Chemical Engineering Department

TUTORIAL NO.

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

TUTORIAL NO. 1

Date :____________
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)

Chemical Engineering Department

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

INTRODUCTION :A device used for exchanging energy in the form of heat between two fluids is known as heat exchanger. Heat exchanger may be direct or indirect. In indirect exchanger two fluids are se arated by a metallic or non!metallic surface through which heat transfer takes lace. "hell # tube ty e exchanger are indirect heat exchanger. It contains a number of arallel tubes enclosed in a relatively close fitting cylinderical shell. If none of the fluid condenses or eva orates the unit is known as heat exchanger$ otherwise it is known as condenser or eva orator. MECHANICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE (A) SHELL DIAMETER :%a& If triangular itch tube is used then area occu ied by 'ach (ube ) %tan *& "(+ ,ow$ * ) -.. / a ) ..0-- "(+ 1 1 1 If ,umber (ubes ) n then an )n2..0-- "(+ %b& If s3uare itch of tube is used then area occu ied by each tube ) "(+ If ,umber of (ube ) n$ (hen (otal Area of "hell ) an )n2 "(+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 %+& %7&

%1&

Area of shell ) %456& D+ ) ..0--n "(+ or n "(+

(B) SHELL THICKNESS :ts ) ;D5%+f < =;& >here? ; ) Design ;ressure. D = Inside Diameter @f "hell. < ) <oint 'fficiency 9(ake 0AB: 8 ) ;ermissible stress 8or "hell Caterial

8rom e3uation 97: the internal diameter of shell D can be calculated.

(C) NOZZLE THICKNESS [INLET & OUTLET NOZZLE] tn) ;D5%+f < ! ;& >here? <)<oint 'fficiency +
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)

Chemical Engineering Department

Add suitable corrosion allowance to this value de ending u on the material of construction for noDDle. (D) HEAD THICKNESS :1. Co !"#$ H%#& :th ) ;D5%+f < cos >here

&

)Half A ex Angel @f Eone

;)Design ;ressure Eonical head is attached with shell using knuckle having an inside radius referably not less than 1.B of the internal diameter of shell. (his reduces localiDed stress at the Function of conical head and cylindrical shell '. To(!)*+%(!"#$ H%#& :th ) ;Gc>5%+f < &

>here? ; ) Internal Design ;ressure Gc) Erown Gedius > ) "tress Intersification 8actor ) %1 5 6&%7 + % Rc 5 R1& & >here? G1 ) Hnuckle Gadius Hnuckle with at least -B of inside diameter of vessel is used to Foint the head. ,. E$$!*-!"#$ H%#& :th ) ;DI5%+f < & >here? D ) CaFor Axis @f 'lli se I = "tress Intensification factor ) %156&%+=k+& %k)maFor axis5minor axis&

..

H%/!)*+%(!"#$ H%#& :-

th ) ;D5%6f < & 8or above heads the revention of colla se due to buckling is im ortant. the thickness will be given by$

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)

Chemical Engineering Department

>here? ; ) Design 'xternal ;ressure ' ) Codule @f 'lasticity ) ;oissonJs Gatio (E) BA00LES AND TIE ROADS :Kaffles may be transverse or longitudinal. It increase velocity and turbulence and hence the rate of heat transfer in the shell side fluid. (he baffles are su orted by tie roads add ositioned by s acers. (he tie roads are fixed at one end in the tube sheet. Cinimum number of tie roads is four with at least 1. mm diameter. Longitudinal baffles are flat sheets and used to obtain counter flow of the tube side and shell side fluid. Kaffles cuts from 1Ato 6A ercent are used. Menerally a baffles cut of +. to +A ercent will be o timum giving good heat transfer rates without excessive ressure dro . Kaffles s acings used range from ..+ to 1 time shell diameter and o timum s acing is ..7 to ..A time shell diameter (0) 0LANGE 1OINT [BET2EEN SHELL&TUBE SHEETS] :0$# 3% T+!"4 %)) :-

tf )

"

! 2 f

=E

1 >here? H ) ..7 + 1.A#mh" H 2"

>here? M) Masket Diameter 8 ) ;ermissible "tress E ) Eorrosion Allowance hM ) Gadial Distance 8rom Masket Load (o Kolt Eirde ) %K N M&5+ ; ) Design ;ressure K ) Kolt Eircle Diameter >m ) (otal Kolt Load H ) (otal Hydrostatic 'nd 8orce ) %456& M+; Kolt load at o erating condition : >m ) %4& +b M2m2; =%456& M+; m ) Masket 8actor %As er standard table for exam le -.A for stainless steel & +b ) 'ffective Masket @r <oint Eontact "urface. ; ) Design ;ressure 6
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)

Chemical Engineering Department

Maskets are ke t between two adFacent flange faces and held tight by series of bolts. It seals irregular surface of the flange faces. (G) THICKNESS O0 TUBE :-

tt ) ;D.5%+ f < = ;&

Add suitable corrosion allowance to this thickness as er the material of construction. (ubes are laid out either on an e3uilateral traingular itch or s3uare itch. Cinimum itch is 1.+A times the outside diameter of tube. Ose of finned tube rovides high heat transfer rates. (he fin height is above 1.A mm with P to 0 fins er cm tube length.

( H ) TUBE SHEETS :(ubes are su orted by tube sheet. (ubes are laced in the large number of holes drilled in the tube sheet. T+!"4 %)) O5 T67% S+%%- :-

tts ) 8 "

..+A ! f

>here? ;)Design ;ressure. 8)Allowable "tress At @ ening (em rature. M)Diameter of Masket. Here 8 )
++ + +7

H ) 's ts %Do!ts&5Q't , (i %do Ntt&R

>here ? 's)'lastic Codules @f "hell. 't) 'lastic Codules @ftube. do)@utside Diameter @f (ube Do)@ut "ide Diameter @f "hell (s )"hell (hickness (t)(ube >all (hickness ,),o. of (ubes In "hell ( I ) CHANNEL AND CHANNEL CO8ER :(he effective thickness of the flat channel cover is calculated from the formula :

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)

Chemical Engineering Department

t)

"c

2! f

>here? M ) Cean Masket Diameter 8or Eover ; ) Design ;ressure 8 ) ;ermissible stress Add re3uired corrosion allowance for given material of construction = $.%& >hen 8ull 8aces Masket Is Osed ) ..7 when narrow faced or ring gasket is used ( 1 ) INLET-OUTLET NOZZLES[TUBE SIDE] : (hickness of tube side noDDeles are given by

tn ) ;D5%+ f < ! ;&

>here? ;)Design ;ressure D)Diameter of noDDles 8)Allowable "tress

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (Mechanical Design)