KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN DELHI REGION

CLASS XII (PHYSICS)

PREPARED BY : K.V. ANDREWS GANJ NEW DELHI

KENDRIY VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN (DELHI REGION) SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS & HOTS QUESTIONS (CHAPTER WISE) PHYSICS CLASS XII 2 !"2 #

It was announced by Ashok Ganguly, CBSE Chairman in a news conference on 15th eb !""# that from this year $!""#% a &art ' !"( of the &a&er will ha)e analytical *uestions which will be different from &ast years &a&ers+ ,hat is in effect this means these *uestions will be &hrased differently from the regular *uestions and answering them will re*uire sound understanding of conce&ts as well as critical thinking+ ,aking note of the changes brought out by CBSE in *uestioning techni*ue and the need for -. students to e/cel in CBSE e/ams, -.S$01% has decided to &re&are cha&ter wise Sam&le 2uestions of the abo)e ty&e known as 34, $3igher 4rder ,hinking% *uestions in all sub5ects+ I was fortunate to get this assignment of &re&aring Sam&le 34, *uestions for class 6II 7hysics+ Accordingly a two day worksho& was organi8ed at -. Andrews Gan5 th on 1! 9 1:th of ;uly !""#+ a total of ten 7hysics 7G,s of )arious -.s of 01 ha)e &artici&ated in the worksho&+ <r+ I+ -+ Gogia 7G, $7hys%, -. Gole <arket and ;ose Cherian 7G, $7hy% -. Andrews Gan5 acted as the coordinators for the worksho&+ ,he &artici&ants later com&uteri8ed the material &re&ared by them+ <y team of teachers and I &ersonally feel that this material will certainly hel& the students and teachers to &erform better in their B4A10 e/ams+ ,he *uestion gi)en in the module is only suggesti)e, the learned teachers can &re&are *uestion of their own to im&ro)e their com&etency and &erformance of students+ I sincerely thank 0r+ Sachikant AC, 01, and Shri ;+ 7+ Gu&ta, E+4+, 01 for gi)ing me such an o&&ortunity+ I also thank all the teachers who worked with me in making this &ro5ect a success+ =ast but not the least I thank <iss <an&reet -aur 7G, $Com&+ Sc+% of this )idyalaya for com&iling and bringing it in the form of a C0+

71I>CI7A= S+ S+ 1A?A, -+ .+ A>01E?S GA>;

PARTICIPANTS O$ THE WORKSHOP

S. N%. 1+ !+ :+ @+ 5+ A+ B+ #+ D+

N&'( %) D(*+,-&.%/

V+01&2&1&

<r+ S+S+ 1awat -+.+ Andrews Gan5 ,7rinci&al <r+ ;ose Cherian Andrews Gan5 <r+ I+ -+ Gogia Gole <arket

<r+ <rigandha 7ashchim .ihar Sri)asta)a <r+ A+ -+ ,yagi ;anak 7uri <r+ 0+C+ Bhatt <rs+ >eelam Sehgal <r+ B+7+ Singh <r+ A+-+ Gu&ta > C ;+ >+ C+ Gole <arket ,agore Garden .ikas 7uri Sainik .ihar -. >o+ :, 0elhi Cantt+

1"+ <r+ =ok 7al Singh 11+ >eeru Baradwa5 1!+ 0r+ San5ay -umar

UNIT 3 ELECTROSTATICS
3 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: 2+1 A certain region has cylindrical symmetry of electric field+ >ame the charge distribution &roducing such a field+ 2+! 1e&resent gra&hically the )ariation of electric field with distance, for a uniformly charged &lane sheet+ 2+: 3ow will the radius of a fle/ible ring change if it is gi)en &ositi)e chargeE 2+@ i)e Charges of e*ual amount $*% are &laced at fi)e corners of a regular he/agon of side 1" cm+ ?hat will be the )alue of si/th charge &laced at si/th corner of the he/agon so that the electric field at the centre of he/agon is 8ero E+ 2+5 ,wo conducting s&heres of radii r1 9 r! are at same &otential+ ?hat is the ratio of charges on the s&heresE+ 2+A ?hy do we use nitrogen or methane gas in .anFdeFGraff generator E

2+B An electric charge * is &laced at one of the corner of a cube of side GaH+ ?hat will be the electric flu/ through its one of the faceE 2+# A s*uare surface of side = meters is in the &lane of the &a&er+ A uniform electric field E $)oltsIm%, also in the &lane of &a&er, is limited only to lower half of the s*uare as shown in the diagram+ ?hat will be the electric flu/ $in SI units% associated with the surface+

2+D

?hich of the following statement is true 9 whyE $A% E/J Ey JE8 $B% E/KEyKE8 $C% E/JE8LEy $0% E/LEyLE8

2+1" ,he distance of the field &oint on the e*uatorial &lane of a small electric di&ole is hal)ed+ By what factor will the electric field change for the di&oleE 2 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: 2+11 A charge of 1" Mc is brought from &oint A $",@ cm,"% to C $: cm,","% )ia &oint B $",",A cm% in )acuum+ Calculate the work done if the charge at origin is !" Mc+

2+1! A charged &article is free to mo)e in an electric field+ ?ill it always mo)e along an electric line of forceE ;ustify your answersE+ $! marks% 2+1: ,he flu/ of the electrostatic fields, through the closed s&herical surface S,H is found to be four times that through the closed s&here GS1H+ ind the magnitude of the charge 2 + Gi)en, *1J 1 Mc,*!JF!Mc and *:JD+#5@ Mc $! marks%

2+1@ A charge 2 is di)ided in two &arts * and 2 F * se&arated by a distance 1+ If force between the two charges is ma/imum, find the relationshi& between * 9 2+ $! marks% 2+15 A ca&acitor is made of a flat &late of area A and second &late ha)ing a stair like structure as shown in figure below+ If width of each stair is AI: and height is d+ ind the ca&acitance of the arrangement+ $! marks%

6 '&/4* 75(*.+%-: 21A+ A &arallel &late ca&acitor is charged to &otential . by a source of emf + After remo)ing the source, the se&aration between the &lates is doubled + 3ow will the following change electric field change on each &late &otential difference ca&acitance of the ca&acitor ;ustify your answer 2 1B If > dro&s of same si8e ,each ha)ing the same charge ,coalesce to form a bigger dro& + 3ow will the following )ary with res&ect to single small dro&E $i%,otal charge on bigger dro& $ii% 7otential on the bigger dro& $iii% ,he ca&acitance on the bigger dro& 21# ?ork done to mo)e a charge along a closed &ath inside an electric field is always 8ero, using this fact, &ro)e that it is im&ossible to &roduce an electric field in which all limes of force would be &arallel lines and density of their distribution would constantly increase in a direction &er&endicular to the lines of force+ 2 1D+ ,he gra&h shows the electric force of re&ulsion on tiny charged conducting s&here A, as a function of its se&aration from a s&here B+ ,he s&here B has 1" times the charge on the s&here A N E/&lain the beha)ior of the force between se&aration !cm and 1cm+

2 !"+ 4btain the formula for electric field due to a long thin wire of uniform linear charge density without using GaussHs law+ ANSWERS8HINTS 3 '&/4 75(*.+%2+1 Cniform linear charge distribution

2+! 2:+ 2+@ 2+5

E is constant with r+ Increases due to re&ulsion Ath Charge is 2 21I2!J11I1! steel

2+A It transfers the leakage of Charge to earth through earthed chamber 2+B 2+# 2D+ 2I!@ O" Pero E/JE8LEy if rJrI! , EJ # times

2+1" E 1Ir:

2 '&/4* 75(*.+%2 11 work done is inde&endent of &ath wJ QRST *1 *! $ 1Ir1F 1Ir!% &utting the )alues 9 ans 15 ; 2 1! if charge is &ositi)e 9 at rest in electric field then it will mo)e along electric line of force+ If charge has initial )elocity making some angle with electric field than it will along &arabolic &ath+ 2 1: UVJ @U

2 W *1W *!W*:I SoJ @ 6 $*1W*!W*:%ISo &utting the )alues 9 finding 2 J :X#+#5@ YC 2 1@+ J- *$2F*% I r ! for ma/+ 9min+d I d*J" , *J2I! 2 15+ All are in &arallel CJ SoAI:dWSoAIAdW SoAIDdJ 11SoAI1# d 6 '&/4* 75(*.+%2+1A a+ E same b+ 2 same c+ . same d+ C is hal)ed with reasons 2+1B i+ ii+ iii > times the charge on small dro& > !I: times the &otential on small dro& > 1I: times the ca&acitance on small dro&

2+1# If * is mo)ed along abcd then ?abcda J " ?abW ?bcW ?cd W?da J "

as E &er&endicular to bc 9 da so ?bc J ?da J " therefore ?abJ F?cd But ?ab can ne)er be e*ual to ?cd as the lines of force are closer to cd therefore ?cd K ?ab therefore ?abcda is not e*ual to " hence such electric field E is im&ossible 2+1D i ii iii As the charge mo)e closer the charge on large s&here Z is redistributed as shown in diagram As the s&heres mo)e more closer than the charge is redistributed as shown in diagram Beha)iour of force between ! cm 9 1 cm [ force of re&ulsion increases u&to 1+@ cm 9 re&+ is ma/+ at rJ1+@ cm

If 1+! cmLrL1+@ cm re&+ is decreasing att+ increases due to inducti)e effect+ At rJ1+! cm re&+ J att+ 9 if rL1+! cm force is strongly attracti)e

2+!" 6J*Ilength J *Il change on dl length d* J \ dl At &oint l dE J 1 I @ R So X d* Io&! J 1I @R So X \ dl I r! Wl! lJ rtan 2 find dl +dE J 1 I @ R So \ cos d*I r integrate between FRI! to WR I! than E is \I!R So r

UNIT 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

O-( '&/4 75(*.+%-* 21+Cnder what conditions will ,erminal &otential difference of a cell be greater than its E< E 2!+A wire of resisti)ity & is stretched to twice its length+ ?hat will be its new resisti)ityE 2:+Gi)e the colour coding for a carbon resistor of 1 ohm ha)ing 5( toleranceE 2@+If the tem&erature of a metallic conductor increases how does the rela/ation time of electrons in conductor changeE 25+ ?rite the dimensional formula of mobility of electrons+ 2A+<anganin is used in making standard resistance +gi)e two reasons+ 2B+3ow does the drift )elocity of electrons in a metallic conductor change, if the length of the conductor is doubled by stretching it, kee&ing the a&&lied &otential difference constantE 2#+,he )ariation of &otential difference . with length l in case of two &otentiometers GaH and GbH is shown in the gra&h gi)en below+

?hich one of these two will you &refer for com&aring E< of two cellsE Gi)e reason+ 2D+ ?hy the terminal 7otential is always less than E< of a cell, while in useE

21"+ ,he conducti)ity of a semi conductor increases with the rise of tem&erature+ Gi)e reason+ T9% M&/4* Q5(*.+%-* 211+> number of identical resistors each of resistance 1 is combined to get the ma/imum and minimum resistances, what is the ratio of the ma/imum to minimum resistance+ 21!+,wo wires of e*ual length one of co&&er and other of manganin ha)e same resistance+ ?hich of the two wires will be thickerE ;ustify your answer with the hel& of suitable formula+ 21:+A resistor of !@ ohm resistance is bent in the form of a loo& as shown in the figure+ Calculate effecti)e resistance between &oints A and BE 21@+.FI gra&h for metallic wire at two different tem&erature GaH and GbH is shown in fig+ ?hich of the two tem&eratures is higher and whyE

215+ E/&lain why the IF. characteristics of a resistor are obtained to de)iate from a straight line from higher )alues of current as shown below[ T:/(( M&/4* Q5(*.+%-" 21A+,wo resistances are in the ratio 1[@ if these are connected in &arallel their total resistance becomes !" ohm+ ind the )alue of each resistance+ 21B+A household circuit has a fuse of 5A rating+ Calculate the ma/imum number of bulbs of rating A"?F!!". each which can be connected in the household circuit+ 21#+ Calculate current in each branch+

21D+,wo identical cells of E< E and internal resistance r whether 5oined in series or in &arallel gi)e the same current, when connected to e/ternal resistance of 1 ohm+ ind internal resistance of each cell+ 2!"+ @ cells of identical E< E, internal resistance r are connected in series to a )ariable resistor+ ,he following gra&h shows the )ariation of terminal )oltage of the combination with the current out&ut[ 1+?hat is the E< of each cellE !+calculate the internal resistance of each cell+

ANSWERS" 1+ during charging !+ uncharged :+ black, brown, black $gold% @+ decreases 5+ <=:,F@AF1 A+ =ow tem&+ Coefficient of resistance high 1esisti)ity+ B+ drift )elocity hal)ed #+ kbLka $k is the &otential gradient% D+ ,+7+ JE< F Ir 1"+ 0ue to increase in carrier density

T9% M&/4*" 11+ >![1 1!+ <A>GA>I> 1:+ 1"I: 43< 1@+ aKb 15+ tem&+ increases slo&e decreases ohm law is disobeyed T:/(( M&/4*" 1A+ 11J!5 ohm 1!J1"" ohm 1B+ no+ of bulbJ1# 1# +I1J5I!A I!J5I#A I:JBI#A 1D rJ1 ohm !"+ $1%EJ1+@ . $!%rJ"+B ohm+

U-+. 6 C:&;.(/: M&,-(.+< E))(<.* %) C5//(-.

3 M&/4 1+ A Current GIH flows along the length of an infinitely long straight thin walled &i&e+ ?hat is the magnetic field at any &oint on the a/is of &i&eE !+ ,he EarthHs core contains iron but geologists do not regard this as a source of <agnetic ield, ?hyE :+ Is the 1esistance of .oltmeter larger than or smaller than the resistance of Gal)anometer from which it is con)erted+ @+ A <agnetic ield di&ole &laced in a <agnetic ield e/&eriences a net force+ ?hat can you say about the >ature of <agnetic ieldE 5+ EarthHs <agnetic ield does not affect working of mo)ing Coil Gal)anometer+ ?hyE A+ ?hich ty&e of <agnetism e/ists in all substancesE B+ or what orientation 7+E+ of a <agnetic di&ole &laced in uniform <agnetic ield minimumE

#+ 3ow does a ferromagnetic material change its <agnetic &ro&erties if it is heated beyond its curie tem&eratureE D+ A bar magnet is cut into two &ieces, along its length+ 3ow will its &ole strength be affectedE 1"+?hat is the work done by a magnetic force, in dis&lacing a charged &articleE

2 '&/4* 11+If two identical gal)anometers, one is to be con)erted into ammeter and other into millimeter, which will re*uire a shunt of large 1esistance+ 1!+A bar magnet is held stationery in <agnetic meridian+ Another similar magnet is ke&t &arallel to it such that their mid&oints lie on their &er&endicular bisector+ If the second magnet is free to mo)e, what ty&e of <otion will it ha)eE ,ranslatory, rotatory or bothE ;ustify your answer+ 1:+,wo &arallel wires carrying current in same direction attract each other+ ?hat about two beams of electrons tra)eling &arallel, and in same direction to each otherE 1@+1etenti)ity of steel is slightly smaller than soft iron+ Still, steel is &referred to soft iron for making &ermanent magnets+ ?hyE] 15+A wire of certain length is bent to form a circular coil of a single turn+ If the same wire is bent into coil of smaller radius so as to ha)e two turns+ ?hat will be the ratio of <agnetic fields at center of coil in each case for same )alue of currentE 6 '&/4* 1A+,hree sections of Current carrying conductors ha)ing same current are shown in figure+ In which case, the <agnetic ield &roduced at 7 is <a/imumE ind its )alue also+

1B+ ,wo wire loo&s formed by 5oining two semicircular wires of radii 11

and 1! carries a current I as shown in fig+ ?hat is the <agnetic field at C+E

1#+ A solenoid "+@ < long has a layout of windings of 5"" turns each+ A 5cm long wire of mass !-g lies inside the solenoid near its centre and normal to a/is+ ,he wire is connected to an e/ternal battery which su&&lies a @A current in the wire+ Calculate the )alue of current to su&&ort the weight of wire+ 1D+ A metallic rod of mass "+:kgIm is not allowed to roll on a smooth inclined 7lane of angle :" degree with hori8ontal by flowing a current in the rod+ A magnetic field of "+15, is acting in )ertical direction+ Calculate current flowing in the rod+ !"+ A bar magnet is &laced in magnetic meridian with its north &ole towards >orth+ Its length is 1"cm and magnetic moment is "+@Am!+ ind the 3ori8ontal com&onent of earthHs magnetic field, if neutral &oint is at a distance of 1"cm from mid &oint of magnet+

=ANSWERS> 1+ Pero+ !+ ,em&erature in the core of earth is higher than Curie tem&erature of Iron+ :+ =arger+

@+ >onFuniform+ 5+ <agnitude of EarthHs magnetic field is much smaller than magnitude of the field &roduced by &oles of gal)anometer+ A+ 0iamagnetism+ B+ ^ J " $0i&ole is &arallel to field+% #+ Becomes 7aramagnetic+
D+ <1 J <I!, <J<I!

1"+Pero+ 11+<illimeter will re*uire larger resistance as a range of current is less for it+ 1!+,ranslatory, as two e*ual forces act on two ends, in same direction+ 1:+,wo electronFbeams will re&el, as electrostatic force is larger than =orent8 force+ 1@+Corecei)ity of steel is much larger than that of soft Iron+
15+ B1 J Y" II!a, >ow !a J !_a1

+ + + a1 J aI! B! J Y" >II!aZ J Y"_!II!a

+
+ + B1[[B! J 1[@+

1A+In case B as magnetic field due to com&lete circle will be largest+ 1B+B J YII@$iI11F1I1!%+ 1#+ orce on wire J weight of wire+ + +

+ + I=B J mg IH J mgI:Iln

+ I= $:Y">IH% J mg

1D+<g sin^ J f cos^ <g sin^ J I=B cos^ I J mg_tan^IIB J 11+:!A

!"+ B3 J Y"_!mr I$ @_:+1@$r!Fa!%1I!%

UNIT" ? ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & ALTERNATING CURRNT

3.MARK QUESTIONS: 1+ ?hat is the magnitude of the induced current in the circular loo&FA B C 0 of radius r, if the straight wire 72 carries a steady current of magnitude I am&ere E

!+ :+ @+ 5+ A+ B+ #+

,wo identical loo&s ,one of co&&er and another of aluminium are rotated with the same s&eed in the same <+ + +In which case ,the induced $a% e+m+f $b%current will be more and whyE ?hy is s&ark &roduced in the switch of a fan, when it is switched off E Coils in the resistance bo/es are made from doubled u&Finsulated wire+ ?hyE A gal)anometer connected in an A+C+ circuit does not show any deflection+ ?hyE A ca&acitor blocks 0+C+ but allows A+C to &ass through it+ E/&lain+ ?hyE Can we use transformer to ste& u& 0+C+ )oltageE If not, whyE Calculate the r+m+s )alue of alternating current shown in the figure+

D+ 1"+

,he algebraic sum of &otential dro& across the )arious ' elements in =C1 circuit is not e*ual to the a&&lied )oltage+ ?hyE A co&&er ring is held hori8ontally and bar magnet is dro&&ed through the ring with its length along the a/is of the ring+ ?ill the acceleration of the falling magnet be e*ual to, greater than or less than that due to gra)ityE

2 '&/4* 75(*.+%11+ A magnet is mo)ed in the direction indicated by an arrow between two coil A B and C 0 as shown in the figure+ Suggest the direction of current in each coil+

1!+

1:+

1@+

igure shows an inductor = and a resistance 1 connected in &arallel to a battery through a switch+ ,he resistance 1 is same as that of the coil that makes =+ ,wo identical bulbs are &ut in each arm of the circuit+ ?hich of the bulbs lights u& earlier, when is closedE ?ill the bulbs be e*ually bright after same timeE 3ow does the self inductance of a coil change, when >umber of turns in the coil is decreased+ An iron rod is introduced into it+ ;ustify your answer in each case+ igure shows two electric circuits A and B+ Calculate the ratio of &ower factor of the circuit B to the 7ower factor of the circuit A+

15+

An inductor = of reactance 6= is connected in series with a bulb B to an A+C+ source as shown in the figure+ Briefly e/&lain how does the brightness of the bulb change when

$a% >umber of turns of the inductor is reduced and $b% A ca&acitor of reactance 6C J6= is included in series in the same circuit+ 6 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-:" 1A+ ?hen a series combination of a coil of inductance = and a resistor of resistance 1 is connected across a 1! .F5" 38 su&&ly, a current of "+5+A lows through the circuit+ ,he current differs in &hase from a&&lied )oltage by 1B+
radian+ :

Calculate the )alue of = and 1+

An A+C+ generator is connected to a sealed bo/ through a &air of terminals+ ,he bo/ may contain 1 = C or the series combination of any two of the three elements+ <easurements made outside the bo/ re)eal that[ EJB5 Sin `t $in )olt% and IJ 1+! Sin $`tW
%$ 5

in am&ere%

1#+

>ame the circuit elements ?hat is the 7ower factor of the circuitE ?hat is the rate, at which energy is deli)ered by the generator to the circuitE igure $a%, $b% and $c% Show three alternating circuits with e*ual currents+ If fre*uency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect on currents In the three cases+ E/&lain+

1D+

0oes the current in an A+C+ circuit lag, lead or remain in &hase with the )oltage of fre*uency a&&lied to the circuit when $i% J r $ii% L r $iii% K r where r is the resonance fre*uency+ ,wo different coils ha)e self inductance =1J# m3 and =! J ! m3+ At a certain instant, the current in the two coils is increasing at the same constant rate and the &ower su&&lied to the two coils is same+ ind the

!"+

ratio of $a% induced )oltage $b% current and $c% energy stored in the two coils at that instantE E<I 9 AC A-*9(/* 8 H+-.* 3 '&/4 Q5(*.+%1+ Pero Induced emf+ !+ Induced emf will be same in the both but Induced Current will be more in Co&&er loo&+ :+ A large Induced emf is setu& across the ga& in the switch+ @+ ,o cancel the effect of self Induced emf in the coil+ 5+ A gal)anometer measures mean )alue of a+c+, which is 8ero o)er a cycle+ A+ B+ #+ D+ 1"+ 6c J ! Ja c <agnetic flu/ linked with 7rimary coil does not )ary with time so no Induced emf in secondary+ !A+ .oltages across different elements of the =C1 circuit are not in same &hase+ =ess than that due to gra)ity+
1

2 '&/4* Q5(*.+%-+ 11+ or Coil AB[ Anticlockwise+ or Coil C0[ Anticlockwise+ 1!+ i+ ,he bulb B! will light u& earlier+ ii+ ,he bulb B1 will grow more brightly+ 1:+ i+ = b n! JK = is decreased+ ii+ = will Increase+ !+ 1@+ 15+ $a% Bulb will grow more brightly+ $b% Brightness of the bulb will become ma/imum+ 6 '&/4* Q5(*.+%-. 1A+ =J"+"AA 3, 1J1! 1B $a%+ Series combination of a register and a ca&acitor+ $b%+ 7ower factor J cosc J "+#1 $c%+ 7a) J E)I)Cosc J B!+Dw 1#+ $i% >o effect $ii% current will decrease $iii%Current will Increase+ 1D+ $i% Current and .oltage are in the same &hase+ $ii% Current leads )oltage by 7hase anglec +

$iii% Current lags behind )oltage by 7hase anglec + !"+

LdI dt U 1 1 = U! @ e=

e1 e!

J @ As 7J eI J const JK I J !

I1

1 @

UNIT @ (EM 9&A(*)

3 MARK QUESTIONS: 21[ 2![ 2:[ 0oes the colour of radiation de&end on its fre*uency or on wa)elength+ ?hat &hysical *uantity is the same for 6Frays of wa)elength 1A, green light of wa)elength 55""A" 9 radiation of wa)elength !1cmE Electromagnetic radiations with wa)elength[ 1%[ \1 are used to kill germs in water &urifiers+ !%[ \! are used in ,+. communication system+

2 MARK QUESTIONS: 2@[ 25[ 2A[ ?hy stationary charges 9 constant currents do not &roduce electromagnetic wa)esE If the electric field that constitutes an electromagnetic wa)e conser)ati)eE ;ustify your answer+ ,he radio wa)es, the infrared, the )isible ray are E< radiations+ ,hen how are they different from each otherE

6 MARK QUESTIONS: 2B[ 1%[ !%[ :%[ 2#[ Su&&ose that the electric field of an electromagnetic radiation wa)e in )acuum is EJ$:+1>IC cosd1+#radImeyW5+@ _ 1"A radIs%te ?hat is wa)elength, \E ?hat is fre*uency, fE ?hat is magnitude of the magnetic field of the wa)eE Although in an electromagnetic wa)e the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field is a constant still we say that the )ision of our eye is due to only electric field+

A-*9(/* 1+ re*uency+ !+ S&eed+ :+ 1% \1 corres&onds to ultra)iolet s&ectrum+ !% \! corres&onds to radio wa)es+ @+ A stationary charge 9 constant current &roduce a constant electric field 9 constant magnetic field res&ecti)ely+ A constant electric field canVt generate a magnetic field likewise a constant magnetic field cannot generate a electric field+ 3ence, E< wa)es canVt be &roduced+ 5+ >o, the electric field &roduced by a time )arying magnetic field is non conser)ati)e+ So that electric field that constitutes the E< wa)es is nonF conser)ati)e+ A+ ,hey are different because the way they interact with matter is different+ Interaction de&ends on the energy of the E< wa)es, which in turn de&ends u&on its fre*uency $EJh)%+ B+ 1%[ \J! R IkJ :+5m+ !%[ fJwI!R J 5+@/1"AI!R J "+#A<3g+ :%[ B" J E"IC J :+1I:/1"# J 1"n,+ #+ ,he )ision of our eye is due to the force e/&erienced by the mo)ing charge on our retina+ ,he mo)ing charge e/&eriences force both due to electric 9 magnetic fields+ J *E, E J *.B B EI B J EI.B J CI.+ CI.K1"# + ,herefore mo)ing &article oscillates &rimarily due to the electric field+

UNIT B O;.+<*
3 M&/4 21[ A &artially &lane &olarised beam of light is &assed through a &olaroid+ Show gra&hically the )ariation of the transmitted light intensity with angle of rotation of the 7olaroid+ Soa& bubble shows beautiful colours in sun light+ ?hyE Coloured s&ectrum is obser)ed, whenwe see through a muslin cloth+ ?hyE ?hy )alue of the Brewster angle for trans&arent medium is different for light of different coloursE ?hy is diffraction effect more &redominant through the slit formed by two blades than by slit formed by two fingersE ?hy is light from two indi)idual sources of e*ual wa)elength is incoherentE ?hich &rinci&le is used in =+C+0 $li*uid crystal dis&lay% in ,+. 9 com&utersE 3ow does the focal length of a con)e/ lens change if monochromatic red light is used instead of monochromatic blue lightE 3ow many angles of incidence are &ossible when the angle of de)iation is minimumE

2![ 2:[ 2@[ 25[ 2A[ 2B[ 2#+

2D+

21"+ ,he lens shown in the figure is made of two different trans&arent materials+ A &oint ob5ect is &laced on its a/is+ 3ow many images of the ob5ect will be formedE

211+ ,he gra&h shows the )ariation of the angle of de)iation with the angle of incidence for the two glass &rism A 9 B+ which glass &rism has the larger refracti)e inde/E

21!+ A sim&le microsco&e using single lens often shows colored image of a white source+ ?hyE 21:+ A conca)e lens is immersed in a li*uid and image formed is shown in the figure+ ?hose refracti)e inde/ is greater, glass or the li*uidE

21@+ ?hy focal lengths of the eye &iece and ob5ecti)e both should be short in the case of a com&ound microsco&eE 215+ gou are gi)en : lenses ha)ing &owers as 71JA0, 7!J:0 9 7:J1!0+ ?hich two of these lenses will you select to construct a microsco&eE 21A+ 3ow is the intensity of scattered light related to the wa)elength of lightE

21B+ ,he far &oint of myo&ic &erson is #"cm in front of the eye+ ,he &ower of the lens re*uired to enable him to see )ery distant ob5ects clearly is F1+!50+ 0oes the lens magnify the )ery distant ob5ectsE 2 M&/4* 21#[ ,wo towers on to& of two hills are @"km a&art+ ,he line 5oining them &asses @"m abo)e a hill halfway between the towers+ ?hat is the largest wa)elength of radio wa)es, which can be sent between the towers without a&&reciable diffraction effectsE 21D[ =aser light of wa)elength A:"nm incident on a &air of slits &roduces an interference &attern in which the bright fringes are se&arated by #+1nm+ A second light &roduces an interference &attern in which the fringes are se&arated by B+!mm+ Calculate the wa)elength of the second light+ 2!" 0raw the gra&h showing the )ariation of ) with u for a con)e/ lens+ 2!1 A boy, 1+5"m tall with his eye le)el at 1+:#m, stands before a mirror fi/ed on a wall+ Indicate by means of a ray diagram, how the mirror should be &ositioned so that he can )iew himself fully+ ?hat should be the minimum length of the mirrorE 2!! 3ow is an o&tical fibre a better de)ice than a coa/ial cableE 2!: 3ow is a &erson looking at a mesh of crossed wires able to see the )ertical wires more distinctly than hori8ontal wiresE 2!@ A small &lane mirror is attached to the sus&ension wire of mo)ing coil gal)anometer+ ?hen the light from a lam& falls on the mirror, it retraces the &ath and &uts a s&ot on the screen, 1+5m away from the mirror+ ?hat is the dis&lacement of the s&ot if the coil deflects :+5oE

6 M&/4* 2!5[ A &oint ob5ect &laced in front of a &lane mirror &roduces a )irtual image whose distance from the mirror is e*ual to the ob5ect distance from the mirror+ Cse 3uygensHs 7rinci&le to deduce it+

2!A[ ?hen a low flying aircraft &asses o)erhead, we sometimes notice a shaking of the &icture on our ,+. screen+ Suggest a &ossible e/&lanationE 2!B[ In goungVs double slit e/&eriment using monochromatic light of wa)elength \, the intensity at a &oint on the screen where &ath difference \ is - units+ ?hat is the intensity of light at a &oint where &ath difference is \I:E 2!#+ ,wo lenses of &ower F150 and 50 are in contact with each other &) ?hat is focal length of this combinationE C) An ob5ect of si8e @cm is &laced at !"cm from this combination+ Calculate &osition and si8e of image+ 2!D+ ,he &rinci&le section of Glass &rism is an isosceles h721 with 72J71+ ,he face 71 is sil)ered+ A ray is incident &er&endicularly on face 72 and after two reflections it emerges from base 21 normal to it+ ind angle 271 of 7rism+ 2:"+ ,he resolution limit of eye is 1minute at a distance of r km from the eye, two &erson stands with a lateral se&aration of :m+ Calculate the distance r so that the two &ersons are 5ust resol)ed by the naked eye+ 2:1+ An astronomical telesco&e consist of two thin lens set :Acm a&art and has a magnifying &ower #+ Calculate the focal length of the lens+ 2:!+ A fish at a de&th of iBcm below the surface of water sees the outside world through a circular hori8on+ ?hat is the radius of the circular hori8onE 1efracti)e inde/ of water w+r+t+ air is @I:+

Answers 1+ I& J I" cos!^

I7

I"

RI!

: RI!

!R

!+ :+ @+ 5+

A+ B+ #+ D+ 1"+ 11+ 1!+ 1:+ 1@+ 15+

0ue to interference of light wa)es from u&&er 9 lower surfaces of soa& bubble S&ace between threads 9 muslin cloth beha)es as fine slit+ ?hen sunlight falls on these slitsN the diffraction of light takes &lace+ As a result, the coloured s&ectrum is obser)ed+ i& JtanF1$n%, jn is in)ersely &ro&ortional to s*uare of wa)elengthk 0iffraction effect is &redominant only for a narrow 9 fine slit where si8e is com&arable with the wa)elength of light+ Slit formed by two blades is fine 9 is of uniform width which canVt be &ossible with fingers+ Because of unstable &hase difference+ 7rinci&le of &olarisation+ 1IfJ$n!In1F1%$1Ir1F1Ir!% one two for B 0ue to chromatic ab 1+I+of li*uid is greater than 1+I+ of glass+ Angular magnification of eye &iece is $1W0Ife%+ 3ence fe should be small and angular magnification of ob5ecti)e is a&&ro/+ )Ifo , so fo should be small+ < b 1Ifofe b &e&o

1A+ 1B+ 1#+

3igh &ower lenses are re*uired for ob5ecti)e and eye &iece but &oK&e hence &: is selected as ob5ecti)e and &1 as eye&iece+ Ib1I\@ >o+
@" km+ A 0 B 2

@" m

dsin^Jn\

or \Jdsin^In

or longest wa)elength, nJ1, sin^J^Jtan^ \Jd / 0CIB0 J @" / @"I!"""" $B0J@"I!km% J #mI1"" J #cm+ 1D+ lJ\0Id i+e B!IB1 J\!I\1 \!JB!\IB1 \ !JB+!/A:"I#+1 \ !J5A"nm+

!"+

!1+

,o& of mirror make J$ 1+5W1+:#%I: J1+@@m mark Bottom of mirror mark J$ 1+:#W"%I! J"+ADm mark height of the mirror J1+@@F"+AD J"+B5m !!+Characteristic of o&tical fiber $no loss of energy and no e/ternal interference%+

!:+,he cornea in front of the eye lens is not s&herical in sha&e and &roduces greater resolution in )ertical &lane than in hori8ontal &lane+ !@+ when mirror is deflected by ^ then reflected light is deflected by !^ i+e+ sosHJBoJ$:+1@XB%I1#"rad+ ^JssHIos $:+1@XB%I1#"JssHI1+5 ssHJ1#+@cm

6 M&/4*
II

!5+
AH g 4 I

,reat A to be the s&herical source of light+ After time t, the wa)e front reach AV as wa)e front I + ,he image will be formed at AV re&resented by II+ 4AVJ4A+ !A+ ?hen a low flying aircraft &asses o)erhead, the metallic body of the aircraft reflects ,+. signal+ A slight shaking of the &icture on the ,+.

screen takes &lace due to interference of the reflected signal from the aircraft 9 the direct signal recei)ed by the antenna+ !B+ Intensity IJ @I" cos! cI! ?hen &ath difference is \, &hase difference is !R IJ@I" cos! RJ @I" J $gi)en% ?hen &ath difference, hJRI:, the &hase difference cVJ!R h I \ J!R / \I \ / : J RI: IVJ@I" cos! RIA $since - J @I" % J - cos! RIAJ - / j1+B:I!k! J :I@ -+ !#+ A&&ly formula of combination of thin lenses 7 J 71 W 7! f J 1I7 Also , 1If J 1I) ' 1Iu +

+ $1%

!D+b W !l J 1#"o also , l J !b therefore , 5 b J1#"o

b J :Ao :"+ ^ J /Ir ^ J 1m J 1IA"" J 1IA"_ RI1#" rad+ r J /I ^ J : _ A" _ 1#" I R J1"+: km

:1+

<+7+Jfo I fe # J fo I fe #fe W fe J :A fe J @cm

9 fo W fe J = 9 fo Wfe J:A

fo J :!cm

:!+sinc J 1IY Sinc J :I@ c JsinF1$"+B5% J @#+5Do also, tancJrIiB r J :cm+

UNIT D DUAL NATURE O$ MATTER AND RADIATION

O-( M&/4 75(*.+%-*"" 1% !% According to the *uantum theory, what ha&&ens when the intensity of light increasesE If a =ASE1 of &ower :+D#<? &roduces a monochromatic light of energy !+@#e., how many &hotons &er second, on an a)erage, are emitted by the sourceE Can all &hotons from a monochromatic light source emit &hotoF electrons of same kinetic energyE ?hat is ma/imum fre*uency of 6Frays &roduced by :"-. electronsE A nucleus of mass <, initially at rest s&lits into two fragments of masses <HI: and !<HI:$<K<H%+ ind the ratio of deFBroglie wa)elengths of two fragments+ ?hat does the slo&e of the Gra&h between fre*uency )Is sto&&ing &otential re&resentE ?hat is the nature of gra&hical relation between fre*uency of incident radiation and the sto&&ing &otentialE 4n which factor the magnitude of saturation &hotoelectric current de&ends u&onE ,he work function of aluminium is@+!e.+ If two &hotons each of energy :+5e. strike an electron of aluminium sheet then what will be the s&eed of electronsE ?rite down the rest mass of &hotonE

:% @% 5%

A% B% #% D%

1"%

T9% '&/4* 75(*.+%-*"" 11+ 1!+ Calculate the number of &hotons in A+A!; of radiation energy of fre*uency 1"1! 38+ Gi)en hJA+A!X1"F:@ ;s+ ?hen &hotons of energy hf falls on an aluminium &late $of work function Eo %,&hotoelectrons of ma/imum kinetic energy - are e5ected+ If the fre*uency of radiation is doubled, find the ma/imum kinetic energy of the e5ected &hotoelectrons+ If electron, &roton and helium ha)e same momentum, then write relation between deFBroglieHs wa)elengths of the abo)e &articles+ ,he energy of a &hoton is e*ual to the -inetic energy of &roton+ =et \1 be the deFBroglie wa)elength of the &roton and \! be the wa)elength of the &hoton+ ind the ratio \1I \! in terms of energy GEH of &hoton+ 0raw the Gra&h which re&resents the )ariation of &article momentum and associated deFBroglie wa)e lengthE

1:+ 1@+

15+

T:/(( '&/4* 75(*.+%-*"" 1A+ 1B+ Alkali metals are most suitable for &hotoelectric effect+ E/&lain whyE Show that the &roduct of the slo&e of the sto&&ing &otential )ersus fre*uency gra&h and the electronic charge gi)es the )alue of 7lanckHs constant+ ?hen radiation of wa)elength \ is incident on a metallic surface, the sto&&ing &otential is @+# )olts+ If the same surface is illuminated with a radiation of double the wa)elength, then the sto&&ing &otential becomes 1+A )olts+ ?hat is the threshold wa)elength for the surfaceE A source of !5 watt emits monochromatic light of wa)elength AA""n+ If efficiency for &hotoelectric emission is : (, then find the &hotoelectric current+

1#+

1D+

!"+

?hat is the 0eFbroglie wa)elength of a nitrogen molecule in air at :""-E Assume that the molecule is mo)ing with the root mean s*uare s&eed of molecules at this tem&erature+ $Atomic mass of nitrogen is J 1@+""BAu%

ANSWER KEY 3 MARKS ANSWERS 1+ !+ >umber of the &hotons increases+ >umber of the &hotons increases &er second J total energy &er secondo energy of the &hotons J :+D#_1"F: 5Isec :+D#_1"F1D 5oules J1"1A &hotonsIsec :+ >o @+ EIh J ) 5+ 1[1 N \JhI& A+ hIe B+ A straight line+ #+ intencity of the light+ D+ Pero+ 1"+ 8ero+ 2 MARKS ANSWERS 11+ nJeIrJ1"!! 1!+ kJhiFE" JKE"JhrFk kp J h$!)%FE"J!hrF$hrFk% -p J kWhr+ 1:+ \&J \eJ \he 1@+ \1JhIi!mE N \!JhI&JhcIE \1 I\!JiEIci!m 15+

THREE MARKS 1A+ ?ork function is less for alkali metals+ 1B+ &roof e)oJh)Fh)o differention eq)oJhq)o hJe$q)oIq)%Je_slo&e 1#+ 7utting the data in &hotoelectric e*uation and taking ratios \oJ@\ 1D+ >o of &hotonsIsec J &owerIh) J&\Ihc J #+:1 _ 1"1D Each &hoton e5ects one electron+ >o+ of electrons e5ected J r _ #+:1 _ 1"1D >J!@+D:/1"1B 7hotochemical current J>e J!@+D:/1"1B/1+A/1"F1D J"+@Am&ere !"+ 1amuJ1+AA/1"F!B -g mass of >! moleculeJ!/1@+""BA/1+AA/1"F!B -g )rmsJi:-,Im JhIm)rmsJhIi:-,m JA+A:/1"F:@Ii:/@+A@D/1"F!A/1+:#/1"F!:/:"" J!+#/1"F11m J+"!#nm

UNIT ! ATOMS AND NUCLEI

3 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: 1+ Initially the number of nuclei of a radioacti)e substance are 1""+ At tJ1s these numbers become #"+ ind the number of nuclei undecayed at tJ!s+ !+ 0raw a gra&h of rate of formation of GgH against time GtH when a radioacti)e nucleus G6H decays to a stable nucleus GgHE :+ A &article mass GmH is &ro5ected from ground with )elocity GuH making angle G^H with the hori8ontal what will be the deFBroglie wa)e length of the &article at the highest &ointE @+ ,he difference between nth and $n W 1%th BohrHs radius of hydrogen atom is e*ual to (n s 1%th BohrHs radius+ ?hat is the )alue of nE 5+ In the following nuclear fission reaction, > is the number of neutrons released in the fission of one D!C!:5
U !:5 +" n1 :# Sr D@ +5@ Xe1@" + N

?hat is > hereE A+ B+ #+ D+ 1"+ Some scientists ha)e &redicted that a global nuclear war on earth would be followed Gnuclear winterH+ ?hat would cause Gnuclear winterHE ,he electron in the hydrogen atom &asses from the n J @ energy le)el to the n J 1 le)el+ ?hat is the ma/imum number of &hotons that can he emitted, and minimum numberE An electron is accelerated through a &otential difference of !!" .+ ?hat is its energy in electron )olts+ ?hat is the BohrHs fre*uency conditionE ,he mass number of 3e is @ and that of sul&hur is :! +By what factor the radius of sul&hur nucleus is larger than that of helium E

2 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: 11+ A radioacti)e sam&le has !" times of safe acti)ity limit+ After how many half li)es will the radioacti)e sam&le be safeE 1!+ ?hat is the angular momentum of the gi)en wa)e function shown below, which is

1:+ 1@+ 15+

for an electron in a hydrogen atom+ ,he binding energy of an electron in the ground state of 3e is e*ual to !@+A e.+ ?hat is the energy re*uired to remo)e both the electronsE or a hydrogenFlike atom, if electrons mo)e from lower energy le)el to higher energy le)els, then what will ha&&en to its -E and 7E E 4btain BohrHs *uanti8ation condition of angular momentum on the basis of wa)e &icture of electron+

6 '&/4* 75(*.+%-: : 1 1A+ In the fusion reaction 13! W 13! !3e W "n , the masses of deuteron, helium and neutron e/&ressed in amu are !+"15, :+"1B and 1+""D res&ecti)ely+ If 1 kg deuterium undergoes com&lete fusion, find the amount of total energy released+ 1amu J D:1+5 <e.Ic! 1B+ 1D-@" isoto&e of &otassium has a halfFlife of l+@ /1"D yr and decays to form stable argon, 1# Ar @"+ A sam&le of rock has been taken which contains both &otassium and argon in the ratio 1 [B, i.e. no+ of -@" atoms J 1IB no+ of Ar @" atoms Assuming that when rock is formed no Ar @"was &resent in the sam&le and none has esca&ed subse*uently+ 0etermine the age of rock+ 1#+ ,he energy le)els of an atom are as shown below+ ?hich one of the transitions will result in the emission of a &hoton of wa)elength !B5 nmE
"e. F!e. F@+5e. F1"e.
A B C 0

1D+ 3ow are &rotons, which are &ositi)ely charged, held together inside a nucleusE 0raw a gra&h between &otential energy of a &air of nucleons as a function of their se&aration+ !"+ A neutron strikes a 5B1"nucleus with the subse*uent emission of an al&ha &article+ ?rite the Corres&onding nuclear reaction+ ind the atomic number, mass number and the chemical name of the remaining nucleus+ ANSWER 3 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: $1% A@ $!% e/&o+ Gra&h $:% $@%?e know ,rn b n! So $n +1% ! n ! = $n 1% ! n = @ $5% $A% $B% $#% !!"e. o $D% h = Elower Ehigher $1"% ! 2 M&/4* Q5(*.+%-*: $11%,he safe acti)ity is &resent acti)ityI!" since
Ro Ro Ro < < so sam&le safe !5 ! " ! @
h mu cos

between some time lying between@th and 5th hal)e li)es+ 3ence answer 5th hal)e li)es $1!% If we trace a circle going around the center, we run into a series of eight com&lete ?a)elengths+ Its angular momentum is # ! + $1:% ,o remo)e Ist electron Energy re*uired is !@+A e. , after remo)ing it became 3eW like 3ydrogen atom whose B+E+is F@/1:+Ae.JF5@+@e.+hence to remo)e both electron re*uired energyJBDe. $1@% or 3ydrogen like atom,
TE = Ze ! Ze ! Ze ! KE = + PE = , , @" +!r #" r @" r

hence -E decreases, 7E$less negati)e%increases+

$15% ?hen an electron confine to mo)e on a line of length l with )elocity G)H the de Broglie wa)elength \ associated with electron is
p= nh !r

h p

!l and = n ,

when an electron re)ol)es in a circular orbit of radius r; then !lJ!Rr or

p r = nh !

angular momentum $&_r of electron is integral multi&le of ,his is BohrHs *uanti8ation condition of angular momentum+ 6 '&/4* 75(*.+%-:

h!"#.

$1A% m = !$ !+"15% $:+"1B +1+""D% = "+""@$mu ind energy released &er deuteron :+B!AI!<e. ,hen >umber of deuterons in 1kg J>I! hence energy released J:+"1/1"!A/1+#A:<e.JD+"_1"1: ; $1B% Age of the rock is : half li)es of - nuclides+ @+!/1"D yr+ $1#%Energy of &hoton is E = $1D% $!"%
hc = @+5e.

clearly transition B will be the result+

UNIT # ELECTRONIC DEVICES

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 2+1 3ow does the forbidden energy ga& of an intrinsic semiconductor )ary with the increase in tem&eratureE 2+! ?hy is a semiconductor damaged by a strong currentE 2+: ?hat is the cause of a small current in re)erse bias arrangement in &Fn 5unction E 2+@ A &iece of co&&er and a &iece of silicon are both cooled down through the same tem&erature +3ow do their conducti)ity changeE 2+5 ?hat ha&&ens when both the emitter and the collector of a transistor are forward biasedE 2+A ?hy does a transistor I radio recei)er does not work in a railway carriageE 2+B ?hy a transistor can not be used as a rectifier E 2+# Electrical circuit is used to get smooth d+c out &ut from a rectified circuit +write the name of the circuit + 2+D Identify the gate 6 ,If the truth table of the circuit is gi)en below+ A 1 " 1 " B 1 1 " " Y 1 1 1 "

2+1" ,he circuit shown below has two diodes each with forward resistance 5"ohm with infinite re)erse resistance ,if the battery )oltage is A ) ,find the current through the 1"" ohm resistanceE

2 MARK QUESTIONS 2+11 ,he electrical conducti)ity of a semiconductor increases when electromagnetic radiation of wa)elength shorter than !@#" nm is incident on it+ ind the band ga& of the semiconductor + Gi)en hJ A+A: / 1"F:@ 5s + CJ : / 1"# mIs+ 2+1! ?hat is e*ui)alent resistance of the circuit +

2+1: Identify the gate re&resented by the blocks

?rite the truth table+ 2+1@ Consider the 5unction diode is ideal ,calculate the )alue of current in the gi)en figure+

2+15 0raw a cur)e between charge density $e% and the distance $r% near the forward bias &Fn 5unction and e/&lain itE 6 MARK QUESTIONS 2+1A or a transistor ,the current am&lification factor is "+#, the transistor is connected in common emitter configuration +calculate the change in the collector current when the base current changes by A mA+ 2+1B If in the &Fn 5unction diode a s*uare in&ut signal is # . then find out the out&ut signal across 1=

2+1# or a diode characteristics cur)es are gi)en at different tem&erature+ ind out the relation between tem&eratures in the gi)en figure+

2+1D iure shows a logic circuit of two in&uts A and B and out&ut C+,he )oltage wa)eforms A,B,C are shown in the figure +the logic circuit is 2+!" ?hen a transistor am&lifier of current gain of B5 is gi)en an in&ut signal + .iJ ! sin $15Bt WtI!% the out&ut signal is found to be .4J !"" Sin$15Bt W :tI! % In which mode it is being used ,5ustify your result with &ro&er e/&laination + ANSWERS 3"MARK QUESTIONS 1+ !+ :+ @+ 5+ A+ B+ #+ unchanged because it is inde&endent of tem&erature due to heating, co)alent bands brokes,hence semiconductor damaged+ due to minority charge carriers as tem&erature cool down conducti)ity of Cu increases and Si decreases it will be an saturation region and will not work as an am&lifier E+< signal do not find their entry in the railway carriage for rectification ,two e/treme layers must be of different ty&es+ filter circuit

D+ 6 is and gate 1"+no current flow through 0! current through 1"" ohm is "+"! A+ 2"MARK QUESTIONS 11++hEJhcI\J#+"! / 1"F!" ; J"+5 1!+01 is forward bias 0! is re)ersed bias Effecti)e resistance 1J$@ / 1!%I$@ W1! % W #J11 4hm 0ue to re)erse bias no current flow through resistance 1" ohm 1:+ A " 1 " 1 B " " 1 1 u 1 " 1 " 1 1 " " g " " " 1

I,II,III Both are >41 gate 1@+ &Fn 5unction is re)erse bias hence the )alue of current is 8ero + J 15+

,he charge density near the &Fn 5unction $in the de&letion region % .aries with distance$r% 6"MARK QUESTIONS

1A+ aJ"+# BJ aI$1Fa% J "+#I$1F"+#% J @ hICJB + hIb J !@ <a 1B+

0iode conducts only when it is forward bias+ 1#+,1 L ,! L ,: at higher tem&erature cathode the larger is the )alue of saturation current 1D+ CJA+B A>0 gate !"+current gain B5 i+e K1 and .4 differ by &hase difference of t so it being used as common emitter am&lifier+

UNIT 3 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

3 M&/4: 1+ At a &articular &lace at a distance of 1"km from a transmission station a &erson can recei)e signals but not able to recei)e signals at 1""km, suggest a method how he can recei)e signal at 11 km !+ A de)ice is used to communicate through com&ute to com&uter name the de)ice+ :+ ?hy ground wa)e &ro&agation is not suitable for high fre*uencyE @+ ?hy microwa)es are being used in 1A0A1E 5+ >ame the ty&e of communication that uses carrier signals ha)ing fre*uencies in the range 1"1! 38 A+ ?hy long distance radio broadcasts use shortFwa)e bandsE B+ A radio can tune to any station in the B+5 <38 to 1! <38 band+ ?hat is the corres&onding wa)elength bandE #+ >ame the &rocess by which e/act re&roduction of a document at a distant &lace can be recei)ed+ D+ ,he transmitter A and recei)er B are not )isible to each other on earth surface e)en then they communicate to each other name the &rocesses of communication+ 1"+ 3ow does the effecti)e &ower radiated by an antenna )ary with wa)elengthE 2 M&/4* 11+ It is necessary to use satellites for long distance ,+.+ transmission+ ;ustifyE 1!+ ?ith the hel& of necessary diagram make it clear that vtaller the antenna, greater the co)erage of the ,ele)ision broadcast]+ 1:+ ?e do not choose to transmit an audio signal by 5ust directly con)erting it to an e+m+ wa)e of the same fre*uency, Gi)e two reasons for the same 1@+ 0istinguish between G&oint to &ointH and GbroadcastH communication modes+ Gi)e one e/am&le of each 15+ A transmitting antenna is :! m high and the recei)ing antenna 1"" m+ Calculate the ma/imum+ 0istance between them for satisfactory communication in =4S mode+ Assume radius of earth A+@ / 1"A m+ 6 M&/4* 1A+ ?hat does the term =4S communication meanE >ame the ty&es of wa)es that are used for this Communication which of the twoFheight of

transmitting antenna and height of recei)ing antenna F Can affect the range o)er which this mode of communication remains effecti)eE 1B+ A schematic arrangement for transmitting a message signal $!" 38 to !" k38% is gi)en below[

Gi)e two drawbacks from which this arrangement suffers+ 0escribe briefly with the hel& of a block diagram the alternati)e arrangement for the transmission And rece&tion of the message signal+ 1#+ 1D+ !"+ re*uencies higher than 1" <38 are found not to be reflected by the ionos&here on a &articular 0ay at a &lace, calculate the ma/imum electron density of the ionos&here+ A message signal of fre*uency 15 k38 and &eak )oltage of 5 )olts is used to modulate a carrier of re*uency 1 <38 and &eak )oltage of !" )olts, 0etermine $a% <odulation inde/ $b% ,he side bands 7roduced ?hat is meant by GdetectionH of a modulated carrier wa)eE 0escribe briefly the essential ste&s for detection

ANSWERS $1% By using antenna $!% <odem $:% attenuationI&ower loss $@% =inear &ro&agation $5% 4&tical fibers $A% $B% @"m, !5m $#% a/ $D% Satellite communication 1 $1"% & b ! $11%

$1!% $1:% or transmitting an E< wa)e signal the minimum si8e of the antenna or an audio fre*uency wa)e the si8e of antenna will be e/tra large which is not feasible+ $ii% Effecti)e &ower radiated by antenna is &ro&ortional to s*uare of fre*uency+ or an audio re*uency wa)e the radiated &ower will be e/tremely small+ $iii% If different &rogrammes at audio fre*uencies are directly transmitted then on account 4f limited bandwidth these &rogrammes will get mi/ed u& leading to disturbance+ $1@% In &ointFtoF&oint communication mode, the communication takes &lace o)er a link between a single transmitter and a recei)er+ ,ele&hony is an e/am&le of &ointFtoF&oint communication+ In broadcast mode, there are a number of recei)ers corres&onding to a single transmitter+ 1adio and tele)ision are e/am&les of broadcast mode of communication+ $15% @5+5km $1A% $1B% $i% Signals cannot go )ery far without em&loying large amount of &ower, because <odulation is not done+ $ii% Bandwidth is )ery short+ Alternati)e arrangement

$1#% $1D% $a% "+!5 $b% 1"15 k38, D#5 k38 $!"%