class do"ain' can ha&e an
attribute table, in which or each land use type in or"ation is (i&en, such as the bio"es production per hectare, the &alue o the land per hectare, etc! 7 The Citybloc# "ap %with do"ain I-' can ha&e an attribute table in which in or7 "ation is stored or each city bloc#, such as the nu"ber o people li&in( in the bloc#, the nu"ber o houses, public buildin(s, shops, etc! 7 A &alue "ap, on the other hand, such as the se("ent "ap Contour, contains &al7 ues, representin( a certain pheno"enon %in this case terrain ele&ation'! It is di i7 cult to i"a(ine which attributes could be lin#ed with such in or"ation, other than purely statistic in or"ation %e!(! the len(th o each line'! The lin#in( o "aps with attribute tables is use ul i you want to substitute the units o a "ap with an attribute &alue ro" the connected table %a process called renumbering'! In that case you (enerate an attribute "ap! Althou(h &alue "aps cannot be lin#ed to attribute tables, you can (enerate tables ro" &alue "aps! The "ost i"portant ones are cross tables and histo(ra"s! These are not used, howe&er, to renu"ber the &alue "aps! It would "a#e no sense to replace the -9 &alues %re lectance &alues' o a satellite i"a(e with the area attribute ro" its histo(ra"!
Su""ar( -ttri&ute data 7 =aps and tables can be lin#ed only i they ha&e the sa"e do"ain! 7 Fnly "aps with a class or I- do"ain can be lin#ed to attribute tables! +alue "aps cannot be lin#ed to tables!
/+
2.# 1i2el Infor"ation 3indo3

ILWIS has a special tool with which you can e1a"ine "ultiple "aps and lin#ed tables si"ultaneously* the pixel information -indo-! A pi1el in or"ation window is used to interacti&ely inspect coordinates, class na"es, I-s or pi1el &alues, in one or "ore "aps and attribute &alues o "ap7related tables! A pi1el in or"ation window
Fpen poly(on "ap Landuse! In the "ap window, open the >ile "enu and select Fpen Pi1el In or"ation!
The pi1el in or"ation window %>i(ure 2!,' is opened!
Position both windows ne1t to each other and "o&e the "ouse pointer o&er
the "ap! shows in or"ation at the position o the "ouse pointer in a "ap window!
A pi1el in or"ation window consists o "any ite"s that you ha&e seen be ore in "ap and table windows, such as a Control7"enu icon , Title bar, =enu bar, Status bar, etc! Fptions and Help!
Figure 2.3 An ILWIS Pi1el In or"ation window!
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 So"e special ite"s in this window are* Top le t button* the upper le t (ray button in the pi1el in or"ation window can be used to open the Custo"i2e Pi1el In o dialo( bo1!
In or"ation &iewer * where the in or"ation o the selected data ob)ects or the actual
position o the "ouse pointer in a "ap window is displayed!

=enu bar* the "enus o the ILWIS pi1el in or"ation window are* >ile, Edit,
To (et "ore in or"ation on a pi1el in or"ation window, press the >$7#ey or

open the Help "enu and select Help on this Window! I you want to display in or"ation on "aps and tables in the pi1el in or"ation window, you "ust "a#e sure that at least one "ap is displayed in a "ap window, and that the "aps are lin#ed to their attribute tables! We will now add "ap ;eo"orpholo(y to the pi1el in or"ation window to read the in or"ation ro" this "ap, alon( with that o the Landuse "ap!
-ra( and drop the poly(on "ap ;eo"orpholo(y

pi1el in or"ation window!
ro" the Catalo( to the
Position the "ouse pointer in the "ap window! In the pi1el in or"ation window, you can read the in or"ation o
the "ap7 pin( unit in "ap ;eo"orpholo(y, and o the "appin( unit in "ap Landuse at the sa"e location!
=o&e the "ouse pointer o&er the "ap to display the in or"ation continuously! Clic# the Top le t buttonin the pi1el in or"ation window or open the
Fptions "enu and select the Custo"i2e co""and! The Custo"i2e Pi1el In odialo( bo1 appears! continuously!
It is possible to hide or to show "aps and attributes in a pi1el in or"ation window*
-eselect all colu"ns o
table ;eo"orpholo(y and clic# FH!
When you now "o&e with the "ouse pointer o&er the "ap you will see that
no in or"ation is (i&en on the table ;eo"orpholo(y!
Close the pi1el in or"ation window by double7clic#in( the Control "enu

icon!
Close the "ap window!

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide /, IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
The Custo"i2e Pi1el In odialo( bo1 shows a list o "aps, tables and colu"ns that are presently &isible in the pi1el in or"ation window! The list bo1 Show &alues o can be used to select the "aps, tables or colu"ns you would li#e to see! @ou can select or deselect the" by clic#in( on the"! Selected ite"s appear hi(hli(hted! With the chec# bo1es you can de ine i the in or"ation is displayed when wor#in( with a =ouse pointer or with a -i(iti2er cursor, and whether the in or"ation should be displayed continuously %while "o&in( o&er the "ap', or only when you clic# a unit!
Su""ar( 1i2el Infor"ation 3indo3 7 A pi1el in or"ation window is used to interacti&ely inspect coordinates, class na"es, I-s or pi1el &alues in one or "ore "aps and attribute &alues o "ap7related tables! 7 A pi1el in or"ation window shows in or"ation at the position o the "ouse pointer in a "ap window!
2.4 )etails *ie3 of a 5atalog

@ou can choose to see the ob)ects in a Catalo( listed in List +iewor in -etails +iew! The List +iewoption (i&es a si"ple list o ob)ect na"es and icons! The
In the =ain window open the +iew "enu and select -etails or clic# the
-etails button in the Standard toolbar! The Catalo(, which is currently acti&e, chan(es ro" a List +iewinto a -etails +iew!
-etails +iewshows detailed in or"ation or each ob)ect!
The -etails +iewis a table with colu"ns that (i&e you e1tra in or"ation on indi&idual ob)ects such as* dependent or not, used do"ainD(eore erenceDcoordinate
-ra( and drop a colu"n header hori2ontally to another position!

syste", description, e1pression, etc! To chan(e the order o the colu"ns in the Catalo(*
-ra( the &ertical line which separates two colu"n headers to the le t or ri(ht!
Clic# colu"n header 9a"e! The ob)ects will now be sorted descendin(ly!
Clic# the colu"n header 9a"e once "ore! The ob)ects are sorted ascendin(7 ly a(ain!
Clic# the ri(ht "ouse button in the white space o
the Catalo(, choose the Sort <y co""and ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu, and select sortin( "ethod Type! The Catalo( is now ordered by ob)ect type %i!e! coordinate syste", do"ain, (eore erence, etc!'! "ethod Fb)ect Si2e!
Fpen the +iew "enu in the =ain window, select Sort <y and the sortin(
To chan(e the width o a colu"n in the Catalo(*
Fpen the +iew "enu in the =ain window, select Sort <y and sortin(
"ethod 9a"e or clic# the colu"n header 9a"e in the Catalo(!
/#
The Catalo( is by de ault ordered ascendin(ly by 9a"e but you can order the ob)ects descendin(ly or use another sortin( "ethod %e!(! by Type, Si2e, Attribute, etc!'!
Sortin( ascendin(ly and descendin(ly can be used on any colu"n! @ou can also sort ob)ects when in List +iew! To return to the ori(inal situation*
<y usin( a Catalog "uery, ILWIS will scan the contents o all ob)ect de inition iles in the current Catalo( and show only those ob)ects that are the result o the Cuery!
<y usin( a Cuery, you can search or instance or ob)ects that use do"ain type classDI-, do"ain type i"a(e, a certain do"ain %e!(! do"ain Landuse', a certain (eore erence, etc!
Fpen the +iew "enu in the =ain window, select Catalo( Queries and the
prede ined Cuery =aps with (eore tiepoints!

window! The Custo"i2e Catalo( sheet is opened!
the =ain
Select the Query tab and clic# the Help button to (et in or"ation about
de inin( your own Cueries!
@ou will create a Cuery! Type in the Query te1t bo1*

"ap!do"ain N landuse and clic# FH on the Query tab! The Cuery shows all the raster, poly(on, se(7 "ent and point "aps that use do"ain Landuse! In this e1ercise, raster "ap Landuse and poly(on "ap Landuse use the do"ain Landuse!
To turn o the Cuery, type -ir on the Co""and line, or open the +iew In this Catalo(, raster "ap T"b$ is the only "ap that uses a (eore erence tiepoints! The Cuery that is in use is shown in the Status bar o the =ain window! <esides usin( prede ined Cueries it is also possible to construct your own Cueries!
Su""ar( )etails *ie3 of a 5atalog
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 7 In ILWIS you can see ob)ects in a Catalo( in List +iewor in -etails +iew! 7 The -etails +iewis a table with colu"ns that (i&e you e1tra in or"ation on indi7 &idual ob)ects! 7 In each Catalo(, you can speci y the &isible ob)ect types, the sortin( "ethod o ob)ects, and a Cuery to search or speci ic ob)ects! 7 @ou can use prede ined Cueries but you can also construct your own Cueries!
2.10 %&'ect properties and dependenc( lin6s

As shown in precedin( sections, di erent data ob)ects %point, se("ent, poly(on and raster "aps' and ser&ice ob)ects %do"ains, representations, coordinate syste"s and (eore erences' are reCuired to or" a "ap in ILWIS! How does ILWIS #now which ob)ects are lin#edL The properties o an ob)ect show which ser&ice ob)ects are used or a data ob)ect or another ser&ice ob)ect! In section 2!2 you saw that or the display o &ector "aps, you need to ha&e a coordinate syste", a do"ain and a representation %dependin( on the do"ain' and that a raster "ap reCuires the sa"e ob)ects, plus the (eore erence! In section 2!3 it was shown that class and I- "aps could also be lin#ed to attribute tables! In >i(ures 2!. and 2!/, a sche"atic representation is shown o the properties o &ector and raster "aps! The properties o &ector "aps with a class do"ain, identi ier and &alue do"ain are shown in >i(ure 2!.! The ob)ects indicated in the shaded bo1es are the data ob)ects %i!e! point, se("ent, poly(on "aps and tables' and the ob)ects outside o these bo1es are the ser&ice ob)ects! The arrows indicate the relations between the ob)ects! >or e1a"ple, in >i(ure 2!., a do"ain is used by a &ector "ap %either a point, se("ent, or poly(on "ap', by a table, and by a representation!
Clic# in the Catalo( with the ri(ht "ouse button on class do"ain
Landuse, and select Properties ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu! The Properties sheet is opened!
Clic# the 8sed <y tab!

All the properties o an ob)ect can be &iewed ro" their Properties sheet!
Close the Properties sheet!
In the Catalo( clic# with the ri(ht "ouse button on do"ain Citybloc#
and select Properties ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu! The Properties sheet appears!
Clic# the 8sed <y tab! Citybloc# is an I- do"ain, used by poly(on "ap
Citybloc#, and table Citybloc#! ,0 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
A list o ob)ects is shown which use this do"ain Landuse* raster "ap Landuse, poly(on "ap Landuse, table Landuse, and representation Landuse!
To understand the >i(ures 2!. and 2!/ it is (ood to loo# at the properties o se&eral "aps!
Figure 2.+ The properties o &ector "aps with a Class, Identi ier and +alue do"ain in ILWIS! The data ob)ects are
shown in a shaded bo1!
Figure 2./ The properties o raster "aps with a Class, Identi ier, and +alue do"ain in ILWIS! The data ob)ects are
shown in a shaded bo1!
Co"pare the result with >i(ure 2!. and close the Properties sheet a ter7
wards!
Repeat this
or &alue do"ain Hei(ht! This do"ain is used by se("ent "ap Contour and by representation Hei(ht! Co"pare with >i(ure 2!.!
The properties o tables and colu"ns are sche"atically represented in >i(ure 2!0! A table should ha&e a class or I- do"ain! A table contains a nu"ber o colu"ns! Each ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide ,2 IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 colu"n also has a do"ain %e!(! class, I-, &alue or other special do"ains such as color, strin(, <ool, etc!'!
Figure 2., The properties o tables and colu"ns!
)ependencies
Fpen table Landuse! To &iew the properties o To &iew the properties o

the table, open the >ile "enu and select Properties! The Properties sheet o table Landuse is opened! @ou see that the table has class do"ain Landuse! a colu"n, double7clic# the colu"n header Land&alue in the table window or select the colu"n and press the Properties button in the Toolbar! The Colu"n Propertiesdialo( bo1 appears! syste" +alue do"ain! Clic# Cancel to close the Colu"n Properties sheet!
In the Colu"n Propertiessheet you see that colu"n Land&alue uses the Close table Landuse!
or table Citybloc# %with an Ido"ain'* inspect theado"ain the table and these&eral do"ain o so"e colu"ns! The relationships between data or o ser&ice ob)ect and ser&ice ob)ects are called the properties o the ob)ect! When "aps are used to create other "aps, or instance by per or"in( an operation or e1ecutin( an e1pression, then this operation or e1pression and the input "ap na"e%s' are stored inside the new "ap! This is what ILWIS calls dependency!
Repeat the procedure described abo&e
Futput "aps thus #now how they are created and on which input "aps, tables or colu"ns they depend! Such output
Figure 2.0 The dependency lin# between ob)ects! The output raster "ap is "ade ro" a poly7
(on "ap and a (eore erence, usin( the Poly(on to Raster operation!
"aps are called dependent data objects! The sa"e applies or tables and colu"ns! The operation or e1pression stored inside the dependent data ob)ect is called the definition! Let us loo# at an e1a"ple! Poly(on "ap Landuse was used in co"bination with the (eore erence Cochaba"ba to (enerate a raster "ap Landuse! This is shown
Clic# in the Catalo( with the ri(ht "ouse button on raster "ap Landuse
and select Properties ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu! The Properties sheet with the title Properties o -ependent Raster =ap JLanduseK is opened %see >i(ure 2!4'! sche"atically in >i(ure 2!3! The dependent raster "ap, which is the result o the Poly(on to Rasteroperation %i!e! the Rasteri2e Poly(on =apoperation', contains in or"ation on the source ob)ects ro" which it was created! In this case a poly(on "ap and a (eore erence! Let us chec# this
,+
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 e1a"ple in the data set!
Figure 2.# E1a"ple o a Properties sheet!
The Raster =ap tab (i&es you in or"ation on the ser&ice ob)ects o this "ap and in or"ation on how the "ap was "ade %i!e! the -e inition'* =apRasteri2ePoly(on%Landuse!"pa,Cochaba"ba!(r ' Where* =apRasteri2ePoly(on is the Poly(on to RasteroperationE Landuse!"pa is the poly(on "ap Landuse used to (enerate this "ap, and Cochaba"ba!(r is the (eore erence Cochaba"ba used to (enerate this "ap! Why does ILWIS #eep trac# o the ob)ects that are used to (enerate another oneL When you update input source "aps, tables or colu"ns by editin(, the dependent output "aps, tables or colu"ns which use these source ob)ects can be easily recalculated!
Clic# on the -ependency tab! 9ote that the line below the e1pression
=apRasteri2ePoly(on%Landuse!"pa, Cochaba"ba!(r 'says* Fb)ect is up7to7date! This "eans that none o the source ob)ects %i!e! poly(on "ap Landuse and (eore erence Cochaba"ba' ha&e been updated since the dependent raster "ap was (enerated! @ou can &eri y this by e1a"inin( the Catalo(!
Close the Properties sheet o
raster "ap Landuse!
Acti&ate the =ain window and chec# the colu"ns -, C, 8 and =odi ied in
the Catalo( %-etails +iew'! @ou will see that all the "aps are "odi ied on the sa"e date and ti"e and that raster "ap Landuse is -ependent %-', Calculated %C' and 8p7to7-ate %8'!
In the Catalo( clic# with the ri(ht "ouse button on poly(on "ap Landuse
and select Edit ro" the conte1t7sensiti&e "enu!
In the Poly(on editor chan(e
or e1a"ple the poly(on La#e, near the 8rban centre, into 8rban periphery and close the window a terwards!
Fpen the Properties sheet o
raster "ap Landuse! Fn the -ependency tab you see* Fb)ect is not up7to7date* Landuse!"pa%day date ti"e'!
9ow we are (oin( to update the source "ap Landuse!
Clic# the =a#e 8p7to7-ate button! A Chec# 8p7to7date "essa(e appears

with the Cuestion -ependent raster "ap JLanduseK is not up7to7 date! Recalculate it to"a#e itup7to7dateL
Answer @es to this Cuestion to recalculate the "ap!

raster "ap Landuse! Fn the -ependency tab you see that the Fb)ect is up7to7datea(ain! ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide ,, IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
The poly(on "ap is updated now! In the Catalo( o the =ain window you can see that the poly(on "ap Landuse has been "odi ied and that raster "ap Landuse is now -ependent %-', Calculated %C' and 9ot 8p7to7-ate %9'!
It is i"portant to #eep in "ind that dependent "aps are not auto"atically updated! ILWIS does #eep trac# o the dates and ti"es at which the source ob)ects were "odi ied! Fnly when you clic# the button =a#e 8p7to7-ate on the -ependency tab o the Properties sheet, ILWIS will as# you i you want to recalculate the "ap!
In the Pre erences o the =ain window, you can select the chec# bo1 ;i&e a
Warnin( when an ob)ect is not up7to7date! I you select this chec# bo1 ILWIS
(i&es you a warnin( when you want to open an ob)ect that is not up7to7date any7 "ore! There are so"e other i"portant ad&anta(es o the use o dependencies* 7 >or "aps, tables or colu"ns that are created &ia the =apCalc and TabCalc e1pressions, you can chan(e the de inition o the dependent output data ob)ectsE so you can do a si"ilar calculation a(ain with di erent para"eters without ha&in( to create a new "ap, table, or colu"n! 7 @ou can release dis# space* it is possible to delete the iles that contain the actual data &alues %e!(! !=PR and T<R iles', as lon( as the object definition files %e!(!
Clic# the button Release -is# Space! The Release -is# Spacedialo(
bo1 appears!
Clic# @es in the Release -is# Spacedialo( bo1! The Properties sheet
closes! !=PR, !=PA, !=PS, !=PP or !T<T iles' which contain the de inition to recalcu7 late the dependent data ob)ects re"ain!
raster "ap Landuse!
9ow the actual data ile o the raster "ap is deleted! Fnly the de inition o the "ap re"ains, so the "ap can always be recalculated! In the Catalo( o the =ain window you see that the raster "ap Landuse is now -ependent %-', 9ot Calculated %9' and 9ot 8p7to7-ate %9'! We will recalculate the data ile o the raster "ap below! In this e1a"ple the raster "ap had 5,2 lines and 0,3 colu"ns! Each pi1el was stored
Clic# the Calculate button!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 as $ byte! So you sa&e 5,2P0,3 N /5,04. bytes o dis# space, without losin( any actual in or"ation!
@ou will see that the contents o the sheet ha&e chan(ed! Fn the ;eneral tab, note the si2e o the ob)ect* 4$. bytes! This a"ount o stora(e space is needed or the in or"ation o the ob)ect de inition ile! Fn the -ependency tab, you now ind a button Calculate! <y pressin( this button you can recalculate the "ap usin( the e1pression which is a&ailable in the ob)ect de inition ile o raster "ap Landuse!
A so7called tran"uilizer is displayed, showin( the pro(ress o the calculation o the "ap! When it stops, the raster "ap Landuse is a(ain -ependent %-', Calculated
%C' and 8p7to7-ate %8' and the data ile o the raster "ap is a&ailable!
raster "ap Landuse!
9ow the dialo( bo1 loo#s li#e it was in the be(innin(! 9ote the ob)ect si2e is al"ost 066666 bytes! It is also possible to con&ert a "ap %or a table, or a colu"n' ro" bein( a dependent
Fn the -ependency tab, clic# the button <rea# -ependency Lin#! A

<rea# -ependency Lin#"essa(e appears!
Con ir" the Cuestion with @es! The Properties sheet is closed! Fpen the Properties sheet a(ain and note the di erence! ob)ect to a source ob)ect! In that case you will brea# the dependency lin#! A ter that, the "ap cannot be updated any"ore ro" the Properties sheet! @ou actually need to do the operation a(ain!
The Properties sheet will not contain in or"ation on the dependency lin#s any"ore %i!e! the -ependency tab is not a&ailable any"ore in the Properties sheet'! In chapter 3, the lin# between "aps and tables is e1plored urther and in chapter 4 you will practice so"e "ore with dependencies!
Su""ar( %&'ect properties and dependenc( lin6s 7 The relation between a data ob)ect and ser&ice ob)ects, or between ser&ice ob)ects a"on( the"sel&es, is speci ied by the properties o the ob)ect! 7 The properties are di erent or &ector "aps, raster "aps or tables! The properties ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide ,# IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 depend lar(ely on the type o do"ain which is used! 7 The lin# between output data ob)ects, obtained ro" other input data ob)ects throu(h an ILWIS operation is de ined by dependency lin#s! 7 =aps, tables and colu"ns are ori(inally when they are di(iti2ed, i"ported or creat7 ed by typin(! These ob)ects are called source ob)ects 7 Futput "aps, tables and colu"ns which are created throu(h a calculation or an operation are called dependent ob)ects! 7 The concept o dependency has a nu"ber o i"portant ad&anta(es* .asy update* when you ha&e new in or"ation and you edited input "aps, tables or colu"ns accordin(ly, the dependent output "aps, tables or colu"ns can be
recalculated as the syste" can e1ecute their de inition a(ain! There is thus no need to repeat operations and choose input and speci y output ob)ects a(ain* you can si"ply press the =a#e 8p7to7-ate button in the Properties sheet o the dependent output "aps, tables or colu"ns! .asy c&ange of calculation formulas* =apCalc and TabCalc or"ulas are stored as the de inition o dependent raster "aps and colu"ns and can be "odi ied in the Properties sheet o such a "ap or colu"n! This enables you to Cuic#ly chan(e calculation or"ulas and see results displayed in the sa"e raster "ap or colu"n! The need to create new "aps and colu"ns or si"ilar calculations is thus reduced! *inimum use of dis, space* when you per or" a calculation or another opera7 tion and the outco"e is a dependent "ap or table, in principle only the ob)ect de inition ile o the dependent "ap %!=PR, !=PA, !=PS, !=PP' or table %!T<T' is stored on dis#! Fb)ect de inition iles are s"all ASCII iles and they store a"on(st others the e1pression by which the output ob)ect is created and contain a re erence to the output data ile%s'! @ou can directly continue to per7 or" calculations andDor operations on the dependent ob)ects that do not ha&e calculated data iles yet! 7 When an ob)ect is -ependent %-', Calculated %C' and 8p7to7-ate %8' it "eans that none o the source ob)ects ha&e been updated since the dependent ob)ect was (en7 erated! 7 When an ob)ect is -ependent %-', Calculated %C' and 9ot 8p7to7-ate %9' it "eans that %one o ' the source ob)ects has been updated since the dependent ob)ect was (enerated! @ou can "a#e the dependent ob)ect up7to7date a(ain by usin( the =a#e 8p7to7-atebutton in the ob)ectBs Properties sheet! 7 When an ob)ect is dependent %-', 9ot Calculated %9' and 9ot 8p7to7-ate %9' it "eans that only the ob)ect de inition ile o the dependent ob)ect is stored on dis# and that the actual data ile is deleted! @ou can recalculate the dependent ob)ect by usin( the Calculate button in the ob)ectBs Properties sheet! 7 It is also possible to con&ert an ob)ect ro" bein( a dependent ob)ect to a source ob)ect! @ou can brea# a dependency lin# by usin( the <rea# -ependency Lin# button in the ob)ectBs Properties sheet!
2.11 7o3 to use geograp.ic data in ILWIS

A ter you ha&e loo#ed Cuite e1tensi&ely at the way (eo(raphical data is stored in a ;eo(raphic In or"ation Syste" li#e ILWIS, it is i"portant to as# yoursel now what you will do with it! In (eneral, there are our di erent phases that you ha&e to (o throu(h when you wor# with (eo(raphic data* )ata input @ou need to ensure that your spatial and non7spatial data is a&ailable in di(ital or" in your co"puter! How you do this depends lar(ely on the data type! >or instance, you can di(iti2e "aps and you can type tabular data! ILWIS can con&ert data iles deri&ed ro" scannin(, or you can i"port other di(ital or"ats as inputs! Throu(h i"a(e processin(, ILWIS enables data input ro" re"otely sensed i"a(es! The aspects o spatial data input will be dealt with in the ne1t chapter %chapter ,'!
)ata "anage"ent -ata can be stored in and retrie&ed with ILWIS! The data "ana(e"ent in ILWIS e"phasi2es e iciency o stora(e and retrie&al! >ile or"ats used are con&ertible so di erent data types can be co"bined! =any aspects o data "ana(e"ent in ILWIS will be treated in chapter . %on spatial data' and in chapter / %on attribute data'!
)ata anal(sis
-ata analysis is the "ost i"portant eature o ILWIS, Cuali yin( it as an analytical ;IS pac#a(e! -ata analysis is the process in which you (enerate in or"ation that is use ul or sol&in( a particular proble"! When the data is in the or" o satellite i"a(es, the data analysis is also called di(ital i"a(e processin(! The ob)ecti&e is to (enerate i"a(es that can be interpreted by e1perts, or to (enerate classi ication results, containin( the"atic in or"ation on eatures such as land use, litholo(y, etc! The &arious ILWIS operations on i"a(e processin( will be co&ered in chapter 0! )ata output Fther data analysis techniCues dealin( with "aps, co"bined with tables, will be treated in the chapters 3 to $2 which ha&e an increasin( de(ree o co"ple1ity!
The inal ob)ecti&e o wor#in( with a ;IS such as ILWIS is to produce use ul output results! 8sin( ILWIS you can show your results on the screen, as hard copy output %printed data' or as so t copy % iles to be used urther in ILWIS or in other so tware
00
Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0 pac#a(es'! All aspects dealin( with the (eneration o output with ILWIS will be treated in the inal chapter $,!

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Main concepts of ILWIS 3.

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

2.1 Structure of spatial data in ILWIS

eature is either a class na"e, an I-, or a &alue!

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide 2# IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

2.2 )ispla(ing "aps and La(er Manage"ent )ispla(ing

-ouble7clic# poly(on "ap

-ouble7clic# raster "ap

Clic# the Ioo" In button

Repeat this procedure

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

=a#e the ILWIS =ain window acti&e! I

Press the 9or"al button

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

-ouble7clic# T"b$ in the Layer =ana(e"ent pane! The -isplay Fptions

Answer this Cuestion with @es!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

In the Add -ata Layerdialo( bo1, select se("ent "ap -raina(e

Clic# the draina(e lines to learn the contents o

the "ap -raina(e!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Clic# FH in the Sy"bol dialo( bo1!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

When you ha&e

inished, close the "ap window!

IL WIS 3.0 User s Guide

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

2.3 -&out do"ains

More a&out class do"ains

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Fpen the do"ain o

What is the ad&anta(e o the do"ain approachL Let us (i&e an e1a"ple*

Clic# the 8sed <y tab!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Fpen another class do"ain* ;eo"orpholo(y!

Close the -o"ain Class editor!

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

In this case the identi iers are uni"ue numbers!

Close do"ain Citybloc#, and open do"ain Rain all!

Close the -o"ain Identi ier editor!

Fpen the do"ain

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Close the Hei(ht do"ain!

These do"ains ha&e been "ade especially or the data set!

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

2.+ -&out representations

More a&out representation class

-ouble7clic# poly(on "ap Landuse in the Catalo(! The -isplay Fptions

The Layer =ana(e"ent pane shows the Le(end o

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

ILWIS 3.0 Users Guide

Main concepts of ILWIS 3.0

In the Catalo(, double7clic# poly(on "ap Citybloc#! In the -isplay

Select the option =ultiple Colors, ,$ and clic# FH!