I.

Three reductions, Three gains The aim of the Three Reductions, Three Gains (3R3G) project is to reduce production costs, improve farmers health, and protect the environment in irrigated rice production in Vietnam through the reduced use of seeds, nitrogen fertilizer, and pesticides. It was developed by the International Rice Research Institute and introduced to farmers in South Vietnam by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in early 2000 through traditional extension work and mass media. Farm survey data provide evidence of adoption of 3R3G primarily in terms of lowering seed rates. The resultant changes in the farm production/cost structure and farmer profits are measured. II. Hoa Binh province It is a good farming system, why I said like this? This picture shows that it has the term stability, Long-term sustainability of farm productivity, efficiency and sustainability. Now we look at the nature irrigation system, forest which can produce the rain for water supply. When the tree or plants release the water by evaporation, this water may become the rain and fall down. This water is very important because it carries the organic matter from the mountain through the upland than store in upper stream than farmer can use the water in the stream for irrigating the paddy rice. At the upland, actual yield from Rice swidden, Cassava and Canna due to the slop very high that cannot store water for long time that why they grow the crop that need few water and can produce the organic matter to the paddy rice by water runoff. In this condition, the farmer can get the Potential yield by planning the rice which needs a lot of nutrients and water. This system has the high protected system; the main things are mountain, forest and major crop at the upland. It prevent the soil erosion like wind erosion and water erosion. Hence, the farmer need to keep the forest at the mountain or high slop land, and cover the land by the crop event it has low yield like cassava and canna. III What are the meanings of this diagram? The obvious ways for Long-term sustainability by improve and protects soil property and by protect stability of the crop from pest. What are the constraints of the grazing system in the Red River Delta and the Netherland? What are your suggestions to solve the problems? The first picture is after harvesting and there are some cows and a few weed if we compare with the second picture that has more cows and weed. This cause may be from the herbicide, I think that because we know that weed easy to grow in the wet soil and fertile soil but in this case red river delta have less weed for feeding the cow. Suggestion: Farmer have to keep the weed before harvesting by reducing amount of herbicide. Weed is very important for farming and covering the soil which prevent the erosion.

IV. What are the disadvantages of fragmented cultivated land? And How do we minimize negative effects? Land fragmentation is said to harm productivity in a number of ways. First, fragmented land holdings can increase transport costs. If the plots are located far from the home, and far from each other, there is a waste of time for the workers spent on travelling in-between the plots and the home. Management, supervision and securing of scattered plots can also be more difficult, time consuming, and costly. Small and scattered plots waste land area and require more land for fencing, border constructions, and paths and roads. Land fragmentation might also increase the risk of disputes between neighbours. Small fragmented land holdings might also cause difficulties to grow certain crops, and prevent farmers from changing to high profit crops. More profitable crops, like for example fruit crops, require larger plot areas, so if the farmers only posess small and fragmented plots they may be forcet to grow only less profitable crops. Other costs associated with land fragmentation include the hindering of economies of scale and farm mechanization. Small and scattered plots hamper the use of machinery and other large scale agricultural practices. In small fields operating machines and moving them from one field to another can cause problems. Small land holdings might also discourage the development of infrastructure like transportation, communication, irrigation, and drainage. Finally it is noticed that banks are sometimes unwilling to take small, scattered land holdings as collateral, which prevents farmers from obtaining credit to make investments.

Method: There are six different parameters generally used to measure the degree of land fragmentation: farm size, number of plots, plot size, plot shape, spatial distribution of plots, and the size distribution of the plots. A common measurement of fragmentation used in studies is an average of the number of plots per farm. In an attempt to standardize measures of

fragmentation authors also use an index of fragmentation. The Simpson index used in this Paper is defined as the sum of the squares of the plot sizes, divided by the square of the farm size. V. What does the figure say? How do you think about the roles of Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS)? This figure say about cultivation of the global, where increasing the so much for 4 kinds of crops like wheat, maize, rice and soybean. But many kinds of crop are decreased by cumulative area. I think that if it stile continue like this we will face many problems, and the most problem is genetic erosion which we lost many good gens, high yield gens, resistant gen Then the pests will be increasing and destroy the crops. Some cases we may lose many crop varieties.