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Audit plan describe how the audit approach is to be implemented. Auditors develop an audit program
for each material account balance or account balance assertion. An audit program describes what and
how much evidence is required to be gathered and evaluated, and how, when and by whom it is to be
gathered and evaluated. In other words, an audit program details the nature, timing and extent of the
planned audit procedures relating to the various account balance assertions.
Auditors prepare audit programs in respect of evidence gathered and evaluated in each of the control
testing, substantive testing and opinion formulation stages. It is prepared, or revised, as part of the
operational planning activities of those three audit stages and documented as part of the audit working
papers.
The nature of the planned procedure describes what evidence is required and how it is to be gathered,
the timing describes when the evidence is to be gathered, the extent describes how much evidence is
needed and responsibility describes by whom the evidence is to be gathered and evaluated.
Audit Strategy
The auditor should plan his work to enable him to conduct an effective audit in an efficient and timely
manner. Plans should be based on knowledge of the clients business.
a) Acquiring knowledge of the client’s accounting systems, policies and internal control
procedures;
b) Establishing the expected degeree of reliance to be placed on internal control;
c) Determining and programming the nature, timing, and extent of the audit procedures to be
performed; and
d) Coordinating the work to be performed.
Plans should be further developed and revised as necessary during the course of the audit
Objectives of planning
The auditors need to obtain a level of knowledge of the clients business that will enable him to identify
the events, transactions and practices that, in his judgment, may have significant effect on the financial
information. Among other things, the auditor can obtain such knowledge from :
In addition to the importance of knowledge of the client’s business in establishing the overall audit plan,
such knowledge helps the auditor to identify areas of special audit consideration, to evaluate the
reasonbaleness both of accounting estimates and management representations, and to make
judgements regarding the appropriateness of accounting policies and disclosures
Developement of an overall plan
The auditor should consider the following matters in developing his overall plan for the expected scope
and conduct of the audit :
The auditor should document his overall plan. A time budget, in which hours are budgeted for the
various audit areas or procedures, can be an effective planning tool.
In preparing the audit programme, the auditor, having an understanding of the accounting system and
related internal controls, may wish to rely on certain internal controls in determining the nature, timing
and extent of required auditing procedures.
Audit working papers are the record of the planning and execution of the audit engagement. Auditors
retain a set of working papers for each audit engagement for each year. The audit working papers for
the current year are referred to as the current working papers. Working papers that are relevant to
more than one audit engagement are often kept separately in a file referred to as permanent working
papers. The audit working papers (current and permanent) for a client audit engagement describes the
evidence upon which the auditor bases his/her opinion on the financial report. The working papers need
to be sufficiently detailed to enable another appropriately experienced and competent auditor that is
not familiar with the client to obtain an overall understanding of the engagement.
• the tactical audit plan including the audit approach for each material account balance assertion,
and the basis for their determination,
• the related audit programs,
• the audit evidence gathered by the auditor necessary to form the opinion on the financial
statements,
• conclusions reached about individual account balance assertions,
• notes made of the quality review of the working papers,
• a schedule of audit differences, and
• the details of critical decisions made by the auditor that have an impact on the final audit
opinion.
• A description of the major activities, products, and locations of the client entity.
• Organization charts.
• A description of the client's accounting information system, which may be in the form of
narratives, questionnaires, flow charts, matrices, or some combination thereof.
• Copies of the client's manuals relating to the accounting information system and other
procedural manuals.
The standardisation of working papers (e.g. checklists, specimen letters, standard organisation of
working papers) improves the efficiency with which they are prepared and reviewed. It also facilitates
the delegation of work while providing a means to control its quality
Audit evidence
By evidence we mean the material, documentary or otherwise, available to prove or disprove the
assertions made in the statement of accounts through the entries in the books of account.
The auditor picks up evidence from a variety of fields and it is generally of the following broad types :
a) Documentary examination
b) Physical examination
c) Statements and explanation of management, officials and employees
d) Statements and explanations of third parites
e) Airthmatical calculations by the auditor
f) State of internal controls and inernal checks
g) Inter-relationship of the various accounting data
h) Minutes
By “good evidence” we mean a highly satisfactory evidence available without any special effort or cost.
For cash in hand the best evidence is ‘count’ ; in respect of investment pledged with a bank, the
banker’s certificate. For verifying assertions about the book of debts, the clients ledger invoices, debit
notes, credit notes, monthly accounts statement sent to the customers are all evidence : some of these
are corroborative, other being complementary.