08 - Feedback ANC

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012) 8. Feedback active noise control Luigi Piroddi piroddi@elet.polimi.
it
Luigi Piroddi
Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)
(Adaptive) feedforward or (non-adaptive) feedback ANC?

Feedback control systems differ from feedforward systems in the manner in which the control signal is derived.
Feedforward systems rely on some predictive measure of the incoming disturbance to generate an appropriate canceling disturbance. Feedback systems generate the control signal by processing the error signal, with the goal of attenuating the residual effects of the disturbance after it has passed (the reference sensor is not required).
one sensor less no acoustic feedback we do not need to worry about the low coherence between reference and disturbance feedback ANC cannot make any difference between the noise and the useful signal measured by the error microphone: everything is attenuated
A feedforward system should be implemented whenever it is possible to obtain a suitable reference signal, because the performance of an adaptive feedforward system is, in that case, superior to a feedback system.
8. Feedback active noise control 2
Luigi Piroddi
Feedback ANC is required for applications in which it is not possible or practical to measure or internally generate a coherent reference signal:
spatially incoherent noise generated from turbulence noise generated from many sources and propagation paths resonant response of an impulsively excited structure, where no coherent reference signal is available
Unlike feedforward systems for which the physical system and controller can be optimized separately, feedback systems must be designed by considering the physical system and controller as a coupled system. For noise problems:
Adaptive feedforward control has been applied successfully to ducts, aircraft cabins and motor vehicle interiors and exteriors. Feedback control has been applied successfully to ear defenders where it is not easy to sample the incoming signal in advance, making it difficult to generate an appropriate reference signal for a feedforward controller.
8. Feedback active noise control
Luigi Piroddi
Location of sensors and actuators

The physical arrangement of control sources and error sensors plays a very important role in determining the effectiveness of an active control system. Moving the locations of the control sources and sensors affects both system controllability and stability:
For feedforward systems, the physical system arrangement can be optimized independently of the controller. For feedback systems, the physical system arrangement is an important part of the controller design. For duct applications:
the microphone should be placed at the surface of the duct (zero airflow velocity) the loudspeaker should be placed in the centre of the transverse cross-section of the duct to minimize the number of transverse modes
Luigi Piroddi
Classical feedback ANC scheme

Noise source
duct Primary noise
d
Canceling loudspeaker
Error microphone
The feedback control system employs a secondary source located in the vicinity of an error sensor (to minimize loop delay).
an overall gain higher than unity a 180 phase reversal
y ( n) Feedback ANC
e ( n)
The sensor output is processed by an amplifier that has:
The system requires only one sensor (the acoustic secondary-to-reference feedback problem is avoided).
Luigi Piroddi
Problems:
limited broadband noise attenuation limited frequency range of operation (up to a few hundred Hz) the presence of a delay from the secondary source to the error sensor implies that only periodic signals can be completely canceled possible instability caused by positive feedback at high frequencies
the control system will oscillate when the combined loop delays are equivalent to a 180 phase shift at a particular frequency and the overall gain is greater than unity
The smaller the distance between the error microphone and the secondary source:
the higher the critical frequency over which the system cannot work, but the less uniform the sound field generated by the secondary source (due to physical limitations of conventional loudspeakers)
Therefore, the non-uniform near-field of the loudspeaker determines an upper bound on the frequencies that can be canceled. To prevent system oscillation, the loop gain must be less than 1 before the critical frequency is reached (gain roll-off).
Luigi Piroddi
Improved feedback ANC system implementation

The working range of a feedback ANC system can be greatly extended by feeding the loudspeakers output into a partially closed volume (with dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of the highest frequency to be controlled) containing the microphone. In this way,
the near-field of the loudspeaker becomes more uniform the acoustic effect of the partially closed volume yields a well-behaved roll-off characteristic the microphone is automatically isolated from nearby reflecting surfaces (and, in cases of highly hostile environments, it is placed in a safer zone)
duct Primary noise Error microphone Canceling loudspeaker y ( n) e ( n) Feedback ANC
Luigi Piroddi
Reported applications of feedback ANC

Duct ANC system comprising two (electrically) independent feedback ANC systems in cascade (Hong et al., 1987)
each feedback stage provides additional attenuation (although less than the sum of the individual actions due to the interaction between the two systems)
Active electronic muffler for automobile exhaust noise control (Taki, 1993)
the noise attenuation performance is approximately equal to that of a passive muffler, but a great reduction of exhaust back pressure is obtained, providing a 510 % increase of engine power
Noise attenuation in transport aircraft cabin (Legrain and Goulain, 1988)

a loudspeaker is mounted at one end of the cabin and microphones are located at passenger ear level along the fuselage
Broadband noise control in an active headset (Carme,1988; Veit, 1988; Wheeler and Smeatham, 1992)
the confined space minimizes phase shift and acoustic noise travel time between the headsets loudspeaker and a closely spaced miniature microphone; more than 10 dB attenuation is achieved at the ear drum below 3 kHz
Luigi Piroddi
Analysis of a general feedback ANC system

d(n) y (n) + e (n) d(n) = primary noise (at the error location) e(n) = residual noise measured by the error sensor y(n) = secondary control signal W(z) = controller transfer function S(z) = secondary path transfer function
W( z)
H(z)
S(z)
Under steady state conditions: 1 E(z) = 1+S(z)W(z) D(z) H(z) = closed loop transfer function from the primary noise to the error signal The error goes to 0 as the magnitude of the loop gain |S(ej)W(ej)| approaches infinity. Therefore, significant noise reduction can be achieved by designing the controller to have a large gain over the frequency band of interest.
Luigi Piroddi
In the ideal case S(z) = 1, arbitrary noise reduction can be obtained by employing a constant controller W(z) = with large gain. In practice, the frequency response of S(z) is never perfectly flat and free of phase shift:
The response of the secondary source introduces a considerable phase shift. The physical path from the secondary source to the error sensor introduces some delay, due to propagation time.
Using a constant controller, as the phase shift in the secondary path approaches 180, the control system may become unstable (if the loop gain is greater than unity at the corresponding frequency) see, e.g., Bode stability criterion Define L(ej) = S(ej)W(ej) = ML()ejL() where
ML() = |L(ej)| L() = L(ej)
Luigi Piroddi
Then: |1 + S(ej)W(ej)|2 = 1 + ML()2 + 2ML()cos(L()) The design of a feedback ANC involves finding a W(z) such that ML() is maximized while 180 < L() < 180, ensuring at the same time the following two constraints:
causality of W(z) stability of H(z) open-loop gain |ML()| < 1 at 180 phase shift
Remarks:
If not compensated for stability at high frequencies, the ANC system will diverge into uncontrolled oscillation initiated by low level noise. Additional filters may be introduced into W(z) to compensate for the phase shift of S(ej), thereby increasing the ANC bandwidth. High level of noise attenuation is obtained for periodic or very low-frequency noise. The gain-bandwidth limitation may be reduced by using cascaded feedback stages.
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Luigi Piroddi
The waterbed effect

Bode (1945) showed that the integral of the log sensitivity function H(z) (which is linearly proportional to the disturbance attenuation) in dB, calculated over the whole frequency range, must be zero. constraint on H(z) This performance limitation of feedback controllers implies that
we can obtain good attenuation (small |H(ejT)|) only in a limited bandwidth (where the disturbance has significant energy), but we must allow for small enhancements elsewhere (typically, where the disturbance has little energy)
This disturbance enhancement can be made arbitrarily small for minimum-phase plants, but not for non-minimum-phase ones. This is known as the waterbed effect. Notice that this limitation is not shared by feedforward control systems (using a time-advanced reference signal), that can achieve broadband attenuation of a disturbance without any out-of-band enhancements.
Luigi Piroddi
Closed loop rejection of harmonic disturbances for narrowband ANC

The z-transform of e(n) is given by: d(n) 1 E(z) = 1+L(z) D(z) where H(z) L(z) = S(z)W(z) 1 c j 1 | L ( e )| Since j 1+ L ( e ) 1 > c the control system must be designed so that:
closed loop stability is guaranteed c >> (otherwise no attenuation can be achieved) |L(j )| A (level of attenuation)
y(n) + e(n)
W(z)
S(z)
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Luigi Piroddi
Since the z-transform of the disturbance signal d(n) = cos( nTS) is equal to z2 cos( TS ) z D(z) = 2 , z 2cos( TS ) z + 1 if the controller is stabilizing and includes a factor z2 2cos( TS) z + 1 at the denominator (internal model principle), perfect rejection of the disturbance is obtained at steady state. In fact, defining: NW(z) NW(z) NS(z) W(z) = D (z) = 2 and S ( z ) = W(z) DS(z) (z 2cos( TS)z+1)D W one obtains: 1 1 z2 cos( TS ) z = E(z) = 1+L(z) D(z) = 2 NW(z)NS(z) z 2cos( TS ) z + 1 1+ 2 W(z)DS(z) TS)z+1)D (z 2cos( W(z)DS(z) (z2cos( TS)z)D = N (z)N (z)+D (z)D (z) W S W S
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Luigi Piroddi
Since the poles of function E(z) are all in |z| < 1 (stabilizing regulator), e(n) 0 in view of the final value theorem. The simplest regulator structure that contains the cancelling factor is W(z) = k z (z b ) z2 2cos( T) z + 1
which is called notch filter. The real zero b of the transfer function is generally introduced to reduce the phase loss determined by the poles on the unit circle. Choosing b = cos( T) centers the zero at the same frequency of the poles.
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Luigi Piroddi
Bode Diagram
Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)
Regulator transfer function
200 150 100 50 0 -50 90 45 0 -45 -90 10

-2
10
-1
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
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Luigi Piroddi
Bode Diagram
Closed loop sensitivity transfer function (S(z) = 1)
-50 Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)
-100
-150
-200 90 45 0 -45 -90 10

-2
10
-1
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
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Luigi Piroddi
Problems:
The regulator is at the stability limit. As the relative degree of the systems transfer function increases it gets more difficult to ensure stability (check the asymptotes of the root locus). Stability is even harder to obtain if the controlled system adds resonances (and anti-resonances) at frequencies near to those of the filter. The precise positioning of the notch is critical.
The root locus is typically employed in the design process.
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Luigi Piroddi
Singularities of the loop transfer function on the unit circle

The control of resonant systems (e.g., vibration control of mechanical structures or acoustic control of enclosures) involves loop transfer functions with multiple singularities on the unit circle or near to it:
resonances and anti-resonances due to the vibrational/acoustic normal modes of the controlled system unit circle poles introduced by the controller for harmonic disturbance rejection
If the low damped poles and zeros of the loop transfer function are alternated on the unit circle, it can be shown (e.g., with the root locus approach) that the stabilization of the system is always possible, even in the presence of significant system perturbations (robust stability). On the contrary, if such property does not hold, stabilization is very critical or impossible. The correct placement of the controller singularities on the unit circle is therefore crucial.
Luigi Piroddi
Case 1: L(z) with one couple of poles on (or near to) the unit circle
rel. degree of L(z) = 0 1 Imaginary Axis 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 Imaginary Axis 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis rel. degree of L(z) = 2 1 Imaginary Axis 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 Imaginary Axis 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 1 -1 0 Real Axis rel. degree of L(z) = 2 1 rel. degree of L(z) = 1
OK
(always)
OK
(but the gain must be small)
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Luigi Piroddi
Case 2: L(z) with two couples of poles on (or near to) the unit circle
rel. degree of L(z) = 0 rel. degree of L(z) = 1 1 Imaginary Axis 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 -1 0 Real Axis rel. degree of L(z) = 1 1 Imaginary Axis 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 Imaginary Axis 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis 1 1 Imaginary Axis 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1 0 Real Axis rel. degree of L(z) = 2 1 rel. degree of L(z) = 2
OK
Imaginary Axis
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
(stabilizable)
not OK
Imaginary Axis
rel. degree of L(z) = 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
(not stabilizable)
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Luigi Piroddi
Adaptive feedforward ANC vs. non-adaptive feedback ANC

Control algorithm adaptive feedforward ANC non-adaptive feedback ANC Advantages error signal driven to 0 large stability bounds precise modeling not required no reference microphone no acoustic feedback active damping provides transient signal suppression relatively simple control algorithm Disadvantages transient suppression is difficult coherent reference signal required stability not guaranteed non-selective attenuation small delay requirement constrains control setting modeling uncertainty reduces robustness limited cancellation over limited bandwidth
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Luigi Piroddi
Single-channel adaptive ANC using a feedback-generated reference

A simple idea to recover some of the results found for adaptive feedforward ANC consists in using feedback to estimate the primary noise, in order to use this estimate as a mock reference signal for the ANC filter. This technique can be viewed as an adaptive feedforward system that synthesizes its reference signal based only on the adaptive filter output and the error signal.
d( n) +
W(z)
y ( n)
S(z)
e ( n)
D(z) = E(z) + S(z)Y(z) ^ (z) = E(z) + S ^ (z)Y(z) X(z) = D W(z) Y(z) = ^ E(z) 1S(z)W(z)
^ ( z) S
^ ( n) x ( n) = d + +
This scheme is very similar to the Internal Model Control (IMC) scheme.
Luigi Piroddi
Interpretation of the IMC-like feedback ANC as a feedforward ANC

E(z) = 1+S(z) 1 W(z) ^ (z)W(z) 1S ^ (z)W(z) 1S D(z) = D(z) ^ 1+[S(z)S(z)]W(z)
d( n) x ( n)
^ (z) Under ideal conditions where S = S(z) (and therefore x(n) = d(n)) we obtain: E(z) = [1 S(z)W(z)]D(z) and the feedback control scheme can be seen to correspond to an adaptive feedforward ANC system.
W(z)
y (n )
S(z)
e ( n)
S(z)
x(n)
LMS
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Luigi Piroddi
Filter adaptation with the FxLMS algorithm

The adaptive filter W(z) can be adapted using the FxLMS algorithm, employing ^ (z) to compensate for the secondary path. another instance of S ^ (n ) = x(n) = d = e(n) + sm(n)y(nm)
^ m=0 L1 l=0 M1
d(n) x(n)
W(z)
y(n)
S(z)
e(n)
^ ( z) S
x(n) ^ (n) d
^ ( z) S LMS
+ +
y(n) = wl(n)x(nl) wl(n+1) = wl(n) + x(nl)e(n)

^ x(n) = s m(n)x(nm) m=0 M1
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Luigi Piroddi
Example: active control of road noise in cars (Elliott and Sutton, 1996)
A comparison is made between adaptive feedforward ANC and adaptive feedback ANC, developed on the basis of the IMC method. Performance variations with respect to the systems delay are studied. This delay is due to:
the physical propagation time from loudspeaker to microphone the processing time of the digital controller the delays through the anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters
The feedforward control system operates with reference signals derived from six accelerometers. The controller used six FIR filters with 128 coefficients operating at a sample rate of 1 kHz. A single FIR filter having 128 coefficients is used to implement the W(z) filter in the feedback controller at a sample rate of 1 kHz.
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Luigi Piroddi
The following figures report:

the spectrum of the measured pressure inside a small car driven at 60 km/h over a rough road surface (solid curve) the residual spectrum predicted after using a feedforward/feedback control system assuming the plant response to be a pure delay (1 ms delay = dashed line, 5 ms delay dotted line).
The attenuations achieved are relatively insensitive to delays in this range. The main factor limiting the performance of the feedforward controller is the fact that the multiple coherence between the reference signals and the disturbance signal is less than unity. The feedback control system does not use any reference signals (and therefore is not limited by low coherence problems) and the disturbance is being cancelled by a filtered version of the disturbance itself.
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Luigi Piroddi
Feedforward control system
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Luigi Piroddi
Feedback control system
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Luigi Piroddi
Remarks:
The predictability of the disturbance over a time scale equal to the delay of the plant is expected to affect the feedback control system performance. In fact, the performance is significantly degraded by the larger delay.
For the 1 ms delay, the spectrum of the residual error is flat, indicating that it is almost white. With the 5 ms delay, the residual error has a more colored spectrum, but the sharp peaks in the original disturbance, which correspond to more predictable components in the primary pressure signal, have been largely attenuated. The overall attenuation falls to less than 1 dB for a 5 ms delay.
For very short plant delays, the feedback controller can achieve a higher attenuation at the error microphone than the feedforward controller, although the error microphone would have to be so close to the loudspeaker to achieve these small delays that the acoustic effect of control would not be very widespread.
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Luigi Piroddi
In any case, the variation of attenuation with delay is much dependent on the statistical properties of the disturbance.
If the disturbance were a pure tone, for example, both feedforward and feedback control systems could, in principle, give infinite attenuations at a single microphone, regardless of the plant delay. If, on the other hand, the disturbance were white noise, the feedback system would be unable to achieve any attenuation if there were a finite delay in the plant.
The residual error below ~20 Hz after control in the feedback case is somewhat higher than before. This increase is due to amplification of the disturbance by the control system and may overload the loudspeaker used as the secondary source.
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Luigi Piroddi
Waveform synthesis using a feedback-generated reference
Noise source
duct Primary noise Canceling loudspeaker Error microphone e(n) + ^ (n) d
W (z)
y (n)
^ ( z) S PLL
Synchronization pulse
^ (n) is used to synthesize a low frequency The regenerated reference signal x(n) = d component locked at the fundamental driving frequency of the primary noise source, which is then used as an input to the waveform synthesizer W(z).
Luigi Piroddi
Multiple-channel adaptive feedback ANC: K1 system (1 error sensor)

d(n) +
x(n)
K1 Feedback ANC
y1(n) ... yK(n)
S1(z) SK(z)
e(n)
Reference signal estimator
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Luigi Piroddi
e(n) = d(n) sk(n)*y k(n)

k=1
where
sk(n), k = 1, 2, , K, are the impulse responses of the secondary paths Sk(z) yk(n), k = 1, 2, , K, are the secondary signals of the adaptive filters Wk(z)
K ^ ^ x(n) = d(n) = e(n) + sk(n)*yk(n) k=1
The FxLMS algorithm is used to minimize the error signal e(n) by adjusting the weight vector for each adaptive filter Wk(z): wk(n+1) = wk(n) + xk(n)e(n) where
xk(n) = sk(n)*x(n)
^
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Luigi Piroddi
Example of a 21 adaptive feedback ANC system

y1(n)
^ S1(z)
+ e(n) + + x(n)
W1(z)
x1(n) ^ LMS S1(z) x2(n) ^ LMS S2(z)
e(n)
^ S2(z)
W2(z)
y2(n)
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Luigi Piroddi
Multiple-channel adaptive feedback ANC: KM system (multiple error sensors)

If a single error signal does not capture all the desired spatial and frequency components, the general KM scheme can be adopted (M error sensors and K secondary sources).
Noise source x(n) y1(n) y(n) K yK(n) Enclosure eM(n) ... e1(n) ...
KM adaptive filters
FxLMS
e(n) M
Reference signal estimator

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Luigi Piroddi
This system includes:

MK secondary paths Smk(z) from the kth secondary source to the mth error sensor KM adaptive filters Wkm(z)
The synthesized reference signals are expressed as: xm(n) = em(n) + smk(n)*yk(n), m = 1, 2, , M
k=1 K ^
where
^ ^ ( z) smk(n) is the impulse response of the secondary path estimate S mk
yk(n) is the kth secondary signal, computed as wkm(n)*xm(n)

m=1
wkm(n) is the impulse response of the adaptive filter Wkm(z)
The filter weights are adapted using the (JKM) FxLMS algorithm, with J = M.
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Luigi Piroddi
Example of a 22 multiple-channel adaptive feedback ANC scheme

x1(n)
W11(z) W21(z)
+ + e1(n) e2(n)
y1(n)
^ S11(z) ^ S21(z)
e1(n) + + +
FxLMS W12(z)
x2(n)
+ +
^ S12(z) ^ S 22(z) y2(n)
+ + e2(n) +
W22(z)
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Luigi Piroddi
Hybrid ANC systems

Noise source
duct Primary noise Reference microphone x ( n) Feedforward ANC + y ( n) + Feedback ANC Canceling loudspeaker Error microphone e ( n)
The feedforward ANC system uses two sensors, the reference sensor to measure the primary disturbance, and the error sensor to monitor the ANC system performance. The adaptive feedback ANC uses only the error sensor and cancels only the predictable part of the primary noise The feedforward ANC attenuates the primary noise correlated with x(n), while the feedback ANC cancels the narrowband components of the primary noise not observed by the reference sensor.
Luigi Piroddi
Hybrid ANC with FIR feedforward ANC

x (n)
P( z)
d(n) e (n) +
x(n) ^ S(z)
LMS
A( z)
W(z)
+ +
y (n)
S(z)
e (n)
C(z) ^ (n) d ^ (n) d ^ LMS S(z)

e (n)
^ ( z) S
+ e (n) +
Luigi Piroddi
The combined controller has two reference inputs:

x(n) from the reference sensor ^ (n), the estimated primary signal d
Filtered versions of these signals are used to adapt the coefficients of two FIR filters (A(z) and C(z)). Then, the secondary signal is generated as: d (n ) y(n) = a(n)Tx(n) + c(n)T^ where
a(n) = [ a0(n) a1(n) aL1(n) ]T is the weight vector of A(z) at time n x(n) = [ x(n) x(n1) x(nL+1) ]T c(n) = [ c0(n) c1(n) cL1(n) ]T is the weight vector of C(z) at time n ^ ^ (n) d ^ (n1) d ^ (nL+1) ]T d (n) = [ d
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Luigi Piroddi
The weights are updated with the FxLMS algorithm:

a(n+1) = a(n) + x(n)e(n) c(n+1) = c(n) + ^ d (n)e(n)
where x(n) and ^ d (n) are the filtered reference signal vectors:
x(n) = s(n)*x(n) ^ ^ d (n) = s(n)*^ d (n)
^
Simulation results show that the hybrid ANC system can achieve:
15 dB additional attenuation with respect to the purely feedforward FxLMS scheme 3 dB additional attenuation with respect to the feedback ANC algorithm
A hybrid scheme can also be realized where the feedforward part uses IIR filters adapted with the Filtered-u Recursive LMS algorithm.
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Luigi Piroddi
Comparison of hybrid and non-hybrid ANC structures

Filter order Spectral capability Plant noise Noise field coherence Feedforward ANC moderate broadband and narrowband not canceled coherent only Adaptive feedback ANC high narrowband only good cancellation coherent or incoherent Hybrid ANC (FIR) low broadband and narrowband good cancellation coherent or incoherent Hybrid ANC (IIR) low broadband and narrowband good cancellation coherent or incoherent
Hybrid ANC allows to use a lower-order filter to achieve the same performance. Feedback ANC cancels only the predictable part of the primary noise, whereas hybrid ANC achieves also broadband noise cancellation. Feedforward ANC works well if the primary signal is highly correlated with the reference signal: this condition may not be met if the reference sensor picks up plant noise or if the primary noise and the reference sensors are not coherent.
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08 - Feedback ANC

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Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012) 8. Feedback active noise control Luigi Piroddi piroddi@elet.polimi.

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

(Adaptive) feedforward or (non-adaptive) feedback ANC?

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Location of sensors and actuators

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Classical feedback ANC scheme

The sensor output is processed by an amplifier that has:

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Improved feedback ANC system implementation

duct Primary noise Error microphone Canceling loudspeaker y ( n) e ( n) Feedback ANC

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Reported applications of feedback ANC

Noise attenuation in transport aircraft cabin (Legrain and Goulain, 1988)

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Analysis of a general feedback ANC system

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

The waterbed effect

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Closed loop rejection of harmonic disturbances for narrowband ANC

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

Regulator transfer function

200 150 100 50 0 -50 90 45 0 -45 -90 10

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Closed loop sensitivity transfer function (S(z) = 1)

-50 Magnitude (dB) Phase (deg)

-200 90 45 0 -45 -90 10

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

The root locus is typically employed in the design process.

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Singularities of the loop transfer function on the unit circle

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

rel. degree of L(z) = 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Adaptive feedforward ANC vs. non-adaptive feedback ANC

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Single-channel adaptive ANC using a feedback-generated reference

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Interpretation of the IMC-like feedback ANC as a feedforward ANC

8. Feedback active noise control

Active Noise Control course notes (January 2012)

Filter adaptation with the FxLMS algorithm

y(n) = wl(n)x(nl) wl(n+1) = wl(n) + x(nl)e(n)