1

!"#$%&' )
*+,-./01,2.+
















)3 4#5*! !67!&$%

1he broad ldea of presLressed concreLe ls Lo opLlmlze Lhe use of concreLe
maLerlal by applylng sLresses before Lhe appllcaLlon of servlce loads. 1he
concepL of opLlmlzlng Lhe use of maLerlal has been used ln several Lypes of
maLerlal such as, plywood, composlLe, and many oLhers. Powever, ln Lhls noLe,
Lhe appllcaLlon of presLress ln opLlmlzlng Lhe use of maLerlal ln Lhe deslgn of
concreLe sLrucLures ls adopLed. ln Lhls respecL, Lhe lnLernal sLresses are
lnLroduced as such Lhe poLenLlal Lenslle sLresses ln concreLe can be reduced as
resulLs of Lhe lnLernal sLresses as shown ln llgure 1.1. 1he concepL can be used
Lo produce beams, floors, sllos, brldges and many oLhers.
When Lhe beam ls loaded wlLh verLlcal loads, based on Lhe ordlnary
relnforced concreLe sLrucLures Lhe beam wlll deform as shown ln llgure 1.1a
where Lhe boLLom flber ls under Lenslon and has Lo be relnforced wlLh
relnforcemenL bars. ln presLressed concreLe deslgn, Lhe Lenslon parL of Lhe
beam wlll be mlnlmlzed by applylng preLresslng force l as shown ln llgure 1.1b.
uue Lo Lhls force, Lhe beam wlll deform as shown ln llgure 1.1b. When Lhe
deformaLlon ln llgure 1.1a and ln
2. Prestressed Concrete


!"#$"%&'() !+" &( ,"-&'%.$ $(.!
!"#$"%&'() !+" &( /-"0&-"00')1 #(-%"
2 2
.3 ,"-&'%.$ $(.!
43 /-"0&-"00')1 #(-%"
%(5/-"00'()
&")0'()

llgure 1.1 ueflecLlon of beams

llgure1b are comblned, Lhe bendlng momenL and deflecLlon wlll be reduced and
Lhe secLlon may experlence compresslon. When Lhe bendlng momenL ls
reduced, Lhe helghL of Lhe beam wlll be reduced.
ConcreLe as consLrucLlon maLerlal ls sLrong ln compresslon buL weak ln
Lenslon. 1he Lenslle sLrengLh concreLe ls abouL 10 of lLs conpresslson sLrengLh
and Lherefore ln sLrucLural deslgn, Lhe concreLe member wlLh Lenslon has Lo be
mlnlmlzed. lor lnsLance, a slmply supporLed flexural member ls loaded wlLh
unlform load. uue Lo bendlng momenL, porLlon of Lhe beam ls under Lenslon. ln
order Lo reduce or ellmlnaLe porLlon of Lhe cross secLlonal area under Lenslon,
Lhe compresslve load ls applled prlor Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of servlce loads.
LvenLhough wlLh Lhe recenL developmenL ln concreLe, Lhe Lenslle sLrengLh ls
lmproved and porLlon of Lhe cross secLlon ls allowed Lo be under Lenslon buL yeL
lL has Lo be opLlmlzed.




3

)38 4'*&9 "*5%6':
1he ldea of applylng lnlLlal sLresses ln a sLrucLure or a sysLem so LhaL Lhe
behavlor or lLs funcLlon ls lmproved has been lnLroduced slnce many decades.
1he appllcaLlon ln concreLe sLrucLures ls based on Lo counLeracL Lhe Lenslle
sLresses developed ln a flexural member. 8uL lL was noL successful unLll Lhe hlgh
sLrengLh sLeel and concreLe were lnLroduced. 1he appllcaLlon ln sLrucLure was
lnLroduced ln lrench by L. lreysslneL and ln Cermany by Poyer ln Lhe laLe
LwenLles. lurLher developmenL Look place afLer Lhe second world war. 1hese
days many sLrucLures are deslgned based on Lhls concepL.

)3;3 &<#=$>&5
1he examples provlded ln Lhls secLlon are lnLended Lo glve a broad
undersLandlng abouL Lhe concepL of presLressed concreLe. And Lherefore, Lhe
problems and Lhe loads are slmple and Lhe own welghL of Lhe concreLe ls
neglecLed. no losses are consldered.

&?@ABCD )3;3)E !"#$%# '( ()*+',-) +#$ )-" .%/0*"(('%# 1%*." 2 +) )-" ."#)"* %1
)-" 3"+/4
ln order Lo beLLer undersLandlng Lhe concepL of presLressed concreLe, leL
conslder a slmple supporLed beam as shown ln llgure 1.1. 1he span ls 8.00m and
Lhe recLangular cross secLlon ls 40cm x 60cm. 1he beam ls loaded wlLh unlform
load wlLh Lhe magnlLude of 30.0 kn/m' lncluded lLs own welghL. 1he Lendon ls
lnsLalled parallel Lo Lhe axls of Lhe beam aL Lhe cenLer of Lhe cross secLlon. 1he
concenLraLed load (presLresslng force) of 3,000 kn ls applled aL cenLer.
1he sLresses aL Lhe supporL are as follows:
!
" #
$% & '( !) * +
,-- . !
--- . /
0
1
2 2 = = = = (1.1)
1he sLresses aL Lhe mldspan are as follows:
4. Prestressed Concrete


!"! $ !"%
&'(()
*(!)
+
(
!
)
,( -./)0
1/2 34
5
/6
34
7
/6
1/2834
5
/6
1/2934
7
/6
1:;%7:;%%<=" >;=?<="
@
7
@
5
('AB
A'AB


llgure 1.1: Slmply supporLed beam wlLh cenLrlc Lendon

1he flnal sLresses on Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers are as follows:
A = 40 x 60 cm
2
= 2,400 cm
2

l = 1/12(40)(60)
3
= 720,000 cm
4

y
L
= y
b
= 30 cm
AL Lhe supporL:
1he bendlng momenL = 0
!
" #
$% & '( !* + ,
-.. / !
... / 0
1
2
3 3 = = = =
AL Lhe mldspan:
1he bendlng momenL due Lo unlform load wlll occur aL Lhe mldspan of Lhe
beam. 1he force aL Lhe mldspan of Lhe beam can be compuLed as follows:
8endlng momenL aL Lhe mldspan = 1/8(30)(8)
2
= 240 knm
5

1he flnal sLresses on Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers are as follows:
!
"#
$
%
&
'
'
+ = (1.2)
( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' !() * ! ))) * + !() * +
))) , -!)
.) ))) , !/
/)) , !
))) , .
0 + = + = + =
!
"#
$
%
&
'
'
! = (1.3)
( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' !() * ) ))) * + !() * +
))) , -!)
.) ))) , !/
/)) , !
))) , .
0 + = ! = ! =

lrom llgure 1.1 we can observe LhaL due Lo bendlng momenL aL Lhe mldspan
(240 knm) produces Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = - 1.000 kn/cm
2
(Lenslon)
and lL would produce a rupLure of Lhe beam. 1hls can be solved by addlng
relnforcemenL (ordlnary relnforced concreLe) or by applylng presLresslng force.
ln Lhls problem, Lhe presLresslng force of 3,000 kn ls applled aL Lhe cenLer of Lhe
beam and lL produces Lhe compresslon of 1.23 kn/m
2
. And Lherefore, Lhe
Lenslon sLress aL Lhe boLLom -1.000kn/cm
2
wlll be ellmlnaLed. 1he flnal sLresses
are shown ln llgure 1.1 where Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber aL Lhe mldspan ls
0.230kn/cm
2
(compresslon) and Lhe sLress aL aL Lhe Lop flber ls 2.230 kn/m
2

(compresslon). no Lenslon sLresses along Lhe beam.
We can also deflne Lhe flnal boLLom sLress equals Lo zero aL Lhe mldspan, Lhe
presLresslng force can be obLalned from Lq. (1.3).
( )( )
!!! " #$!
%! !!! " $&
&!! " $
'
! ! =

( )( )( )
!" $%% & '
%%% & ('%
$%% & ' )% %%% & '$
* = =
ln Lhls example we can observe Lhe followlng:
a) AL Lhe supporL, due Lo unlform load Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop and boLLom
flbers are zero. 1hls ls due Lo Lhe bendlng momenL aL Lhe supporL ls zero.
b) AL Lhe mldspan due Lo unlform load, Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop ls under
compresslon and aL Lhe boLLom ls under Lenslon. 1hls makes Lhe
concreLe secLlon ls noL fully uLlllzed and Lhe deslgn ls noL efflclenL.
6. Prestressed Concrete


c) uue Lo Lhe presLresslng force aL Lhe cenLer of Lhe beam, Lhe compresslon
sLresses along Lhe beam ls developed. 1hls makes Lhe appllcaLlon of
presLresslng force ls noL efflclenL.
d) Compresslon sLresses aL Lhe mldspan lncreases. 1he hlgh quallLy of
concreLe sLress ls needed.

ln order Lo mlnlmlze Lhe problem ln polnL d) Lhe presLresslng force wlLh Lhe
excenLrlclLy e ls applled as shown ln Lhe followlng example.

&?@ABCD )3;38E !"#$%# '( ()*+',-) +#$ .%/0*"(('%# 5%*." 2 '( #%) +) )-" ."#)"*

LeL conslder Lhe problem of example 1.3.1 and Lhe presLresslng force () along
Lhe beam wlLh Lhe excenLrlclLy e ls applled as shown ln llgure 1.2. 1he
magnlLude of Lhe bendlng momenL aL Lhe cenLer due Lo Lhe eccenLrlclLy e ls e.
LeL conslder Lhe ecenLrlclLy e ls 13cm below Lhe cenLer gravlLy (cgc) of Lhe beam.
1he flnal sLresses on Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers are as follows:

AL Lhe supporL:
1he bendlng momenL due Lo presLresslng force
e = 3,000 x 13 = 43,000 knm.
!
"#$
%
"
&
'
'
! = (1.4)
( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' () * + ,-+ * . !/+ * .
+++ 0 1!+
2+ ./ +++ 0 2
)++ 0 !
+++ 0 2
3 ! = ! = ! =
!
"#$
%
"
&
'
'
+ = (1.3)
( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' () * + ,-. * ( !/. * (
... 0 1!.
+. (/ ... 0 +
).. 0 !
... 0 +
2 + = + = + =
7

!"!
#$%%&
'%!&
(
%
!
&
)% +,-&.
/-0 12
3
-4
12
5
-4 /-06/72
5
-4812
5
-4
/97:597::;<" =7<>;<"
!": 7?@A!&
/72
5
-4
B!!7<59;! CD9!7
/72
3
-4
/-08/72
3
-4612
5
-4


llgure 1.2: Slmply supporLed beam wlLh cocenLrlc Lendon

AL Lhe mldspan:
!
"#
!
$%
&
$
'
(
(
+ ! = (1.6)
( )( ) ( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' ()* + , ,,, + - .)* + - !*, + -
,,, / )!,
(, ,,, / !0
,,, / )!,
(, -* ,,, / (
0,, / !
,,, / (
1 + = + ! = + ! =

!
"#
!
$%
&
$
'
(
(
! + = (1.7)
( )( ) ( )( )
!
"
#$ % &' (!) * ! +++ * ( ,-) * ( !)+ * (
+++ . -!+
/+ +++ . !0
+++ . -!+
/+ () +++ . /
0++ . !
+++ . /
1 + = ! + = ! + =

ln Lhls example we can observe Lhe followlng:
a) AL Lhe mldspan, Lhe flnal sLress can be reduced from 838FG kn/cm
2
Lo
83)8F kn/cm
2
.

8. Prestressed Concrete


&?@ABCD )3;3;E
!"#$%# '( .6*7" +#$ .%/0*"(('%# 5%*." 2 +) )-" /'$(0+# '( #%) +) )-" ."#)"* %1
)-" .*%(( (".)'%# 36) )-" (600%*) )-" 5%*." 2 '( +) )-" ."#)"* %1 )-" 3"+/4
ln order Lo reduce Lhe compresslon force aL Lhe supporL, Lhe Lendon ls made
curve where aL Lhe supporL, Lhe Lendon ls locaLed aL Lhe cenLer and Lhe Lhe mld-
span, Lhe Lendon ls sflfLed from Lhe cenLrold as shown ln llgure 1.3. When Lhe
ecenLrlclLy ls 13 cm, Lhe flnal sLresses aL Lhe mld-span ls Lhe same as example
1.3.2 and Lhe flnal sLresses aL Lhe supporL ls Lhe same as example 1.3.1.

!"!
#$%%&
'%!&
(
%
!
&
)% +,-&.
!"/ 0123!&


llgure 1.3: Slmply supporLed beam wlLh curve Lendon

a) AL Lhe supporL, Lhe maxlmum sLress lncreases from 1.23 kn/cm
2
ln
example 1.3.1 Lo 3.14 kn/cm
2
.
b) 1he poslLlon of Lhe Lendon conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe flnal sLresses along Lhe
beam. ln Lhls case, evenLough Lhere ls no Lenslon ln concreLe, buL Lhe
compresslon sLresses lncreases slgnlflcanLly.
c) 1he performance of Lhe presLress can be furLher lncreased by
lnLroduclng Lhe curve Lendon.

&?@ABCD )3;3HE 1he curved Lendon
!"#$%# '( .6*7" +#$ .%/0*"(('%# 5%*." 2 +) )-" /'$(0+# '( #%) +) )-" ."#)"* +#$
+) +) )-" (600%*) '( +) )-" .,. %1 )-" )"" 3"+/
LeL conslder Lhe problem of example 1.3.1 and Lhe Lendon ls curve and Lhe
cenLrold of Lhe beam ls shown ln llgure 1.4. 1he cross secLlon of Lhe Lee beam ls
shown ln llgure 1.3 where y
L
and y
b
are Lhe dlsLance from Lhe cenLrold Lo Lhe
9

Lop and boLLom flber. 1hls ls Lhe problem for Lee beam. AL Lhe supporL, Lhe
Lendon ls locaLed aL Lhe cgc of Lhe Lee beam and Lhe presLresslng force ls
acLlng aL Lhe cgc and aL Lhe mld-span Lhe Lendon ls shlfLed wlLh Lhe ecenLrlclLy e.
LeL LoLal cross secLlonal area of Lhe Lee beam ls 4,800 cm
2
and eccenLrlclLy e =
30cm. 1he sLress dlsLrlbuLlon ls slmllar Lo Lhose ln example 1.3.2.
#, ,ID J0BB.-,: ls acLlng aL Lhe cgc of Lhe cross secLlon
1he flnal sLresses on Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers are as follows:
AL Lhe supporL:
e= 0 cm and M = 0 knm
!
"#
!
$%#
&
$
'
( (
(
+ ! = (1.8)
A = 40 x 60 + 120 x 20 cm
2
= 4,800 cm
2

!
" #
$% & '( )!* + ,
-,, . /
,,, . 0
1 1 = = =
#, ,ID A2/JB@+:
MomenL of lnerLla of Lhe cross secLlon:
1he cgc:
(20)(160)(10) + (40)(40)(40) = y
L
(4800)
y
L
= 9600/4800 = 20
l = 1/12(40)(40)
3
+ (40)(40)(20)
2
+ 1/12(160)(20)
3
+ (160)(20)(10)
2
= 1,173,333 cm
4
AL Lhe mld-span Lhe Lendon ls shlfLed wlLh Lhe ecenLrlclLy e = 30 cm. ls acLlng
aL 30 cm bellow Lhe cgc. LeL LoLal cross secLlonal area of Lhe Lee beam ls 4,800
cm
2
and eccenLrlclLy e = 30cm. 1he flnal sLresses aL Lhe supporL and mldspan can
be compuLes as follows:
!
"#
!
$%#
&
$
'
( (
(
+ ! = (1.9)
10. Prestressed Concrete


!"!
#$%%&
'%!&
(
%
!
&
)% +,-&.
!"/
0
!"!
1
2
1
3
0
!"/
4-5 61
3
-7
61
2
-7 4-58401
2
-7961
2
-7
4:0/2:0//;<" =0<>;<"
401
2
-7
?!!0<2:;! @A:!0
401
3
-7
4-59401
3
-7861
2
-7
B(%!&

llgure 1.4: Slmply supporLed Lee beam

!"#$
#%#
&
'
&
(
#%)
!"#$
*
+"#$
,-"#$

llgure 1.3: 1he cross secLlon of Lee beam

!
"
#$ % &' ) * + ,+- * + )., * / 0!) * +
... 1 /2. 1 /
3 !+ 34 +++ 1 !, 4
... 1 /2. 1 /
3 !+ 34 .+ 34 +++ 1 . 4
5++ 1 ,
+++ 1 .
6 ! = + ! = + ! =
!
"#
!
$%#
&
$
'
( (
(
! + = (1.10)
!
"
#$ % &' !)* + , *-. + - -/) + , /!0 + -
,,, 1 23, 1 2
4 !- 45 *-- 1 ! 5
,,, 1 23, 1 2
4 *- 45 ,- 45 --- 1 , 5
)-- 1 *
--- 1 ,
6 = ! + = ! + =
ln Lhls example we can observe Lhe followlng:
11

a) AL Lhe supporL, slmllar Lo Lhe prevlous example due Lo unlform load Lhe
sLresses aL Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers are zero. uue Lo presLresslng force
, Lhe sLresses are unlform because Lhe presLresslng force ls acLlng aL
Lhe cgc.
b) AL Lhe mldspan due Lo unlform load, Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop ls under
compresslon and aL Lhe boLLom ls under Lenslon where aL Lhe Lop,
compresslon force ls 0.409 kn/cm
2
and aL Lhe boLLom ls 0.409 kn/cm
2
.
c) AL Lhe mldspan due Lo Lhe presLresslng force aL Lhe e=30 from Lhe cgc, aL
Lhe Lop Lhe Lenslon sLress ls 1.334 kn/cm
2
and aL Lhe boLLom Lhe
compresslon sLress ls 3.068 kn/cm
2
.
d) 1he flnal sLress aL Lhe Lop flber ls -0.3 kn/cm
2
and aL Lhe boLLom ls 3.284
kn/cm
2
. 1he Lenslon sLress due Lo presLresslng force makes Lhe deslgn ls
noL efflclenL. 1herefore, a [udlclous poslLlon has Lo be developed Lo
produce an efflclenL deslgn.

)3F %"& $65*%*67 69 %&7K675
As shown ln Lhe four examples, Lhere are many ways of laylng Lhe
Lendons ln Lhe beam. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL each poslLlon wlll produce
dlfferenL sLresses. Pence, we have Lo flnd Lhe besL poslLlon of Lendons. 1he
followlngs are several posslble forms of Lhe Lendons and lL can be lllusLraLed ln
Lhe Lable form as shown ln llgure 1.6. 1he slmply supporLed beam carrles a
slngle concenLraLed load. Slnce Lhls ls an lllusLraLlon, Lhe own welghL of Lhe
beam ls neglecLed. 1here are flve condlLlons as shown ln llgure 1.6.
!.+/2,2.+ ) L92M0-D )3N@OE
1he slmply supporLed beam wlLh concenLraLed force ls applled aL Lhe mld-span
and no presLresslng force. 1he maxlmum bendlng momenL aL Lhe mldspan
where Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop flber ln compresslon and Lhe sLress aL boLLom flber
ln Lenslon wlLh Lhe magnlLude of f
c
= My/l. ln ordlnary relnforced concreLe, Lhe
Lenslon parL has Lo be relnforced.
!.+/2,2.+ 8 L92M0-D )3NPO
1he slmply supporLed beam wlLh concenLraLed force ls applled aL Lhe mld-span
and preLresslng force ls applled aL cenLrold of Lhe cross secLlon wlLh Lhe
magnlLude of l. 1he sLresses aL Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers due Lo presLresslng
force l are assumed Lo be f
c1
= l/A where A ls Lhe cross secLlonal area of Lhe
beam. 1he maxlmum bendlng momenL aL Lhe mldspan where Lhe sLresses aL Lhe
12. Prestressed Concrete


Lop flber and Lhe boLLom flber wlLh Lhe magnlLude of f
c2
= My/l. When Lhe
sLresses due Lo presLresslng force (f
c1
) ls equal Lo Lhe sLresses due Lo
concenLraLed load (f
c2
). LeL Lhe boLh sLresses equal Lo f
c
, Lhen we obLaln Lhe
flnal sLresses as shown ln column 3 of llgure 1.6 where Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop
flber = 2f
c
and Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 0.
!.+/2,2.+ ; L92M0-D )3N1O
1he slmply supporLed beam wlLh concenLraLed force 2 ls applled aL Lhe mld-
span and preLresslng force ls applled aL 2h/3 from Lhe Lop flber of Lhe cross
secLlon wlLh Lhe magnlLude of l. uue Lo Lhe presLresslng force, Lhe sLresses aL
Lhe Lop flber = 0 and Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 2f
c
. LeL Lhe maxlmum
bendlng momenL aL Lhe mldspan produces Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber and Lhe
boLLom flber equal Lo 2f
c
. 1he flnal sLresses are shown ln column 3 of llgure 1.6c
where Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop flber = 2f
c
and Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 0.
When we compare wlLh condlLlon 2, boLh sysLems produce Lhe flnal sLresses 2f
c
,
buL Lhe load ln Lhe problem 1.6c equals Lo 2 (Lwo Llmes of Lhose ln condlLlon
2). 1herefore, Lhe poslLlon of Lendon may opLlmlze Lhe capaclLy of Lhe beam Lo
carry force.
!.+/2,2.+ H L92M0-D )3N/O
1he slmply supporLed beam wlLh concenLraLed force 2 ls applled aL Lhe mld-
span. 1he poLlLlon of Lhe Lendon aL Lhe Lwo ends ls aL Lhe cenLer of Lhe cenLrold
of Lhe cross secLlon and 2h/3 from Lhe Lop flber of Lhe cross secLlon aL Lhe mld-
span and Lhe magnlLude of Lhe presLresslng force ls l. LeL observe Lhe sLresses
aL Lwo poslLlons.
!-" /'$(0+#: uue Lo Lhe presLresslng force, Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber = 0 and
Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 2f
c
. 1he maxlmum bendlng momenL aL Lhe
mldspan where Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber and Lhe boLLom flber = 2f
c
. 1he flnal
sLresses are shown ln column 3 of llgure 1.6d where Lhe sLress aL Lhe Lop flber =
2f
c
and Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 0.


13

h
c
g
c
=
c
g
s
h

f
L
m
f
b
m
f
b
p
r
=

f
c
f
L
m
=
f
L
p
r
f
b
m
=
f
b
p
r

l
l
2
f
L
m
f
b
=

0
c
g
c
h
f
L
p
r

=

0
f
L
m
=
f
L
p
r
=

2
f
c

f
b
m
=
f
b
p
r
2

l
l
2
f
c
f
b
=

0
2
h
/
3
f
b
p
r
=

2
f
c
f
L
p
r
=

f
c
c
g
s
h
f
L
p
r

=

0
f
L
m
=
f
L
p
r
f
b
m
=
f
b
p
r
2

l
l
2
f
c
f
b
=

0
h
/
2
f
b
p
r
=

2
f
c
h
/
3
c
g
s
h
f
L
p
r

=

0
f
L
m
=
f
c
f
b
m

=

f
c

l
l
h
/
2
f
b
p
r
=

2
f
c
h
/
3
f
c
f
c
l
l
g
u
r
e

1
.
6
:

S
e
v
e
r
a
l

p
o
s
s
l
b
l
e

p
r
e
s
L
r
e
s
s
l
n
g

r
e
s
L
r
e
s
s
M
o
m
e
n
L
l
l
n
a
l

s
L
r
e
s
s
e
s
a
)
b
)
c
)
d
)
e
)

14. Prestressed Concrete


!-" )8% "#$(: Slnce Lhe presLresslng force ls applled aL Lhe cenLrold, Lhe sLresses
aL Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers equal Lo f
c
= l/A. When we compare wlLh condlLlon
3, Lhe maxlmum sLresses aL Lhe Lwo ends are 2f
c
. ln Lhls respecL, we may
conclude LhaL aL Lhe Lwo ends Lhls sysLem ls beLLer Lhan Lhe sysLem ln llgure
1.6c.
!.+/2,2.+ F L92M0-D )3NDO
1he slmply supporLed beam wlLh concenLraLed force ls applled aL Lhe mld-
span. 1he Lendon ls poslslLlon aL Lhe cenLer of Lhe Lwo ends and aL 2h/3 from
Lhe Lop flber of Lhe cross secLlon aL Lhe mld-span and Lhe magnlLude of Lhe
presLresslng force ls l. LeL observe Lhe sLresses aL Lwo poslLlons.
!-" /'$(0+#: uue Lo Lhe presLresslng force, Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber = 0 and
Lhe sLress aL Lhe boLLom flber = 2f
c
. 1he maxlmum bendlng momenL aL Lhe
mldspan where Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber and Lhe boLLom flber = f
c
. 1he flnal
sLresses are shown ln column 3 of llgure 1.6e where Lhe sLresses aL Lhe Lop flber
and boLLom flber = f
c
.
!-" )8% "#$(: Slnce Lhe presLresslng force ls applled aL Lhe cenLrold, Lhe sLresses
aL Lhe Lop and boLLom flbers equal Lo f
c
. ln Lhls case Lhe sLresses aL Lhe mld-span
and aL Lhe Lwo ends are unlform.
lrom Lhe above observaLlon, we may conclude LhaL Lhe layouL of Lhe Lendons
plays an lmporLanL role ln Lhe deslgn.

)3F &QR*S#>&7% >6#K5
ln sLrucLural analysls, Lhe lnLroducLlon of Lendon presLress causes lnLernal
forces on Lhe concreLe member. ln order Lo conslder Lhe effecL of Lhese forces lL
ls necessary Lo flnd Lhe equlvalenL load applled Lo Lhe member. lL ls lmporLanL Lo
noLe LhaL lL ls lmpracLlcal Lo flnd Lhe equlvalenL load whlch ls exacLly colncldlng
wlLh Lhe loads produce by presLresslng force. 1hls ls due Lo several parameLers
such as Lhe Lendon proflle, Lhe characLerlsLlc of presLress loses, and eLc LhaL may
cause compllcaLed ln analysls and even may deLerloraLe Lhe analysls. Pence,
slmpllfled approach has Lo be devlsed.
LeL conslder beam AL as shown ln llgure 1.3. 1he presLressed force l ls
applled on boLh ends. 1he Lendon ls curve and concenLrlc, and Lherefore Lhe
presLresslng force can be deflned ln Lhree componenLs l.e., verLlcal (v),
PorlzonLal (P) and MomenL (M). ln order Lo sLudy Lhe lnLernal force or Lhe
equlvalenL loads applled Lo Lhe member, leL observe elemenL (2) of beam AL.
15

LeL assume Lhe Lendon ls sLralghL and llnear ln elemenL (2) and Lhe free body ls
shown ln llgure 1.3b. 1he along Lhe member 8C Lhe slop of Lhe Lendon ls o. 1he
forces M
1
, P
1
and M
1
are acLlng aL end 8 and Lhe forces M
2
, P
2
and M
2
are acLlng
aL end 8. Along Lhe elemenL 8C Lhe forces q
v
, q
h
, and m
y
are acLlng lnLernally.
1hese forces are assumed Lo be dlsLrlbuLed unlformly.
1he forces aL node A are dlfferenL from Lhe forces aL node 8 and Lhls ls due Lo
Lhe Lendon proflle and Lhe characLerlsLlc of losses of presLresslng force. 1he
deLall of Lhe losses wlll be elaboraLed ln Lhe subsequenL secLlon. 1he forces
along segmenL 8C have Lo be esLlmaLed. 1he free-body of elelemnL 8C has Lo be
ln equlllbrlum and has Lo saLlsfy Lhe followlng:
1he presLresslng force l wlLh Lhe excenLrlclLy e and be deflned as follows:
v
1
= l
1
sln o, P
1
= l
1
cos o, M
1
= l
1
e
1

v
2
= l
2
sln o, P
2
= l
2
cos o, M
2
= l
2
e
2

1he forces q
v
, q
h
and m
y
are acLlng unlformly along member 8C.
1he equlllbrlum condlLlons:
( )
! " #
$ $
% & $ ! " # % $ & $
' (
) ' ) (
+
! = " = + + " =
#

(1.7)
( )
! " #
$ $
% & $ ! " # % $ & $
' (
) ' ) (
+
! = " = + + " =
#

(1.8)
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ! " # $ % % & $ ' ( ) $ ' & $ ' ( & $ ' * " ! "
# + # , - . + /
= + ! + + + " =
#

(1.9)

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
! " #
$ % " & & ! " # ' ( " # ! " # ' ! " # ) $
)
% * % + , - *
-
+ ! + + +
=
16. Prestressed Concrete


!"!
!"# $
%
$
&
& % ' (
) *
+,-.$/ 1$2/32
$
&
$
%
!
4
&
5
&
6
& 5
%
4
%
6
%
7
&
7
%
8 + 9
:
.
:
;
<
=
>
8 +
7
7
?@ A-$#1-$##$/ !32!-$1$ B$?<
B@ 7-$$ B3/= $C$<$21 %
DE(
DE( DE( DE(


llgure 1.3: LqulvalenL load

1he equlvalenL loads acLlng on Lhe member 8C qh, qv and my can be obLalned
from Lqs. (1.7) - (1.9). lL ls obvlous LhaL Lhe exacL values are noL easy Lo
compuLe. Pence, a slmpllfled meLhod ln compuLlng equlvalenL loadlng has Lo be
devlsed. 1he followlng are several examples of equlvalenL loads due Lo
presLresslng force.

17

l

c
o
s
!
l
L
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
L

l
o
a
d
s
M
o
m
e
n
L
l
l

c
o
s
!
2
l

s
l
n
!
l
b
)
l
l

c
o
s
!
l

s
l
n
!
l

s
l
n
!
l
l

s
l
n
!
l
d
)
l
c
)
l
e
l
l
e
e
a
)
M
l

s
l
n
!
l
l
e
)
l

c
o
s
!
l

s
l
n
!
l
l
f
)
l
l
g
)
8
e
a
m
s

a
n
d

p
o
s
l
L
l
o
n

o
f

L
e
n
d
o
n
s
l

s
l
n
!
l

c
o
s
!
l

c
o
s
!
l
l
l
l
g
u
r
e

1
.
6
:

L
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
L

l
o
a
d
l
n
g
s
18. Prestressed Concrete



)3F3 76%#%*67
ln Lhe dlscusslon of presLressed conreLe sLrucLures, Lhere are many
Lerms are adopLed. ln order Lo make Lhe same percepLlons and undersLandlng
on dlmenslons, forces, sLresses, and many oLher quanLlLles, Lhe Lerms are
deflned ln Lhls secLlon.

a = verLlcal deflecLlon or rlse of parabollc cable. m
A
c
= neL co concreLe secLlon afLer deducLlng Lhe area of open ducLs. mm
2

A
g
= gross area of concreLe secLlon oL Lhe Lransformed area of
preLensloned bonded members and ln posL-Lensloned members
afLergrouLlng. mm
2


A
s
= area of non-presLresses relnforcemenL. mm
2

A
ps
= area of presLressed relnforcemenL. mm
2

!
"
# = area of compresslon relnforcemenL. mm
2

A
p
= area of Lenslon plsLon [ack. mm
2

C = [ack frlcLlon coefflclenL.
e = eccenLrlclLy of presLresslng force. mm
2

L
c
= secanL modulus of elasLlclLy of concreLe. Ma

!
"
# $ %
"
& '' ( ) =
L
cl
= secanL modulus of elasLlclLy of concreLe aL lnlLlal presLresslng. Ma
L
s
= modulus of elasLlclLy of sLeel. Ma
f
c
= permlsslble compresslve sLress of concreLe Ma
!
"
# = speclfled compresslve sLrengLh of concreLe Ma
!
"#
$ = compresslve sLrengLh of concreLe aL Lhe Llme of Lransfer of
presLressed Ma
f
cs
= concreLe sLress aL Lhe level of Lhe cenLer of gravlLy of sLeel Lendons Ma
f
csl
= concreLe sLress aL Lhe level of Lhe cenLer of gravlLy of sLeel Lendons
aL Lhe Llme of Lransfer of presLress. Ma
19

f
r
= modulus of rupLure of concreLe (bendlng Lenslle sLrengLh)
!
" #
$ $ = for
regular welghL of concreLe, f
r
shall be mulLlplled by 0.73 for ordlnary
welghL of concreLe.
f
l
= lnlLlal Lendon presLress aL Lhe mlddle polnL of member.
f
o
= Lendon sLress aL Lhe [acklng end before sllp aL anchorage occurs. Ma
!
"
# = Lendon sLress aL Lhe [acklng end afLer sllp aL anchorage occurs. Ma
f
pu
= Speclfled Lenslle sLrengLh of presLresslng Lendons Ma
f
py
= speclfled yleld sLrengLh of presLresslng Lendons Ma
! 0.83 f
pu
(sLress relleved presLresslng sLeel)
! 0.90 f
pu
(sLablllzed presLresslng sLeel)
f
se
= effecLlve Lendon sLress afLer all losses aL Lhe secLlon under
conslderaLlon = f
sl
- L
L
Ma
f
sl
= lnlLlal Lendon sLress aL any secLlon before any loss occurs Ma
l
c
= momenL of lnerLla of neL concreLe secLlon cm
4

l
g
= momenL of lnerLla of gross concreLe secLlon cm
4

k = wobble frlcLlon coefflclenL per meLer of presLresslng sLeel
l 9 LoLal pro[ecLed lengLh of Lendon
L = Lrue lengLh of presLresslng sLeel elemenL from [acklng polnL Lo any
polnL aL a pro[ecLed dlsLance x meLer from Lhe [acklng polnL. m
L
e
= loss ln presLress due Lo elasLlc shorLernlng of concreLe Ma
L
c
= loss ln presLress due Lo creep of concreLe Ma
L
c
= loss ln presLress due Lo shrlnkage of concreLe Ma
L
r
= loss ln presLress due Lo relaxaLlon of sLeel Lendons Ma
L
f
= loss ln presLress due Lo frlcLlon beLween Lendon and surface
of ducLs (ln posL Lenslonlng). Ma
L
a
= loss ln presLress due Lo sllp aL anchorage (ln posL Lenslonlng). Ma
L
L
= 1oLal loss of presLress Ma
L
fx
= loss ln presLress due Lo frlcLlon aL a dlsLance x m from [acklng polnL. Ma
L
ax
= loss ln presLress due Lo sllp aL anchorage aL a dlsLance x m from !acklng
end. Ma
20. Prestressed Concrete


M
d
= bendlng momenL due Lo permanenL loads. kncm
M
1
= bendlng momenL due Lo speclfled llve load. kncm
M
S
= bendlng momenL due Lo susLalned load (boLh llve and dead). kncm
n = modular raLlo L
s
/L
c

n
l
= modular raLlo L
s
/L
cl

a
= anLlclpaLed gauge pressure ln Lenslonlng [ack. Ma

















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1ubular-presLress