The Ends of Ireland

4 7 December 2013

20th Australasian Conference for Irish Studies Sydney, Australia Hosted by

The Global Irish Studies Centre @ the University of New South Wales (UNSW) With The Irish Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand (ISAANZ)

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS (in alphabetical order)

Professor Joanna BOURKE Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom A diabolical crime: Sexual violence in Irish history Abstract In 1837, the judge presiding over the Assizes in Kerry was annoyed and frustrated by the number of rape charges coming before his bench. He was dismissive: I have often heard that Kerry cows and other cattle are less [worthy] than in other countries, he grumbled, adding that these rape cases belong to the same genus; they are Kerry rapes, but I dont think they could be considered as rapes elsewhere. What did he mean? How was violence understood in Ireland between 1830 and 1921? This lecture explores the meaning of sexual violence for individuals, communities, and the nation. In particular, Professor Bourke examines the common belief at the time that accusations of rape in Ireland served certain political and economic ends. Did the crime in Ireland differ from that committed across the Irish Sea? To what extent did its distinctive qualities tar Irishmen and women with being a riotous, ungovernable people? Joanna Bourke is Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London. She is the prize-winning author of nine books, including histories on modern warfare, military medicine, psychology and psychiatry, the emotions, and rape. Her works include Dismembering the Male: Mens Bodies, Britain, and the Great War (1996), An Intimate History of Killing (1999), Fear: A Cultural History (2005) and Rape: A History from the 1860s to the Present (2007). Her book, What it Means to be Human: Reflections from 1791 to the Present was published by Virago in 2011. She is currently writing a book on the history of pain, which will be published by Oxford University Press in 2014. Her work has been translated into Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Czech, Turkish, and Greek. An Intimate History of Killing won the Wolfson Prize and the Fraenkel Prize. Her 40-CD audio history of Britain, entitled Eyewitness, won the Gold for the Most Original Audio. She is a frequent contributor to TV and radio shows, and a regular correspondent for newspapers.

Professor Mark FINNANE Griffith University, Australia The ends of silence: Child abuse, church and government in Ireland and Australia Abstract Rarely have issues of public interest brought Ireland and Australia into everyday comparison in the way evident in contemporary responses to the scandals of child abuse. As Australia has entered into its own official inquiry into the subject, media appearances by Irish commentators on that countrys protracted engagement with the issue have become common fare. By itself this phenomenon of Irish witnessing to Irish trauma on Australian television screens demands attention. But the disruption of silence that is represented in the establishment of government inquiry is the more pressing rationale for this papers examination of responses to child abuse in Ireland and Australia. Accordingly I propose to use this occasion to examine the respective political, jurisdictional and institutional arrangements in these two countries that both hinder and enable the establishment of official inquiry into behaviours and practices that have become recognised as harmful and criminal and so something other than occasions of sin. In considering what enabled such silencing to occur we will need to consider the history of two domains that have benefited from their claims to privacy in the face of demands for scrutiny childhood and the church. Is the age of inquiry into child abuse, including sexual abuse, also the age in which we are seeing the end of the social understanding that has preserved such domains from external scrutiny? Mark Finnane is an ARC Australian Professorial Fellow at Griffith University, where he is Professor of History in the School of Humanities. He is a former Dean of Humanities and Dean of Graduate Studies at Griffith. He was Director of CEPS in 2009. He was a Member of the ARC College of Experts (200810). He is an elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities (since 2001) and has served on the Council of the Academy (200610). Marks doctoral research on mental illness is the foundation for his later work on the history of policing, punishment and criminal justice. His books include Insanity and the Insane in Post-Famine Ireland (1981 and 2003), Police and Government: Histories of Policing in Australia (1994), Punishment in Australian Society (1997), When Police Unionise: the Politics of Law and Order in Australia (2002) and JV Barry: a Life (2007). Marks current research, funded through an ARC Professorial Fellowship, focuses on responses to violence in Australian history. In 2012 he published (with Professor Heather Douglas, University of Queensland) Indigenous Crime and Settler Law: White Sovereignty after Empire (Palgrave Macmillan), a study of the criminal laws respons e to Aboriginal crimes of violence over the last two centuries. At CEPS, Mark leads

the project Historical Threats, investigating the changing political, institutional, legal and social conditions that characterise modern institutions and discourses of policing and security.

Associate Professor Tom INGLIS University College Dublin, Ireland The end of Irish difference Abstract The problem in capturing Irish cultural distinctiveness lies in how we measure its nature and extent. While there are key differences in language, sport, music, art and literature, these must be set against the homogenizing forces of globalisation and consumer capitalism. Certainly, there is increasing evidence that Ireland is no longer as culturally isolated, holy and Cath olic as it once was. What implications does this have for the long traditions of cultural nationalism that sought to celebrate and promote Irish distinctiveness? Does globalization signal the end of Irish difference? Irish cultural exceptionalism has a long lineage and many manifestations, overtly nationalist and otherwise. In the 1980s, for instance, Richard Kearney and other intellectuals sought to articulate and interrogate a distinct Irish mind that provided a link across periods and traditions in Ireland. Perhaps deriving from its colonial and hybridized history, the Irish mind was, allegedly, marked by a tendency to think laterally and creatively, to move beyond the dominant logic of Western rationalism: understanding could be based on a logic that saw the world in terms of things being both/and rather than simply either/or. However, if we are to look for the nature of Irish cultural difference, this lecture argues that it would be better to focus on the body rather than the mind. We might begin by examining the peculiarities in the way Ireland modernised, particularly in relation to population control practices. The success of postponed marriage, permanent celibacy and emigration was founded on a Catholic culture that venerated an Augustinian disdain for sex, pleasure and desire. I will argue that it was the persistence of high birth rates that gave rise to peculiar forms of child-rearing, discipline and punishment and that led to the incarceration of those who did not conform to the dominant Catholic normative order. It may well be that the side-effects of a repressive disposition to the body and pleasure, gave rise to a greater separation of men and women, to the dominance of the pub, to peculiar forms of social relationships and to imaginative forms of thinking. Tom Inglis is Associate Professor of Sociology in University College Dublin. Prior to joining UCD in 1992, he was Director of AONTAS, the national

association of adult education. He worked as a Research Officer for the Catholic Church. He has written extensively about Irish culture, particularly in relation to religion, sexuality, the media, globalisation, love and the meaning of life. He has published numerous articles and books in these areas including Moral Monopoly: The Catholic Church in Modern Irish Society (originally published in 1987 with a revised 2nd ed. 1998); Lessons in Irish Sexuality (1998); Religion and Politics (2000 co-edited); Truth, Power and Lies: Modern Irish Society and the Case of the Kerry Babies (2003); Global Ireland: Same Difference (2008), Making Love: A Memoir (2012) and Love (2013). He was editor of Irish Journal of Sociology, 20022005, and President of the Sociological Association of Ireland, 2005 2008. More recently, he has become involved in Irish Studies, writing articles for EireIreland and Irish Review. In 2012, he organised an international workshop 'Are the Irish Different?' in UCD which examined Irish social and cultural difference and the role of the human sciences within Irish Studies.

Professor Elizabeth MALCOLM University of Melbourne, Australia The end(s) of massacre in Ireland Abstract Rathlin Island (1575), Mullaghmast (1577/8), Smerwick Harbour (1580), Portadown (1641), Islandmagee (1641), Drogheda (1649), Wexford (1649, 1798), Scullabogue (1798), Mitchelstown (1887), Bachelors Walk (1914) these are just a few of the Irish place names which, over the centuries, have been associated with the word massacre. But what exactly is a massacre, and were the events that occurred at these sites in these years actually massacres? Why did they happen: were they spontaneous or planned with a particular end in view? How do massacres relate to war and to genocide? And why have they ended: that is apparently stopped? Also, why are these massacres remembered, whereas similar bloody events have been forgotten? Starting in the late sixteenth century, this lecture will examine a selection of events labeled as massacres for the light that they throw on the changing nature of violence in Ireland. Elizabeth Malcolm has a BA (Hons) degree from the University of NSW, where she studied Irish history under Professor Patrick OFarrell, an MA (Hons) degree from Sydney University and a PhD from Trinity College, Dublin. She is a FRHistS and a FASSA. She worked in the Institutes of Irish Studies at Queens University, Belfast, and the University of Liverpool for nearly 20 years, before taking up the Gerry Higgins Chair of Irish Studies at the University of Melbourne, from which she has recently retired. Her research interests are in Irish and Irish-Australian social, cultural and medical history, and she has

published on topics such as gender and violence, crime and policing, mental health and migration, drink and temperance. Her major books include: Ireland Sober, Ireland Free (1986); Swifts Hospital, 17461989 (1989); Medicine, Disease and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940 (1999), edited with Professor Greta Jones; The Irish Policeman, 1822-1922 (2006); and Ireland Down Under (2012), edited with Associate Professors Philip Bull and Frances Devlin-Glass. She is currently writing a history of gender and violence in Ireland, 1150 1900, and has recently begun work on an ARC-funded project dealing with race and the Irish in Australia up to 1930, both with Dr Dianne Hall. She is a co-editor of the Australasian Journal of Irish Studies and was the first president of the Irish Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand (200612).

OTHER SPEAKERS (in alphabetical order)

Dr Wayne ATKINSON University of Melbourne, Australia Aboriginal and Irish colonisation: Historical parallels Abstract This paper looks at the story of the Aboriginal reserve system in Australia through the lens of Cummergungunja where my Yorta Yorta forebears were forcibly relocated during the heyday of the infamous Aborigines Protection th th Board administration of the late 19 and early 20 Century. Tracing the origins and mindset of the reserve system, and the policies of segregation and control that were used to regulate and control reserve life has been a lifetime journey. The journey took me on a full circle to North America, the UK, and Ireland and is a continuing work in progress. Using the Yorta Yorta and Cummeragunja as a case study, the paper argues that the history of dispossession, incarceration and control lay at the very foundations of British colonisation. The practice of removing the traditional owners from their ancestral lands so that it could be appropriated by settler society is a well-worn path of British colonial policy and practice. It is a th system that was brutally applied in Ireland, in the 16 Century under the Cromwelian colonization, practiced in North America under the Indian th Removal Act, of the 1830s and applied relentlessly in 18 Century Indigenous Australia. The paper follows this path and argues that while dispossession and control was a common practice of British colonisation, it becomes a more formidable process when sanctioned by the law of the land. The law is applied to legitimise colonial rule, and in the Australian context, it is used to deal with the reality of Indigenous occupation of the continent. The paper concludes by arguing that the reserve system and the policy of segregation and control as it was applied in Indigenous Australia went hand in glove with dispossession, and was the means by which the legal fiction of terra nullius was legitimised. Wayne Atkinson is an elder of the Yorta Yorta community of the MurrayGoulburn region, Australia. For most of his life he has worked extensively in Indigenous Affairs, specialising in research, writing, teaching Indigenous studies, and community based education programs. He has researched and written papers on British Colonial policy and practice in former British colonies, and is a Visiting Fellow at the National University of Ireland in Galway where

he participates in the Summer School programs in Irish Studies, Human Rights and History.

Ms Tamlyn AVERY University of New South Wales, Australia From rebellious artists to teenage thugs: Joyce to Farrell, or the Irish coming-of-age in twentieth-century America Abstract The Studs Lonigan Trilogy James T. Farrells three-part Bildungsroman follows the chronological development of a middle-class, second generation Irish American boy, Studs Lonigan. Farrell naturalistically imagines the biographies of Irish Migration to Chicago, the city which was heralded as the heavily industrialised American site of capitalist modernism itself. In terms of the Irish generic tradition, Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man remains Irelands most seminal Bildungsroman. Farrell consciously and unconsciously evokes that same folklore of Joyces Dublin, whilst assembling his Irish expatriate experience in his American Bildungsromane. Farrell rewrites the Irish expatriate colonies of downtown Chicago, applying naturalism to depict the explosive experience of continental racial dislocation. Yet clearly, he holds fast to the many significant binarised tropes of Joyces Irish education and maturation: nationalism and globalisation, tradition and progress, Roman Catholicism and paganism, wealth and poverty, stereotype and sentimentalism, insider and outsider, sexuality and impotence, violence and diplomacy, the nuclear family and the standalone, success and failure, education and experience. The immigrant, as an aesthetic, further informs us of many identikit themes to the Bildungsroman (novel of social and/or spiritual education or maturation) itself, or more specifically, the subgenre, the Entwicklungsroman (the novel of limitless education and postponed maturation). These themes include alienation and social dislocation, fiscal but more importantly spiritual insecurity, stereotyping and herd mentality, gang violence, and sexual violence and deviation. The modernist American Bildungsroman clings to these subsets of transgression in narratives of failed or limitless maturation. It is because of this diasporic Irishness of the young protagonists world that The Studs Lonigan Trilogy with its naturalist American treatment of the continental Bildungsroman form becomes so pivotal in evolving the early American Bildungsroman. The Ends of Ireland is a phrase which rings true in this trilogy, where Irish assimilation and simultaneous segregation sees the dilution of the mother-culture in the industrial American metropolis, and the tragic dissolution of the young male Irish subject.

Tamlyn Avery is a first year PhD student in the English Department of the School of the Arts and Media at UNSW. She graduated from UNSW in 2012 with First Class Honours, submitting her Honours dissertation on first person hyperreal narratology and consumption in Bret Easton Elliss American Psycho. Her doctoral thesis topic is the American capitalist Bildungsroman, spanning from the modernist to postmodernist forms within the genre.

Dr Richard BARLOW Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Joyce and the ends of the world Abstract I propose to discuss the conflation of various temporal, theological and physical ends in Joyces Ulysses and to look at the meeting of philosophical and human endings in Finnegans Wake. Ulysses frequently links geographical extremities (such as beaches or the sea) to explorations of teleology or eschatology. For example, when Stephen Dedalus is contemplating space on Sandymount Stand in Proteus he recalls the final line of the Gloria Patri: world without end. Stephen associates this phrase with his conclusion that the external world does not depend upon his perception of it: See now. There all the time without you: and ever shall be, world without end (U, 3.25-8). However, his thoughts echo and invert uses of the phrase ends of the world used elsewhere in the text ( U, 8.521, 529) suggesting a dualmeaning for the word end here. Thus the phrase also reflects Stephens loss of faith in history as a having an overall purpose or objec tive. Stephens scepticism contrasts with the teleological conviction of the schoolmaster Deasy of Nestor: All human history moves towards one great goal, the manifestation of God (U, 2.380-1). I plan on discussing the intentional ambiguity of the repeated phrase ends of the world in Ulysses, by looking at how it is made to suggest geographical extremities, the lack of a purpose or goal for humanity, as well as the conclusion of time itself. To conclude, I would also like to discuss Joyces vision of the end of philosophy, by showing how Finnegans Wake demonstrates Joyces conception of philosophy as a process which reaches its terminus with the work of the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume. In the Wake, this understanding of Humes idealism and scepticism as the end point of philosophy is linked to the inhumed or buried mind of the texts putative dreamer. Richard Barlow recently completed a PhD at Queens University Belfast and is now lecturing on Modernism at Nanyang Technological University. His research studies the influence of Scottish literature and philosophy on Joyces works, especially Finnegans Wake. His thesis focuses on the relationships

between the Wake and texts by several Scottish writers including Hume, Burns, Hogg, Stevenson, and Macpherson. Barlows work also studies Joyces representations of the connections between Irish and Scottish histories. He has had articles published by James Joyce Quarterly, Papers on Joyce, the Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies, and Notes and Queries. He also has an article forthcoming in Philosophy and Literature.

Miss Brooke BOLAND University of New South Wales, Australia The English language translation of Nuala N Dhomhnaills Irish Language Poetry Abstract N Dhomhnaills poetry engages with issues of marginalisation concerning Irish language speakers. Her poetry adopts themes and poetics from the tradition of Gaelic oral poetry and reincorporates these within a contemporary context. By doing so, her Irish language poetry holds a renewed sense of relevance for contemporary Irish speaking audiences and has assisted in the modernization of Irish language and the revival of an Irish poetic tradition. As part of this project N Dhomhnaills collections are reg ularly published in a dual language format with facing page translations. However, despite the localized nature of this project and N Dhomhnaills own intentions to reach Irish language speakers, her audience has grown internationally and her collections have been published around the world in over nine languages. As a consequence of this translation, one can see a movement from the local context of Ireland and Irish literature to global literary culture in N Dhomhnaills practice and the reception of her poetry. Throughout N Dhomhnaills latest collection, The Fifty Minute Mermaid (2007), there is a constant fluctuation between subject positions. This is due to the multiplicity of subject positions in Ireland that are opened up through engagement with migrant and nomadic experience by the English language translations. This paper will analyse the transnational context that N Dhomhnaills poetry finds itself in due to the reception of her collections in translation, and then proposes reading this transnational context back into the subjectivity of the mermaid figure in The Fifty Minute Mermaid. Brooke Boland is a postgraduate student at The University of NSW. She is currently writing her PhD on the subject of Contemporary Women Writers in English Language Translation.

Ms Fidelma BREEN University of Adelaide, Australia Using Australian means for Irish ends: A study of South Australian support for the Irish Home Rule movement, 18831912 Abstract This paper looks at the factors specific to South Australia which engendered widespread support for Irish Home Rule in a British and Protestant colony where the Irish community has historically been accepted as being small and insignificant. These factors relate to size, power, social connection and activity and the characteristics of the South Australian Irish community. Australian wealth and wages were poured into the coffers of visiting Irish parliamentary delegates but the moral sustenance offered proved as important as the fiscal. Patrick O'Farrell suggests that the donations merely salved the Irish-Australian conscience but Michael Davitt noted the worth of Australian means offered to reach an Irish end. Fidelma Breen is a native of Portadown, Co. Armagh and a postgraduate student in the School of History & Politics at the University of Adelaide. Her thesis, entitled "Yet we are told Australians do not sympathise with Ireland", a study of South Australian support for Irish Home Rule, has recently been accepted for the award of Master of Philosophy. Her proposed PhD research focusses on contemporary Irish migrants, settlement processes, mental health and social media as a platform for support in the migration process. In 2009 Fidelma founded a website and online Facebook community called Adelaide Irish Connect which serves as a social connection point and a quasimigrant information service. Fidelma is a graduate of Magee College, University of Ulster and the University of Leicester.

Ms Attracta BROWNLEE National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland The End of Catholic Ireland: Statistics, Lies and Transformations Abstract In Ireland there has been much debate among social scientists and media commentators concerning what has been termed the end of Catholic Ireland. The transformation in devotional practices since Vatican II, and the revelations of clerical abuse are some of the factors that have combined to diminish the Catholic Churchs political and moral authority in Irish society. However, the Irish Census results from 2011 indicate that over 84% of the

population still self-identify as Catholic, and of the 3.86 million strong congregation, 92% are Irish. While the empty pews at weekly masses attest to a marked decline in levels of practice, it is unclear what the end of Catholic Ireland really means. This paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork at a Marian shrine in Mayo and a holy well in Donegal, is primarily concerned with exploring the tensions between adherents of a conservative Church doctrine and more liberal-minded Catholics. The nature of Irish Catholicism is complex and ranges from those who reject outright the Churchs claim to moral authority to those who participate in selective Church rituals, but yet remain grounded in the Church. Then there are others who move between formal church rituals and more magico-religious experiences. Knock Marian Shrine, for instance, remains an important centre of devotion for many Catholics. However, Knock became the centre of a battle between the church hierarchy and the devotees of a visionary and medium who sought to hold prayer meetings at the shrine. The reporting of visions at several locations in Ireland in the past five years serves to illustrate how some Catholics have sought a return to traditional values when confronted with major social changes brought about by the forces of modernity and secularisation. Is it the end of Catholic Ireland? Attracta Brownlee completed her Bachelor and Master of Arts degrees in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Her research focused on gender and material culture in Australian Aboriginal societies. She is currently a PhD student in the Department of Anthropology, NUI Maynooth, researching religious beliefs and practices in the Irish Traveller community. She has had articles published in New Hibernia Review, Cosmos and The Ritual Year and in the book, Irelands New Religious Movements edited by Olivia Cosgrove, Laurence Cox, Carmen Kuhling and Peter Mulholland.

Dr Philip BULL La Trobe University, Australia Edward Moore Richards, railways, slavery and Civil War: An Irish landlord in Virginia and Kansas, 184966 Abstract As the younger son of an Irish landlord E.M. Richards went, like so many other Irish men, to the United States in search of fortune and a career. A qualified engineer, he envisaged many opportunities in a land where railways were being spread across the continent at a rapid rate. He found what he was seeking, as well as much that intrigued him and much that appalled him in this land of opportunity. In particular, his focus for employment took him to the

vortex of the most formative developments in the nations history. Initially he settled and married in the slave owning state of Virginia, but then moved to the newly settled free state of Kansas, both to get away from a slave society and to locate himself on what he thought would be the likely eventual route of the Sante F railway. His hatred of slavery drove him to volunteer to fight in the ensuing civil war. In this paper an assessment and evaluation is made of how this educated son of the Irish gentryand after 1860 himself a landlord far removed from the culture and experience of the bulk of Irish emigrants, reacted to and interpreted the American experience through this climactic period. Philip Bull joined the then Department of History at La Trobe University in January 1975, having previously held a position in the Department of Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, where he was responsible for collections of nineteenth and twentieth century British political papers. His principal research interest is in the political history of Ireland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly in the period from the 1860s to the 1920s. Within that field his work has focused especially on the relationship of the land tenure issue to the development of nationalism and more generally on how this affected the relationship between Ireland and Britain. Between 2006 and 2009 he was Director of the Innovative Universities European Union Centre, a project funded by the European Union through La Trobe University. He is also co-editor of the Australasian Journal of Irish Studies.

Dr Elaine BYRNE University of New South Wales, Australia The Irish Senate 19221928 Abstract As Ireland approaches the centenary anniversary of its independence, this paper seeks to restore the reputation of those Senators that enormously contributed to the founding institutions and legislative principles of the Irish Free State, many of whom were later maligned when the Senate was abolished in 1936. This paper studies the character of the Senators, the weight of their influence, the underlying rationale of the Senates authority and their exercise of this power. It also provides an opportunity to recognise the contribution of those from the Unionist tradition and therein examine the complexities of Southern Irish Unionism. Focused academic research on the contribution of the first Senate to the establishment of democratic institutions has been neglected. The Senate played a decisive role in establishing, legitimising and consolidating many of the institutions of government, which remain with us

today, in the midst of a bitter and divisive Civil War. The constitutional, political, and administrative achievements of the Senate in bestowing the legislative foundations of the State have not received the academic attention it deserves. In particular, this paper examines: (1) Senate legislative amendments to the Civil Service Regulation Act 1923 which shaped the robust ethical character of the Civil Service Commission; (2) the contribution of the Senate to the wholesale structural judicial reform which remains the basis for the judicial system through the Courts of Justice Act 1924; (3) the pragmatic organisation and administration of central government through the Ministers and Secretaries Act, 1924; (4) the reorganisation of a discredited local government structure through the Local Government Act 1925 and (5) the removal of patronage from the political system through the Local Authorities Act, 1926 which introduced the Local Appointments Commission. The Senates representation coincided with a concerted attack on its very existence. Between November 1922 and February 1923, thirty-seven Senators homes were destroyed and many other Senators were intimidated or kidnapped. The deliberate appointment process to the Senate by WT Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council, warranted the consolidation of the Anglo-Irish and Unionist traditions to the Irish Free State. Elaine Byrne is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Law, Markets & Regulation and an associate of the Global Irish Studies Centre at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. She is a specialist on corruption and governance with particular reference to white-collar crime, regulation and political finance. Dr Byrne has also published on deliberative democracy, Irish political parties and nineteenth and twentieth century Irish history. In 2012, she was appointed as the Irish Expert on corruption to the European Commission. Dr Byrne has lectured with the Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, where she was the module director for Comparative Political Reform and Irish Politics. Her first book, Political Corruption in Ireland 1922-2010: A Crooked Harp? was the first comprehensive review of Irish corruption and the second biggest selling tome for Manchester University Press in 2012. She is a regular media contributor and has contributed to the Sunday Independent, Irish Times, The Sunday Times, Sunday Business Post, The Times and The Guardian. Website: www.elaine.ie

Associate Professor Nick CARTER Australian Catholic University (Strathfield), Australia Means and ends: Making sense of Irish responses to Italian unification Abstract This paper summarises themes and arguments presented in my forthcoming edited work, Britain, Ireland and the Italian Risorgimento (Palgrave, 2014). In the mid-nineteenth century there were few international issues that resonated as strongly in Ireland as the Italian Question: the right (or otherwise) of the Italians to national self-determination. Irish opinion polarised along sectarian lines: the Protestant minority enthusiastically embraced the Italian nationalist cause, while the Catholic majority mobilised against it. At the height of the so called Risorgimento (1859-70), sectarian divisions over Italy often led to violent confrontation between Protestant and Catholic communities, both in Ireland and in Britain, most notably in (but not confined to) Galway, Tralee, London, Liverpool and Newcastle. The sectarian nature of Irish (and British) responses to the Italian Risorgimento was indicative of the ways in which Italian affairs in Ireland (and Britain) were interpreted through the lens of religion: the anti-clerical, antiPapal character of Italian nationalism appealed to Protestants at a time when, in the popular Protestant imagination at least, Catholicism represented a clear and growing danger to Protestant interests in both Ireland and Britain. Thus, while Protestants dismissed Irish Catholic-nationalist demands for self-rule, they supported Italian nationalist claims for the same. For their part, Irish (and British) Catholics - and Irish nationalists - opposed Italian nationalism because it threatened the temporal and thus (so it was thought) the spiritual power of the Pope. In 1860, an Irish volunteer force even went to fight in Italy in defence of the Papacy, despite the repressive, reactionary and corrupt reputation of Papal government. Only recently have historians begun to examine in detail Irish responses to the Risorgimento. These, however, have ignored one crucial dimension of the story: how Irelands relationship with Britain (and British views of Ireland) influenced the way in which events in Italy were interpreted and acted on within Ireland. This paper addresses this lacuna in the historiography. The paper also explores Italian nationalist views of Ireland and Irish nationalism, which were similarly coloured by deep-rooted religious, political and cultural assumptions about the nature of the Irish and British-Irish relations. Nick Carter is Associate Professor in Modern History at the Australian Catholic University. He was previously Head of History at the University of Wales, Newport (UK) and has also worked at De Montfort University, Leicester (UK) and at the University of New South Wales. A specialist in modern Italian

history, he has published widely in British and Italian journals and in edited volumes. His latest book, Modern Italy in Historical Perspective (Bloomsbury, 2010) examines the historiography of Italy since unification. His current research examines British and Irish responses to the Italian Risorgimento. He is editor of Britain, Ireland and the Italian Risorgimento (Palgrave, 2014).

Mr Patrick COLEMAN University of Otago / Lincoln University, New Zealand King Billy Down Under: The Material culture of Orangeism Abstract In the island of Ireland the Loyal Orange Institution (LOI), or Orangeism as it is often called, has been the bearer of the symbols of Protestantism. Such symbols were also transferred throughout the diaspora, but the material culture of Orangeism is starkly under-researched. Most focus has been on the rituals and symbolism of the parades that played a visible part in identifying Orangeism as a whole. The analysis also has been mostly from a sociological perspective rather than a historical one. However, there is more to material culture than simply banners and sashes. What constitutes Orange material culture and how does it help maintain a sense of identity? This paper addresses these key questions through a comparison of Orange printed (Bibles, certificates and charts) and physical sources (regalia, badges, emblems and specially designed crockery) in Australia and New Zealand. Were there any key differences between the two countries? And to what extent was the symbolism of Orange banners and sashes, displayed mostly in relation to parades, a source of conflict? Such issues are important for they provide insights into the way members saw themselves and distinguished themselves from the communities in which they lived. Patrick Coleman is a PhD candidate at the University of Otago where he is working on a history of the Loyal Orange Institution from its beginnings in New Zealand until the present day. He is also an Academic Coordinator and Senior Tutor at Lincoln University where he teaches EAP (English for Academic Purposes), which provides the necessary language and study skills for international students gaining entrance into undergraduate or postgraduate courses. His research interests have focused on the Irish in New Zealand with an emphasis on the Loyal Orange Institution. He is also a prolific reviewer and has reviewed over 130 books for various newspapers and journals.

Dr Vicky CONWAY University of Kent, United Kingdom Policing, politics and post-colonialism: A Study of an Garda Sochna Abstract In August 2012 an attempt to hold a commemoration for members of the Royal Irish Constabulary provoked criticism and abuse. The strength of feeling expressed, that members of the RIC were traitors not worthy of commemoration, was particularly striking. The sentiment which 90 years ago lead to attacks on members of that force and drove many men and their families to leave the country apparently lingers. As the country approaches the centenary of so many defining events, it is perhaps fitting to consider the lasting impacts of these transitions for policing. This paper presents findings from a forthcoming monograph entitled Policing Twentieth Century Ireland: A History of An Garda Sochna . Drawing on postcolonial theory, through the work of authors such as Said, Ghandi and Cole, the paper will explore the ways in which post-colonialism has shaped policing in Ireland and what other post-colonial, and even post-conflict, states can learn from this experience. It will be argued that in terms of structure, governance and organisation the force created in 1922 differed little from its predecessor and that many of those features, introduced for a colonial force, remain today. Despite these similarities, a discourse of difference quickly became central to narratives of Irish policing and an Garda Sochna. Politically, an Garda Sochna is presented as different from the RIC: Irish in thought and action (rather than a British force), unarmed (rather than paramilitary) and regularly makes sacrifices to protect our country (rather than being an instrument of oppression). Not only will I trace the emergence of that narrative and document its existence but I will argue that it has determined the nature of political support for the police. Given, however, that this discourse does not accurately reflect the reality of policing, some points of conflict will be identified, as are reflected in current disputes between police and politicians in Ireland. Vicky Conway is Lecturer in Law at Kent Law School, University of Kent. She is author of The Blue Wall of Silence (Irish Academic Press) and Irish Criminal Justice (Clarus Press).

Dr Sharon CROZIER-DE ROSA University of Wollongong, Australia Shame and feminists constructions of a new Irish identity Abstract Jeff Goodwin, James Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, the editors of Passionate Politics, a study of the role of emotions in protest movements, have argued that until relatively recently, academic observers have managed to ignore the swirl of passions all around them in political life. Where emotions have been acknowledged, they have tended to be sidelined as negative and/or irrational. There has been a tendency, then, to ignore or even deny the pivotal role that emotions have played in politics. In the reluctance to attempt to access the murky, dangerous, and pejorative area of human emotions to understand both the intersecting reason and passion of political life what has been left out of these academic studies is, Goodwin, Jasper and Polletta say, the [very] stuff of politics. Yet, the spontaneous as well as strategic presence of the emotions in politics is abundant and it permeates all sides of the political divide. Certainly, emotions played a pivotal role in feminist and anti-feminist campaigns of the early twentieth century. Shame a particularly gendered emotion was employed heavily in radical and conservative discourse. In England, for example, home of a vast empire, concerns about the imminent fall of that empire meant that shame was employed in a bitter anti-feminist campaign that stressed the importance of imperial concerns over the demands of agitating feminists. But what of Ireland where opinions about the potential fall of the British Empire were for many diametrically opposed to those prevailing in England and where nationalist aspirations were urgent, even violent? Here too women were agitating for the vote. Given the very different but still potent mix of politics, how was shame employed by those opposed to female suffrage? Or, was it more a tool of radical feminism? In a heady atmosphere where feminist concerns increasingly gave way to nationalist priorities, how was shame employed in radical feminist discourse? How did radical feminists who shared a nationalist vision with nationalist men react to what was perceived to be a conservative streak in radical Irish activism? Sharon Crozier-De Rosa is a lecturer in history at the University of Wollongong. Her research interests include: a history of emotions and popular culture; feminism, nationalism and imperialism; and, Victorian and Edwardian Britain, Ireland and Australia. She has published on womens emotions and bestselling fiction, the British and the Australian New Woman, and feminism and imperialism. She has written a chapter on shame and the British New

Woman (forthcoming) and is currently working on a book entitled Shame and the Anti-Feminist Backlash: Britain, Ireland and Australia, 1890-1920 to be published by Routledge.

Dr Emily CULLEN Australian Catholic University (Melbourne), Australia The play of the harp in the south: Contexts for Irelands national emblem among the Irish diaspora Abstract This proposed paper will address the various uses of the harp icon as a signifier of Irish identities among emigrants from Ireland in the nineteenth century. While the harp began its iconic life as an elite symbol, the use of the harp image had widespread appeal among the greater Irish population in the nineteenth century as a result of its repeated use in OConnells Repeal Movement and by Parnells Parliamentary Party. Its employment as a marker of Irishness on the green flag of emigrants gained in visibility among the middle classes, and proletariat alike, throughout the century. The changing signification of the harp in its varied diasporic contexts offers a variety of interpretations of the Irish nation. As an especially volatile symbol, the harps particular meaning was controlled through the contextualisation of its uses, for example, through juxtaposition with other symbols. The amalgam of the Irish harp and the American bald eagle reminds us of the malleability of the harp ensign and the ways its meaning could be modulated through association with other devices. This paper will explore some of the new visual meanings which the harp insignia accrued among the Irish diaspora in America and Australia. It will pose the following questions: what exactly did the harp represent for Irish emigrants, how did it function semiotically, and what associations did it carry? My paper will also consider the utopian function of the harp for those Irish emigrants who clung to their nations emblem as a source of national pride and, frequently, as a sign of respectability. Emily Cullen is an Irish scholar, poet and harpist based in Melbourne. She currently works with the School of Arts and Sciences at the Australian Catholic University. Emily was awarded an IRCHSS Government of Ireland fellowship for her doctoral study on the Irish harp, which she completed at the Moore Institute, NUI Galway. A former member of the Belfast harp Orchestra, she has recorded on a number of albums and also as a solo artist. Her second collection of poetry entitled, In Between Angels and Animals has just been published by Arlen House.

Dr Anne CUNNINGHAM Without the benefit of mental reservation: Newspapers and the Coningham divorce case 1900/1901 Abstract On the 14th of April, 1901, John Norton, politician and proprietor of the broadsheet Truth penned an open letter to the Catholic community of New South Wales. In it he claimed that the Catholic clergy of the Colony had conducted a scurrilous campaign against him which cost him his seat in the New South Wales Legislature of 1901. Unlike these priests he stated that he would never hide behind the facade of 'Mental Reservation' and that he had encouraged his journalists to be fair in their reportage of both trials. He deplored the behaviour of these individuals as he believed their leadership would see "the scotched sectarian snake raise again its baleful head within the social and political arena". Norton was referring to how Truth had reported on both trials involving Arthur and Alice Coningham against the Vicar General of St. Mary's Cathedral, Fr, Denis O'Haran, D.D. O'Haran was named by Arthur as the adulterer who had corrupted his wife Alice. In petitioning for divorce, Norton argued that Truth had been one of the few papers which had allowed Alice to tell her story. The charge of adultery against O'Haran was thrown out during the second trial. This paper intends to examine the newspaper coverage of events before and after the trials. It will analyse their input in order to ascertain whether or not they reported from a sectarian standpoint. It will further explore the level of interest the cases generated both locally and nationally. Finally it will address Norton's accusation that his seat was lost due to an orchestrated attack on him by the Catholic clergy of New South Wales. Anne Cunningham was born in Ireland and schooled there. Arriving in Australia in the early 1980s she completed her PhD at Macquarie University in th Sydney. Her field of speciality is 19 century Australian/Irish history and her book entitled: The Rome Connection, Australia, Ireland and the Empire 18651885 was published by Crossing Press in 2002. She has published on associated topics in many journals and is a keen participant in the Australasian/Irish History Association. Currently she is working on two projects, a biography of Christopher John Coveny an Australian artist and the biography of Bernard Smith OSB.

Honorary Associate Professor Frances DEVLIN-GLASS Deakin University, Australia Resurrecting cultures: Does the Irish revival have implications for a remote Aboriginal community? Abstract Yanyuwa culture (centred on the modern town of Borroloola on the Gulf of Carpentaria) records only two long-term Irish residents of the area, but each of them contributed and one continues to contribute much to the viability and ongoing cultural vitality of the community. In the first part of the paper, their ongoing legacies will be briefly canvassed. The major part of the paper reflects on the extent to which the Irish revival has implications for Yanyuwa peoples attempts to maintain, revive and transmit their culture and the role the communitys cooption of modern media is playing in transmitting culture. The paper raises questions about a variety of postcolonial dilemmas and in particular, the role of language in that process. Frances Devlin-Glass has taught Joyce and his Irish contexts at Deakin University for over 20 years, and also to Japanese students at Kobe College, and as a result believes Joyces novels are more user -friendly than their reputation. She was the founding director in 1994 of Bloomsday in Melbourne, acknowledged as one of the premier Bloomsdays around the world. She has a long-standing professional interest in teaching for its own sake, and her research interests include Irish, Irish-Australian, and Australian literatures, feminist literature and theory, the sacred in literature, theatre, and Indigenous Australian dreaming narratives.

Mr Tony EARLS Code word hurling: A response to Orange demonstrations in Australia Abstract When Orange Lodges in Australia sought to publically commemorate anniversaries of the Battle of the Boyne, a standard Irish Catholic response was to call for a hurling match. Initially the authorities were slow to realise the implications gatherings of muscular Irish Catholics armed with hurleys on this special day. Matters came to a head in Sydney and Melbourne in 1846. This paper will analyse those events and their effect on Australias social history. Tony Earls is the author of Plunketts Legacy: An Irishman's Contribution to the Rule of Law in New South Wales (Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2009).

Ms Ann ELDER The end of the beginning: A Kiwis-eye view of the modern Irish literary movement in the 1930s Abstract The progeny of diaspora Irish in New Zealand could be pretty well up with literary life in Ireland in Ireland in the earlier part of the 20th century. Reports of publication of new poetry by Yeats from the Cuala Press were run on the book pages of a few daily newspapers. English theatre troupes with Irish players did tours, one in 1916 with Sara Allgood in the title role of Peg O' My Heart. Taking the beginning of the golden era of modern Irish literature as being in the 1890s, following the fall of Parnell, Douglas Hyde's founding the Gaelic League, and Yeats's springing into action, then the end marked by the death of Yeats in 1939, this paper offers a unique, kiwi's-eye view of the Dublin literary scene in 1935 drawn from an unpublished journal record of conversational interviews with leading figures of the Dublin scene by a New Zealand journalist Ann Elder is a journalist with interest in Irish diaspora history who has presented papers at three previous Irish Studies Association conferences (2009, 2010 and 2011) on aspects of her Irish ancestors' settlement. She updated a 1950s' history degree from Canterbury and Auckland with helpful recent papers from Auckland University history department on elements of rethinking New Zealand settlement history and straight Irish history since 1789. As a section of a biography, Scapegoat of Fortune, she has just completed of journalist Ian Donnelly, she made use inter alia of the Dublin interviews in unpublished journal records made available from family archives now mostly deposited at the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington.

Dr Jeremy FERNANDO National University of Singapore, Singapore On dancing and trains; Or John Duffys Brother Abstract This paper attempts to open the relationality between the tale Flann OBriens John Duffys Brotherand its telling. It reads the movement, the transference, transformations, that occur throughout the tale: and by doing so teases out not just its rhythms, cadences, form, but also the shifts in thought, its translations, and its slippages. By paying attention to the possibility that the tale is a testimonyone that is fully aware of its status as testimony, as well as the complexities, even impossibilities, of testifying this paper opens the dossier that language opens itself to the possibility of languagenot through referentiality, a correspondence between a notion and something in the world,

but as language as such. Thus, language and by extension, reading, and all attempts to respond with and through languageis an imaginative gesture by nothing is known, and perhaps only what can be know is no thing. Perhaps, all that we can respond to is the movements of language speaking with itself. Hence, each response to language is not just based on, and in, memory (after all, without the repeatability of grammar we would not be able to even begin) but one in which each moment of reading is an event, quite possibly one that is new and strange. Even to the extent where the moment John Duffys brother is possessed of the strange idea that he was a train, he was. Jeremy Fernando is the Jean Baudrillard Fellow at The European Graduate School and a Fellow of Tembusu College at the National University of Singapore. He works in the intersections of literature, philosophy, and the media; and has written 6 booksincluding Reading Blindly and Writing Death. He is the editor of Delere Press, and the thematic magazine One Imperative.

Mr Liam FLOOD La Trobe University, Australia Local demonstrations concerning distant disputes: Re-visiting Melbournes 1840s sectarian outbursts Abstract On 12 July 1846 a violent sectarian outburst occurred on the streets of Melbourne which directly led to the passing of the N.S.W. Party Processions Prevention Act of 1846. This episode had been preceded by sectarian fuelled election riots. While there have been several interpretations of these sectarian outbursts of the 1840s they have primarily identified local events and tensions as the catalyst that triggered these episodes. The people in Melbourne were not only responding to local issues but understood and debated events that were transpiring in England and Ireland. These events shaped their actions and understandings. One such debate was the movement to repeal the Act of Union led by Daniel OConnell. News of the repeal movement had been filtering into Melbourne since 1842 and was fiercely contested and debated. It was with reference to this debate that in Melbourne the sectarian divisions which had until this point been absent were renewed. This shaped the tense atmosphere that had led to the episodes of sectarian violence. This debate was not only an Irish issue but pervaded the minds of many of the settlers regardless of nationality. The debate concerning the repeal movement in Melbourne was not only confined to these episodes of sectarian violence as it also has lasting consequences when considering the history of Victoria. It was through an

understanding of the repeal movement that the question of separation from the colony of New South Wales was positioned. The repeal movement formed the prism through which the separation movement was conceptualised by a large section of the community. Liam Flood is currently undertaking a M.A. by thesis at La Trobe University on the history of St Patricks Day and allied events in Melbourne 18401870. Liam interested in the visual culture and the performance of the days celebrations and the reading of these events as a structured conversation between the Irish community and the wider community. These events were not only informed by local events and understandings but also formed part of a response/position to events in England and Ireland. Liam has also been tutoring in many different subjects and year levels at La Trobe for the last 3-4 years.

Professor James FRANKLIN University of New South Wales, Australia & Mr Gerry NOLAN University of New South Wales, Australia Archbishop Mannix's attempt to visit Ireland, 1920 Abstract Already famous and infamous for his stand against conscription during WWI and the instigation of Mannixism, by the time Daniel Mannix left Australia for a speaking tour of the US in 1920 he was simultaneously, loved and loathed, feted and feared, hero and hated in his adopted country, Australia. In the US, accompanied by de Valera, Mannix transformed himself into an Irish nationalist icon. In New York he boarded RMS Baltic bound for Queenstown, where beacons were prepared to welcome him and proposals were made to rename that port in his honour. The British cabinet determined that in the light of the developing troubles his landing could not be permitted, and a destroyer was sent to arrest him on the high seas (The greatest victory the Royal Navy has had since Jutland, Mannix quipped). Now, documents are available that enable a view of Mannixs progress towards Ireland from several perspectives, including those of the Australian authorities, the British cabinet, other Australian bishops and the Vatican, all of whom viewed Mannix with alarm. The paper examines the unique nature of Mannixs Irish nationalism, whi ch went well beyond what was permissible for a churchman. Its relation to the context of Melbourne Catholicism, Australian Catholic identity and sectarianism is considered, along with its connection to Mannixs political agenda for Australia. The parallels between that agenda and the one actually

implemented in Ireland by de Valera are inquired into, along such dimensions as opposition to capitalism and to contraception. The work of Mannixs protegs, Arthur Calwell and B A Santamaria, in achieving parts of that vision is described, with particular reference to the policy that was in the end most successfully realised, that of non-British immigration. The presentation will be based on work carried out in preparation for a book of documents relating to Mannix, to be published by Connor Court. James Franklin is Professor of Mathematics and Statistics at UNSW. He is the author of Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia and other books on the history of ideas and on philosophy. He is editor of the Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. Gerald Nolan is, among other things, a researcher, writer and editor. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours in Philosophy at UNSW in 2006 and is currently engaged in postgraduate study.

Miss Niamh GALLAGHER University of Cambridge, United Kingdom The Irish Canadian Rangers, 191417: Catholic loyalism and John Redmonds policy of Home Rule Abstract On 2 September 1914, an Irish regiment was formed in Montreal for the Canadian militia called the Irish Canadian Rangers. Prominent individuals within the Montreal Irish community were active in its formation and the two conditions of entry were fitness and Irish descent. But this regiment was unique in another way. There will be no religious or other lines drawn, but the regiment will be purely Irish Canadian in the best sense of the word (The Montreal Gazette, 2 September 1914). Irish unity, a theme championed by Nationalist leader, John Redmond, was consciously replicated in the regiments formation. On Easter Monday 1916, the same day as the Easter th Rising began in Ireland, recruiting commenced for the 199 battalion Irish Canadian Rangers as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. By December, the regiment was ready to go overseas but it would first stop in Ireland to supposedly reinvigorate interest in the war effort. This paper interrogates the relationship between John Redmond and the Irish community in Montreal through the Irish Canadian Rangers. To what extent did the Montreal Irish embrace Redmonds policy of Home Rule? Did the Easter Rising of 1916 affect their loyalty to King and country? How did the Canadian Irish and Irish at home respond to the Irish Canadian Rangers tour

of Ireland? Was there widespread protest and disaffection? How did the Irish in Ireland react to such a blatant demonstration of inter-communal unity and service to the Empire at a time when Nationalists had allegedly lost interest in the war effort and all facets of British rule? This paper will demonstrate that when the ends of Ireland meet, a radically different understanding of Irish commitment to the war effort and the Empire emerges in contrast to most historiography of the Irish after the Easter Rising. Images and short video clips of this tour will be presented. Niamh Gallagher is a third year PhD student at the University of Cambridge researching Irish involvement in the First World War. Part of her research is an exploration of Irish Catholic emigrant communities in parts of England, Scotland, Canada and Australia, and their involvement in the war effort. Her research specifically addresses two questions: did the contribution to the war effort by these emigrant communities change as a result of the Easter Rising and secondly, to what extent can the Irish be said to have supported the Great War.

Mr Brad GAUNCE University of New Brunswick (Saint John), Canada The Irish language in the diaspora: A case study Abstract There has been little discussion within the literature on the survival of the Irish language outside of Ireland. Of what has been marginally discussed, it has followed a generalized trend that is not based on hard evidence. Upon viewing census manuscripts of the 1901 Census of Canada, it is apparent that the Irish language survived outside of Ireland into the twentieth century. By viewing the census returns within the Province of New Brunswick, a case study was completed on recorded Irish-speakers. It can be shown in this case study that the standard interpretation of who an Irish -speaker was does not hold up. Irish speakers came from various backgrounds and to generalize this group is far too limiting. This evidence in one small part of the diaspora provides the potential for a broader understanding for the Irish language throughout the entire diaspora, while in addition, possibly adding to the social history of Ireland itself. Brad Gaunce received his BA (Hons.) in History from the University of New Brunswick, Saint John. Currently, he is a second year MA student at the University of New Brunswick who holds the 2013 John and Pam Little Fellowship. Research interests include Irish language survival in the diaspora,

under the supervision of Prof. Peter M. Toner, which is currently being conducted on the Province of New Brunswick. Future research will include a broader study of identified Irish-speaking clusters throughout the entire Maritime Provinces of Canada.

Ms Kristin GROGAN University of New South Wales, Australia Pound, Joyce, and the Modern Epic Abstract This paper takes as its starting point a transnational friendship. Two of the most revolutionary figures of twentieth-century literature, James Joyce and Ezra Pound, enjoyed for a time a rich correspondence and friendship, and their respective modern epics came to be considered the apotheosis of the twentieth centurys most dynamic aesthetic movement: the series of cultural revolutions that together can be understood as modernism. In his critical works Pound articulated his interest in the global dimension of the Irish writers work, declaring that anybody is a fool who does not read Dubliners, The Portrait, and Ulysses for his own pleasure, and anyone who has not read these three is unfit to teach literature in any high school or college. I dont mean simply English or American literature but any literature, for literature is not split up by political frontiers. Pound retained an enduring interest in Ireland right up to the sentimental references to Ireland in the late cantos, and visited Dublin just once, late in his life in 1965. This paper examines the often productive, but sometimes conflicted, place of Ireland and Irish modernism in Pounds global epic. How might Joyces modern epic have influenced, or conflicted with, Pounds poetics? Moreover, how might we approach Pounds skepticism towards Irish nationalism, given his later enthusiasm for Italian nationalism? By examining the Pound/Joyce correspondence and the prose pieces that Pound devoted to Joyce, this paper seeks to form a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between Irish modernism, American expatriate modernism, and something that we might call world literature. Kristin Grogan is a PhD candidate in the English department in the School of the Arts and Media. She graduated from UNSW with First Class Honours and the University Medal in 2012, submitting a thesis on the epic and the lyric in the late cantos of Ezra Pound. Her research focuses on Modernist poetry and poetics, with a particular focus on Pound. Most recently, she has presented work on the Chinese characters in the late cantos, inhuman modernism, and contemporary poetry.

Dr Antoine GUILLEMETTE And what about us? How the Irish speakers used the Easter Rising commemorative context to voice their hopes and despair Abstract In 2006, a series entitled Macalla na Csca (Echoes of Easter) reassessed the legacy of the Rising. For the occasion, Toms Mac Somin portrayed its impact as a leathrabhlid, paradacsa ait na Gaeilge (half-revolution, odd Irish (language) paradox). He addressed the enduring malaise within Irishspeaking circles when comparing the 1916 promises to their eventual disappointing consequences for the Gaelic culture and language. Mac Somin found it difficult to reconcile the signatories championing of the language to its conspicuous absence from their Proclamation beyond the title words of Poblacht na hireann (Republic of Ireland). So while the Easter Rising was meant to be a new dawn for Ireland and a promise for the revival of the Irish language and culture, the following decades failed to stem the Gaelic decline. Interestingly enough, for all the frequent Easter appeals in favour of the revival, scant research has explored how Irish speakers used the Rising commemorative context to voice their hopes and despair regarding their situation. Accordingly, this paper will discuss how Easter time allowed a space for many citizens, whose identities and aspirations lay beyond the Dublinbased and English language commemorations of the Rising, to stress their attachment to the 1916 dream, to insist on the recognition of their own heroic contribution to the story of national emancipation and demand for their culture to thrive in the Irish State. Antoine Guillemette : This paper is based on a section of my doctoral thesis entitled Coming Together at Easter: Commemorating the 1916 Rising in Ireland, 1916-1966 which was completed at Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, in June 2013. Overall, my dissertation surveys the various impacts that collective memories of Easter Week had on the modern development of Ireland through the acts of commemorative defiance devised during the final years of the British Empire, the various uses of public space through processions, parades, gatherings and erections of memorials in the first decades of independence, and the commemorations in provincial Ireland and within Irish-speaking communities in the years leading up to the 1966 golden jubilee. Altogether, my dissertation highlights the multivocal nature of 1916 commemorations which, for better or worse, persistently played a part in the formations and expressions of Irish identity up to 1966. I am currently working on a series of articles which I hope to have published in the lead up to the 2016 centenary commemorations. I have also presented the paper "Coming Together At Easter: A Provincial "Rising Complex" in a Post Second World War Ireland?" at the Melbourne Irish Studies Seminar Series last October.

Ms Cathy GUINNESS Colonisers and colonised in Australia: A family history illustrating how the Irish connection can assist reconciliation In 2007 I accompanied Wayne (Atkinson) to Ireland as he spoke at the Settler Colonialism conference about the British colonial policy parallels in Ireland and Australia. We both agreed that it would be an opportune time to visit my Irish roots. I am a direct descendant of Arthur Guinness the Brewer. Arthurs youngest son married the widow of DEsterre after her husband was mortally wounded in a dual with Daniel OConnell, in 1815. Their eldest son was Henry Grattan Guinness who was both my great grandfather and the founder of a missionary dynasty. This makes me a personification of the coloniser privileged as Anglo-Celtic, but also descended from a line of missionaries, a group that gets plenty of flack these days for their collusion with colonial governments. In Ireland we studied the history of British colonisation, drawing comparisons with Indigenous experience in Australia. At the same time we followed the Guinness story, visiting the sites where my ancestors lived and reading the numerous books about them. Not for the first time I had to confront my familys response to Indigenous issues, recognising when self-interest took precedence over humanitarian action. This is not an academic paper but an exploration of some connections between history and personal accountability. My question is this: how can the act of coming to terms with the past in a personal way lead to a deeper level of reconciliation between colonisers and Indigenous people? Irish Australians were part of the colonising force, and face the same challenge as the other immigrants who have arrived since the British assumed ownership of Aboriginal land under the guise of terra nullius. How can we make peace after such a legacy of exploitation and discrimination? Catherine Guinness is the great-great-great-granddaughter of Arthur Guinness. She has worked in community development roles with diverse communities, including Indigenous, refugee and migrant communities in London and Australia.

Ms Lyn GUMB Murdoch University, Australia The trauma of indifference: the construction of an Irish slave narrative Abstract The narratives of individual and collective trauma have been variously represented in works of fiction. Novels such as Anils Ghost by Michael Onndatje and Beloved by Toni Morrison, treat historical events, namely the collective trauma of civil war in Sri Lanka and African slavery respectively, through the fictionalised experiences of individual protagonists. The trauma narrative sits comfortably within the sub-genre of historical fiction, since the telling of history often involves the representation of significant traumatic events that have a profound impact on nations and their people for generations. This paper outlines my own creative writing project: a novel that tells the story not only of the slavery of thousands of Irish during seventeenth century, but specifically the traumatic experience of enslavement of the Irish women and girls sent to Virginia as sex slaves for the planters. I position my trauma narrative within the Irish landscape for two reasons; there are few fictional representations of the story of Irish slavery in the seventeenth century, and Ireland has a rich and unique tradition of storytelling and folklore. In an effort to transform the traumatic experience into a story of survival, I will draw together elements of the history of Irish slavery, the trauma narrative and Irish heroic tales to re-imagine Irish womens experience as an Irish heroic tale. The paper argues that the power of fiction lies not in holding to the historical facts, impossible when they do not exist, but in creating a living world that gives voice to women whose lives have all but gone unrecognised in history, and that resonates with a contemporary audience. Lynn Gumb has been an English and Theatre Arts Teacher, Lawyer, Policy Maker, Lecturer, Speechwriter for a former Chief Justice and Chairperson of the Katharine Susannah Prichard Writers Centre. She holds a Master of Arts and is the recipient of several research grants. Lynn has won awards for her short stories, including the Australian Irish Heritage Association Award for Fiction, and has had her short fiction published. She is currently a PhD candidate at Murdoch University.

Dr Dianne HALL Victoria University, Australia Remembering and forgetting: Gendered violence in the memory of the 1641 rising Abstract The digitalisation in 2010 of the archives known as the 1641 Depositions has led to an upswing in public and scholarly interest in the 1641 rising of Catholics against Protestants. Scholarly attention to the events of the rising has happened at the same time as increasing engagement by Irish scholars in the theory and practice of memory studies. The 1641 rising is a fertile site for the analysis of memory as it has had a remarkable afterlife in the memories of Irish people, especially Protestants. The defenders of Derry in 1688-9 referred to 1641, as did the Protestants of Wexford in 1798; and there are contemporary mural paintings of 1641 on gable walls in Belfast and depictions of specific events from the rising on Loyal Orange Order banners. An important, though often neglected aspect of both the original depositions and the histories and propaganda written about 1641 is how both the violence and retelling of it were gendered. Analysis of the memorialisation of 1641 from a gendered perspective throws light on deep memories of violence by and against Irish women and men. This paper will analyse the gendered memory of the events of 1641, using pamphlets, histories and fiction from the 17th to the 19th centuries, including those published in Ireland and the Irish diaspora. Dianne Hall is Lecturer in History at Victoria University, Melbourne and has published on the history of medieval Irish religious women; violence in early modern Ireland; and Irishness in colonial Australia. She is currently working on a monograph with Professor Elizabeth Malcolm on gender, violence and the Irish.

Dr Jennifer HARRISON University of Queensland, Australia Adored nymph or plodding general servant?: Irish immigrant orphan girls in the subtropics, 184850 Abstract Between 1848 and 1850, about 188 Irish orphan girls from the edges of Ireland arrived in Moreton Bay, a six-year old northern outpost for free settlers at the remote end of the colony of New South Wales. After travelling across the seas to a destination as distant from Ireland as geographically was possible, these young famine victims were despatched to the very antipodes to start new lives. While welcomed by a great number of the local families as

servants, the untrained girls, with little or no family support closer than 13,000 miles, often did not impress their new employers. Further the bush town in its remote dusty setting was rough and ready, hot and humid, unfamiliar and strange. How did they cope and what social supports did they use to make their lives bearable? This paper will place the girls in the context of the current immigration influx to the district and seek emerging perceptions of their own self-exploration on the borders of a civilisation defined by a struggling society dominated by powerful males, most of them also newcomers. This examination focuses on just a small proportion of a particular group of Irish female pioneers existing in the small villages of Brisbane Town and Ipswich, over 600 miles from their recent friends - workhouse companions and fellow passengers. Former Irish linkages will be contrasted with their current Australian realities trying to establish how uprooted malleable teenagers were moulded to comply with uncompromising official government policies. Jennifer Harrison is an honorary research adviser with the School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics at The University of Queensland. Throughout two decades and more she has published widely on the Irishness of Queensland and its population including convicts, migrants and native-born.

Dr Brian JACKSON Institute of Technology, Carlow, Ireland Postcards from the edge? An Irishman in Argentina, 19071910 Abstract This paper will seek to explore comparative attitudes towards their large diaspora populations exhibited by Italy and by Ireland during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It will also examine the layered, complex and changing nature of diaspora communities by looking at the experience of Irish emigrants in Argentina and it will reconstruct elements of one specific migrants story (from postcards sent back to Ireland) which challenge a number of assumptions that are routinely made about Irish migrants, migration and diaspora communities. Brian Jackson is Head of Postgraduate Studies at Institute of Technology, Carlow. Previously he was Director of the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies at University College Dublin. He is currently working on an intellectual biography of the Irish Jesuit writer Henry Fitzsimon an is preparing a critical edition of two manuscript works by Fitzsimon for the Irish Manuscripts Commission.

Ms Stephanie JAMES Flinders University, Australia At both ends of the earth: Mayo to Dublin via Australia The life of John W Walshe (18531915), Irish Land Leaguer and the first Irish Party delegate to the Colonies Abstract Patrick OFarrell wrote dismissively of John W Walshe in The Irish in Australia: that his activities in Irish nationalist causes gradually fell sad victim to alcohol, and he returned [from Sydney] to Ireland to die in obscurity. Walshe has been largely forgotten in Ireland and Australia should he be remembered for more than this negative assessment? This paper will explore aspects of his life in Ireland and Australia, explaining his foundational involvement in the Land League, and the importance of his achievements as founding IPP delegate to Australia in 1881. It will establish his association with the Australian tours of the Redmond brothers, John Dillon, and his cousin, Michael Davitt. And it will unravel some complexities and connections in his private life, clarify details of the lives of his two sisters who emigrated to Sydney in 1884, and explain the circumstances of his 1903 return to Dublin. Stephanie James is a PhD candidate at Flinders University where her research focuses on questions of Irish-Australian identity and loyalty. Her research preoccupation is probably connected to having all great-grand parents born in Ireland.

Dr Anne JAMISON University of Western Sydney, Australia The real New Woman: The politics of female friendship in E. . Somerville and Martin Rosss The Silver Fox (1897) Abstract In her now famous essay, A Room of Ones Own (1928), Virginia Woolf bemoaned the paucity of woman-centred experience as represented in English literary history: I tried to remember any case in the course of my reading where two women are represented as friends. T his paper will argue that Somerville and Rosss fin de sicle novel, The Silver Fox (1897), concerns itself with interrogating the social origins of this imbalance, or what the novel calls theories of womanhood, and not only attempts to portray the succe ssful emergence of female friendship, but explicitly politicizes that friendship and

delves into the socio-political contexts which have hitherto prohibited, or made difficult, the flourishing of such female relations. Somerville and Rosss fourth novel is set amidst the political and cultural tension between nineteenth-century English imperial ambition, and the private and social traditions of the native Irish. The three leading female characters in the novel are arguably brought together in friendship via their common social plight as women against the predatory sexual attentions of the novels central male character, as well as in their eventual refusal to participate in the novels prevailing cultural and political divisions. Ethical and political discourses in Western philosophy and literature have long privileged male friendship within a political context, but female friendship has largely been discounted from the fraternal bonds which such writers and thinkers have aligned with the founding of nation states and political communities, as well as the quest for self-identity and the source of moral awareness. This paper will interrogate the representation of women in The Silver Fox and argue that the friendship between these women enables what Janice Raymond has termed a politically affective state of being. This paper will thus finally argue that the coming together of Slaney Morris, Lady Susan, and Maria Quinn, is emblematic of the potential political muscle of female friendship and solidarity, and (even if only temporarily) moves to one side the national and class divisions which dominate the rest of the novel and its tragedies. The novel foregrounds, instead, female relationships as the site of political and cultural healing. Towards the end of the novel, the repaired relations between all three women can be read as an imagined and utopian alternative socio-political community founded on their own shared female values. In so doing, the novel challenges satirical and superficial depictions of the New Woman figure as portrayed in the eras periodical press. The story of the novels tentative female friendships is thus entwined within an explicitly political narrative and serves as a bold starting point in Woolfs search for more complex and diverse female literary characters and their intimate relations with each other. Anne Jamison is a Lecturer in Literary Studies in the School of Humanities and Communication Arts at the University of Western Sydney. She is a feminist literary and cultural critic with a research focus on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Ireland and Britain. Her primary research expertise is on womens writing and she has published on a variety of Irish women writers from the 1790s to the early twentieth century, including Edith Somerville and Martin Ross, Kate OBrien, and Alicia Lefanu. She is currently p reparing a monograph for Cork University Press on Somerville and Ross and female collaborative authorship. Anne has also published more generally on the intersections of authorship and the law, particularly the development of copyright law in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain.

Prior to joining the University of Western Sydney, Anne was a Lecturer in Irish Studies and Head of the English Research Cluster at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland. She studied for her MA at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, and completed her postgraduate MA and PhD at Queens University Belfast in Northern Ireland. She has also worked as a Research Fellow at the Institute of Irish Studies at Queens University Belfast, and as a Visiting Fellow in the Womens Studies department at the University of Limerick, Ireland. She relocated from the UK to Australia in February 2013.

Ms Miri JASSY University of New South Wales, Australia Mind your hats going in! Ireland upended Abstract The Museyroom episode of Joyces Finnegans Wake covers centuries of European military history in just three pages. Ireland is demarcated as the launching pad for great military careers. Wellington and Napoleon lock horns in a contest to prove who rides the biggest horse and who wears the smarter hat. Postcolonial scholars including Vincent Cheng have astutely read this satirical episode as a monument to empire-building. The readers tour of the Museyroom circulates around the open-air museum of the Wellington Monument in Phoenix Park. Wellingtons campaigns dominate this stretch of the Wakes prose as visions of Ireland are blurred and obscured through layered language that extracts the reader from geographical Ireland while taking the language and land with it European and Indian battle-scenes are superimposed over a frieze of Irelands embattled past. Napoleons form is also plastic in this episode as he is reshaped, squashed and shifted cross Irish scenes, in and out of the bogs and villages, skirmishing with French, English, Belgians and Prussians in fields mysteriously evocative of Ulster. Return to Dublins iconic obelisk with your host, Kathe the Janitrix, whose energetic guided tour leads visitors down the galloping path of history. Catch all the action as the explosive Peninsular Wars are witness through Joyces mighty telescope from the Hill of Tara. Britain marked a territorial outpost with the overgrown milestone of the Wellington Monument as a tribute to one of her boldest soldiers. That version of Ireland as an honorary plinth upholding British visions of history is upended in the Museyroom episode. This presentation begins with an overview of well-known scholarly visits to the Museyroom with additional insight into the Irish symbolism embedded in Joyces version of the Wellington Monument. These are followed by a performed reading of the episode.

Miri Jassy is completing her PhD through the Centre for Global Irish Studies at UNSW. Her thesis is entitled Austrasia or Anywhere: Place and the Antipodes in Finnegans Wake.

Joan KAVANAGH (in absentia) & Dr Dianne SNOWDEN University of Tasmania, Australia Grangegorman Female Convict Depot: The end of a way of life in Ireland and the start of a new one in Van Diemens Land Abstract For the women of the Tasmania 2 their departure from Kingstown in September 1845 was an ending of their lives in Ireland and the start of a new life in the penal colonies of Van Diemens Land. The women, 139 in total had been sentenced to transportation for various crimes from larceny, stealing, robbery, felony, housebreaking and infanticide to manslaughter. How were they to be ready for this new life in Van Diemens Land? How were they to be of benefit to the Colony once they landed? What provisions were put in place to prepare them for their new life in the Colony? The Female Convict Depot at Grangegorman was opened in the 1830s with a view to providing training to the women and provide them with skills which would make them more employable once in VDL. On entering Grangegorman all details relating to the women were recorded in the Gaol Register, along with their occupations. On landing in Hobart in December 1845 the womens details were again recorded in the Convict Indents and Conduct Book. Where the Grangegorman gaol entries in the main recorded the fact that the women had no occupation, the Indents and Conduct Books recorded an occupation for each woman. How was this possible? This paper proposes to give an outline of the role played by the Grangegorman Female Convict Depot in preparing the women for a fresh start in VDL, while ending their old way of life in Ireland. Dianne Snowden is a professional historian and genealogist based in Hobart Tasmania, and is currently Chair of the Tasmanian Heritage Council. She is founder and convenor of the Friends of the Orphan Schools, St Johns Park Precinct, and as an Honorary Research Associate at the University of Tasmania, is working on a longitudinal study of children admitted to the Orphan Schools. In July 2010, she presented a paper at Queens University Belfast on the free children who accompanied convict parents to Van Diemens

Land. Dr Snowden has taught Adult Education classes in family history for more than 25 years and is currently lecturer for the UTAS Winter School Researching Family History. She is currently a member of Founders and Survivors project team and an Executive member of the Female Convicts Research Centre. Dr Snowden completed her doctorate A White Rag Burning: Irish Women who committed arson in order to be transported to Van Diemen's Land at UTAS in 2005. She is currently working on its publication. Her most recent publication (with Dr Tridy Cowley) is Patchwork Prisoners: The Rajah Quilt and the Women who made it. (Hobart, July 2013) She presented on this topic at the ISAANZ Conference in Canberra in July 2011. Dianne is working with Irish historian Joan Kavanagh on the history of the women and children of the convict ship Tasmania (2). Dianne and Joan presented on their research at the ISAANZ Conference in November 2012.

Ms Jasmin KELAITA University of New South Wales I like to be related; Just to be is so intransitive, so lonely: The architectural Irish subject in Elizabeth Bowens The Last September Abstract In a paper published in 2007, Beth Wightman argued for the dual operation of geographical space and Irish subjectivity in Elizabeth Bowens The Last September (1929). Wightman locates Bowens often-contested literary Irish identity at the intersection of the Island as geographic actuality and Ireland as a concept denoting national unity. Wightmans focus on the spatiality of Bowens construction of Irish identity in The Last September highlights the complex operation of abstract and material space in the novel. This paper identifies the spaces of Bowens work as central to the understanding of her Irishness, as well as detailing her significan t contribution to transnational modernism. It builds on, yet departs from, current critical debate on space in Bowens work by moving away from viewing her construction of Irish nationalism as contingent only on geography; this is achieved by highlighting the material manifestation of a distinct Architectural Irish subject. This subject, I will argue, is produced as a result of its relation to the discourse laden domestic space of Danielstown, the Irish country house which is arguably the central character of The Last September. The Last September is perhaps Bowens most speculated Big House work. Critical discussion of it tends to position its central feature, the blistered and ragged big country house, as a synecdoche for the decay and ultimate fall of the Anglo-Irish Ascendency. This paper re-examines and takes issue with this claim by illustrating that the material manifestation of place and space

exemplified by the Big House in The Last September exists as a site for identity formation, transgression and ultimately, of the rebirth and reinvigoration of a form of individual nationalism. This paper argues that Bowens characteristic development of a material, architectural aesthetic is central to her nationalist consideration as well as her contribution to a modernism beyond the boundaries of national literature. Jasmin Kelaita is a first year PhD candidate in English from the School of Arts and Media. She graduated from UNSW with First Class Honours in 2012, submitting a thesis arguing for the recognition of space, subjectivity and awkwardness as salient features of Patrick Whites novels. Her doctoral work focuses on architectural space in the modernist fiction of Elizabeth Bowen and Ford Madox Ford.

Dr Jeff KILDEA University of New South Wales, Australia Report on Irish Anzacs: A major new research project funded by the Irish Governments Emigrant Support Programme Jeff Kildea is a lecturer, author and retired barrister with a PhD in history from the University of New South Wales. He has taught Irish and Australian history to undergraduates at UNSW and Sydney Universitys Centre for Continuing Education and is currently Adjunct Senior Lecturer at the Global Irish Studies Centre at UNSW, where in summer session 2014 he will lecture into a new course Resistance and Revolution in Modern Ireland. He has written books and articles and presented papers both Australia and Ireland on earlytwentieth-century Irish-Australian history. His books include Tearing the Fabric: Sectarianism in Australia 19101925 (Citadel Books, 2002), Anzacs and Ireland (UNSW Press, 2007) and Wartime Australians: Billy Hughes (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008). He is currently researching a biography of Hugh Mahon and also leads 'Irish Anzacs'a major research project at the GISC, which is funded by the Irish Government Emigrant Support Programme and investigates the participation of the Australian Irish in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. His website jeffkildea.com includes some of his writings and a blog on interesting aspects of IrishAustralian history.

Dr Rina KIM University of Auckland, New Zealand Nerve endings: The synaptic chasm in Becketts writing Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate that Samuel Becketts interest in functions of the brain is not only evidenced in his notebooks, taken from a number of psychology and psycho-physiognomy texts in the early 1930s, but is also explored and expanded in his fiction and drama. This paper investigates Becketts fascination with the limits of cerebral consciousness and the brains failure to consciously perceive certain bodily modifications especially when processing emotion. Like Antonio Damasios definition of e motion as essentially the bodily modifications that include chemical changes, Beckett often exploits the idea of emotion as sorely a bodily phenomenon by creating characters who are unable to consciously perceive and process their emotion. For example, when talking about his own weeping, the narrator of The Unnamable attributes the tears to the malfunctioning of the brain, liquefied brain, denying, displacing or making physical the feeling of sadness. By examining the ways in which Beckett emphasizes a somatic dimension of emotion and its relation to the brain function and perception in his writing, this paper reveals how he explores the idea of the self and extends the idea to what he calls the impenetrable self that cannot be consciously recognized. I argue that if, for Joseph LeDoux, the notion of synapses as points of communication between cells is [] essential to our efforts to understand who we are in terms of brain mechanisms, for Beckett to expose such unconscious biological mechanism and gaps becomes his own artistic challenge. Rina Kim is a Lecturer in the Department of English at the University of Auckland. Her research interests include Samuel Beckett, Theatre and Performance, Gender and Irish Studies, Psychoanalytic Theories, Neuroscience, Memory and Emotion. Before joining the University of Auckland, she taught in the Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies at the University of Warwick where she also completed her PhD and further developed her expertise in Anglo-Irish literature as well as British and European Theatre. Her monograph, Women and Ireland as Becketts Lost Others: Beyond Mourning and Melancholia (2010) and her co-edited collection Cross-Gendered Literary Voices: Appropriating, Resisting, Embracing (2012) were published by Palgrave Macmillan. Currently she is working on her monograph provisionally entitled Drama and the Mind: Ibsen, Chekhov and Beckett.

Professor Peter KUCH University of Otago, New Zealand Suspended endingsnothing but Yeats Abstract This paper will analyse the 454 uses of the word but in the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats as a poetic code for suspending the endings of poems, for achieving what might be termed the willing suspension of closure. The analysis will draw from the 30 categories detailing accepted usages of but listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, and on Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartviks A Grammar of Contemporary English (1973), and on Huddleston and Pullums The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002). In terms of formal analysis I am indebted to Nicky Grenes Yeatss Poetic Codes (2008) and to Helen Vendlers Our Secret Discipline: Yeats and Lyric Form (2007). Conscious that it was not until the 30s that Yeats knew what the word syntax meant, and that many of his so-called poetic codes represented a rehearsed accommodation between achieved technique and that old nonchalance of the hand, this paper will focus on aesthetics rather than intentions. Peter Kuch is the Eamon Cleary Professor of Irish Studies at the University of Otago. The author of some 50 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books, his most recent publication is a chapter entitled: We Writers are not PoliticiansW.B. Yeats: Poetry, Plays, Prose, and the Politics of Publicatio n in Peter Marks, ed., Literature and Politics: Pushing the World in Certain Directions (2012).

Dr Ben LEVITAS Goldsmiths, University of London, United Kingdom Metatheatre and performativity in W. B. Yeatss The Dreaming of the Bones Abstract Yeats's famous concluding question from 'Among School Children', 'How can we know the dancer from the dance?', has long been recognised as an invitation to ontological reflection. This paper also interprets the line as an invitation to re-examine the quartet of short plays Four Plays for Dancers. In so doing it seeks to consider these theatrical pieces as meta-formal works, which treat the themes of physical presence, knowing, being and representation through the medium most suitable for their exploration: performance. Bringing the text, specific productions of the plays ( At the Hawk's Well, The Dreaming of the Bones, The Only Jealous of Emer/Fighting the Waves , Calvary), and the

contexts of their reception into account, this paper will construe their operation as a modernist exploration of intersubjectivity, between representation and the body as a phenomenological site of resistance to representation. As if in anticipation of that later instruction consider where 'man's glory both begins and ends', these plays/events recalibrate starting points and termini in the dynamics of Irish life and art. Ben Levitas is Reader in the Department of Theatre and Performance at Goldsmiths, University of London. After gaining an MA in Modern English Literature from Queen Mary College, University of London, he was awarded his D.Phil. from the History Faculty, Oxford University, and went on to teach at the School of Politics at Queen's University Belfast, before joining Goldsmiths in 2001. His first book, The Theatre of Nation: Irish Drama and Cultural Nationalism 18901916 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002) was awarded the Michael J. Durkan Prize for Books on Language or Culture by the American Conference for Irish Studies.

Dr Matthew LEWIS University of Newcastle, Australia Partition and republican violence on the Irish border, 19201923 Abstract Partition was a central feature of the Irish Revolution, and arguably its most significant outcome. Beyond the high-political narratives of the conflict, however, it occupies a curious position within the historiography, ever present though rarely at the forefront of discussion. The growing body of scholarly literature detailing the revolutionary experience in six-county Ulster has produced a few exceptions, most notably the work of Robert Lynch. Yet even in this context, acknowledgements of its importance tend to be implicit rather than explicit. This is particularly true with regards to its influence on political violence during the period, which has, understandably, been obscured by the ethno-religious dimensions of the conflict. With this in mind, this paper will evaluate the impact of partition as a threat, process and day-to-day reality on republican violence along the border. Focusing on the activities of the IRAs Fourth Northern Division in the borderlands of Armagh, south Down and north Louth, it will draw on a wide variety of sources, including government records, local and national press reports, contemporary republican documentation, and subsequent accounts recorded by IRA volunteers, to address three main points. Firstly, it will discuss the significance of partition as a stimulus for republican aggression at various stages in the conflict. Secondly, it will consider the ways in which partition

shaped the types of violence employed by republicans, and the logic that guided such acts. Finally, it will explore the relationship between partition and republican violence against the Protestant community. In doing so, it will argue that a more thorough engagement with the context of partition is crucial to understanding republican violence during this period, both along the newly created border, and across Ulster more generally. Matthew Lewis completed his doctorate at Queens University Belfast in 2011. His thesis focused on the controversial revolutionary past of the Irish statesman Frank Aiken, and the broader context of republican politics and violence on the south-east Ulster border between 1916 and 1923. He is currently preparing publications from this research. Since September 2012, Matthew has been an ERC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for War Studies, University College Dublin, working on the project The Limits of Demobilization: Paramilitary Violence in Europe and the Wider World, 1917 1923. His current research is a comparative and transnational study of paramilitarism as an aspect of British colonial policing in Ireland and Palestine after the First World War. From October 2013 he will be continuing this research as a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Centre for the History of Violence, University of Newcastle NSW.

Mr Rowan Patrick LIGHT From Irish exile to Australian pagan: The Christian Brothers, Irish handball, and Irish-Australian identity in the early twentieth century Abstract From the 1870s to the late 1950s, Irish handball was the preeminent sporting pastime of Irish-Australian school boys attending Christian Brothers' schools across Australia. Led and encouraged by religious and backed by the wider Irish-Australian community, handball participation formed a crucial part of the ordinary lives of the Brothers and their students. Despite the vast competitive networks of Irish handball, played within and between Christian Brothers' schools, the sport has been largely neglected by Irish-Australian scholarship, save for Patrick O'Farrell's brief characterisation of the sport as 'the informal playground sport of Catholic private schools, at least in New South Wales'. O'Farrell's view was wrong in analysis and scope but indicative of standard Irish-Australian historiography; fixated on narratives of nationalism, Catholic hierarchy, and elitist politics.

My presentation would outline the experience of the Irish Christian Brothers in early twentieth-century Australia and the playing of Irish handball in their colleges. This new research is acutely relevant for understanding Irish-Australian identity and the complex relationship of Catholicism, education, and sport; which has been the subject of scholarship in other parts of the Irish diaspora such as Argentina, Canada, and the United States. Irish handball facilitated the dislocation and transformation of migrant identity, beyond O'Farrell's notion of Irish integration as an imperative of Australianise or perish'. It therefore highlights the complexity of Irish experience of diaspora; the attendant conflict of multiple and often contradictory cultural and transnational identities, and where and how Irish migrants over the last century situated that identity and communal experience. My research offers areas for development in Irish-Australian historiography and lends itself to a fundamental reconsideration of our perceptions of Irish sporting participation in the Australian context. Rowan Patrick Light is a history graduate of the University of Auckland and the University of Sydney. In 2012, he was awarded First Class Honours for his th thesis on Irish handball in Christian Brothers' schools in early 20 century Australia. As well as Irish history and sport, his research interests include the histories of Australian and New Zealand identities and the Anzac tradition.

Dr Dymphna LONERGAN Flinders University, Australia The language and the 1911 Census Abstract Despite attempts to revive interest in the Irish language throughout the nineteenth century, there was a steady decline in the number of Irish speakers during the early years of the twentieth century. Between 1901 and 1911 the number of returned Irish speakers in the Censuses dropped from 14.4 per cent to 13.3. per cent. At the same time, we see an 80 per cent increase in the use of Irish in the 1911 Census returns. This use ranges from the Irish language version of names being recorded through to entries entirely in Irish. This extraordinary increase in Irish language use in the 1911 Census represents not only the promotional work of Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League) but also the rise in nationalism and other social, cultural, and economic change. The 1911 Census was the last under British rule. That rule over hundreds of years had seen the Irish language pushed to the geographical extremities.

Emigration sent the language to the other ends of the world. What remained was hardly documented in print. The 1911 Census offers an intriguing insight for primary researchers into dialectical differences at that time in the northwest, west, south-west and south-east ends of the country. It also offers an insight into declarative and aspirational stances on the visibility of the language in the census forms. This original research provides new insights into the complexities of language in official documents: what is allowed and what is disallowed; what is revealed and what remains hidden. Dymphna Lonergan is Lecturer in English and Creative Writing at Flinders University. Her research interests include Irish language and Australian English, Irish place names in Australia and the Irish language in the 1911 Irish Census.

Dr Maebh LONG University of the South Pacific The figure of the law in Kevin Barry and Flann OBrien Abstract Kevin Barry has cited Flann OBrien as a strong influence on his work in a number of interviews. While the aggression underlying much of OBriens work is made determinedly manifest in Barrys, in both writers we find the apocalyptic strangeness that Seamus Deane associates with Irish writing personified in the corpulent body of the law, which roams the countryside in an intimate association with death, desire and violence. In both OBrien and Barry law and desire are performatively entangled, as iek writes in Plague of Fantasies, Desire emerges when drive gets caught in the cobweb of Law/prohibition, in the vicious cycle in which jouissance must be refused, so that it can be reached on the inverted ladder of the Law of desire (Lacans definition of castration) and fantasy is the narrative of this primordial loss, since it stages the process of this renunciation, the emergence of the Law. In Barrys Ox Mountain Death Song, born of Barrys cycling trips through the mountains The rhythm of the bikes movement was fundamental to the process, somehow. The eerie whirring of the spokes, I believe, got into the prose Sergeant Brown grimly pursues the hypersexualised figure of Canavan and deals a form of justice made localised, subjective, corrupt. In OBriens The Third Policeman the mechanised police force obsesses over hypersexualised bicycles and deals an elliptical, evasive and punitive justice to an unnamed, murderous narrator. In Barry The City of Bohane the law is peripheral, a timid control on a unbridled, hedonistic violence. This paper

explores the differing engagements with fantastical desire, the limits of legality and violent ends in the works of Barry and OBrien. Maebh Long is Lecturer in Literature at the School of Language, Arts and Media at the University of the South Pacific. She is the author of Assembling Flann OBrien (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), a monograph of theoretical engagements with the Irish author Flann OBrien/Myles na gCopaleen/Brian ONolan. In addition to incursions into Irish Studies, her areas of engagement and publication are theory and philosophy, currently ironic and fragmentary forms in Derrida, Blanchot and Schlegel.

Dr Laura MCATACKNEY University College Dublin, Ireland The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean?: Archaeological understandings of the Irish plantation of Montserrat Abstract The small Caribbean island of Montserrat calls itself the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean due to the large numbers of political exiles and indentured servants th th who were tranported from Ireland to its shores through the 17 and 18 centuries. The island has continued to link to Ireland through the naming of town and landscape features as well as the residents surnames but its promotion as an Irish place has only been reintroduced in recent years. The long-term native population of Montserrat, the descendants of the Africa slaves, have increasingly promoted their islands identity in the last few decades through a green tint as a tourist promotion device. By integrating the findings of the SLAM (Survey and Landscape Archaeology on Montserrat) th Project on archaeological remains and close examination of 20 century newspaper archives in the Montserrat Collection this paper will discuss what they can jointly reveal about this now largely forgotten historic Irish diaspora. Laura McAtackney is currently an IRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the School of Social Justice, University College Dublin. She is currently researching areas as diverse as graffiti collections from Kilmainham Gaol, the th Irish presence on Montserrat, 19 century Irish prison records and the affect of the material remnants of the Northern Irish Troubles in the peace process.

Mr Peter H. MACFIE James Hackett: Outspoken affluent Irish Catholic distiller and family, Van Diemens land 18281841 Abstract From Cork To Van Diemen's Land & New York State - encapsulates the life of James Hackett & family. James was an affluent, outspoken and irascible Catholic related to the famous Cork Distillery family, Hackett and Murphy. An entrepreneur & democrat in early Hobart Town, James possibly showed family traits being related to later radical Jesuit priest and IRA supporter, Father th William Hackett, sent to Victoria in the late 19 century. From his arrival in Hobart Town with wife Maria in 1828, until leaving disillusioned in 1841, James Hackett established the Derwent Distillery in Hobart Town, owned a nearby hotel and built and /or owned a grain mill. He became embroiled in several contentious issues, including the honesty of Father Connolly the islands first Catholic priest whom he challenged publicly, quarrelled with Lt G George Arthur and the Home Office over liquor taxes, and supported rebel farmer, William Bryan against Arthur. To the delight of local newspapers, at the Battle of Waterloo Bridge the hot -headed Irishman fought a fist fight with Colonial Surgeon Scott in one of Hobart Towns main streets. Seeking financial redress for loss of income, James Hackett also fought an ongoing legal battle via anti-government publications. With wife Maria, James Hackett raised 7 children in Hobart Town only to return to Cork and die while assisting in a typhoid outbreak in 1847. Undaunted, Maria and family sailed for North America, but were shipwrecked off the St Lawrence River. All were rescued and landed in Newfoundland. Maria Hackett and family eventually settled in Albany New York State, where many descendants of the couple were born. Peter MacFie has 30 years' experience as a public historian, giving him a wide knowledge of all facets of colonial history. He lives and works at Dulcot (near Richmond) in southern Tasmania. Born in Launceston in 1943, Peter is a 6th generation Tasmanian. He is former historian at the Port Arthur Historic Site and founder member of a number of Historical Societies.

Dr Matt MCGUIRE University of Western Sydney, Australia The Novel and Transitional Justice: David Parks The Truth Commissioner Abstract What is the role of literature in the aftermath of political conflict? How do literary texts inform the process of political transformation and social reconciliation? Can fiction provide a form of truth that is unavailable in other modes of discourse such as politics and history? This paper will address these questions by examining David Parks novel The Truth Commissioner (2008). The paper represents the opening salvo in a project to map out Irish literary history in the wake of the Troubles. In The Truth Commissioner David Park depicts a fictional Truth and Reconciliation Commission, based on the South African model, set up to provide transitional justice in the aftermath of the Northern Ireland conflict. The book deploys the formal tropes of the thriller to question the grandiose claims of such commissions and the popular perception that they enable post-traumatic recovery, social reconciliation and historical closure for nations emerging from civil conflict. Matt McGuire is Lecturer in the School of Humanities and Languages, University of Western Sydney. Matt was born in Belfast and gained his MA, MSc and PhD in English Literature from the University of Edinburgh. Before coming to UWS he was a Lecturer at the University of Glasgow. He has published widely on various aspects of Irish and Scottish Literature, contemporary fiction and crime writing. His debut novel, Dark Dawn, was published in 2012.

Dr Siobhan MCHUGH University of Wollongong, Australia Bridging the gap? Mixed marriage as mediator between Catholics and Protestants in Australia 1920s1970s Abstract In 1947, 90% of Australians described their ethnic origins as British or Irish (Price 1999), a period when religious affiliations were still a prime indicator of ethnic background: Catholics were largely of Irish, and Protestants of British, th origin. Catholic-Protestant sectarianism in 20 century Australia has been thoroughly documented, by Kildea, Campion, and other historians. Entrenched prejudice on both sides sometimes resulted in Catholics and Protestants living, working, socialising and being educated in distinct communities, with little or no intercourse, thereby perpetuating the divisions. But one group flouted the

polarisation: those who married across the religious divide. One in five of all marriages from 1901-1961 comprised mixed marriage, a union between Catholic and Protestant (Mol 1970). This paper examines the experiences of those who occupied this hybrid world, at the border between Irish Catholic and British Protestant Australia. While mixed marriage often caused hostilities between the spousal families, what of the next generation? Can they be seen as agents of reconciliation between the two groups? Did these children of mixed marriage foster the integration of two bitterly opposed cultures? Or did entrenched discrimination prohibit the creation of a mediated middle ground? If a hybrid third way was fomented through mixed marriage, what were its tenets and its legacy, and what lessons does it hold for contemporary multicultural Australia? The paper is based on 50 oral history interviews conducted for a doctoral thesis (McHugh 2010). The unexpurgated collection has been acquired by the National Library of Australia, to be made available as an online digital archive. Excerpts from the interviews were included in a radio documentary series, Marrying Out, broadcast nationally in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, but this paper contains previously unpublished material. Siobhan McHugh is an internationally recognised oral historian, author and documentary-maker. Her six books include an award-winning history of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, The Snowy The People behind the Power (Heinemann 1989) and a history of Australian womens involvement in the Vietnam war, Minefields and Miniskirts (Doubleday 1993), adapted for stage and radio. She co-wrote two major television documentaries about the Irish diaspora, Echo of a Distant Drum (1988) and The Irish Empire (1999), while her radio documentaries cover Irish-Australian themes such as the Eureka Stockade, the famine orphan girls, and the Stolen Generations. Her series Marrying Out won a gold medal at the New York Radio Festival (2010). She is Senior Lecturer in Journalism at the University of Wollongong. Website: http://siobhanmchugh.org

Dr Perry MCINTYRE The University of New South Wales, Australia Famine the end of Ireland? Abstract The Famine changed the demography and landscape of Ireland dramatically and rapidly but it also had a lasting impact on what is now referred to as the Irish Diaspora. Was the Famine the end of Ireland and its close-knit community? This paper will explore aspects of what was remembered and the

current retrospective memory of the Famine and its impact on Australia of the mid-nineteenth century. What is the legacy of the Irish Famine in the modern world? Perry McIntyre completed her PhD on convict family reunion in 2006 and it was published by Irish Academic Press in 2010 as Free Passage: the reunion of Irish Convicts and their families in Australia 17881852. Her research interests focus on immigration to Australia from Ireland from the beginning of the colony in 1788 until the mid-nineteenth century. Her specific work at present is on single female emigration and she has co-authored several books on 1830 emigration of women. See www.anchorbooksaustralia.com.au for details. Perry has previously worked at St Johns College at the University of Sydney. She has served on the History Council of NSW and was the President in 2005 and 2006; was a councillor of the Society of Australian Genealogists for 20 years and has also served on the council of the Royal Australian Historical Society, the Australian Catholic Historical Society and is the current Chair of the Great Irish Famine Commemoration Committee in which role she organized three days of events surrounding the International Commemoration of the Irish Famine in Sydney, in August 2013. She has published and spoken extensively on immigration, particularly 19th century Irish. She has lead or co-lead nine successful tours to Ireland between 1991 and 2007. Her current research interests relate to Famine immigration extending beyond the years 184850 which saw the arrival of over 4,000 single women from the workhouses in Ireland. Perry is currently an Adjunct Lecturer with the Global Irish Studies Centre at the University of New South Wales.

Ms Anne MCMAHON The Irish Prison Hulks; 18231837 Abstract Sixty voyages of convict ships transported 11,551 Irish male prisoners to Sydney between 1823 and 1837. The prisoners had been held on two hulks, the Surprize which lay at Cove and the Essex at Dn Laoghaire. Both were demasted frigates brought into service to reduce overcrowding at Cork and Dublin gaols. Experienced naval surgeons were engaged for each voyage. Conditions were similar on both hulks. Violence erupted at times when factions targeted sickly prisoners. The diet was at starvation levels; the prisoners being fed at a rate of 3d. per man per day. No work was organised on either vessel. The clothing issued was poorly made; flimsy and insufficient to keep out the cold. The medical service was minimal; the overriding concern being economy.

Edward Trevor (1763-1837), General Superintendent of Prisons and Hulks, controlled the embarkation of the prisoners. He was a pervasive presence at departure whether from Cork or Dublin. Frequently he rejected the naval surgeons attempts to re-land seriously ill prisoners. Trevors commitment was to despatch as many prisoners as possible; whether fit or unfit. In this resolve he was aided by the surgeons of both hulks. The Inspectors General of Prisons praised the conduct of the hulks and held Edward Trevor in good standing. However a hiatus existed between the official view and the reality as the inmates attempted to set fire to both hulks. Some prisoners concealed illnesses in order to take their chances at sea. A few attempted to remain in Ireland but failed. There were 131 deaths of prisoners on the voyages but those suffering phthisis on arrival were likely to die within the year. The Surprize and the Essex remained in service for 14 years before being broken up during October 1837. Anne McMahon is a retired academic living in Canberra. She is a graduate in psychology from the University of Tasmania and in sociology from the Australian National University. Anne trained as a professional psychologist and taught this subject at the University of Canberra, 1970-2000. Anne is a member of ISAANZ and has presented papers at the La Trobe University and Massey University conferences. In 2011 Anne McMahon published Convicts at Sea: The voyages of the Irish convict transports to Van Diemens Land, 1840-1853. She is a contributor to The Other Clare; the annual journal of the Shannon Archaeological & Historical Society, Tinten and Tasmanian Ancestry.

Ms Jeanette MOLLENHAUER Sydney Conservatorium of Music Really far yet reel-y near: Competitive Irish dancing in Sydney since Riverdance Abstract Irish dancing, along with other aspects of Irish culture and tradition, reaches around the globe to the other end of the earth, Australia. Irish immigrants have had a presence in Australia from the earliest days of settlement. St Patricks Day parades have been staged in Sydney since 1810, Irish pubs abound, and Irish music and dance are enjoyed by both those within, and outside of, the

Irish community. This paper explores issues of cultural identity construction within the context of competitive Irish dancing. The historical narrative established by Cullinane (2006) in his work Aspects of 170 Years of Irish Dancing in Australia, describes the Australian Irish dance scene but does not explore the entrance of Irish dancing into general public consciousness following the Eurovision Song Contest performance of Riverdance in 1994. In this paper, the popularisation of Irish dancing due to media exposure following the Riverdance phenomenon is interrogated, demonstrating the existence of two distinct groups amongst Irish dancing participants in Sydney. For participants whose families had emigrated from Ireland, Irish dancing provides an affective connection to their cultural heritage. Yet these participants may, along with the desire to establish such a connection, simultaneously share characteristics with the second group: those who lack familial connections with Ireland, but who took up Irish dancing as part of a wave of popular attraction to all aspects of Irish culture, considering it as representative of camaraderie and a good time. In exploring this phenomenon, I draw on theories concerning issues of ethnic identity, cultural adoration and temporary cultural affiliation, to further the discourse surrounding ethnic identity construction through traditional dance practices. Jeanette Mollenhauer has had a lifelong interest in traditional dance forms. She is a recreational folk dance teacher, and is the current president of Folk Dance Australia. Both of her daughters danced competitively in Irish dancing at State and National Championships, and Jeanette has assisted with beginner classes, team classes and concerts at the Maher School of Irish Dance in western Sydney since 1994. In 2013, Jeanette commenced doctoral studies at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, and will be researching traditional dance practices amongst immigrant groups, including the Irish, in Sydney.

Dr Kevin MOLLOY State Library of Victoria, Australia A man with a good purse of gold: John DArcy, the Great Famine, and the goldfields of California and Victoria Abstract One consequence of the Great Famine was the propelling of many thousands of single, able, and very talented Irish men and women on adventurous lifestyles in many different parts of the nineteenth century world. One such person was John DArcy who left his townland of Ballyhimikin in South Tipperary in mid-1849, accompanied by his sister Margaret and cousin Patrick. They arrived in Adelaide in August of that year staying with their bookseller

brother Michael DArcy, former editor of the Sydney Morning Chronicle, and soon to be editor of the Sydney Freemans Journal. The DArcys were strong farmers with some disposable income, that 5 -10% of families that survived on 30 acres or more but who nevertheless did not own any land. The DArcy family - comprising at one time fourteen family members - rented 35 acres in 1831 and just over 100 acres in 1854 before the last of the brothers left Tipperary for New South Wales. Between 1846 and 1851 four family members died, and with ongoing harassment from the local landowner James Scully, life became increasingly untenable as friends and neighbours succumbed to disease and impoverishment. On arrival in Adelaide in 1849 John DArcy with the aid of his brother purchased 100 acres of land, and travelled throughout South Australia over the next three months. However, with the glowing news on the discovery of gold in California he was one of 500 Adelaide men who set sail for San Francisco in January 1850. On arrival DArcy headed for Sacrame nto and then to the Sierra Nevada mountains with his Adelaide-Irish compatriot John ONeil. Hard work, thrift, and a relentless work ethic saw DArcy make big money over 1850, several thousand dollars in the first months of diggings. His plan was to accumulate at least $6000 in the bank in San Francisco before deciding his future. DArcy stayed over two years in the Sierra Nevada, a place he described as the most beautiful country in the world, before heading for the Victorian goldfields where he spent two year at Beechworth and the Jim Crow, with a stint on the Turon in New South Wales. He returned to Ireland in 1854 to bring his sick brother David to Sydney and to dispose of the Tipperary farm. This paper will examine the life of John DArcy, the successf ul Famine migrant with a love for business and an acute understanding of the need to utilize the opportunities afforded by the global gold rushes to create surplus capital in order to successfully return to the land. Literate and articulate like his brothers David in Tipperary and Michael in Adelaide John DArcy was a prolific writer to family, friends and cousins, an acute observer, and an angry critic of British rule in Ireland when compared to the opportunities afforded migrants in California and Victoria. With a love of the outdoor life and always relishing the prospect of mixing with individuals from very different ethnic backgrounds and walks of life, John DArcy accumulated enough capital to support himself and family in conditions that could never have been possible in Ireland. Dreaming constantly of farming in Oregon, Sacramento or Stockton, John DArcy eventually became a very wealthy and well-known farmer in Bega, New South Wales where he, his sisters, nephew, brothers, and Tipperary townland neighbours settled, intermarried and re-created the pastoral life that was denied them in Ireland.

Kevin Molloy is curator of Manuscripts at the State Library of Victoria in Melbourne. He completed his Ph.D. at Trinity College Dublin on nineteenthcentury historiography and currently writes on international Irish print networks, colonial newspapers, book history, and the Irish-American novel.

Mr Lachlan MONTGOMERY University of New South Wales, Australia Irish Modernism and German Expressionism: the influence of James Joyce and Jack B. Yeats in Samuel Becketts German diaries Abstract Throughout his early career Samuel Beckett placed increasing significance on painting as a medium that could surpass the artistic limitations that he believed were inherent within literature. His explorations into Modernist painting can therefore provide us with an intimate portrait of the struggling young writer seeking new possibilities of expression which could invigorate what he saw as a tired medium. Although Beckett primarily sought to solve this problem through his engagement with the work of continental artists, both his sensitivity to the limitations of literature and his awareness of the expressive possibilities of the visual arts were the result of the early influence of two of the major figures of Irish Modernism, James Joyce and Jack B. Yeats. The diaries that Beckett kept throughout his travels through Weimar Germany, in 1936 and early 1937, provide an intimate portrait of his engagement with Modernist painting. Through an analysis of these diaries I will show how Beckett turned to the visual arts as a means of dealing with the literary crisis that he believed he faced in the aftermath of the innovations that Joyce brought to the written word. Through a reading of Becketts diaries and an analysis of the works that he discusses I will build a clear definition of the themes that drove Becketts explorations into the visual arts and define the characteristics of a typically Beckettian approach to painting, an approach which Beckett would eventually bring to his own writing. Although Beckett discovered the personal significance of this specific type of painting through his explorations of German expressionism, I will show that the prototype of the Beckettian picture is actually derived from the earlier influence of the paintings of Jack B. Yeats, in whose work we see a stylistic approach which helped Beckett to find his own unique literary voice. Lachlan Montgomery is a PhD candidate at the University of New South Wales, supervised by Prof. Ronan McDonald. The focus of his work is the convergence of thought between modernist art and literature with a primary focus on the art criticism and prose novels of Samuel Beckett. He holds First Class Honours degree in English Literature and Philosophy from the Australian

National University, Canberra, and a Master of Arts in English Literature (by research) from the University of Sydney. Lachlan is also a freelance academic editor.

Dr Natasha MOORE University of New South Wales The Centre and the Periphery: William Allingham as Irish Poet and Man of Letters Abstract Poet, diarist, prolific correspondent, Customs Officer, and devoted lion-hunter, the Anglo-Irish William Allingham is quintessentially of his period on a number of fronts. He is perhaps most valued by literary scholars, however, for the anecdotal sketches of some of his most prized trophies Emerson, Carlyle, Tennyson, Browning, Thackeray, Clough, and George Eliot, among others with which his diary abounds. Alternately at the heart and on the peripheries of nineteenth-century literary life, Allingham resourcefully cultivated an acquaintance with some of the leading lights of Victorian letters, and yet not infrequently found himself isolated from them culturally, socially, professionally, and (perhaps most poignantly) geographically. Born on the west coast of Ireland, and conducting much of his literary career remotely from his hometown of Ballyshannon and a number of other provincial English and Irish towns, Allinghams story is frequently one of alienation and dividedness. Whether looking out across the Atlantic (to Emerson, he writes in his diary), south to Dublin (where the world of Irish letters, represented by his friend Samuel Ferguson, is based), or eastwards to the Victorian literary scene and especially Tennyson, the sun around which he orbits as poet centred on London, Allingham finds himself at the ends of the earth, subject for long periods to a kind of literary exile at the extreme edge of Europe, Britain, and Ireland. This paper considers Allinghams fraught relationship with his h omeland, his countrymen, and the English friends who so little understood or cared to understand either. Based on MS material at the University of Illinois and elsewhere, as well as Allinghams thoughtful and eclectic poetry, it reflects on both the geographical and cultural ends of nineteenth -century Ireland. Natasha Moore received her PhD in 2012 from Queens College, Cambridge, looking at the long poems of the middle of the nineteenth century and their attempts to capture the everyday life of the age in which they were written. Since then she has been splitting her time between a Learning & Teaching role at UNSW and a new research project on Anglo-Irish poet

William Allingham, with visits to archives in Belfast, Illinois, and Austin, Texas. She is currently a Visiting Research Fellow in the School of Letters, Art and Media at the University of Sydney.

Mr Peter MOORE University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Kerry cousins: How to study Irish lawyers in Australia Abstract A 40-year trickle of books, articles and papers on Irish lawyers in Australia has focussed on fewer than a dozen Irish barristers as colonial legislators and judges. Likewise, the Australian Dictionary of Biography selected about fifty Irish settlers with legal qualifications and concentrated on their public lives. Little of this is about the lawyers as lawyers or the Irishmen as Irishmen, and serves neither Australian legal historical scholarship nor Australian Irish cultural purposes. Between 1838 and 1845, four cousins from Kerry were admitted to the practice of the Supreme Court of South Australia. One, a Kings Inn barrister, became Advocate General almost immediately and Acting Judge soon afterwards. Another, an attorney, served as Assistant Crown Solicitor, and a third assisted him. Publicly, they conducted the early colonys civil and criminal administrations. Privately, they acquired landed property, joined legal and cultural groups, and enjoyed high social status. These characteristics fulfill the criteria that now dom inate the limited literature of Irish lawyers in Australia. Here are the hallmarks of the vaunted Irish legal stamp on British colonial law. Appearances deceive. These Kerry cousins did not succeed by any of the usual measures. All died young soon after arriving. They contributed nothing notable to professional or, indeed, colonial life. None is remembered in Ireland or in Australia. Are they exceptions to the rule about Irish lawyers in Australia? If so, what is the rule? The paper is both a report on a sample and a critique of a methodology. What does the particular tragedy of the Kerry cousins tell us about how to study the impact of Irish lawyers in Australia? Peter Moore is a fourth-generation Irish-Australian, a former South Australian legal practitioner, and currently a PhD student at the University of Technology, Sydney, analysing the development of legal professional culture in NSW, SA and NZ from the 1830s to the 1860s.

Dr Fabrice MOURLON University of Paris 13, France Towards closure? Meeting the needs of victims and survivors of the conflict in Northern Ireland Abstract The conflict in Northern Ireland took a heavy toll on the population. Almost 3700 people died as a result of political violence and a large number of people were either physically injured or psychologically traumatised. In the early 1990s the peace process allowed researchers to assess and reflect on the human cost of the conflict while politicians started to recognised that a peace settlement would have to take into account the victims of the conflict. In 1998, both the Bloomfield Report and the Belfast Agreement acknowledged the victims and survivors of political violence and policies and provisions were put in place to assist them. Support was delivered through a combination of statutory bodies and voluntary organisations, the setting up of the latter being encouraged by the generous funding from the successive European Programmes for peace and reconciliation known as PEACE 1, 2 and 3. An increasing number of self-help groups have provided material and psychological assistance to victims, and the British and devolved governments have developed strategies to sustain the victims sector. 15 years of committed work with victims and survivors has given contrasted and yet encouraging results. While disagreement still exists on the definition of who constitutes a victim, much progress has been achieved on crosscommunity and partnership work. Many individuals have found adequate support within self-help groups or through statutory institutions and a number of their material and psychological needs have been or are being addressed. However, issues of truth and justice have only recently been t ackled by official inquiries or by the Historical Enquiry Team and the Police Ombudsman. While the symbolic Saville Inquiry has brought some closure to families of those who died on Bloody Sunday in 1972, a lot of inquests and investigations, which are part of the process of dealing with the past, prove unsatisfactory to many individuals. This paper would like to examine to what extent policies and provisions geared at victims and survivors can heal individuals and society, facilitate working through the past and overcome divisions. Fabrice Mourlon is a senior lecturer in English language at the University of Paris 13 and completed his PhD on assistance to victims and survivors of the conflict in Northern Ireland in 2009. Since then he has published o n the subject and on the process of dealing with the past. He is currently working on the role of victims and survivors testimonies as well as the relationship

between nationalism and socialism in Ireland through the relationships between Sinn Fein, the Communist Party of Ireland and the French Communist Party. Fabrice Mourlon is the secretary of SOFEIR (French Society of Irish Studies) and a member of the EFACIS board (the European Federation of Irish Studies).

Dr Annemarie MURLAND University of Newcastle, Australia & Kiera OTOOLE University of Newcastle, Australia Visualising Ireland: Homage to otherness Abstract Visualising contemporary Irelands capacity to reimagine itself Beyond the Pale of a textual, literary perspective is how we, as a collaborative, propose to address the thematic of this conference. As a collaborative, the Ends of Ireland reflect a personal sense of Irishness that has been shaped by a shared experience of migration and the diaspora associated with moving between space and place. Within a visual, cultural framework the traditional paper presentation is reframed through two strands of artistic research. The first strand is the staging of a pop-up exhibition titled the Marian Thread during the conference (in the Central Lecture Block foyer). This exhibition is contextually underpinned by the role of the feminine in the Roman Catholic Church and how this experience translates into visual literacy. The accompanying presentation will locate the exhibition as research by leading the audience through the coded language embedded in the materiality of the art objects. These artworks are theorised with embodied knowledge that is fused with history, culture and a personal experience of Ireland near and far. Through the exhibition and visual presentation we will demonstrate the visual as an alternate form of discourse. The value of which is measured, not through the traditional spheres of knowledge production but in the binary that exists between art and language. Annemarie Murland is an early-career researcher, lecturer in painting and drawing, and post-graduate supervisor in the School of Creative Arts, University of Newcastle. Kiera O'Toole studied Fine Art at the Dublin Institute of Technology graduating in 2000 and went on to complete a Masters of Philosophy in Fine Art in Newcastle University, Australia in 2013. OToole has exhibited widely in group and solo exhibitions in Ireland, Finland and Australia including the

National Museum of Australia in 2011. OToole has an extensive experience in teaching Fine Art as a casual academic, TAFE teacher, Community College and obtained several artists in residencies. As an early career researcher, OToole has maintained her professional art practice with her works collected in public and private collections including the OPW.

Mr Enda MURRAY University of Western Sydney Domestic ethnography and performative documentary in the IrishAustralian intercultural film Secret Family Recipes Abstract This paper explores the use of documentary to explore a personal experience of migration. The paper analyses the practice based documentary work, Secret family recipes, which itself explores issues of personal identity within broader family, community, and intercultural contexts. Secret family recipes is a documentary film that explores a personal connection to Ireland and to family and culture. The documentary uses the device of cake baking to provide a narrative spine for the journey of exploration. The filmmaker, Enda Murray, journeys from Sydney back to his birthplace in Ireland in 2007 and helps his elderly mother bake her annual Christmas cake. In the course of this journey, he talks to his peers about their memories of growing up and ponders on his own early family life in Ireland. He then returns to Australia and bakes a cake with his two daughters (ages six and four), using this occasion to reflect on his current family situation. The paper draws on a range of literature to critique the production of Secret family recipes against ethnographic and film. A short 3 minute promo of the documentary may be viewed at: https://vimeo.com/47708919. The full 50 minute documentary may be viewed at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7mj7ttgjSI Enda Murray is an award winning media producer with 28 years experience in the industry having worked in Ireland, England, Europe, USA and Australia. He recently submitted his DCA entitled Personal filmic exploration of contemporary Irish-Australian identity through the Institute for Contemporary Society at UWS.

Dr Una NEWELL University College Dublin, Ireland The West must wait: Conceptualising the political and social realities of the Irish Free State, 19221932 Abstract Drawing on sophisticated rigorous research of a wide range of unexplored sources, this paper will extend the regional historical debate beyond the revolutionary period and offer a fresh examination of post-revolutionary Ireland. Through a detailed examination of key local themes land, poverty, politics, the status of the Irish language and the influence of radical republicans the paper will give new perspectives on the socio-political realities of post-revolutionary Ireland. It will challenge John M. Regans counter revolution thesis, question why the land struggle did not become a focal point of tangible anti-government opposition in the Free State and illustrate the extent of poverty and distress with which the Cumann na nGaedheal government had to confront (however inadequately) in the west during the first decade of independence. The paper will demonstrate how, in the west of Ireland, the language of Free State politics the treaty, the state and the fear of the gunman differed significantly from the language of Free State Society land, distress and disappointment. The establishment of the new state brought new expectations and frustrations when these were not met. By 1932, Cumann na nGaedheal signified peace if not prosperity, continuity if not change, stability if not creativity. Stability and continuity were not words to inspire a depressed west. This regional case study will test much of what has been assumed in the literature on a national level and raise a series of challenging questions about how we think about post-civil war society in Ireland. Una Newell is a researcher and lecturer in modern Irish history, specialising in regional history. She a graduate of the National University of Ireland, Galway (BA, 2000) and University College Dublin (MA, 2004; PhD, 2010). Her academic awards include a three year Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences Doctoral Fellowship (2006-09) and a UCD Seed Funding Travelling Scholarship (2007). She was a researcher for the RTE Television Hidden History documentary: The Killings at Coolacrease, broadcast on RTE One, 23 October, 2007. Her publications include The Rising of the Moon: Galway 1916, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. 58 (2006) and Have we been playing at republicanism?: The treaty, the pact election and the civil war in County Galway, in Diarmaid Ferriter and Susannah Riordan (eds.), The Irish Revolution 1910-1923 (Forthcoming, University College Dublin Press, Dublin,

2013). She is currently based at the UCD Humanities Institute where she is completing her monograph The West must wait: politics and society in County Galway, 1922-1932 (Forthcoming, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2014). Dr Mary OCONNELL University of New South Wales, Australia The Irish Land War: A diasporic victory? Abstract When Parnell was criticised in 1880 for making inflammatory speeches in the US and told he would not dare to speak so openly in Ireland, he said the reverse was true. In Ireland the people were so beaten down one had to try to rouse them - while outside of Ireland they needed cold water to douse them. Certainly the Land League coffers were kept full by the contributions of the Irish in the US - rising middle classes as well as day labourers and domestic servants. These monies raised across America - by first Parnell and then Davitt's speaking tours - were crucial in funding the national struggle for land and food security. But other diasporic communities were also involved. Davitt records a fundraising drive in Australia gathering a staggering 25,000 pounds in one year. Throughout the period of civil unrest the diaspora kept themselves informed of the unfolding dramatic events in Ireland. Diasporic newspapers played a large part in keeping the land struggle to the fore of their readers consciousness, in fundraising, and in informing the non-Irish communities of their side of the story - against the dominant British 'law and order' message. Readers, for example, of the NZ Tablet - a Catholic newspaper - read of Parnell's arrest and his own response to it within three days of the event. Nor were they just passive readers or generous financial supporters. Diasporic communities and leaders - from left to right - in America, Canada, England, New Zealand and Australia actively sought to shape, sustain or strangle the revolutionary land movement. The Land War was as much a global process and phenonemon as was the Global Irish nation, the Irish catholic church and the transnational Ladies Land League. Mary O'Connell is a writer/historian with particular interest in spirituality, gender and culture. She is also a community arts organiser and a member of the Australian Community Garden Network.

Her PhD explored the founding of Our Ladys Nurses for the Poor in Coogee in 1913 by an Irish Australian mystic, Eileen OConnor, and the resulting clash between the mystic and the material Church. It was published as Our Lady of Coogee by Crossing Press in 2009. Previous works include a historical novel The Kings Daughter on the medieval German mystic Hildegard of Bingen, published by Handmaid Press, 2004. She is currently working on a new work of historical fiction, a layered text th which moves between 21st century Sydney and late 19 century Ireland in particular the period of the Irish Land War of 18791882, exploring diasporic relationships with the luminous almost Christological figure of Michael Davitt, and the less historically illuminated figure of Anna Parnell. In 2012 she was Festival Director for the innovative Sydney Heaven & Earth Writers Festival - devoted to celebrating works and words on the integrated themes of arts, ecology and spirit matters Dr Nessa OMAHONY (in absentia) & Lorraine PURCELL Reading between the lines: Recreating one Irish familys history in New South Wales, 1850-1915 Abstract This paper explores the experience of the Butler family of Pleberstown, Co. Kilkenny - who in 1854 set sail from Liverpool to settle in New South Wales. Documentary evidence, in the form of letters sent home by one of the siblings, gives a partial glimpse of the lives they made for themselves. Subsequent research has revealed the diverse and varied experiences the Butlers had; from reaching the heights of the New South Wales judiciary to ownership of one of the leading newspapers in the territory. Nessa OMahony is a poet and teacher, with a specific interest in archival history to generate creative writing. Her verse novel, In Sight of Home, was published by Salmon Poetry in 2009. She has published two other poetry collections; a fourth will be published in early 2014. Lorraine Purcell commenced her library career at the State Library of NSW and has been passionate about Australian history ever since. Now retired after almost 40 years experience of promoting books and libraries in to the reading public she continues to encourage family historians to publish and preserve

their research for future generations. Of direct Irish decent, her ancestors on both sides of the family arrived in the 1850s to be part of the early rushes to the historic goldfields of Hill End & Tambaroora in central west NSW. As well as collating and editing a number of local publications she maintains an exhaustive collection of material relating to family history of this area and assists researchers to find their connections to the place. Lorraine collaborated with Nessa OMahony by supplying additional research material on the Butler family in Australia in an effort to understand the influences governing the existence of an Irish family in a new world. Dr Pamela ONEILL University of New South Wales, Australia Othrus in early Irish law: unworkable legal fiction or practical social reality? Abstract The early Irish legal institution of othrus (usually translated 'sick-maintenance') has often been dismissed as some sort of elaborate legal fiction, never likely to be followed in real life. Indeed, to the 21st-century Western eye, the proposition that someone who has been unlawfully injured should be nursed back to health by the perpetrator and his kin seems unlikely. This paper argues, however, that othrus was far from being a little-used, impracticable construct of the fevered imagination of lawyers out of touch with reality. Rather, it was a cleverly devised and carefully balanced remedy for a harm which extended beyond the victim's own body to the emotional and social wellbeing of the kin of victim and perpetrator and the community in which both lived. It may thus be seen as reflecting the principles of restorative justice. The paper also considers the troubled existence of othrus in the legal materials: from its preservation in the text Bretha Crlige, written in the second half of the seventh century, to its denial ( Int othra ni fil andiu isin aimsir so: 'Othrus does not exist today in this time') in the text Crth Gablach, written around 700, and its interpretation in the glosses and commentary to Bretha Crlige. Pamela O'Neill has research interests in the landscape archaeology, material culture, ecclesiastical and legal history of Ireland. She is particularly interested in Ireland in the early medieval period, and in survivals and revivals of early cultural motifs into later times. She has also researched the contribution of Irish migrants to Australian history and culture. She teaches the Irish language in its medieval and modern forms, and is active in several Irish and

broader Celtic community groups in Sydney and beyond. Pamela is series editor of the Sydney Series in Celtic Studies, and co-edits the Australian Celtic Journal. She assists the Centre in strengthening links with the community and other Australian universities, and in coordinating seminars and symposia.

Dr idn O'Shea University of Southern Queensland (in absentia) & Ms Gabrielle Rowen-Clarke University of Southern Queensland Reconsidering Joyce: Imagined Globalised Gatherings and Irelands Recurring Failures Abstract: Irelands rate of emigration is continuing to increase with one person leaving the country to live abroad every six minutes. Since the current financial crisis began in 2008, 397 500 people have emigrated with most travelling to the UK, Australia and Canada in search of work (Smyth, 29/8/13). It is in this context of a new generation of Irish diaspora that this paper examines how Irishness is maintained and imagined. James Joyce wrote his article Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages (1907) whilst he was in self -imposed exile; it was from this distance that he could criticise the Revival ists approach to Irishness and their focus on an idealised, romantic, distant past. Such a distance from Ireland now gives many Irish immigrants the benefit of a sharper focus and correspondingly, a more impassioned critical perspective. This paper explores the conflicting notions of Irishness: firstly, that rooted in holistic nationalism bounded by tradition and evident in current efforts in Ireland to re-mythologise Irish identity via The Gathering and the Global Irish Forum; and secondly, the Irishness that is focused on an acceptance, analysis and criticism of Irish failure in an effort to break cycles of boom/bust and challenge future passivity. By utilising Joyces article, which is now over one hundred years old, this paper contends that there is a recurring tension about what it means to be Irish. While immigrants are encouraged to re-imagine a romantic past, recently exited Irish that want to reassess failure cannot make a difference for Ireland. Whilst Irish political nationalism is often viewed as unhelpful and backward, we propose, like Joyce, that remembering the past as it happened is perhaps more useful for an Irish diaspora than a program of remembering a depoliticised cultural past that forgets. Gabrielle Rowen-Clarke is a PhD student (Literature) at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia. Her thesis examines significance of food and eating in the works of James Joyce. Gabrielle is interested in food and Modernism more broadly as it relates to gender and identity, and is also

working on a project that examines the narrative of sustainability in recent cookbooks. idn O'Shea is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Regional Community Development) at the University of Southern Queensland in Australia. Her research focus is in mapping and building reciprocal research partnerships with the extended community (NGOs, government, busine ss and the community), innovative research methods and social policy.

Associate Professor Maryna ROMANETS University of Northern British Columbia, Canada The monstrous-queer meets the monstrous-feminine: Revisionary intertextuality in Emma Donoghue and Oksana Zabuzhko Abstract My paper focuses on a comparative study of ideologically mobile Gothic forms in two postcolonial texts from Ireland and Ukraine, E uropes frontier regions of sorts, situated at its extreme Western and Eastern fringes. Emma Donoghue and Oksana Zabuzhko engage in navigating Gothic spaces and frames in their rewritings of folkloric narratives in Kissing the Witch: Old Tales in New Skins (1997) and A Tale of Cranberry Flute (2000) respectively. In their metafolkloric projects, the authors draw on historical continuities and discontinuities within oral tradition and negotiate its strands. Being simultaneously analysts of fairy tales cultural implications and improvisers, they both embrace the past and scrutinize its claims for authority by using the doubled voice via which the past is referenced, reframed, and rethought. Both Donoghue and Zabuzhko self-consciously enact femininity as a means of deconstructing its traditional status through the monstrous queer (Dallas Baker) in Kissing the Witch and monstrous-feminine (Barbara Creed) in A Tale of Cranberry Flute. Although Irish writers transgressions of compulsory heterosexuality are seemingly more benign than her Ukrainian counterparts tale of terror, in which the antagonist turns out to be one of those supernatural beings, those raging lunatics or vampires, the potential violence of her tales is imbedded in their precursor texts (such as, for example, Bluebeard). Representations of non-heteronormative genders and sexualities in Donoghue and of insatiable, vampiric eroticism in Zabuzhko interrogate and problematize mainstream version of reality and normal gendered values. Both Donoghues and Zabuzhkos narratives find their meaning in the uncanny return of what seems to have been repressed in their intertexts by moving from the mythic timelessness and archetypal world of fairy tales to specific cultural and historical moments. The ubiquitous Gothic turn of the examined texts is

instrumental in breaking up the coherence of space and narrative, unveiling hidden reality, reflecting the instability of the world, and releasing latent transformative energies. Both writers textualize political strategies of empowerment and articulation through intertextual dialogues that play a particularly important role in postcolonial literatures as they open up spaces for negotiation, revision, subversion, and contestation of all kinds of stories and histories. Maryna Romanets is an Associate Professor in the Department of English at the University of Northern British Columbia (Canada). In addition to publications on postcolonial cultural politics, representation and gender, and translation theory, she authored Anamorphosic Texts and Reconfigured Visions: Improvised Traditions in Contemporary Ukrainian and Irish Literature (Ibidem, 2007), co-edited Beauty, Violence, Representation (Routledge, 2013), and is currently working on a book Postcolonial Erotomaniac Fictions and the Making of New Identities in Ukraine, funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Ms Gabrielle ROWEN-CLARKE University of Southern Queensland Ulysses: Famine versus the Taste of Life . . . Yes Abstract Whilst Joyces letters exhibit how he uses appetite as a litmus test for his familys health, he also uses food in his fiction to make a number of comments on race, history, class and gender. I argue that food and eating in Ulysses is presented as a mediation of the quasi-scientific, nationalistic discourse of the Victorian era, and propose that while Joyces novel remains firmly hinged to the past through the Irish habitual memory of famine and hunger, it also reaffirms life through pure, involuntary memory and taste. This paper discusses the Cyclops episode of Ulysses as it recalls the Irish famine and Imperial oppression. Joyces work has an irreducible multiplicity, however, and whilst Joyce replicates the sacred wrath of the Irish, I also ar gue that in episodes such as Wandering Rocks Joyce implicitly reveals that the wretched existence of the widows and children of Dublin is often the result of alcoholism and neglect of husbands and fathers. The paper will conclude with the sense of hope that emerges from the Penelope episode, as the memory of seedcake leaves the sweetest trace. This small case study on food thus exemplifies my larger projects concern with food in Joyces Modernism; that the art is created through a concatenated union of habits (William James Pragmatism; John Dewey Human Nature and Conduct).

Gabrielle Rowen-Clarke is a PhD student (Literature) at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia. Her thesis examines significance of food and eating in the works of James Joyce. Gabrielle is interested in food and Modernism more broadly as it relates to gender and identity, and is also working on a project that examines the narrative of sustainability in recent cookbooks.

Dr Liz RUSHEN Monash University, Australia Swing-swanging their way to Sidney: Unpacking the emigration experiences of Irish immigrant women Abstract As 225 women sailed out of Cork harbour in October 1834 bound for a new life in the colonies, a cartoon depicting their imagined experiences was published in London. It comprised a sequence of ten small scenes which depicted the voyage as a terrifying experience, to the recently-arrived women living on the edges of society in an imagined industrial city of Australia. The realities of the womens emigration experiences were vastly different to this portrayal and this paper considers the extent to which perceptions of female migration impacted on the lives of the women participants. Liz Rushens work focuses on the 1830s to the 1850s. They were decades in which decisive changes took place in the demography of the eastern colonies of Australia. Potential emigrants were attracted to the British governments schemes, but there were long-lasting tensions between the governments commitment to imperialism and the wishes of influential colonists for selfdetermination. The women were caught in the middle. Immigration to Australia is a process which is on-going and as contentious today as it was in colonial times.

Dr Matthew RYAN Australian Catholic University (Melbourne), Australia Writing home in the money story: Anne Enright and Paul Murray Abstract The end of the so-called Celtic Tiger prompts a consideration of some elements of Irish social, cultural and political life that had been transformed in the preceding boom period. One such area is housing. The property price boom was seen as a signal of Irelands newfound prosperity and a point of

conjuncture between the local and global economies. After the twin - national and global - economic crises and the collapse of the Irish housing market, what might be understood of the transformations of the ide a of home? What residual cultural value might adhere in the image and experience of home after this particularly tumultuous subsumption? Anne Enrights The Forgotten Waltz, set midst the economic crisis, brings together desire and property prices and has them meet in the complex image of house/home. The tension of losses and gains in a rapidly transforming social circumstance are played out in the novel. Indeed, traces of the ambivalent legacy of globalized Ireland can be read in The Forgotten Waltz. This ambivalence might be drawn out in a comparison with a novel that precedes the crash of 2008. Paul Murrays An Evening of Long Goodbyes provides an interesting point of comparison. The family home, in Murrays novel, is drawn through the vicissitudes of th e market and is transformed. But these largely unwanted changes are threaded with utopian allusions and images. This is more than a comic contrast. In his study of ruins and historical failures, Irish Times: Temporalities of Modernity, David Lloyd has sought out the unexhausted possibilities secreted in the past, [] utopian hopes for a more just, less destructively exploitative, order of things. In this paper I employ a similar approach but turn it to the contemporary moment and attempt to decipher the traces of the unsubsumed in the image of home. Matthew Ryan is a lecturer in literature at the Australian Catholic University, Melbourne. His area of research includes contemporary Irish literature with a focus on novels and short stories. He has published papers on the work of Colm Tibn, John Banville, Anne Enright and Neil Jordan. Some recent publications by Matthew Ryan are: Art, Utopia and the Aestheticized Self Arena Journal, no. 39/40, 2012-2013 pp.253-76 What am I like?: Writing the Body and the Self in Anne Enright: Irish Writers in Their Time (eds) Claire Bracken, Susan Cahill, Irish Academic Press, 2011.

Dr Andrew SHIELDS University of New South Wales, Australia Charles Lever and the ends of Irish history Abstract This paper will explore the use that the Nineteenth Century Anglo-Irish novelist, Charles Lever, made of Irish history in his works. Although Levers novels were enormously popular in their day (at one point, his sales rivalled those of Charles Dickens), they have subsequently fallen out of fashion. However, in more recent times, a number of attempts have been made to reevaluate and to restore Levers reputation as a novelist. This paper will focus

on the manner in which Levers Conservative and Unionist p olitics informed both his works and his interpretation of Irish history more generally. It will also trace Levers growing ambivalence about the character of English rule in Ireland and the influence that this disillusionment had on perhaps, his best novel, Lord Kilgobbin, first published in 1872. Educated in Ireland and Canada, Andrew Shields' research focuses on nineteenth century Irish history. He has a particular interest in Irish political history in the mid-Victorian period. His book, The Irish Conservative Party, 1852-68: Land, Politics and Religion was published by Irish Academic Press in 2007. He has also published a number of articles on various aspects of nineteenth-century Irish history. In 2009-10, he was a postdoctoral research fellow at St. Patrick's College, Drumcondra working on the Cullen Project. He has taught Irish history at the University of New South Wales and at the Centre for Continuing Education, University of Sydney.

Associate Professor Katherine SIDE Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Shifting Spaces: Constructing rural pasts in Northern Ireland Abstract In this paper, I examine the presence of conflict-related rituals, symbols and commemorations in Northern Irelands smallest rural district, an area that claims to be removed from the Troubles and its effects. Based on an analysis of material culture, with specific attention paid to parades, flags and commemorative markers in Moyle District, County Antrim, I demonstrate that material evidence of the conflict is widely evident across Moyle, but that its visibility has been permitted to shift and recede into an unquestioned cultural landscape in which its absence is presumed, and even desired. Drawing on evidence from analyses of District-level decisions, official reports and documentation and photographs, I reveal how conflicts in Moyle are consciously minimized and shifted onto other spatial locations and onto specific groups of people in an effort to re-write local narratives. These local narratives are instrumental in portraying Moyle as conflict-free. They normalize existing patterns of residential segregation, exonerate individuals and communities from participating in difficult cross-community work and maintain dominant conceptualizations about rural spaces as generally peaceful. Grounded in questions raised by anthropologist Michel-Rolph Troulliet, I consider the wide scope that is taken in the production of these narratives about the past and their silence in enhancing local cross-community relations and for engaging in wider reconciliation efforts in Northern Ireland (1997).

This research advances understandings of conflict beyond from the oftenexamined spaces of contested border counties, counters dominant narratives about turban/rural spatial dimensions of conflict and points to significant challenges in future conflict reconciliation efforts in Northern Ireland. Katherine Side, PhD is Associate Professor, Department of Gender Studies, Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, C anada. Her publications examine gender and citizenship, equality and reproductive justice in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Her current research focuses on conflict-related displacement in Northern Ireland, with an emphasis on its implications for reconciliation in the post-Good Friday Agreement period.

Mr Chris SULLIVAN Southern Cross University No Irish Need Apply: The missing voice in Australian Folklore Abstract The Australian Folk Revival began in 1952. It grew out of the activities of the Communist Party of Australia, and affiliated organisations. The characterisation of the field of the Australian folk character was a product of the fifties, and heavily influenced by the splits within the Labor Party and the CPA. None of the early folklore collectors or scholars was of Irish descent. The proposed place of Irish music went through a number of interesting changes between 1953-1963; between 1967 and c. 1980; and again up to the present. My MA thesis concluded that the anti-authoritarian aspect of the national character was a projection onto the Irish (convict/rebel/bushranger) by the dominant culture. In effect, Irish music and notional character trait were appropriated within a folk revival controlled by British interests . The Irish-ness of Australian folk music is a matter of ongoing debate within the folk movement. It and other stereotypes are explained within the context of the evidence provided by field recordings, 95% of which have been collected only since 1980, and remain unanalysed. The place of Irish musicians and music within the Australian folk revival will be discussed. A case for the involvement of Irish descent scholars, and those representing other sectional interests, will be made. By habit and design the Irish voice within Australian folklore has been suppressed. Chris Sullivan: Born and raised in Sydney and educated by the Mercy nuns and the Christian Brothers, Chris, in true Australian fashion, swam like a duck and ran like the wind. A talented Rugby halfback, he represented Sydney, NSW Country and the Barbarians.

The great innovator in Australian folklore research, his was the methodology followed by the Second Wave field collections (1979-), of which Chris 1400 field tapes form a significant part. With an emphasis on performance and style, he has traversed the back roads and by-ways of Australian cultural history, going on the road with traditional concertina players, fiddlers and Aboriginal accordionists. Chris has a degree in Archaeology, a Masters in Australian Studies (Hons), and is currently undertaking a Doctorate at Southern Cross University, Lismore.

Honorary Associate Professor Robin SULLIVAN University of Queensland & Associate Professor Rod SULLIVAN University of Queensland Brisbanes most brilliant club? The Queensland Irish Association, 18981928 Abstract The Queensland Irish Association (QIA), approaching its 120th anniversary, and with over 4000 members, is one of Queenslands more remarkable ethnic organisations. The Association was founded in Brisbane in 1898, amidst a spike in sectarianism and the growing confidence of an emerging Irish middle class. The QIA soon became the most influential secular Irish organisation in Queensland, its standing confirmed when its pr esident, Thomas OSullivan, was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1903. By 1910, the QIA was judged the foremost institution of its kind in any of the States, a tribute to its retiring president, Timothy OShea. This paper focusses on the first three decades of the QIAs existence. It examines the organisations ends and means as it adapted to changing local and Irish circumstances. The QIAs ends included the veneration of Irish history, traditions and culture; however, the Association was emphatically secular and politically non-partisan. It strove mightily to bridge the CatholicProtestant divide both within the Association and in the wider community. The role of John Kingsbury, a Protestant, foundation president and life member, was testimony to this priority. The Associations means included literary, debating, social and recreational programs. Ireland remained a priority until 1922. The QIA hosted Irish envoys and its notables visited Ireland. The Association was crucial in fund raising throughout Queensland, whether for Home Rule, other Irish causes, or

monuments to Irish-Australian heroes. Its resilience was severely tested by events in Ireland and the resurgence of Australian sectarianism between 1916 and 1922. That it survived owed much to its inclusiveness and the leadership of its gifted president, Peter McDermott. After the early 1920s, while Ireland remained a concern, priorities shifted. The acquisition of its own city premises preoccupied members for much of the remainder of the decade. Finally, we relate our findings to the historiography of the Irish in Australia. In particular, we test them against the work of historians who have investigated the Irish experience from a national perspective. Robin Sullivan was Queensland's second Commissioner for Children and Young People and a Director-General in the Queensland public service. Her publications include Focus on Fathering. More recently she has been engaged in the Queensland Speaks history project at the University of Queensland's Centre for the Government of Queensland. She is also researching the history of Queensland's Irish community. Rodney Sullivan is an Honorary Research Associate Professor, School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics, University of Queensland. Formerly he was an Associate Professor in the Department of History & Politics at James Cook University. He has published in the fields of Australian labour history and Philippine-American history. His works include a biography of Dean C. Worcester, an American colonial official in the Philippines. He contributes to the Australian Dictionary of Biography and the Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate. He is co-author of Words to Walk By: Exploring Literary Brisbane. His current interests include the history project Witnesses to Change: Queensland Unionists since 1960 at the University of Queensland's Centre for the Government of Queensland, and the history of Queensland's Irish community.

Associate Professor Iain TWIDDY Hokkaido University, Japan Terminal words: Cancer and conflict in recent Irish poetry Abstract Given its qualities of lethality and self-destruction, inheritability and theoretical immortality, it is not surprising that cancer has been used as a figure to explore aspects of personal and political conflict in recent Irish poetry. Michael Longley has presented a history of division as an inherited condition, aligning the historical with the physical in the form of shrapnel wounds turning cancerous. In the psychological legacy of war, Longleys poetry analyses its responsibility in tending to those historical wounds, and whether commemoration can be

assuaging or incendiary. If cancer is used as a figure of a volatile history, where the boundaries of one event spill over into others, then the attempt to order grief can at times only reflect that lack of control, despite the formal impulse to restrict rather than establish further connections. More recently, Paul Muldoons 2010 collection Maggot examines decay as a principle of creativity, and the ways in which the poet can come to terms with the terminal, how the cancerous perspective can possibly give way to remission in political terms. A Hare at Aldergrove examines the status of Northern Ireland through the figure of A hare standing up at last on his own two feet / in the blasted grass by the runway of Belfast International Airport, and it speculates whether an end to self-destructive grievances and expectations which may be as difficult to eradicate as cancer may finally be in sight. As they engage with cancer, the formal and thematic complexity of Longley and Muldoons poems may offer the kind of ingenuity that could be paradigmatic of a response to complex divisions. Iain Twiddy is an Associate Professor of English at Hokkaido University, Japan. I have published a number of articles on contemporary Irish poetry, as well as a monograph, Pastoral Elegy in Contemporary British and Irish Poetry . I am currently working on a monograph on cancer poetry.

Dr Stephen UTICK Irish or British identity? Cultural tension within the life of Charles Gordon ONeill (18281900) Abstract Historical biography can reveal much about an individuals perception of his/her national or cultural identity, particularly when that life is lived in a translocational or transnational context, as with the Irish diaspora during the Victorian heyday of the British Empire. The case of the Irish-Scot Charles Gordon Neill M.I.C.E. [Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London)], civil engineer, New Zealand colonial parliamentarian (1866-1875) and Catholic philanthropist, makes an intriguing case study in Irish diaspora studies given the tension between his Irish Catholic background with its consequent commitment to faith-based charity, and a desire to pursue an Empire career in civil engineering, surveying and politics. The vicissitudes of fortune drove ONeill, a bachelor, to passionately pursue in extremis both his religious charitable ideals and professional ambition. This cyclic saga played out successively in Western Scotland and Glasgow until 1864, New Zealand (1864-1880) and finally New South Wales (1881-1900), the latter two being colonies commencing their own journey to national identity. Extensive

research has uncovered much about the inner motivations of ONeill, and how and why he fully embraced an Irish identity following settlement in Sydney in 1881, despite his not being born in, nor ever visiting, Ireland himself. Understanding the tension within ONeills cultural identity is informed by the insight of historian Terence McBride concerning the social identity of the Irish of nineteenth century Glasgow. McBrides analysis proposes that such groups and individuals could have acted out of loyalty to a fusion of ideals which were ostensibly contradictory in character and yet regularly expressed as components of a uniform world-view. My study reveals why, in ONeills case, this fusion ultimately broke down, and much about the role that the St Vincent de Paul Society served in providing Catholic Irish with a sense of religious and social fulfilment, both in Glasgow and colonial Sydney, during an era dominated by Protestant philanthropic and benevolent works. Stephen Utick MScSoc (UNSW) MLitt (ANU) MA (ACU) PhD (ACU) was awarded his PhD in history in March from the Australian Catholic University. In 2012, he was a (joint) winner of the James McGinley Award by the Australian Catholic Historical Society. His first book Captain Charles, Engineer of Charity, the remarkable life of Charles Gordon ONeill was published in 2008 by Allen and Unwin, with the assistance of a City of Sydney History Publication Grant.

Ms Jill VAUGHAN The University of Melbourne Voices from the ends of the earth: The Irish speaker in Ireland and the diaspora Abstract It is estimated that 70 million people around the globe can claim Irish heritage and, although Irish ancestry may be distant for many, the Irish language is active in numerous communities worldwide. The current vitality of Irish as a minority language within Ireland has been addressed in many studies, however research on Irish-language use within diasporic communities is relatively scarce, documented in some limited research but widely evidenced by the existence of cultural and language groups. This paper reports on research conducted in Ireland (North and South) and in several communities in the Irish diaspora (in Australia, the U.S. and Canada) on constructions of socio-cultural identity among those learning and using the language. Research was conducted through qualitative interviews with Irish-language users and participant observation in a variety of Irish-language environments. Data collected provides the basis for a synchronic sociology of the Irish

language worldwide, revealing differing patterns of usage in distinct communities of practice, some regionally specific and some determined by other factors. Content analysis of the datas emergent themes allows for an exploration of dominant competing discourses that impact on Irish and minority-language use, including discourses of ethnicity, tradition and minority. These discourses are examined in their historical and political contexts and considered as frames within which the Irish language is made meaningful as a social action in local environments. Jill Vaughan is a PhD candidate in Linguistics at the University of Melbourne, working within sociolinguistics and sociology of language. She has particular research interests in minority language ideology and identity, and the social meanings of language use. Her research includes work on syntactic variation in Australian English and the construction of language and identity in computer-mediated communication. Her doctoral thesis addresses the status of the Irish language in communities within Ireland and the Irish diaspora, and investigates dominant competing discourses that impact on the construction of socio-cultural identity through Irish-language use in these communities.

Ms Andrea WALISSER Simon Fraser University, Canada Parading anxieties, shifting sectarianism: Power, language, and the contested end of the Troubles in Northern Ireland at Drumcree, 1995 2001 Abstract Histories of Northern Ireland have often been shaped by the binaries of sectarianism and of dominance and oppression. This tendency has served to create an impression that the sectarian divide is something ahistorical, immovable, and inevitable. Recent work in Irish historiography, however, has begun to recognize the inadequacy of the uninterrogated sectarian dichotomy as a framework for understanding the nuances of the Northern Irish experience. Scholars such as Sean Farrell have called for the consideration of sectarianism as a historical phenomenon that is often rooted in contemporary concerns, quite outside the notion of tribal animosities. This paper addresses the problem of complicating and historicizing sectarianism through the use of discourse analysis, with special attention to the role that language plays in the processes of knowledge production and social interaction. It considers the passionately contested end of Northern Irelands Troubles, using the Drumcree parading dispute as a lens through which to examine how communal dynamics, power relationships, and the sectarian divide itself were changing during the peace process.

An examination of a wide variety of textual manifestations of the public debate surrounding Drumcree reveals a discourse saturated with the familiar rhetoric of siege, civil rights, victimhood, no-go, and no surrender, and ubiquitous canonical symbols like the Boyne, the Somme, and 1969, that seem at first simply to confirm the static nature of the conflict in Northern Ireland. I argue that, instead, Drumcrees stakeholders were actually using these familiar tropes in new and self-conscious ways, often adapting or even inverting them, in order not only to express their understandings of the parading dispute, but also to attempt to make sense of the changing power dynamics between Protestants and Catholics that the peace process heralded and was threatening to accelerate. I examine these texts as spaces of exchange, resistance, contestation, and negotiation, and as sites wherein the fluid and historically contingent nature of the sectarian divide becomes visible to historians.

Andrea Walisser is currently an MA Candidate in the Department of History at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, working under the supervision of Dr. Willeen Keough. This thesis examines the Drumcree dispute as a site of resistance to the peace process wherein the public in Northern Ireland began to grapple with and attempt to make sense of the shift in power dynamics between Protestants and Catholics that (in part) characterized the mid-to-late 1990s. I plan to defend my thesis early in September, and will be making a move to Melbourne in October 2013.

Dr Valerie WALLACE Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand An unlikely alliance? Ulster Presbyterians, Scottish Dissenters and the Irish Repeal Movement Abstract According to traditional scholarship, the collapse of the 1798 rebellion sounded the death knell for a united Ireland and the alliance of Ulster Protestants with Irish Catholics in the pursuit of Irish independence. The radicalism of Ulster Presbyterians, so this argument runs, who had formed the mainstay of the United Irishmen, gave way to a Unionist conservatism as they joined with Church of Ireland Protestants in buttressing established institutions and resisting the Repeal movement. Ulster Presbyterianism in the early nineteenth century is identified with the Rev. Henry Cooke, conservative establishmentarian who railed against both the threat of Rome rule and the onslaught of theological liberalism in Ulster Presbyterian circles. Cookes opponents, a group of Presbyterian voluntaryists who sought the overthrow of

the Church of Ireland, and indeed, all ecclesiastical establishments, have been almost entirely overlooked in Irish historiography. The tradition of Presbyterian radicalism was not wholly extinguished in the aftermath of 1798 but survived within this minority voluntaryist group who supported Daniel OConnells movement for repeal of the 1801 Union. The Ulster voluntaries had the backing of their Scottish counterparts, Presbyterian dissenters from the United Secession Church, who travelled to Ulster to debate with Henry Cooke and who shared the stage with OConnell during his tour of Scotland in 1835. Scottish historiography has focused overwhelmingly on the anti-Catholic dimension to Presbyterianism and to the tensions between Scottish Presbyterians and the Irish Catholic community. This paper uncovers a less bloody and more hopeful moment in the history of Protestant-Catholic relations. Valerie Wallace: Since completing her Ph.D. (Glasgow University, 2010), Valerie has taught British History at the University of Edinburgh, worked as a Research Associate on the Bentham Project in the Faculty of Laws, University College London (where she coordinated the award-winning Transcribe Bentham initiative) and held the position of Fulbright Scottish Studies Scholar at Harvard University. She is currently Lecturer in the School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington, where her research concerns the influence of Scottish Presbyterian ecclesiology on the evolving political cultures of settler societies in the British World in the early and mid-nineteenth century.

Ms Samantha WATSON University of New South Wales Irish society and environment in early English colonial discourse Abstract Henry VIII and his successors attempted to make Ireland English through a combination of policy, coercion and colonisation. Efforts of successive governments to establish centralised authority in Ireland were beleaguered by endemic violence and political and cultural fragmentation. Morose observations on the state of the common wealth of Ireland were commonplace in the sixteenth century. As a commonwealth, Ireland was defective: the local elite were overmighty, seditious and corrupt, and the Gaelic Irish appeared to persist in a cultural backwater with little desire for progression. Differences in the physical environment reflected the divide between anglicised Ireland and the Irish who lived beyond the Pale. Civil habitation was marked by land clearances, arable farming and nucleated villages. The undrained bogs and forests that characterised much of Gaelic

Ireland were viewed with fear and suspicion by the English. Undeveloped, unbound wilderness represented a failure to exploit the natural world for the furtherance of humanity. The idea of a hierarchically ordered universe in which each person was expected to labour for the common good explains the disgusted reactions to the loose and idle people plaguing the country. Such people were treated as untidy elements in the fabric of the commonwealth, and had to be reformed through vigorous education or rooted out entirely. The English, therefore, had ready justifications for removing the Irish from the land and planting it with loyal and industrious English families. This paper will reflect upon the themes of spatial and moral improvement as applied to the Irish landscape and people. I will argue that common creeds of Renaissance humanism and Reformation theology provided reformers with mandates to confiscate, plant and reorganise the Irish landscape. Both extolled the virtue of industry, the moral obligation of obedience and the sanctity of universal order. Although theorists differed in opinion on strategies and policy, the intersecting rhetorical trajectories of the civic humanist and Protestant moralist indicate that their aims the reduction of Ireland to a wellordered commonwealth were synonymous. Samantha Watson is a final year PhD student at the University of New South Wales. Her thesis is about the evolution of the ideologies that underlay English plantation schemes in Ireland throughout the sixteenth century. During my candidature I have presented papers at international conferences in Australia and the United States.

Mr Gerard WINDSOR 19732013: Personal Bookends Abstract The immediate ends in this case are 1973 and 2013, and the dates are in the first place bookends and endpapers. It's now forty years since I first visited Ireland and I have been back about every three years since. In my proposed paper I want to trace, in an outsider's impressionistic way, some of the changes in Ireland and in Irish/Australian relations during this period. I first went to Ireland as a postgrad doing a thesis on the literature of the Rising, and in the benign shadow of my grandparents, natives of Counties Tyrone and Waterford who had migrated in 1914 but had left relatives behind. So I have always felt this double connection - a literary/academic one, and a ties of blood one. 1973, the year of its entry into Europe, marked the end of Ireland's monofocus on Britain. It was also near the beginning of the protracted end of the armed

independence struggle. It was also the year of the end of the de Valera era when the Chief finally went into retirement. In Australia it was the end of twenty three years of a Coalition government, and a spirit of new beginnings was in the air. But to me part of Ireland's attraction was an apparent uniqueness. In my eyes Australia shared the unexciting monochrome of the rest of the Western world. But Ireland was distinguished by the ongoing fight for its independence. And it was also, to my eyes, a land still primitive in comparative ways, even a land where time had stood still. And yes, that gave it a charm and further point of interest for me. Between these two endpoints Australia moved from a non-serious, sometimes insulting, often sentimental attachment to Ireland, through a period of gathering cultural and economic interest to what I now see as a falling off of such interest but one displaced by a more immediate confrontation - not least with serious academic studies and above all with the backpacker presence. Obviously I'm offering not so much an academic paper as a highly subjective overview which will progress by means of anecdotes and epiphanies. Gerard Windsor is a Sydney-based novelist, essayist and freelance literary critic.

Jonathan M. WOODING University of Sydney The early Irish at the ends of the Earth Abstract Study of early Irish and Hiberno-Latin sources reveals a sustained imagery of Ireland as a place on the worlds edge and amongst the last nations. Writers of Irish origin such as Virgilius of Salzburg and the Carolingian geographer Dicuil provide unique statements on the antipodes and the Atlantic islands, respectively. Irish authors also created widely-read apocalyptic narratives. This paper will consider how the belief that the Irish had a unique knowledge of the ends of the Earth both physical and temporal contributed to wider perceptions of the Irish in the Middle Ages. We will also see how these medieval motifs contribute to imagery of the Irish diaspora of the modern era. Jonathan Wooding is the Sir Warwick Fairfax Professor of Celtic Studies at the University of Sydney from January 2014. He was born and raised in Sydney, and studied and worked at universities in Australia, Ireland and Wales. His research interests are in early Irish and Celtic Studies, as well as Irish-Australian history.

Thanks and acknowledgements

The School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences & The FASS International Distinguished Visitor Scheme

The Consulate-General of Ireland for its support of the Irish-Aboriginal Encounters session

Taste Ireland for its donation of a prize for the dinner

The University of New South Wales: CRICOS Provider no. 00098G