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MATHEMATICS
READING BASIC FORMULAE
FORMULA (Sg) FORMULAE/FORMULAS (Pl)
BASIC MATHEMATICAL PROCESSES:
Sign Noun Verb
+ (plus) addition add
- (minus) subtraction subtract
X (multiplied by/ times) multiplication multiply
4
2
(divided by) division divide
= (equals/is/ is equal to)
TYPES OF BRACKETS
( ) brackets | | square brackets { } curly brackets
LETTERS
ABC capital letters, ex. capital A, capital B, capital C.
def small letters, ex. small d, small e, small f.
FRACTIONS

2
1
one half
3
1
one third
4
1
one fourth
4
3
three fourths
3
2
two thirds
8
1
one eighth
16
3
three sixteenths
READ OUT THESE FORMULAE
1.
c
b a
X
+
= Capital X is equal to a plus b divided by c
2.
b a
A
y x

= + x plus y is capital A by a minus b

3. ( )d n a I 1 + = Capital I is a plus open brackets n minus one close brackets times d
4. IR V = Capital V is capital I multiplied by capital R
5.
f v u
1 1 1
= + one by u plus one by v is equal to one by f / 1 over u plus 1 over v is equal to 1 over f
6. at u v + = v equal u plus a times t
7. mu mv Ft = Capital F times t is m multiplied by v minus m multiplied by u
8.
El
M
R
=
1
1 over capital R is minus captal M over capital E times l
9. q
dz
dQ
= d times capital Q over d times z is minus q
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10. e c P T E + + = capital E is capital T plus capital P minus c plus e
MORE SYMBOLS AND VALUES:
x
2
x to the power of two ( x to two/ x squared)
x
3
x to the power of three (x to three/ x cubed)
x
n
x to the power of n (x to n)
x
n 1
x to the power of n minus one
x
n
x to the power of minus n
x square root of x
3
x cube root of x
n
x
n
th
root of x
READ OUT THESE VALUES AND EQUATIONS:
cms 20
1
twenty centimeters multiplied by s to the power of minus one
kms 3 . 98
2
ninety eight point three kilometers multiplied by s to the power of minus two
cm 33
3
thirty three centimeters to the power of three
cm 39 . 4
2
four point thirty nine centimeters squared
10 1 . 9
31
x

nine point one times ten to the power of minus thirty one
x
2
1
x to the one half
x
4
3
x to three forths
|
.
|

\
|
+
b
a
2
1
2
open brackets a plus b to the one half, close brackets, all that squared/squared/to the power of two
xy square root of x multiplied by y
( )
3
2
a
x cube root of open brackets x minus a to the power of two, close brackets
PRACTICE READING THESE EXPRESSIONS:
1.
x
x p
p 1
=

x to the power of minus p is equal one over x to the power of p

2.
q
p q p
x x
=
/
x to the power of p over q is q
th
root of x to the power of p
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3. ( )( ) a x a x
a x
+ =
2 2
x squared minus a to two equal open brackets x plus a, close brackets multiplied by
open brackets x minus a, close brackets
4.
ae
kx
y = y is equal to a times e to the power of k times x
5.
( )
n m
x
mx nx
+
+
=
2 1
x is equal to open brackets n multiplied by x subscript 1 plus m multiplied by x
subscript 2, close brackets over m plus n
6.
( )
x
x
y
x
y
y
x y
1 1
1
2
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
y minus capital y subscript 1 is equal open brackets capital y subscript 2 over capital x
squared minus capital y subscript 1 over capital x to the power of 1 close brackets,
multiplied by open brackets x minus capital x subscript 1
7.
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +
c
z
b
y
a
x x to two over a to two plus y to two over b to two plus z to two over c to two is 1
8.
( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + = z
y y
x x
Z
d
2
1
2 1 2 1
2 2 2 1
d equal square root of open square brackets, open brackets x
subscript 1 minus x subscript 2 close brackets to the power of two plus open brackets y subscript 1 minus y subscript
2 close brackets to the power of two plus open brackets z subscript 1 minus z subscript 2 close brackets to the power
of two close square brakcets
9. ( )
e a b
2 2 2
1 = b to two is a to two multiplied by open brackets 1 minus e to two close brackets
10. 0 2 2
2
2
= + + + + c fy gx
y
x
x to two plus y to two plus 2 times g times x plus 2 times f times y plus c is 0
GEOMETRY
DIMENSIONS:
NOUN ADJECTIVE
height high
width wide
length long
depth deep
thickness thick
ASKING ABOUT DIMENSIONS:
- How high/wide/long is object A? - Object A is 5cm high/wide/long.
- What is the height/width/length of object A? - The height/width/length of object A is 5cm.
- Object A is 5cm in height/width/length.
- Object A has a height/width/length of 5cm.

1
moguc primer na ispitu OBRATITI PAZNJU!!!!!!
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SHAPES AND BODIES:
NOUN ADJECTIVE
square square
rectangle rectangular
triangle triangular
circle round/circular
semi-circle semi-circular
oval ovular
cube cubic
prism prismatic
pyramid pyramidal
ball/sphere spherical
hemisphere hemispherical
cone conical
cylinder cylindrical
exemple:
1. The are circular pins for live and neutral.
2. The slot has got a flat base with one side rounded over to form a semi-circle.
3. This one has rectangular blades for live, neutral and earth.
4. It has a cylindrical slot to receive the earth pin.
5. The pins are arranged in linear configuration.
6. They`re laid out in triangular conficuration.
DESCRIPTION (TALKING)
what are you talking about, what shape is it, what king of material is used to manufacture....
I will now tell you (describe) about shape of....., material of.....
STRUCTURING DESCRIPTIONS
- Starting what object is being described
- Starting what are the segments of the description
- Describing shape, dimensions, material
- Explaining the use and functioning of the object
h external, inner circular
d internal, outer diameter
radius
circumference (obim kruga)
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- A is a solid wooden block 5cm high, 10cm long and 4cm width.
- A is a solid wooden block. It has a height of 5cm, a length of 10cm and a width of 4cm.
- A is a solid wooden block having a height of 5cm, a length od 10cm and a width of 4cm.
disk, cylinder, coinlike, round plate..
This is a round plate, made of plastic, which has a height of 0.25cm and the radius of 20cm
hollow, shallow, empty inside....
This is a hollow cylinder, made of copper, which has a length of 0.75cm, inner diameter of 0.08m and outer
diameter of 0.02m.
DESCRIPTION OF LINES AND ANGLES
vertical horizontal normal/perpendicular parallel
sharp/acute rightangle obtuse angle
outer
ref lex

<
>

180
90

DESCRIPTION OF TRIANGLES
equalsided/equilateral rightangle isosceles(jednakokraki)
obtuse diagonal line crossing(common)/intersecting(scientific, formal)
axis(Sg) of symmetry/axes(Pl)

DIAGRAMS (BLOCK DIAGRAMS AN CIRCUITS)
description
definition: This is a....
components: It consists of...
It comprises...
It is made of...
It is compriset of....
It is assembled of...
Its part are (the following)
Its constituent elements/parts are
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connections between components: ...is/are connected with/to
...is/are linked to
in series
in parallel
the function of each component: is used for...
is used to...
the function of.... is to...
*names of block diagrams*
A arial, antenna L1 inductor C1 variable capacitor
E earth D1 diode C2 capacitor
R1,2,3 resistor IC,2 operational amplifer C3 potentiometer
Q1 transistor NPN Q2 transistor PNP LS1 loud speaker
OV supply rail
exemples:
This is a block diagram of a radio. It consists of an arial... They are connected in series. The antenna is used to
receive signals. The function of the tuner is t adjust the frequency of waves. Detector then detects useful signals. AF
amplifies the signals. After that, the volume control adjust the amplitude of the basic signals. Finally, the signal is
sent to the loud speaker systems, which converts the signal from electrical into mechanical waves.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
sequence words: first/firstly, second/secondly, the first step, next, following, that, afterwords, further on, in the
end, finally...
VALUES:
I have a five dollar bill.
There are four star hotels
It is a 47k resistor
Two 47k resistors
contour (kontura)
SENTENCES
RELATIVE PROUNOUNS FOR DEFINING SENTENCE:
Who for people
Which for thingd
Whose for people anda things (oznacava priadnost)
Which addicional information about the subject or the object
To reason why something is done

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PARAGRAPH (ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH)
The basic structural unit of both written and spoken formats
Nucleus piece of thinking, convevs one idea and explains it
-Structuce of paragraph-
- topic sencence (defining sentence)
- syppirting sentences
- closing sentence
1. (definition), 2., 3., 4. (supporting sentences), 5. (closing sentence)
DEFINING SENTENCE
The basic kind of tehnical definitions relies on the premise of Aristotelian logic, namely, A=B+specific
characteristics. In this kind of defining, start with naming the subject, then state the class to which it belongs then
specify the main distingvushing feartures of the subject.
The subject + general classification + its specific characteristics that differentiate it from the rest of the general class.
Exemple1: A generator is a device that transforms mechanical into electrical energy.
A = B + specific {= je is u recenici + je that u recenici}
My concept categorization
Topic logic group
Exemple2:
An OS is a kind of software that belongs to the group of system software that is used to integrate the basic function
that enable both the development and execution software.
A generator is a device that transforms mechanical into electrical energy.
Concept in question generator
General class that belongs device
Specific characteristics it transforms mechanical into electrical energy
Use the PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Use the UNDEFINITE ARTICLE A/AN
USEFUL PHRASES
Is/are Can/be defined as Can/be called as Can/be termed as
.....known as .....refered to as .....used to
Have/exhibit/display/show the capacity to/the property of
SUPPORTING SENTENCE
Supporting sentences are at least two sentences that come after the paragraph opening sentence. They can be
elaborations on constituent parts or functions of the device or item in question, defined in the first sentence. The
supporting sentences present facts, details, examples of the concept that the paragraph is about.

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CLOSING SENTENCE
Closing sentence summarizes the idea of the defining sentence by simply restating it, and if possible gives an
example of the use of the concept.
Exemple from the class all students
A cell phone is a device which is used to communicate. It consists of a display, mask, battery, keyboard, circuit
board, SIM card. The display is used for us to watch information. The mask protects the internal parts and makes the
phone more beautiful. The battery provides energy. The keyboard allows us to input information. Circuit board
sontain radio, antenna, and a processing unit. SIM card is a stand-alone component that holds user`s identification.
Cell phone is a practical, handheld device for communication.
IF CLAUSES CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
A sentence structure that has an economy of meaning.
Frequently used in science.
Expresses the degree of probability that something will happen.
Contains two sentences:
If clause expressing condition
The main clause expressing possible result.
There are three basic types: first, second, third.
There is also Zero Conditional, a subtype of the First Type.
There are also mixed types.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
If you heat water up to 100 degrees C, it boils.
If + Present Simple + Present Simple.
The meaning - If the condition is fulfilled, the probability that the outcome will happen is 100%. - used for
scientific, natural facts. (There is no chance that if the condition is fulfilled something else other than stated
happens.)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If you manage to complete the experiment, you will get the better mark.
If + Present Simple + Future Simple
The meaning If the condition is fulfilled, the probability that the outcome will happen is highly probable, about
90%. (If the condition is fulfilled, the predicted result will surely happen.)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
If the scientists could see an atom, they would know more about it.
If + Past Simple + would
The meaning this is a present situation, and in the present the situation is completely impossible. Yet, the future is
open. (The scientists cannot see an atom now, maybe in the future they will.)
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THIRD CONDITIONAL
If the scientists had known about this solution earlier, they would have solved the problem by now.
If + Past Perfect + (would + have + Past Participle)
The meaning - this is a past situation, so the entire situation is definitely impossible. This is a kind of guessing what
would be if the past was different. (The scientists did not know, and nothing can be changed.)
IF CLAUSES - PRACTICE
1. block of ice/heat/above 0C/melt
If you heat the block of ice above 0 degrees C it melts. /zero
2. north pole/magnet/bring near/south pole/another magnet/poles/attract/each other
If you bring near north pole of the magnet to the south pole of another magnet they will attract
each other poles /first
3. end of copper bar/heat/heat/travel/along/bar
If you heat one end of the copper bar the heat will travel along the bar. /first
4. electric current/pass/along/conductor/conductor/become/hot
If electric current passes along the conductor, the conductor will become hot. /first
5. tensile force/ apply/ metal wire/ length/ increase
If you apply tensile force to the metal wire, the length will increase. /first
6. rectangular metal block/ heat/ volume / increase
If you heat rectangular metal block, its volume will increase. /first
7. liquid/heat/it change/ to a gas
If you heat liquid it changes to a gas. /zero
8. gas/ cool/ it change/ to a liquid
If you cool gas it changes to a liquid. /zero
9. current /pass/ through a wire/ it set up/ a magnetic field around the wire
If current passes throught a wire it sets up a magnetic field around the wire. / first
10. force apply/ to a body/ there be/ an equal and opposite reaction
If you apply force to a body there is equal and opposite reaction. /zero
11. wire cut/ a magnetic field/ it /transmit/ equally throughout the fluid
If you cut a wire in a magnetic field it transmits equally throughout the fluid. /zero
PASSIVE VOICE
IBM makes computers. - active sentence
Computers are made by IBM. - passive sentence
Subject Verb Object
Object of the active sentence becomes subject of the passive sencence
Verb is split into TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
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TO BE (number and tense) /* singular/plural, is/are, was/were*/
PAST PARTICIPLE (meaning) /* -ed (regular verbs), III column (irregular verbs)
Exemple:
They make(write) programs. Programs are made(written) by them.
PASSIVE THROUGH TENSES (USEFUL FOR ENGINEERS)
Make is/are made
Is/are making is/are being made
Made was/were made
Was/were made was/were being made
Will make will be made
Can make can be made
Exemple:
1. Each instrument is recorded (record) using a microphone. The sound is fed (feed) to a mixing desk.
The recording level is controlled (contol) and the EQ is adjusted (adjust) by the sound engineer. The output is
recorded (record) on a multitrack. The sounds from the multitrack are mastered (masters) back through the mixer.
The tape is remixed (remix) until the musicians are happy with the sound. Special effects can be added (add) on the
mixing desk. The remixed tape is mastered down (masters down) to produce a master tape. This can be used (use) to
produce copies in many different formats.
2. Microprocessors (make) are/are being made of silicon.
3. Call centres (use) are used to deal with telephone enquiries.
4. In recent years, most mobile phones (equip) are/have being equipped with Bluetooth.
5. GPS (develop) was developed in 1970s as a military navigation system.
6. Sorry about the mes the computer (replace) is being replaced at the moment.
7. In the near future, the Internet (access) will be accessed more frequently from PDAs and mobile
phones than from desktop computers.
8. I had to use my laptop this morning while my PC (fix) is being fixed.
Questions in passive voice:
Programs are made by them. Are programs made by them?
- Where/why/how are programs made?
DESCRIBING GRAPH TRENDS
Curve kriva
Verb + adverb
Climb slightly
Go up gradually
Increase steadly
Rise steeply
Decline sharply
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Dip suddenly
Drop fast
Fall quickly
Go down gradually
Adjective + noun
Slight increase
Gradual rise
Steadly dip
Sudden drop
Fast fall




The curve climbs slightly. There is a slight increase of the curve.
READING GRAPHS
- identify the graph
- read the coordinates
- identify the various curves
- read each curbe
exemple:
This is a graph that shows....
The vertical axis represents....
The horizontal one stands for....
There are ..... curves that indicate.....
The first curve shows....


The first quadrant shows the characteristics of the diode when it is a forward biased. When the voltage is increased,
at first the current doesn`t flow. When the voltage reaches about 600mV there is a slight increase of a current. The
current countinues to rise as the voltage increases but eventually a point is reached when the diode would be
destroyed by heat.The third qaudrante shows what happens when the diode is reversed biased. There is almost no
voltage. The diode is therefore a good rectifier. It conducts in one direction and almost not at all in the other.
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However, there is high leakage of reverse current. This leakage current is flowing until what is known as breakdown
voltage. At this point there is sudden rise in reverse current. This sudden increase is called the Zener effect.
Exemple:
This graph shows the trends on the sales of music formats. Some of these formats are outdated, and the graph shows
the apperence and rise of new one. The sample was taken in UK.
The vertical coordinate shows number of sold cipoes in millions. The horizontal one presents the time observe.
There are four curves , one for LPs, the other for singles, the third of cassettes, the forth for CDs.
The trend of singles: in the year from 1983 to 1984 there is a slight increase of sales, from about 76 to 78 million
copies. After that, there is a period from 1984 to 1988 of a steady decline to aproximatly 60 million copies.
ARTICLES
a/an the
kada se pominje prvi put koristi se a, svaki sledeci put kada se pominje isto the
kada je nesto generalno (uopsteno) nema clan
odredjeno
neodredjeno a/an
one original of a/an
just
exemple:
A book singular The book is very nice.
Books plural The books are very nice.
a/an the
one particular
just any defined
unknown exact
unintruduced known
exemple:
A controller is a device. representative of a class (predstavnik vrste)
exersize:
Linux is an operating system and it was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds. Version 1.0
of the Linux Kernel was released in 1994. The Kernel, at the heart of all linux systems is developed and its source
code is freely available to everyone. Apart from the fact that it`s freely distributed, Linux`s functionality,
adaptability and robustness has made it the main operating systems. More than a decade after its initial release,
Linux is being adopted worldwide, primarily as a server platform. This operating system can also be incorporated
directly into microchips in a process called embedding.

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COLLOCATIONS
A collocation is a pair of words that are often used together.
receive, transmit, demodulate SIGNAL
distribute, compress, stream, decode, playback, watch, copy, protect CONTENT
CONTENT provider, maker
exersize
1. A lot of content makers are concerned that their programs are being copied illegally.
2. It is important for a national broadcaster to be able to transmite signal to every part of the country.
3. MPEG techniques make it possible to distribute content into much smaller files.
4. A PC media player can decode the content in MPEG, wmv and MP3 files.
5. Digital rights management allows film makers to protect content to a certain extent.
6. Most TV viewers still need an aerial pointing in the right direction to receive sihnal from the national broadcaster.
7. A CRT creates images from the demodulate signal it receives from the antenna.
8. As broadband capacities have increased, it has become easier to distribute content across networks in IP packets.
VERBS ALLOW/PREVENT
allow prevent
allow to work prevent from working
exemples:
1. . theres a setting on the GPS that allows/prevents it to detect the movement.
2. . an alarm sounds to warn you, and allows/prevents the boat from drifting unnoticed.
3. . and enables/ensures that you dont lose track of where you were, which then enables/ensures you
to turn round and come back to the same point.
The core function of your GPS receiver is to allow you to locate your precise geographical position. To enable the
device to function, it receives at least three signals simultaneously from the GPS constellation 30 dedicated
satellites which allows receivers to function anywhere on earth. To enable extremely precise positioning and prevent
errors from occurring due to external factors, this device is designed to receive four separate signals (enhanced
system accuracy).
TENSES AND COMPARISON
1. Digital radio sets are becoming (become) less and less popular.
2. More and more people are listening (listen) to radio over the Internet.
3. Laptops are getting cheaper (cheap).
4. Handheld devices are becoming more sophisticated (sophisticated).
5. Battery life is getting (get) longer (long).
6. In some areas, VoIP is talking (take over) from PSTN.
7. Mobile broadband speeds are increasing (increase) dramatically.
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TENSES1:
Abraham Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1878. He was a Canadian whose family
immigrated/was/originated/came from Scotland. Since then, telephone systems increased/have improved
dramatically, in the UK alone there are how over 24 million lines. Formerly. the UK system was analogue. Many
changes were made/have appeared/have happened in recent years. Almost the entire UK netwoek is now digital.
Fibre optic cables are replacing/have replaced/exchange/inherited the old copper lines. Previosly, telephone
exchanges were using/used banks of electromagnetic relays from switching. Today, they are computer-contolled
units. The new network is fast and reliable, allowing users access to many other communications services.
TENSES2:
Many changes were made in telephone design in recent years. Formerly, telephones _____________ rotary dials. A
pulse _______________ each dialed number. Now, push-button is used for dials. Each button has a different audio-
frequency tone. This is called/is known as multi-frequency dialing. Also, the bandset ______________. Old models
had carbon microphones, which ________________ inexpensive and robust but noisy. Today moving-coil and
electrical devices replaced the old microphones. Advances in tehnology _______ additional features to be added to
phones. Most now _______________ memories to store frequently used numbers. Some telephone manufactures
screens using LCDs which allow users to see latest dialed number and shows the duration of calls.
MAKING COMPARISONS
1. The term processor as the same meaning/is the same as (the same) the CPU.
2. Laptops are as powerful (the same) as microcomputers.
3. Some companies use the same disks as conventional filling systems for storing data.
4. A computer virus is similar to/like a virus in human body.
5. Many word-processing programs are similar in that they share certain common functions.
6. A mainframe is more powerful and more expensive (expensive) than a microcomputer.
7. Learning to use a computer is less/more difficult than learning to program.
8. A fax board costs as much as/the same as/less than/not as much as a fax machine.
9. Unlike factory-sealed software, pirated versions may contain viruses.
10. Desktop publishing is a form of electronic publishing.
COLLOCATIONS
exersize: Macth one word on the left with a partner on the right.
1. high definition a) Internet radio
2. read and write b) disc
3. play c) videos and music
4. tune in to d) television
5. broadband e) data
6. optical f) your favourite sites
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7. browse g) compatible
8. fully backward h) access
1-d; 2-e; 3-c; 4-a; 5-h; 6-b; 7-f; 8-g
exersize:
- I have a program that monitors both incoming and outcoming mail and also blocks spam.
- With a webcam you can add video to online chats and instant messaging. Simply instal the software
included, plug the webcam in your PC, and start having video conferences.
- This software enables you to burn CD and DVDs containing any data files.
- I use a media player to stream audio and video files from the Web; I can play them directly.
- This program allows us to perform video conferencing in real time, without any delay.
- We have decided to make the material publicly/widely/freerly available on the Web.
- I often log on to my Internet bank account to make payments; I never forget to log off.