A.

Corrugated Boards
Corrugated Board is made from papers made up from cellulose fibers, which are virgin or recycled. This makes corrugated a renewable natural resource. Corrugated board is made from a combination of two sheets of paper called liners glued to a corrugated inner medium called the fluting. These three layers of paper are assembled in a way which gives the overall structure a better strength than that of each distinct layer. This construction forms a series of connected arches which are well known for their ability to support strong weights. This structure gives corrugated board considerable rigidity and resistance. The air circulating in the flutes also serves as an insulator which provides excellent protection against temperature variations. There are many types of corrugated, each with different flute sizes and profiles which offer many combinations designed to create packaging with different characteristics, strength and performances.
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a. Uses of Corrugated Boards

Corrugated Board is a high performance packaging material designed to pack, protect and promote products. Corrugated Board is engineered for stack ability. #t withstands top and side pressure, is crush$resistant and passes burst$ strength tests. Corrugated Board offers tear, tensile and burst strength to withstand shipping pressures. Corrugated Board resists impact, drop and vibration damage and offers uniform stacking and weight distribution.
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Art #f you love crafts or have children, there are a number of uses for cardboard. %ay it on your work space to protect your floor or table when using particularly messy materials. #f you are spray painting, remove the top and one side of a box. &et the item you are spraying inside of it so the box will act as a shield to prevent splatter. 'aint on large, flat strips of it. Cut it into big, fun shapes, decorate them and hang them on the wall. 'ut it together to make sculptures, models and other decorations. Storage #f you have a lot of items to store and organize, corrugated cardboard boxes are convenient and widely available. (se boxes for drop$box organizing in your

garage. %ine them up on shelves, write the items that are inside and fill them$$ retrieving items will be a snap. Cut up smaller strips of cardboard and fit them snugly inside boxes to create dividers or to hold things upright.

School Corrugated cardboard boxes are perfect for dioramas or to create an inexpensive display board for a pro)ect. Teachers will find these display boards make excellent visual aids in the classroom. *hen you+re done with one display for the year, all you have to do is fold it up and slide it into a storage closet to use again the following year. *hen it comes time for the school play, use corrugated cardboard to craft your props and scenery so you can keep within your budget. Furniture Believe it or not, corrugated cardboard is sturdy enough to make furniture. ,any innovative, frugal people are turning their scrap cardboard into chairs, beds, tables and other furnishings for their home. 'erfect for college students and kids+ rooms, cardboard furniture, when built right, is sturdier than you might expect. Gardening -ou can use corrugated cardboard in your garden for many different things. (se it as a mulch to discourage weeds. 'lace a box over your tender seedlings to protect them the hot midday summer sun or to shield them from strong winds. .nd if you find you+ve stockpiled more than you can use, shred it and put it into your compost bin.
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b. Kinds of Corrugated Boards

Corrugated board consists of one or two outer plies, the flutes and, in multi$ply types of corrugated board, of one or more intermediate plies. Corrugated board is classified as follows according to the number of outer!intermediate plies and flutes

1: Single face corrugated board consists of one ply of fluted paper, onto which paper or cardboard is glued.

: Single wall !double face" corrugated board consists of one ply of fluted paper which is glued between two plies of paper or cardboard.

#: $ouble wall corrugated board consists of two plies of fluted paper which are glued together by one ply of unfluted paper or cardboard and the exposed outer surfaces of which are each covered with one ply of paper or cardboard.

%: &ri'wall corrugated board consists of three plies of fluted paper which are glued together by two plies of paper or cardboard and the outer surfaces of which are likewise each covered with one ply of paper or cardboard.
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B.

+lastic
. plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi$synthetic organic solids that are moldable. 'lastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

a. ,eneral Kinds -f +lastic

1. &hermoset( &hermosetting
&hermoset, or thermosetting, plastics are synthetic materials that strengthen during being heated, but cannot be successfully remolded or reheated after their initial heat$forming. This is in contrast to thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden and strengthen after cooling. Thermoplastics can be heated, shaped and cooled as often as necessary without causing a chemical change, while thermosetting plastics will burn when heated after the initial molding. .dditionally, thermoplastics tend to be easier to mold than thermosetting plastics, which also take a longer time to produce (due to the time it takes to cure the heated material".

. &hermoplastic
. thermoplastic !sometimes written as thermo plastic" is a type of plastic made from polymer resins that becomes a homogenized li9uid when heated and hard when cooled. *hen frozen, however, a thermoplastic becomes glass$like and sub)ect to fracture. These characteristics, which lend the material its name, are reversible. That is, it can be reheated, reshaped, and frozen repeatedly. This 9uality also makes thermoplastics recyclable.

There are dozens of kinds of thermoplastics, with each type varying in crystalline organization and density. &ome types that are commonly produced today are polyurethane, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and acrylic. Celluloid, which is considered the first thermoplastic, made its appearance in the mid$1544s and reigned in the industry for approximately 144 years. ;uring its peak production, it was used as a substitute for ivory. Today, it is used to make guitar picks. &ometimes, thermoplastics are confused with thermosetting plastics. .lthough they may sound the same, they actually possess very different properties. *hile thermoplastics can be melted to a li9uid and cooled to a solid, thermosetting plastics chemically deteriorate when sub)ected to heat. #ronically, however, thermosetting plastics tend to be more durable when allowed to cool than many thermoplastics.

b. Different Types of Plastics

+ol.technic Uni)ersit. of the +hilippines

C-//0,0 -1 02,3200432, 3ndustrial 0ngineering $epartment
&ta. ,esa, ,anila

&ubmitted by: 2orieanne C. ,arcia &tudent <o.: 51#'55677'82'5 BS30 1'# &ubmitted to +rofessor Adelio Sulit ;ate of &ubmission 1ebruar. 56, 51%