Solução Thomas Cap 10 - Series

CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
10.1 SEQUENCES 1. a" 2. a" 3.

1 c1 1# 1 1!
0, a#
" #!
"c2 ##
c" 4 , a$
" 2
1 c3 3# 1 6
2 c9 , a% 1 4!
1 c4 4#
3 c 16
1, a#
(c1)# #c1
, a$
1 3!
, a%
(c1)% 6c1
" 5
1 24
a"
1, a#
(c")$ 4c1
" c3 , a$
, a%
(c1)& 8c1
" c7
4. a" 2 b (c1)" 1, a# 2 b (c1)# 3, a$ 2 b (c1)$ 1, a% 2 b (c1)% 3 5. a" 6. a" a(

2 ##
" #
, a#
" #
2# 2$
" #
, a$
3 4
2$ #%
" #
, a%
2% 2& 7 8
" # 2% c " 2%
2c" #
, a#
" # 255 128
2# c 1 2# 3 #
, a$
3 #
2$ c 1 2$
, a%
7 4
15 16 15 8
7. a" 1, a# 1 b
127 64
, a)
" #
, a*
, a$
511 256
, a"!
" ##
1023 512
" 6 4
7 4
, a%
" #$
15 8
, a&
" #%
31 16 , a'
63 32
8. a" 1, a# a*
" 362,880
, a"!
, a$
" # " 3 6 " 3,628,800
, a%
" #4
, a&
#"4 5
" 1#0
, a'
" 7#0
, a(
" 5040
, a)
" 40,320
9. a" 2, a# a'
" 16
$ (c1)% c " (c1)# (2) (1) # 1, a$ (c1) c" 2 # # , a% # " " " a( c 3"# , a) c 64 , a* 1# 8 , a"! 256
" , a& c4
(c1)& c " 4 #
" 8
10. a" c2, a# a( c 2 7 ,
1(c2) c1) c1, a$ 2(3 c2 # 3 , a% " 2 " a) c 4 , a* c 9 , a"! c 5
3 c 2 3 4
c" # , a&
4c " # 5
" c2 5 , a' c 3 ,
11. a" 1, a# 1, a$ 1 b 1 2, a% 2 b 1 3, a& 3 b 2 5, a' 8, a( 13, a) 21, a* 34, a"! 55 12. a" 2, a# c1, a$ c " # , a% 13. an (c1)nb1 , n 1, 2, 15. an (c1)nb1 n# , n 1, 2, 17. an
2n c 1 3 an b 2 b , c " # c1
" #
, a&
" # c " #
c1, a' c2, a( 2, a) c1, a* c " # , a"! 14. an (c1)n , n 1, 2, 16. an 18. an
(c")nb1 n# 2n c 5 n an b 1 b
" #
, n 1, 2, , n 1, 2,
n 1, 2,
19. an n# c 1, n 1, 2, 21. an 4n c 3, n 1, 2, 23. an

3n b 2 n! ,
20. an n c 4 , n 1, 2, 22. an 4n c 2 , n 1, 2, 24. an

n3 5n b 1
n 1, 2,
, n 1, 2,
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
570
Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

1 b (c1)nb1 , #
25. an
n 1, 2,
26. an (Theorem 5, #4)
n " nc " # b (c1) # #
n # , n 1, 2,
27. n lim 2 b (0.1)n 2 converges _ 28. n lim _ 29. n lim _ 30. n lim _
n b (c")n n " c 2n 1 b #n
n lim 1b _
" n c2 " n b2
(c1)n n
1 converges
c2 #
n lim _
n lim _
c1 converges
2n b " 1 c 3 n " c 5n% n% b 8n$
n lim _ n lim _
" 2 n b n " c 3 n
c_ diverges
31. n lim _ 32. n lim _ 33. n lim _ 34 n lim _
n"% c 5 1 b 8 n
c5 converges n lim _
" nb#
nb3 n# b 5n b 6 n# c 2n b 1 nc1 " c n$ 70 c 4n#
n lim _ n lim _
nb3 (n b 3)(n b 2) (n c 1)(n c 1) nc1
0 converges
(n c 1) _ diverges n lim _
n lim _
" cn n# 70 #c4 n
_ diverges 36. n lim (c1)n 1 c " n does not exist diverges _
35. n lim a1 b (c1)n b does not exist diverges _

b" n# " b 37. n lim 1c " n n n lim _ _ # " 1 #n
2 c 38. n lim _
c " n lim 40. n lim # _ n_
" 3 #n
" #n
6 converges
" cn
" #
converges 39. n lim _
(c")nb1 #n c 1
0 converges
(c")n #n
0 converges n lim 2 2 converges _ 1b "

n
n 2n 41. n lim b 1 n lim _ _ 42. n lim _

" (0.9)n
2n nb1
"0 n _ diverges n lim _ 9
44. n lim n1 cos (n1) n lim (n1)(c1)n does not exist diverges _ _ 45. n lim _ 46. n lim _ 47. n lim _
sin n n sin# n #n n #n " 0 because c n sin n n
" " 1 b n 43. n lim sin 1 sin # b n sin n lim _ _ #
1 #
1 converges
" n
converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
0 because 0
" #n ln 2
sin# n #n
" #n
n lim _
^ 0 converges (using l'Hopital's rule)
Section 10.1 Sequences

48. n lim _ 49. n lim _
3n n$
571
n lim _
3n ln 3 3n#
n lim _
" # n
" nb 1
3n (ln 3)# 6n
n lim _
3n (ln 3)$ 6
^ _ diverges (using l'Hopital's rule) 0 converges
ln (n b ") n
n lim _
n lim _
2 n nb1
n lim _
50. n lim _
ln n ln 2n
n lim _
" n 2 2n
1 b " n
2 n
1 converges (Theorem 5, #3) (Theorem 5, #3) (Theorem 5, #5)

n
51. n lim 81n 1 converges _ 52. n lim (0.03)1n 1 converges _
1 b 7 n e( converges 53. n lim n _ 1 c " n lim 1 b 54. n lim n _ n_

(c") n
ec" converges
(Theorem 5, #5) (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)
n 55. n lim 10n n lim 101n n1n 1 1 1 converges _ _
# n n 56. n lim n# n lim n 1# 1 converges _ _
(Theorem 5, #2)
_ 3 3 1n nlim 57. n lim lim n1n _ n n_

1 n
" 1
1 converges
(Theorem 5, #3 and #2)
58. n lim (n b 4)1nb4 x lim x1x 1 converges; (let x n b 4, then use Theorem 5, #2) _ _ 59. n lim _
ln n n 1 n lim _ ln1n nlim n n
n
_ 1
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #2)
n nb1
n 60. n lim cln n c ln (n b 1)d n lim ln n b 1 ln n lim _ _ _

n n 61. n lim 4n n n lim 4 n 4 1 4 converges _ _
ln 1 0 converges
(Theorem 5, #2) (Theorem 5, #3)
n 62. n lim 32nb1 n lim 32b a1nb n lim 3# 31n 9 1 9 converges _ _ _
63. n lim _ 64. n lim _ 65. n lim _ 66. n lim _
n! nn
n lim _
"23(n c 1)(n) nnnnn
(c4)n n! n! 106n
0 converges n lim _ n lim _

" ' )n (10 n! " n 6 n!
" 0 and n lim _ n (Theorem 5, #6)
n! nn
0 n lim _
n! nn
0 converges
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #6)
n! 2n 3n
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #6)
" c ln n " 1ln n lim exp ln"n ln n n lim ec" converges 67. n lim exp ln 1ln n _ n n_ _
572

(Theorem 5, #5)
" n n ln lim 1 b n 68. n lim ln 1 b " ln e 1 converges n _ n_
ln (3n c 1) b " 3n b " n lim exp n ln 3n n lim 69. n lim exp ln (3n b 1) c " 3n c 1 _ 3n c 1 n_ _ n
3
6n #$ 6 n lim exp : 3n b 1 "3n c 1 ; n lim exp (3n b 1)(3n converges c 1) exp 9 e _ _ c

3
#
n#
(n b 1) n n n lim exp n ln n b 70. n lim exp ln n cln exp : n n"b 1 ; n lim n lim " 1 _ nb1 n_ _ _ c # n
" "
n
b 1) " x 1n lim x #n " 1n x lim exp n x lim exp c ln (2n 71. n lim ln #n " b1 b1 n _ 2n b 1 n_ n_ n_ c2 ! x n lim exp 2n b1 xe x, x 0 converges _
n
n lim exp c _
n# n(n b 1)
c"
converges
1 c 72. n lim _
2n n lim exp nc e! 1 converges #c1 _ 3 n 6 n 2cn n!
" n n#
exp n ln 1 c n lim _
" n#
exp : n lim _
ln 1 c n"#
" n
exp ; n lim _
n2$ 1 c n"# c n"#
73. n lim _
n lim _
36n n!
0 converges
(Theorem 5, #6) n lim _ n lim _

n c " n # 120 n 121 n 108 110 b 1
11 74. n lim lim 9 n 11 n _ 10 n_ b 12 (Theorem 5, #4)
10 n
12 n 11
12 n 10 n 11 11 n 9 12 11 n 10 b 11 n 12
0 converges
75. n lim tanh n n lim _ _
e n c e cn e n b e cn
n lim _
e2n c " e2n b 1
2e2n 2e2n
n lim " 1 converges _
76. n lim sinh (ln n) n lim _ _ 77. n lim _

n# sin " n 2n c 1
eln n c ec ln n 2
n lim _
_ diverges
2 n$
n lim _
2 n
sin " n c
" n#
n lim _
" c cos n n"#
2 n#
n lim _
c cos " n c# b 2 n
" #
converges
78. n lim n 1 c cos " n n lim _ _

1 n sin 79. n lim n lim n _ _
" " c cos n " n
n lim _
" <sin n n"#
n"#
n lim sin " n 0 converges _
1 sin n
n
1
n lim _
1 cos c n 1 c 3 2n 2
1 2n32
1 cos n lim cos 0 1 converges n _

n n 3n ln 3 b 5n ln 5 3n b 5n
80. n lim a3n b 5n b1n n lim explna3n b 5n b1n n lim exp lna3 nb 5 b n lim exp _ _ _ _ n lim exp _
3 5n ln 3 b ln 5
n 3n 5 n b1
81. n lim tanc" n _
1 #
converges
exp n lim _
3 n 5 ln 3 b ln 5 3 n b 1 5
expaln 5b 5 82. n lim _

" n
tanc" n 0
1 #
0 converges

" n b 83. n lim _ 3
" 2n " n " n lim b 3 0 converges _ 2 n
#
573
(Theorem 5, #4)
n b1 ! 84. n lim n# b n n lim exp ln ann b nb n lim exp 2n n# b n e 1 converges _ _ _
85. n lim _ 86. n lim _
(ln n)#!! n
n lim _
200 (ln n)"** n
n lim _
200199 (ln n)"*) n
n lim _
80(ln n)$ n
200! n
0 converges 0 converges
"
(ln n)& n
n lim _
5(lnnn)
%
# n
"
n lim _
10(ln n)% n
n lim _
n lim _
n n b n# c n
3840 n
87. n lim n c n# c n n lim n c n# c n n b n# c n n lim _ _ _ nb n cn

" #
converges
n lim _
1 b 1 c
" n
88. n lim _
n lim _ 89. n lim _

" n
" n# c 1 c n# b n
" c n c 1
" 1 c n"# b 1 b n
n lim _
c2 converges
ln n n
# # " n# c 1 b n# b n n# c 1 c n# b n n c1b n bn
n lim _
n# c 1 b n# b n c1 c n
" '1n x dx n lim _

n
n lim _
" xpc1 1
n
" n
0 converges
" 1 cp
(Theorem 5, #1)
" p c1
' 90. n lim _ 1
" xp
72 91. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim L _ n _ nb1 _ 1 b an L c9 or L 8; since an 0 for n 1 L 8 an b 6 n lim L 92. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a _ n _ nb1 _ an b 2 L c3 or L 2; since an 0 for n 2 L 2
dx n lim " _ 1 cp
n lim _
np" c1 c 1
if p 1 converges
72 1bL
La1 b Lb 72 L2 b L c 72 0 LaL b 2b L b 6 L2 b L c 6 0
Lb6 Lb2
8 b 2an L 8 b 2L L2 c 2L c 8 0 L c2 93. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ or L 4; since an 0 for n 3 L 4 8 b 2an L 8 b 2L L2 c 2L c 8 0 L c2 94. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ or L 4; since an 0 for n 2 L 4 5an L 5L L2 c 5L 0 L 0 or L 5; since 95. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ an 0 for n 1 L 5 12 c an L 12 c L L2 c 25L b 144 0 96. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ L 9 or L 16; since 12 c an 12 for n 1 L 9 97. an b 1 2 b n 1, a1 2. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim 2 b _ n _ nb1 _ L2 c 2L c 1 0 L 1 2; since an 0 for n 1 L 1 b 2
1 an , 1 an
L2b
1 L
574

L2 c L c 1 0 L
1 5 ; 2
1 b an L 1 b L 98. an b 1 1 b an , n 1, a1 1. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ since an 0 for n 1 L

1 b 5 2
99. 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 1, 2! , 2" , 2# , 2$ , 2% , 2& , x" 1 and xn 2nc2 for n 2 100. (a) 1# c 2(1)# c1, 3# c 2(2)# 1; let f(a b) (a b 2b)# c 2(a b b)# a# b 4ab b 4b# c 2a# c 4ab c 2b# 2b# c a# ; a# c 2b# c1 f(a b) 2b# c a# 1; a# c 2b# 1 f(a b) 2b# c a# c1
2b aab c2 (b) r# n c2 bb #
In the first and second fractions, yn n. Let

n_
a# b 4ab b 4b# c 2a# c 4ab c 2b# (a b b)# a b
for n a positive integer 3. Now the nth fraction is lim rn 2.
represent the (n c 1)th fraction where

a b 2b abb
c aa# c 2b# b (a b b)#
" # yn
" rn 2 y n a b
and a b b 2b 2n c 2 n yn n. Thus,
1 and b n c 1
101. (a) f(x) x# c 2; the sequence converges to 1.414213562 2 (b) f(x) tan (x) c 1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635
(c) f(x) ex ; the sequence 1, 0, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, diverges
1 4
f(?x) x) c f(0) lim b f(0b? f w (0), where ?x 102. (a) n lim nf " lim n ?x _ ?x !b ?x ?x ! " " c" (b) n lim n tanc" n x f w (0) 1 b 0# 1, f(x) tan _
" n
103. (a) If a 2n b 1, then b a# 4n

#
(c) n lim n ae1n c 1b f w (0) e! 1, f(x) ex c 1 _ 2 w (d) n lim n ln 1 b 2 n f (0) 1 b 2(0) 2, f(x) ln (1 b 2x) _
#
(b) a lim _
4n% b 8n$ b 8n# b 4n b 1 a2n# b 2n b 1b c# .

a#
# # a#
2n# b 2n b 1 and a# b b# (2n b 1) b a2n# b 2nb 4n# b 4n b 1 b 4n% b 8n$ b 4n#

#
b 4n b 1 # #
" a # # 2n# b 2n b " # 2n b 2n, c # 2n b 2n b #

#
a lim _
2n# b 2n 2n# b 2n b 1
1 or a lim _
a#
# # a#
sin ) a lim _
21 2n 1
) 1 2
lim
sin ) 1
2n1 104. (a) n lim (2n1)1 a2nb n lim exp ln2n n lim exp : _ _ _
(b)
n n 1 a2nb n! n 2n1 , Stirlings approximation n! n e e (2n1)
exp #"n e! 1; ; n lim _

n e
for large values of n
n 40 50 60
15.76852702 19.48325423 23.19189561

"
n!
n
n e
14.71517765 18.39397206 22.07276647
106. Let {an } and {bn } be sequences both converging to L. Define {cn } by c2n bn and c2nc1 an , where n 1, 2, 3, . For all % 0 there exists N" such that when n N" then kan c Lk % and there exists N# such that when n N# then kbn c Lk %. If n 1 b 2max{N" N# }, then kcn c Lk %, so {cn } converges to L.
ln n " n 105. (a) n lim n lim n lim 0 _ nc _ cncc1 _ cnc (b) For all % 0, there exists an N ecln %c such that n ecln %c ln n c lnc % ln nc ln " % " " " " nc % nc % nc c 0 % lim nc 0 n_

" " 107. n lim n1n n lim exp n ln n n lim exp n e! 1 _ _ _
575
109. Assume the hypotheses of the theorem and let % be a positive number. For all % there exists a N" such that when n N" then kan c Lk % c% an c L % L c % an , and there exists a N# such that when n N# then kcn c Lk % c% cn c L % cn L b %. If n max{N" N# }, then L c % an bn cn L b % kbn c Lk % n lim b L. _ n
! 108. n lim x1n n lim exp " n ln x e 1, because x remains fixed while n gets large _ _
111. anb1 an
110. Let % !. We have f continuous at L there exists $ so that kx c Lk $ kf(x) c f(L)k %. Also, an L there exists N so that for n N kan c Lk $ . Thus for n N, kf(an ) c f(L)k % f(an ) f(L). 4 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing;
(2(n b 1) b 3)! ((n b 1) b 1)! (2n b 3)! (n b 1)! 3(n b 1) b 1 (n b 1) b 1
3n b 1 nb1
3n b 4 nb#
3n b 1 nb1
3n# b 3n b 4n b 4 3n# b 6n b n b 2
3n b " nb1
1 3; the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3

(2n b 3)! (n b 1)!
3 3n b 1 3n b 3
112. anb1 an
(2n b 5)(2n b 4) n b 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not (2n b 3)(2n b 2)(n b 2) can become as large as we please
2n 3n n!
(2n b 5)! (n b 2)!
(2n b 3)! (n b 1)!
(2n b 5)! (2n b 3)!
(n b 2)! (n b 1)!
bounded since 113. anb1 an
reversible so the sequence is decreasing after a& , but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a" 6, a# 18, a$ 36, a% 54, a& 324 5 64.8 the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8
2 n b1
2nb1 3nb1 (n b 1)!
2nb1 3nb1 2n 3n
(n b 1)! n!
2 3 n b 1 which is true for n 5; the steps are
114. anb1 an 2 c
reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; 2 c

" n " n
" # nb 1
2c
2 n
" #n
2 n 2 n
2 " n b 1 # n b1 " #n 2
" #n
2 n(n b 1)
c #n" b1 ; the steps are
the sequence is bounded from above
115. an 1 c 116. an n c 117. an 118. an

2 n c1 2n
converges because
" n
0 by Example 1; also it is a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

" n " n
diverges because n _ and

" #n
0 by Example 1, so the sequence is unbounded 0 (by Example 1)

" #n
1c
and 0
" 3n
" #n
" n
; since
0, the sequence converges; also it is
a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

2 n c1 3n
1 " 119. an a(c1)n b 1b nb diverges because an 0 for n odd, while for n even an 2 1 b n converges to 2; it n
c 2 3
n
; the sequence converges to ! by Theorem 5, #4
diverges by definition of divergence
120. xn max {cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos n} and xnb1 max {cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos (n b 1)} xn with xn 1 so the sequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 the sequence converges. 121. an anb1 and
1 b 2n n 1 b 2n n
2 ; thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 2 it converges
" b 2(n b 1) n b 1
n b 1 b 2n# b 2n n b 2n# b 2n n b 1 n
576

nonincreasing and bounded below by 1 it converges
nb1 n
122. an anb1
(n b 1) b " nb1
n# b 2n b 1 n# b 2n 1 0 and
nb1 n
1; thus the sequence is
123.
124. a" 1, a# 2 c 3, a$ 2(2 c 3) c 3 2# c a22 c "b 3, a% 2 a2# c a22 c "b 3b c 3 2$ c a2$ c 1b 3, a& 2 c2$ c a2$ c 1b 3d c 3 2% c a2% c 1b 3, , an 2nc" c a2nc" c 1b 3 2nc" c 3 2nc1 b 3 2nc1 (1 c 3) b 3 c2n b 3; an anb1 c2n b 3 c2nb1 b 3 c2n c2nb1 1 2 so the sequence is nonincreasing but not bounded below and therefore diverges 125. Let 0 M 1 and let N be an integer greater than n M b nM n M(n b 1)
n nb1 M 1cM
4nb1 b 3n 4b 4n n 3 4 b 4 4;
3 n 3 n 3 nb" 3 n 3 n b1 4 so an anb1 4 b 4 4 b 4 4 4 1
thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 4 it converges
3 4
and
M.
. Then n N n
M 1cM
n c nM M
126. Since M" is a least upper bound and M# is an upper bound, M" M# . Since M# is a least upper bound and M" is an upper bound, M# M" . We conclude that M" M# so the least upper bound is unique. 127. The sequence an 1 b
(c")n #
is the sequence
" #
3 #
" #
3 #
, . This sequence is bounded above by

% #
3 #
but it clearly does not converge, by definition of convergence. 128. Let L be the limit of the convergent sequence {an }. Then by definition of convergence, for kam c an k kam c L b L c an k kam c Lk b kL c an k corresponds an N such that for all m and n, m N kam c Lk
% #
% #
% whenever m N and n N.
% #
% and n N kan c Lk # . Now
there
129. Given an % 0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all n N, kL" c an k % and kL# c an k %. Now kL# c L" k kL# c an b an c L" k kL# c an k b kan c L" k % b % 2%. kL# c L" k 2% says that the difference between two fixed values is smaller than any positive number 2%. The only nonnegative number smaller than every positive number is 0, so kL" c L# k 0 or L" L# . 130. Let k(n) and i(n) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences akn and ain , where akn L" , ain L# and L" L# . Thus akn c ain kL" c L# k 0. So there does not exist N such that for all m, n N 131. a2k L given an % 0 there corresponds an N" such that c2k N" ka2k c Lk %d . Similarly, a2kb1 L c2k b 1 N# ka2kb1 c Lk %d . Let N max{N" N# }. Then n N kan c Lk % whether n is even or odd, and hence an L. 132. Assume an 0. This implies that given an % 0 there corresponds an N such that n N kan c 0k % kan k % kkan kk % kkan k c 0k % kan k 0. On the other hand, assume kan k 0. This implies that given an % 0 there corresponds an N such that for n N, kkan k c 0k % kkan kk % kan k % kan c 0k % an 0. 133. (a) f(x) x# c a f w (x) 2x xnb1 xn c (b) x" 2, x# 1.75, x$ 1.732142857, x% 1.73205081, x& 1.732050808; we are finding the positive number where x# c 3 0; that is, where x# 3, x 0, or where x 3 .
x# nca #x n
kam c an k %. So by Exercise 128, the sequence an is not convergent and hence diverges.
xnb1
# # 2xn c ax n c ab 2xn
# xn ba 2xn
xn b xa #
n
Section 10.2 Infinite Series

134. x" 1, x# 1 b cos (1) 1.540302306, x$ 1.540302306 b cos (1 b cos (1)) 1.570791601, x% 1.570791601 b cos (1.570791601) 1.570796327 1 # to 9 decimal places. After a few steps, the arc axnc1 b and line segment cos axnc1 b are nearly the same as the quarter circle.
577
135-146. Example CAS Commands: Mathematica: (sequence functions may vary): Clear[a, n] a[n_]; = n1 / n first25= Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}] Limit[a[n], n 8] Mathematica: (sequence functions may vary): Clear[a, n] a[n_]; = n1 / n first25= Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}] Limit[a[n], n 8] The last command (Limit) will not always work in Mathematica. You could also explore the limit by enlarging your table to more than the first 25 values. If you know the limit (1 in the above example), to determine how far to go to have all further terms within 0.01 of the limit, do the following. Clear[minN, lim] lim= 1 Do[{diff=Abs[a[n] c lim], If[diff < .01, {minN= n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}] minN For sequences that are given recursively, the following code is suggested. The portion of the command a[n_]:=a[n] stores the elements of the sequence and helps to streamline computation. Clear[a, n] a[1]= 1; a[n_]; = a[n]= a[n c 1] b (1/5)(nc1) first25= Table[N[a[n]], {n, 1, 25}] The limit command does not work in this case, but the limit can be observed as 1.25. Clear[minN, lim] lim= 1.25 Do[{diff=Abs[a[n] c lim], If[diff < .01, {minN= n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}] minN 10.2 INFINITE SERIES 1. sn 2. sn 3. sn 4. sn 5.
a a1 c r n b (1 c r) a a1 c r n b (1 c r) a a1 c r n b (1 c r) 1 c (c2)n 1 c (c2)
n 2 1 c " 3 1 c " 3
s n lim _ n
2 " 1 c 3
3
9 100
9 " n 100 1 c 100 " 1 c 100
s n lim _ n
" 3 #
" 1 c 100
" 11
n 1 c c " # 1 c c " #
s n lim _ n
2 3
" (n b 1)(n b #)
, a geometric series where krk 1 divergence

" nb1
" nb#
" " " " " sn # c3 b 3 c4 b b n b 1 c
" nb#
" #
" nb#
n lim s _ n
" #
578
6.

5 n(n b 1)
n lim s 5 _ n
" 4
5 n
5 nb1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 sn 5 c 5 2 b 2 c 3 b 3 c 4 b b nc1 c n b n c " 1 c c " 4
5 nb1
5c
5 nb1
7. 1 c 8.
" 16
b
" 64
" 16
c
" 256
" 64
b , the sum of this geometric series is
" " 1 b 4
4 5
1 c " 4 7 4
" 16
7 3
" 1#
9.
7 4
7 16
7 64

5 64
1 c " 4
10. 5 c
5 4
5 16

" #7 " #7
5 1 c c " 4
" 5 " 5 11. (5 b 1) b 5 # b 3 b 4 b 9 b 8 b 5 1 c " #
" " 1 c 3
10 b
3 #
b , is the sum of two geometric series; the sum is
23 #
" 5 " 5 12. (5 c 1) b 5 # c 3 b 4 c 9 b 8 c 5 1 c " #
" " 1 c 3
10 c
3 #
b , is the difference of two geometric series; the sum is
17 #
" 1 13. (1 b 1) b 1 # c 5 b 4 b 1 1 c " # 4 5
" " 1 b 5
2b
" 25 5 17 6 6
b 1 8 c
2 5
" 1#5
b , is the sum of two geometric series; the sum is
14. 2 b
8 25
16 125
b 2 1 b
2 5
4 25
8 125
b ; the sum of this geometric series is 2 1 c" 2

5
10 3
15. Series is geometric with r
2 5 1 Converges to
1 1c 2 5
5 3
16. Series is geometric with r c3 c3 1 Diverges 17. Series is geometric with r

1 8
1 8 1 Converges to
1c 1 8
1 8
1 7
2 18. Series is geometric with r c 2 3 c 3 1 Converges to
c2 3 1 c c 2 3
c2 5
_
19. 0.23 ! 21. 0.7 !

_
n0
23 100
" n 10 #
1 c 100
"
23 100
23 99
20. 0.234 ! 22. 0.d !

6 90
_
n0
234 1000
" n 10 $
" 1 c 1000
234 1000
234 999
n0 _
7 10
" n 10
" 1 c 10
7 10
7 9
n0
d 10
" n 10
" 1 c 10
d 10
d 9
1 6 " n 23. 0.06 ! 10 10 10

n0
" 1 c 10
6 100
" 15
24. 1.414 1 b !
n0
414 1000
" n 10 1b $
" 1 c 1000
414 1000
1b
414 999
"413 999

25. 1.24123
124 100
579
b!
_
n0
123 10&
" n 10 $
124 100
1c
123 &
10
" 10$
124 100
123 10& c 10#
124 100
123 99,900
123,999 99,900
41,333 33,300
26. 3.142857 3 b ! 27. lim n n_ n b 10 lim
n0
142,857 10'
" n 10 3b '
1c
142,857 '
10
" 10'
3b
142,857 10' c 1
3,142,854 999,999
116,402 37,037
1 n_ 1
1 0 diverges
n2 b n 2 n_ n b 5n b 6
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
lim nan b 1b n_ an b 2ban b 3b lim 1 n_ n b 4 lim 2 n n_ n b 3

n_
lim
lim
2n b 1 n_ 2n b 5
lim
2 n_ 2
1 0 diverges
0 test inconclusive lim

1 n_ 2n
0 test inconclusive
lim cos 1 n cos 0 1 0 diverges

n lim n e n_ e b 1
n lim ne n_ e b n
lim
en n n_ e
lim
1 n_ 1
1 0 diverges
n_
lim ln 1 n c_ 0 diverges
n_
lim cos n 1 does not exist diverges

" kb1
" " " " " " " 35. sk 1 c " 2 b 2 c 3 b 3 c 4 b b kc1 c k b k c
lim 1 c
k_
" kb1
1, series converges to 1
3 16
1c
" kb1
k_
lim sk
3 3 3 3 36. sk 3 1 c 4 b 4 c 9 b 9 c
lim 3 c
k_
3 ak b 1 b 2
3, series converges to 3
3 b b ak c c 1 b2
3 k2
3 b k 2 c
3 ak b 1b2
3c
3 ak b 1b2
k_
lim sk
37. sk ln2 c ln1 b ln3 c ln2 b ln4 c ln3 b b lnk c lnk c 1 b lnk b 1 c lnk lnk b 1 c ln1 lnk b 1
k_
lim sk lim lnk b 1 _; series diverges

k_ k_
c1 1 c1 1 c1 1 39. sk cosc1 1 b cosc1 1 b cosc1 1 b 2 c cos 3 3 c cos 4 4 c cos 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 b cos k c cos k b 1 b cos k b 1 c cos k b # 3 c cos k b #
38. sk atan 1 c tan 0b b atan 2 c tan 1b b atan 3 c tan 2b b b atan k c tan ak c 1bb b atan ak b 1b c tan kb tan ak b 1b c tan 0 tan ak b 1b lim sk lim tan ak b 1b does not exist; series diverges
k_
k_
c1 1 lim sk lim 1 3 c cos kb#
k_
1 3
1 2
1 6 , series converges to
1 6
40. sk 5 c 4 b 6 c 5 b 7 c 6 b b k b 3 c k b 2 b k b 4 c k b 3 k b 4 c 2
k_
lim sk lim k b 4 c 2 _; series diverges

k_
580
41.

4 " " " " " " " (4n c 3)(4n b 1) 4n c 3 c 4n b 1 sk 1 c 5 b 5 c 9 b 9 c 13 b " " b 4k " sk lim 1 c 4k " c 3 c 4k b 1 1 c 4k b 1 k lim b1 1 _ k_ 6 (2n c 1)(2n b 1)
b 4k " c7 c
" 4k c 3
42.
k_
3 " 1 c
k k 2A b 2B 0 AbB0 6 2A 6 A 3 and B c3. Hence, ! (2n c 1)(2n 3 ! #n " b 1) c1 c Ac B6 AcB6 n1 n1
A 2n c 1
B 2n b 1
A(2n b 1) b B(2n c 1) (2n c 1)(2n b 1)
A(2n b 1) b B(2n c 1) 6 (2A b 2B)n b (A c B) 6
lim 3 1 c
" 3
" #k b 1
" 3
" 5
3 b
" 5
" 7
b c
" #(k c 1) b 1
" 2k c 1
" #k b 1
3 1 c
" #k b 1
the sum is
" #n b 1
43.
40n (2nc1)# (2nb1)#
k AbC0 40n C 0 and A 0. Hence, ! (#nc1) and D c5 # (2nb1)# cA b 5 b C c 5 0 n 1
A(2n c 1)(2n b 1)# b B(2n b 1) b C(2n b 1)(2n c 1) b D(2n c 1) 40n A a8n$ b 4n# c 2n c 1b b B a4n# b 4n b 1b b C a8n$ c 4n# c 2n b 1b D a4n# c 4n b 1b 40n (8A b 8C)n$ b (4A b 4B c 4C b 4D)n# b (c2A b 4B c 2C c 4D)n b (cA b B b C b D) 40n 8A b 8C 0 8A b 8C 0 4A b 4B c 4C b 4D 0 Ab BcCb D 0 Bb D 0 4B 20 B 5 c b c c c b 2A 4B 2C 4D 40 A 2 c c c 2D 20 B C 2D 20 2B cA b B b C b D 0 cA b B b C b D 0
k
A (2nc1)
B (2nc1)#
C (2nb1) #
D (2nb1)#
A(2nc1)(2nb1)# b B(2nb1)# b C(2nb1)(2nc1)# b D(2nc1)# (2nc1)# (2nb1)# # #
" 5 ! ( #n c 1)# c
5 1 c 44.
2n b 1 n# (n b 1)#
n1
" (2kb1)# " n#
" (#nb1)#
the sum is n lim 5 1 c _

" (k b 1)#
" 5 1 c
" 9
" 9
" #5
" #5
c c 5
" (2(kc1) b 1)#
" (#kc1)#
" (2kb1)#
" (#kb1)#
k_
lim sk lim 1 c
k_
" 2 " b c 2
" (n b 1)#
" " " " sk 1 c 4 b 4 c9 b 9 c
" 16
" b b (k c 1)# c
" k#
" b k # c
" (k b 1)#
45. sk 1 c 46. sk " # c
k_
lim sk lim 1 c
k_
" 3
k_
lim sk
" #"#
" b #"# c " #
" 1
" #"$ " c#
" k b 1
" b c 3
" 4
b b "
kc1
" k
" b c k
" k b 1
1c
" k b 1
" b #"$ c
" #"%
b b #1" kc1 c
" #1k
" b #1 k c
" #1kb1
" #
" #1kb1
47. sk ln"3 c
c ln"# b
" ln #
" ln (k b 2)
b ln"4 c
k_
lim sk c ln"#
" ln 3
b ln"5 c
" ln 4
b b ln (k"b 1) c
" ln k
b ln (k"b 2) c
" ln (k b 1)
48. sk ctanc" (1) c tanc" (2)d b ctanc" (2) c tanc" (3)d b b ctanc" (k c 1) c tanc" (k)d b ctanc" (k) c tanc" (k b 1)d tanc" (1) c tanc" (k b 1) lim sk tanc" (1) c
k_
1 #
1 4
1 #
c1 4
49. convergent geometric series with sum
" " 1 c
2
2 2 c1
2 b 2 51. convergent geometric series with sum

1 c c " # 3 #
50. divergent geometric series with krk 2 1

52. n lim (c1)nb1 n 0 diverges _ 53. n lim cos (n1) n lim (c1)n 0 diverges _ _
" 1 c c " 5
581
54. cos (n1) (c1)n convergent geometric series with sum

" 1c
5 6

" 3n
" e#
e# e # c1
56. n lim ln _
c_ 0 diverges
2 " 1 c 10 " 1 c " x
c2
x xc1
20 9
18 9
2 9
59. difference of two geometric series with sum 1 c " n lim 1 b 60. n lim n _ n_ 61. n lim _ 63. !
_ _
" 1 c 2 3
" " 1 c 3
3c
3 #
3 #
n! 1000n
_ 0 diverges
2n 4n
c" n n
ec" 0 diverges 62. n lim _

_
nn n!
n lim _
_
nnn 1#n
n _ diverges n lim _
n1
2n b 3n 4n
since r !
2n b 3n 4n
!
1 2
n1
n1
1 b 3 4 by Theorem 8, part (1)

2n 4n 3n 4n
1 2
b!
n1
3n 4n
1 and r
1 3 1 3 ! 2 b ! 4 ; both ! 2 and ! 4 are geometric series, and both converge n n n n

n1 n1 n1
3 4
3 4
1, respectivley
n1
! 1 n 2
n1
1c 1 2
1 2
1 and ! 3 4
n
n1
1c 3 4
3 4
64.
2n b 4n n n n_ 3 b 4
lim
n_
_
lim
b" b"
lim
1 n b " 2 n 3 n_ 4 b "
1 1
1 0 diverges by nth term test for divergence
n ! cln (n) c ln (n b 1)d sk cln (1) c ln (2)d b cln (2) c ln (3)d b cln (3) c ln (4)d b 65. ! ln n b 1
n1
" 66. n lim a n lim ln 2n n b 1 ln # 0 diverges _ n _ 67. convergent geometric series with sum 68. divergent geometric series with krk
_ _ n0 _ n0
b cln (k c 1) c ln (k)d b cln (k) c ln (k b 1)d c ln (k b 1)
n1
k_
lim sk c_, diverges
" e 1 c 1
1 1ce
e1 1e
23.141 22.459
1
" 1 c (cx)
69. ! (c1)n xn ! (cx)n ; a 1, r cx; converges to

_ n0 n0
" 1bx
for kxk 1
n 70. ! (c1)n x2n ! acx# b ; a 1, r cx# ; converges to
" 1 b x#
for kxk 1
582

xc1 #
71. a 3, r 72. !
_
; converges to
_
3 " 1 c x c #
6 3cx
for c1
xc" #
1 or c1 x 3
" #
n0
(c1)n #
3 b sin x 2(4 b sin x)
3 b" n ! sin x
3 b sin x 8 b 2 sin x
n0
" #
73. a 1, r 2x; converges to
for all x since

" 1 c 2x
c" n 3 b sin x ; a " 4
" #
,r
c" 3 b sin x
; converges to
" 3 b sin x
" # " #
" 74. a 1, r c x # ; converges to
" 1 c c" #
x
for k2xk 1 or kxk

x# x# b 1
for all x
c" 1 c 3 b sin x
1 for x 1 or kxk 1. # " #bx
75. a 1, r c(x b 1)n ; converges to 76. a 1, r

3cx #
" 1 b (x b 1)
; converges to
" x 1 c 3 c # " 1 c sin x
2 xc1
x for 3 c 1 or 1 x 5 #
for kx b 1k 1 or c2 x 0
77. a 1, r sin x; converges to 78. a 1, r ln x; converges to 79. (a) ! 80. (a) !

_ _
for x (2k b 1) 1 # , k an integer
" 1 c ln x
for kln xk 1 or ec" x e (b) ! (b) !

_ _ n0
nc2
" (n b 4)(n b 5)
" (n b 2)(n b 3)
(c) ! (c) !
_
n5
" (n c 3)(n c #)
nc1
5 (n b 2)(n b 3)
n3
5 (n c 2)(n c 1)
n20
5 (n c 19)(n c 18)
81. (a) one example is
" #
" 4
b
3 4
" 8
b
3 8
" 16
b
3 16
(b) one example is c 3 # c (c) one example is 1 c

_
c
" 4
c
" 8
c
" 16
1 c " #
" #
1 c3
1 c " # " #
" #
c 1c
1 c " #
c 3 #
0.
k #
nb1 is a geometric series whose sum is 82. The series ! k 1 2

n0 _ _ _ n1 _ n1 _ n1 _
1 c " #
k where k can be any positive or negative number.

_ _
! an ! bn ! " n 1, while ! an ! (1) diverges. n 83. Let an bn " bn # . Then #

n1 _ n1
! an ! bn ! " n 1, while ! aan bn b ! " n n 84. Let an bn " # . Then # 4

n1 n1 n1 n1 n1
" 3
AB.
" " 85. Let an 4 and bn # . Then A ! an n n

n1
" 3
an " n , B ! bn 1 and ! b 1 ! # n
n1 n1 n1
A B
86. Yes: ! a"n diverges. The reasoning: ! an converges an 0 nth-Term Test.
" an
_ ! a"n diverges by the
Section 10.3 The Integral Test

87. Since the sum of a finite number of terms is finite, adding or subtracting a finite number of terms from a series that diverges does not change the divergence of the series. 88. Let An a" b a# b b an and n lim A A. Assume ! aan b bn b converges to S. Let _ n Sn (a" b b" ) b (a# b b# ) b b (an b bn ) Sn (a" b a# b b an ) b (b" b b# b b bn ) b" b b# b b bn Sn c An n lim ab" b b# b b bn b S c A ! bn converges. This _ contradicts the assumption that ! bn diverges; therefore, ! aan b bn b diverges. 89. (a) (b)
2 1cr 13 2 1cr
583
2 5
1cr r
3 5
13 10
3 1 c r r c 10 ; " 1 ce b
3 b ; 2 b 2 3 5 b2 5
13 2
13 #
90. 1 b eb b e2b b
" 9
1 c eb eb
3 10 b 8 9
13 #
91. sn 1 b 2r b r# b 2r$ b r% b 2r& b b r2n b 2r2nb1 , n 0, 1, sn a1 b r# b r% b b r2n b b a2r b 2r$ b 2r& b b 2r2nb1 b n lim s _ n 1 b 2r # 1 c r# , if kr k 1 or krk 1 92. L c sn
a 1cr
b ln 8 9
3 # 10 c
13 #
3 $ 10 b
" 1 c r#
2r 1 c r#
a a1 c r n b 1cr #
arn 1 cr # " #
" 93. area 2# b 2 b (1)# b b 4b2b1b 2
4 1c
" #
8 m#
nc1
4 , , Ln 3 4 94. (a) L" 3, L# 3 4 3 , L$ 3 3 3 A# A" b 3 An

3 4
n
nc1
(b) Using the fact that the area of an equilateral triangle of side length s is A% A$ b 3a4b2
k2
3 " 2 4 3
n_
lim
3 8 5 4
An
b ! 3a4bkc2 8 5 A"
3 " 2 4 33
3 4
3 lim n_ 4
3 " k c1 4 32
, A5 A4 b 3a4b3
3 4
n k2 n
3 1#
n lim L n lim 34 3 _ n _
3 " 2 4 32
, A$ A# b 3a4b
b 33!
k2
4 9kc1 99
kc$
" k c1 b ! 33a4bkc$ 9
3 " 2 4 34 , 3 4
3 2 4 s , we see that 3 3 3 4 b 12 b #7 , 3 4
A"
3 4 ,
...,
b 3 3 1 c 4 9
1 36 9
3 4
b 33!
n k2
1 b 33 20
4kc$ . 9kc1 9
3 4 1
b3 5
10.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST 1. faxb

1 x2
lim c 1 b b_
1 x0.2
is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1; '1
_1
x2
_1 b 1 1 '1 x
dx converges !
dx lim
b_
'1b x1
dx lim
b_
n 1
1 n2
converges
c 1 x
b 1
2. faxb
is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1; '1 c

5 4
lim 5 b0.8 b_ 4
_ _ '1 x1
0.2
dx diverges !
1 x0.2
dx lim
b_
'1b x1
0.2
dx lim
b_
n 1
1 n0.2
diverges
5 0.8 x 4
b 1
584

1 x2 b 4
3. faxb
lim 1 tanc1 b 2 b_ 2
1 xb4
is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1; '1 c

1 c1 1 2 tan 2
1 4
1 c1 1 2 tan 2
'1
1 x2 b 4
dx lim
_ n 1
1 x2 b 4
dx converges !
b_
'1b x 1 b 4 dx
2
b_
lim
1 n2 b 4
converges
c1 x 1 2 tan 2
b 1
4. faxb
lim
b_
_ 1 ! 1 diverges alnlb b 4l c ln 5b _ '1 x b 4 dx diverges nb4

_ n 1
1 xb4
dx lim
b_
1 '1b x b 4 dx
b_
lim
lnlx b 4l
b 1
5. faxb ec2x is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1; '1 ec2x dx lim
1 lim c 2e 2b b_ 1 xaln xb2
1 2e2
1 2e2
_ '1 ec2x dx converges ! ec2n converges

_ n 1
b_
'1b ec2x dx '2b xaln1xb
b_
lim
c2x c 1 2e
b 1
6. faxb
lim
b_
1 c ln b b

1 ln 2
1 ln 2
_ 1 '2 xaln xb
dx converges !
n 2
1 naln nb2
1 xaln xb2
dx lim
b_
dx lim
b_
converges
1 c ln x
b 2
7. faxb
2
! 2n diverges ! n2 n n b4 b 4 diverges
n 3 n 1
'3_ x x b 4 dx
x x2 b 4
is positive and continuous for x 1, f w axb

_
b_
lim
'3b x x b 4 dx
2
b_
lim
1 lnax2 b 4b lim 2
b 3
4 c x2 ax 2 b 4 b 2
0 for x 2, thus f is decreasing for x 3;

1 1 2 lnab2 b 4b c 2 lna13b _ '3
1 5
2 8
b ! n2 n b 4 diverges
n 3 2 c ln x2 x2
b_
x x2 b 4
dx
8. faxb
2 2 diverges ! lnnn diverges ! lnnn
'3
_ ln x2
x
ln x2 x
dx lim
_ n 3

b_
'3
ln x x
dx lim
_ n 2
b_
2aln xb lim
b 3
ln 4 2
2 b ! lnnn diverges
b_
a2aln bb c 2aln 3bb _ '3
0 for x e, thus f is decreasing for x 3;
_ ln x2
x
dx
n 3
9. faxb
'7
x ex3
dx lim
x2 e x 3

b_
lim
_ n 1
b_
2
! 10. faxb
n en3
c 18b 3ac6b b e b 3
'7
x e x 3
dx lim lim b
16 e43
b_
327 e 7 3 9 e1
b_
1 e 1 3
4 e23
cb54 b 3
e
3x c e x3 c
2
18x ex3
c x ax c 6 b 3ex3
b
327 e73 _
327 e73
2
54 ex3 7
'7
lim
0 for x 6, thus f is decreasing for x 7;

b_
x2 ex3
25 e53
36 e2
b !
dx converges !
c3b
c 18b c 54 eb3
327 e73
n 7
n2 converges en3
n 7
n en3
converges
7cx ax c 1 b 3
b
decreasing for x 8; '8 lim !

_ n 8
xc4 x2 c 2x b 1
xc4 ax c 1 b 2
b_
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1 diverges
lnlx c 1l b
xc4 ax c 1 b 2
b
is continuous for x 2, f is positive for x 4, and f w axb dx lim

b_
3 x c 1 8
lim
b_
n 2
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1
lnlb c 1l b c2 c 1
1 4
'8
xc1 ax c 1 b 2
dx c '8 b
3 bc1
b0b
3 c ln 7 c 7 _ '8 1 16 2 25
3 ax c 1 b 2
dx lim '8 b_
0 for x 7, thus f is dx c '8

b
1 xc1
3 36
b !
n 8
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1
xc4 ax c 1b2
3 ax c 1 b 2
dx diverges
dx
diverges
" e
11. converges; a geometric series with r
" 10
12. converges; a geometric series with r

n nb1
1
13. diverges; by the nth-Term Test for Divergence, n lim _
10

14. diverges by the Integral Test; '1 15. diverges; !
_ n1 _
n
585
5 xb1
dx 5 ln (n b 1) c 5 ln 2 '1
5 xb1
dx _
3 n
3!
n1
" n
_
" , which is a divergent p-series (p # )
16. converges; !
n1
c2 n n
c2 !
n1
" n$#
, which is a convergent p-series (p 3 #)

" 8
17. converges; a geometric series with r 18. diverges; !

_
1
_
n1
c8 n
c8 !
n1
1 n
and since !
n1
" n
diverges, c8 !
n1
1 n
diverges _ lim <2tet2 c 4et2 ln 2

b
19. diverges by the Integral Test:

b_
21. converges; a geometric series with r 22. diverges; n lim _ 23. diverges; !
_
t ln x dt dx x dx et dt lim <2eb2 (b c 2) c 2eln 22 (ln 2 c 2) _ x '2_ ln x dx;

2 3
# '2n lnxx dx " # aln n c ln 2b
'2_ lnxx dx
'ln_ tet2 dt 2
b_
1
5n 4n b 3
n lim _
_
5n ln 5 4n ln 4
ln 5 5 n _ 0 n lim 4 _ ln 4
n0
c2 n b1
c2 !
n0
" nb1
, which diverges by the Integral Test _ as n _
24. diverges by the Integral Test: 25. diverges; n lim a n lim _ n _ 26. diverges by the Integral Test:
n ln n
" '1n 2xdx c 1 # ln (2n c 1) 2n nb1
n lim _
2n ln 2 1
_0 x b "
dx x
u dx '1n x ; x b 1
" 2 n
du
'2
nb1 du
u
ln n b 1 c ln 2 _ as n _
27. diverges; n lim _
n lim _
" n
n lim _
n #
_0
" n 1 b n 28. diverges; n lim a n lim e0 _ n _
29. diverges; a geometric series with r
" ln #
1.44 1 0.91 1
" x
30. converges; a geometric series with r 31. converges by the Integral Test:
" ln 3
'3_ (ln x) dx; (ln x) c 1

#
u ln x " du x dx
'ln_ 3
" u u# c 1
du
586

b " lim csecc" kukd ln 3 lim csecc" b c secc" (ln 3)d lim <cosc" b c secc" (ln 3)
cosc" (0) c secc" (ln 3)
b_
b_
1 #
c secc" (ln 3) 1.1439
b_
32. converges by the Integral Test:

b_
b
lim ctanc" ud 0 lim atanc" b c tanc" 0b

b_
'1_ x a1 b"ln xb dx '1_ 1 b(lnx)

" x
#
1 #
c0
1 #
dx;
u ln x " du x dx
sin " n " n
" tan n " n
" '0_ 1b u
du
33. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; n lim n sin " n n lim _ _ 34. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; n lim n tan " n n lim _ _
# n lim sec# " n sec 0 1 0 _ e '1_ 1 b e
x
lim
x0
sin x x
10
n lim _
" c n"# sec# n
c n"#
35. converges by the Integral Test: lim atanc" b c tanc" eb

b_
2x
1 #
c tanc" e 0.35
dx;
u ex du ex dx
'e_
" 1 b u#
du n lim ctanc" ud e _
36. converges by the Integral Test: lim <2 ln

b_
u b ub1 e
2 '1_ 1 b e
b e e e lim 2 ln b b 1 c 2 ln e b 1 2 ln 1 c 2 ln e b 1 c2 ln e b 1 0.63
b_
u ex _ 2 ' _ u dx; du ex dx 'e u(1 2 c b u) du e dx " du u

c"
2 ub1
du
u tan x c x '1_ 81tan dx b x dx;

" #
du
#
1 b x#
" #
2 1 '1142 8u du c4u# d 1 14 4 4
1# 16 "
31 # 4
ux '1_ x x b1 dx;
#

b_
2 lim atanc" eb c tanc" eb 1 c 2 tanc" e 0.71 40. converges by the Integral Test: 1 c tanh 1 0.76 41.
a " '1_ x b 2 c x b 4 dx (b b 2)a b _ bb4
'1_ sech x dx 2 '1_ sech# x dx
b1 du 2x dx
b_
'2_ du 4
x x #
b_
b " lim < # ln u 2 lim

b
b_ #
(ln b c ln 2) _
lim
'1b 1 beae b
dx 2 lim ctanc" ex d 1
b_
b_
lim
'1b sech# x dx
b
b_
lim ctanh xd b lim (tanh b c tanh 1) 1

b_
lim
a 1. If a 1, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 42.
" 2a '3_ x c 1 c x b 1 dx
_, a 1 a lim (b b 2)ac1 the series converges to ln 5 3 if a 1 and diverges to _ if 1, a 1 b_
b_
lim ca ln kx b 2k c ln kx b 4kd 1 lim ln

b_
(b b 2)a bb4
c ln 3 5 ;
a
b_
lim
" 2ac1 b _ #a(b b 1)
c1 lim ln (xxb 1)2a lim ln

b 3
1, a " 4 # the series converges to ln # ln 2 if a _, a " #
b_
bc1 (b b 1)2a
; lim c ln 42 2a
2a b _ (b b 1)
bc"
" #
and diverges to _ if

if a
" #
587
. If a
" #
, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply.
From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 43. (a)
(b) There are (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* b seconds in 13 billion years; by part (a) sn 1 b ln n where n (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* b sn 1 b ln a(13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* bb 1 b ln (13) b ln (365) b ln (24) b 2 ln (60) b 9 ln (10) 41.55 44. No, because !
_ n1 _
n 1
" nx
" x
n1
" n
and !
n1
" n
diverges
_
_
! an ! a#n also diverges and 45. Yes. If ! an is a divergent series of positive numbers, then " #
n1
n1
an #
an .
There is no smallest" divergent series of positive numbers: for any divergent series ! an of positive numbers !
_ n1
n1
a#n
has smaller terms and still diverges.

_ _
46. No, if ! an is a convergent series of positive numbers, then 2 ! an ! 2an also converges, and 2an an .
n1 n1 n1
There is no largest" convergent series of positive numbers.
47. (a) Both integrals can represent the area under the curve faxb integral
approximation of either integral using rectangles with ?x 1. The sum s50 !

50
1 x b 1 ,
and the sum s50 can be considered an

n1
each sub interval. The area of each rectangle overestimates the true area, thus '1 manner, s50 underestimates the integral '0
50
each subinterval for ci ) and because f is a decreasing function, the value of f is a maximum at the left-hand endpoint of
51
'151 x1b 1 dx. The sum s50 represents a left-hand sum (that is, the we are choosing the left-hand endpoint of
1 x b 1 dx
1 n b 1
is an overestimate of the
f is a decreasing function, the value of f is aminimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval. The area of each
50
1 x b 1 dx.
!
50
n1
1 n b 1 .
In a similar
In this case, the sum s50 represents a right-hand sum and because '0
50
rectangle underestimates the true area, thus !

51 1
(b) sn 1000 '1
11.6 !
50
2x b 1 252 c 22 11.6 and '0

n1
n1
1 n b 1
50
1 n b 1
12.3.
1 x b 1 dx
2x b 1 251 c 21 12.3. Thus,

50 0
1 x b 1 dx.
Evaluating the integrals we find '1
51
1 x b 1 dx
nb1
n 251415.
1 x b 1 dx
2x b 1
nb1
1
2n b 1 c 22 1000 n 500 b 22 c 251414.2

2
588

30 n1
48. (a) Since we are using s30 !

_
1 n4
each subinterval. Since f is a decreasing function, the value of f is a minimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval, thus ! Thus the error 1.23 10c5
1 lim c 3b 3 b b_
n31
of the area under the curve faxb

1 n4
to estimate !
1 x4
when x 30 using rectangles with ?x 1 and ci is the right-hand endpoint of

b 1 x4 dx 1 1 lim c 3x lim c 3b 3 3 b b b_
30
n1
1 n4 ,
the error is given by !
n31
1 n4 .
We can consider this sum as an estimate
'30
1 x4 dx
lim '30
b_ 1 x4 dx
b_ b
1 3a30b3
1.23 10c5 .
b
n
(b) We want S c sn 0.000001 'n

1 3n3
1 3n3 _
0.000001 n 0.01 'n

_
0.000001 'n 1000000 3

3
1 x4 dx
69.336 n 70.
b 1 x3 dx
lim 'n
b_
1 x4 dx
1 lim c 3x 3 b_
49. We want S c sn 0.01 'n

1 2n2
1 x3 dx
1 x3 dx
0.01 n 50 7.071 n 8 S s8 !
8
lim 'n
b_ 1 n3
n1
1.195
1 1 lim c 2x lim c 2b 2 2 b b
n
b_
b_
1 2n2
50. We want S c sn 0.1 'n

b_
1 c1 b c1 n lim 1 2 tan 2 c 2 tan 2
1 x2 b 4 dx
0.1 lim 'n

1 4
!
10
n1
1 n2 b 4
0.57
b_ 1 c1 n 2 tan 2
0.1 n 2tan 1 2 c 0.2 9.867 n 10 S s10
1 x2 b 4 dx
1 x lim 2 tanc1 2 b_
b
n
51. S c sn 0.00001 'n

10 n0.1
0.00001 n 100000010 n 1060

_ 1 dx xaln xb3
1 x1.1 dx
0.00001 'n
_
1 x1.1 dx
lim 'n
b_
1 x1.1 dx
lim c x10 lim c b10 0.1 0.1 b

b
n
b_
b_
10 n0.1
52. S c sn 0.01 'n

b_
1 lim c 2aln b b b2
n
1 2aln nb2
n
0.01 'n
1 2aln nb2
0.01 n e
1 dx xaln xb3
50
lim 'n
b_
1177.405 n 1178
1 dx xaln xb3
1 lim c 2aln xb2 b_
b
n
53. Let An ! ak and Bn ! 2k aa2k b , where {ak } is a nonincreasing sequence of positive terms converging to
k1 k1
0. Note that {An } and {Bn } are nondecreasing sequences of positive terms. Now, Bn 2a# b 4a% b 8a) b b 2n aa2n b 2a# b a2a% b 2a% b b a2a) b 2a) b 2a) b 2a) b b 2aa2n b b 2aa2n b b b 2aa2n b 2a" b 2a# b a2a$ b 2a% b b a2a& b 2a' b 2a( b 2a) b b b 2nc1 terms b 2aa2nc1 b b 2aa2nc1 b1b b b 2aa2n b 2Aa2n b 2 ! ak . Therefore if ! ak converges,
k1 _
then {Bn } is bounded above ! 2k aa2k b converges. Conversely,

_
Therefore, if ! 2 aa2k b converges, then {An } is bounded above and hence converges.
k
k1
An a" b aa# b a$ b b aa% b a& b a' b a( b b b an a" b 2a# b 4a% b b 2n aa2n b a" b Bn a" b ! 2k aa2k b .
k1
54. (a) aa2n b
" 2n ln a2n b " n ln n
" 2n n(ln 2)
! 2 n a a2 n b ! 2 n
n2 n2
" #n n(ln 2)
" ln #
n2
" n
, which diverges
n 2
diverges.

(b) aa2n b
" #np
589
converges if
dx '2_ x(ln x)
! 2 n a a2 n b ! 2 n
#p c 1 "
n1 n1
1 or p 1, but diverges if p 1.
" #np
n1
a2n bpc1
"
n ! #p" c1 , a geometric series that

n1
55. (a)
p 1.
For p 1:
" pc1
(ln 2)cpb1 , p 1 _, p "
u ln x du dx x
'ln_ ucp du 2
b_
'2_ x dx ln x
the improper integral converges if p 1 and diverges if p 1.

b_
u lim c pb1
cpb1
b ln 2
" cp b 1 lim 1 c c (ln 2)cpb1 d p cb
b_
b_
lim cln (ln x)d b lim cln (ln b) c ln (ln 2)d _, so the improper integral diverges if 2
_ n2
(b) Since the series and the integral converge or diverge together, ! 56. (a) p 1 the series diverges (b) p 1.01 the series converges (d) p 3 the series converges 57. (a) From Fig. 10.11(a) in the text with f(x) 1 b '1 f(x) dx ln (n b 1) 1 b
n
" n(ln n)p
converges if and only if p 1.
(c) !
n2
" n aln n$ b
" 3
n2
" n(ln n)
; p 1 the series diverges
1 and below by 0. 0
" nb1
1 b
" #
" 3
" b b n c ln n 1. Therefore the sequence 1 b " nb1 " " # b 3 b " x
" #
" x
and ak
" 3
b b
" k
" n
, we have '1
nb1
1 b ln n 0 ln (n b 1) c ln n
" #
" x
dx 1 b
" 3
" #
" 3
b b
" n
(b) From the graph in Fig. 10.11(b) with f(x) If we define an 1 b nonnegative terms. c cln (n b 1) c ln nd 1 b
" #
" 3
" n
c ln n, then 0 anb1 c an anb1 an {an } is a decreasing sequence of
'n
nb1
" b b n c ln n is bounded above by
" n b1
" x
c ln (n b 1) c 1 b
dx ln (n b 1) c ln n
" #
" 3
b b
" n
c ln n .
# # b 58. ecx ecx for x 1, and '1 ecx dx lim ccecx d " lim cecb b ec1 ec1 '1 ecx dx converges by
# the Comparison Test for improper integrals ! ecn 1 b ! ecn converges by the Integral Test. #
b_
b_
n0
n1
59. (a) s10 !

10
_1 '10 x
n1
" n3
1.97531986;
b_
1.97531986 b
_
n1
dx lim
" n3
1 242
b '10 xc3 dx
_1 '11 x
dx lim
b_
c2 b
10
s 1.97531986 b
b_
lim c x2
b '11 xc3 dx
b_
1 200
1.20166 s 1.20253
1.20253 c 1.20166 2
b '11 xc4 dx
1 lim c 2b 2 b
lim c x2
1 200
c2 b
11
b_
1 200
1 lim c 2b 2 b
b_
1 242
1 242
and
(b) s !
" n4
1.20166 b 1.20253 2
1.202095; error
0.000435 lim c x3
1 3000
60. (a) s10 !

10
_1 '10 x
n1
1.082036583;
b_
1.082036583 b
_
n1
dx lim
" n4
b '10 xc4 dx
_1 '11 x
dx lim
c3 b
10
b_
b_
c3 b
11
1 3993
s 1.082036583 b
b_
lim c x3
1 3000
1 lim c 3b 3 b
b_
1.08229 s 1.08237 0.00004
1 3000
1 lim c 3b 3 b
b_
1 3993
1 3993
and
(b) s !
1.08229 b 1.08237 2
1.08233; error
1.08237 c 1.08229 2
590
10.4 COMPARISON TESTS 1. Compare with !

_
n1
" n2 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For
1 n2
n 1, we have n2 n2 b 30
_
1 n2 b 30 .
Then by Comparison Test, !
n1
1 n2 b 30
converges.
2. Compare with ! converges.
n1
" n3 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 3 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For
1 n4
n 1, we have n4 n4 b 2
1 n 4 b2
n n4
n n 4 b2
1 n3
n n 4 b2
nc1 n 4 b2 .
n1
nc1 n 4 b2
3. Compare with !
n2
n 2, we have n c 1 n
_ n2
" n ,
which is a divergent p-series, since p

1 n c 1
" #
1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 2. For

_ n2
1 n .
1 n c 1
diverges.
4. Compare with !
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 2. For
1 n2 c n
n 2, we have n2 c n n2
_
1 n2
n n2 c n
n n2
1 n
nb2 n2 c n
n n2 c n
1 n . Thus !
n2
nb2 n2 c n
diverges.
5. Compare with !
n1
" , n32
which is a convergent p-series, since p

cos2 n n32
3 2
1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1.

_ n1
For n 1, we have 0 cos2 n 1

_
n 3 2
. Then by Comparison Test, !
cos2 n n32
converges.
6. Compare with !
n1
" 3n ,
n 1. For n 1, we have n 3n 3n
_
which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 1 3 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
1 n 3 n
1 3n .
7. Compare with ! 5 !
_ n1
n1
5 . n32

3 2
n1
1 n 3 n
converges.
1 n 3 2
converges by Theorem 8 part 3. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For n 1, we have
nb4 n4 b 4
The series !
n1
1 n 3 2
is a convergent p-series, since p
1, and the series !

n4 b 4n3 n4 b 4
n1
5 n32
n3 n4 4n3 4n4 n4 b 4n3 n4 b 4n4 5n4 n4 b 4n3 5n4 b 20 5an4 b 4b

n 3 an b 4 b n4 b 4
5
_
5 n3
nb4 5 n 4 b 4 n3
5 n32
nb4 Then by Comparison Test, ! n 4 b 4 converges.

n1
5.
8. Compare with !
n 1, we have n 1 2n 2 2n b 1 3 n2n b 1 3n 3 2 nn b n 3 n2 b 2 nn b n n2 b 3
n b 1 n2 b 3 n n b 2 n b 1 n2 b 3
n1
" n ,
" #
1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For

n b 1 2 n2 b 3 n b 1 2 n2 b 3
1 n .
n b 1 n2 b 3 n1
_
n b 2 n b 1 n2 b 3
1 n
1 n
diverges.
1 n
Section 10.4 Comparison Tests

9. Compare with ! lim
_ _ n1
591
an n_ bn
" n2 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim lim
3n2 c 4n 2 n_ 3n c 2n
n_
nc2 n3 c n2 b 3 1n2
lim
n1
nc2 n3 c n2 b 3
n3 c 2n2 3 2 n_ n c n b 3
lim
6n c 4 n_ 6n c 2
lim
6 n_ 6
1 0. Then by Limit Comparison Test,
converges.
_

n_ 1n
_ n1
1 nn2b b2
n1
" n , n_

2
" #
1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim

2 n_ 2
an n_ bn
nb1 Test, ! n 2 b 2 diverges.
bn lim n n2 b 2 lim
n2 b n 2 n_ n b 2
lim
n_
2n b 1 2n
lim
1 1 0. Then by Limit Comparison

nan b 1b
n2
n2
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have positive terms for n 2. lim
n3 + n2 3 2 n_ n c n b n c 1
an n_ bn
n_
b 1an c 1b
1n
Test, !
n2
n an b 1 b an2 b 1ban c 1b
_
lim
lim
3n2 b 2n 2 n_ 3n c 2n b 1
lim
6n b 2 n_ 6n c 2
lim
6 n_ 6
1 0. Then by Limit Comparison
diverges.
1 which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 2 1. Both series have positive terms for
2n 3 b 4n
12. Compare with ! n 1. lim

an n_ bn
n1
" 2n ,
lim
_
n n_ 12
lim
4n n n_ 3 b 4
lim
4n ln 4 n n_ 4 ln 4
1 0. Then by Limit Comparison Test, !

1 2
n1
2n 3 b 4n
converges.

n_ 1n
n1
n 4n
5n
" n ,

n_
1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim

_ n1
an n_ bn
lim
_
5n n n_ 4
5 n lim 4 _. Then by Limit Comparison Test, !
5n n 4 n
diverges.
2 n 14. Compare with ! 2 5 , which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 5 1. Both series have positive terms for
n1
n 1. lim exp
exp lim
n b 15 n b 15 lim 10n b 15 exp lim ln 10n exp lim n ln 10n n 10n b 8 10n b 8 n_ a25b n_ 10n b 8 n_ n_ b 15 10 10 ln 10n 70n2 70n2 10n b 8 15 c 10n b 8 lim exp lim 10n bc exp lim a10n b 15 2 2 ba10n b 8b exp nlim 1 n 1 n n_ n_ n_ _ 100n b 230n b 120 an n_ bn 140n n_ 200n b 230
_
lim
b 3 n 2n 5n b 4
exp lim
140 n_ 200
b 3 n e710 0. Then by Limit Comparison Test, ! 2n converges. 5n b 4

n1

n_ 1n
" ln n
n2
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have positive terms for n 2. lim lim
1 n_ 1n
lim
_
n n_ ln n " n2 ,
lim n _. Then by Limit Comparison Test, !

n_
an n_ bn
n2
" ln n
diverges.

n_ ln1 b n"2 1n2
n1
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim
1 1b " n2
lim
n_
c n23
c n23
an n_ bn
lim
1 " n_ 1 b n2
1 0. Then by Limit Comparison Test, ! ln1 b

n 1
" n2
converges.
592

_ n1
17. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) when compared with ! lim n_
# n b $ n9 n
" "
n lim _
n $ n 2 n b
" n
, a divergent p-series:
" n lim _ # b nc16
" # 3 n b n
18. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n b n b n n b n b 0 term of the divergent series !
n1
" n
, which is the nth
" n
or use Limit Comparison Test with bn

sin# n 2n
" n
19. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 20. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 21. diverges since n lim _
2n 3n c 1
" #n
, which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series

2 n#
1 b cos n n#
2 3
and the p-series !
" n#
converges
22. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with lim n_ " $#
n
nn#b "n
" n$#
, the nth term of a convergent p-series:
" nb n lim 1 n _ " n#
23. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with lim n_

b" n(n 10n b 1)(n b 2)
n"#

20 2
n lim _
10n# b n n# b 3n b 2
n lim _
20n b 1 2n b 3
n lim _
10
24. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with

n_
" n#

15n# c 3 3n# c 4n b 5
lim
: n# (n c 2) n# b 5 ; n"#
5n$ c 3n
n lim _
5n$ c 3n n$ c 2n# b 5n c 10
n lim _
n
n lim _
n
30n 6n c 4
n " 3n 3 25. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 3n n , the nth term of a convergent geometric series b1 n

n_
" n$#
lim
" $# n
" n$ b 2
2 n nb 1 b n lim n lim $ _ _
$
2 n$
1
" n
27. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test; n ln n ln n ln ln n

" n#
" ln n
" ln (ln n)
and !
n3
" n
diverges
28. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with ! lim n_
n) (lnn$
n"#
n lim _
(ln n)# n
n lim _
2(ln n) " n 1
n1
, a convergent p-series:
2 n lim _
" n
ln n n
29. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with

n_
lim
1 n ln n " n
n lim _
n ln n
, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:

n 2
n lim _
2 n " n
"
n lim _

n_
" n&%
593

ln n n"%
lim
n)# (ln$# n
" n&%
n lim _
(ln n)# n"%
n lim _
" $% 4n
n 2 ln n
8 n lim _
" n
8 n lim _
" 4n$%
" n
32 n l im _
" n"%
32 0 0

n_
lim
1 b"ln n " n
n lim _
n 1 b ln n
n lim _
" " n
n_ n lim _ lim b_ 2 < " u# b lim ln 3

b_ #
"
'2_ lnx(xbb11) dx 'ln_ u du 3
" # 33. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with n$ # , the nth term of a convergent p-series: n c 1 n for " " n 2 n# an# c 1b n$ nn# c 1 n$# $ or use Limit Comparison Test with # n n n# c 1
ab# c ln# 3b _
1 n# .
34. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with n# b 1 nn$# 35. converges because !
n1 _ n1
n# b 1 n
_
n$#
" n2n
" n$# n n# b 1
, the nth term of a convergent p-series: n# b 1 n#

" n$#
or use Limit Comparison Test with
" . n$#
"cn n2n
" n2n
n1
b!
n1
c" #n
which is the sum of two convergent series:

" n #n
_
converges by the Direct Comparison Test since

_
" #n
, and !
" n#
n1
c" 2n
is a convergent geometric series b

" n#
36. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: !
n 1
n b 2n n# 2n
the nth terms of a convergent geometric series and a convergent p-series

" 3 nc 1 b 1 " 3n
" ! n2 n b
n1
and
" n2n
" #n
" n#
, the sum of
37. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: 38. diverges; n lim 3 _

nb1 1 n2 b 3n 5n nc1
" 3 n c1
, which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series
b" 3n
" b n lim _ 3
" 3
0
_
n 39. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with ! 1 5 , which is a convergent geometric series with lrl
n1
1 5
1,
lim n_
a 1 5 b n
n lim _
nb1 n2 b 3n
n lim _
1 2n b 3
0.
n 40. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with ! 3 4 , which is a convergent geometric series with lrl lim n_
b3 2 3n b 4n
a34b
n n n
n lim _
8n b 12n 9n b 12n
n lim _
8 n 12 b1 9 n 12 b1
n1
1 5
1,
1 1
1 0.
41. diverges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with !

n lim 2 ln 2 c 1 n _ 2n ln 2
2 n lim 2 aln 2b n _ 2n aln 2b2
1 0.
n1
1 n,
which is a divergent p-series, n lim _
cnn 2n 2
n
1n
2 cn n lim _ 2n
n
n ! <ln n c ln an b 1b, sk aln 1 c ln 2b b aln 2 c ln 3b 42. diverges by the definition of an infinite series: ! ln n b 1
b b alnak c 1b c ln kb b aln k c ln ak b 1bb cln ak b 1b lim sk c_

k_
n1
n1
594

_ n2
43. converges by Comparison Test with !
1 1 1 sk 1 c 1 2 b 2 c 3 b b kc2 c
1 n an c 1 b
nan c 1ban c 2b! nan c 1b n! nan c 1b

n3 an c 1bx an b 2ban b 1bnan c 1bx
1 kc1
which converges since !

1 1 b kc 1 c k 1c 1 n!
1 k
1 n an c 1 b
lim sk 1; for n 2, an c 2b! 1

k_
an
n2
1 n an c 1 b
1 1 ! nc 1 c n , and
n2
44. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with ! n lim _ n lim _

n2 n2 b3n b 2
n lim _
" n
n1
1 n3 ,
which is a convergent p-series, n lim _ n lim _

2 2
an b 2b x
c 1b
1n3
2n 2n b3
10

sin " n lim n _ " n
lim
x0
sin x x

tan " n lim n _ " n
n lim " _ cos "

n
sin " n " n
" sin x lim cos 111 x x
" n
x0
47. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: convergent p-series and a nonzero constant
tanc" n n1.1
n1.1
and !
n1
n1.1
1 #
n1
" n1.1
is the product of a
48. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: secc" n
1 #
secc" n n1 3
1 # n1 3
product of a convergent p-series and a nonzero constant

" n#
n coth n#
and !
n1
1 # n1 3
1 #
n1
" n1 3
is the
49. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with n lim _

" b ec2n 1 c ec2n
: n lim _
1
" n#
n"#
coth n n lim n lim _ _
e n b e cn e n c e cn
50. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with n lim _

" c ec2n 1 b ec2n
: n lim _
n tanh n#
n"#
tanh n n lim n lim _ _
e n c e cn e n b e cn
51. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 n : n lim _ 52. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with
" 1b2b3bbn
1 n n n
1 n
n lim _
1 n n
1.
" n# : n lim _
n"#
nn n#
n n lim n1 _
53.
lim n_ 54.
n an 2 b 1b n"#
n lim _
"
" b 1) n(n #
2 n(n b 1) .
The series converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with

4n 2n b 1
" n# :
2n# n# b n
n lim _
n lim _
6 n$
4 2
2.
" 1 b 2# b 3# b b n #
n(n b 1)(2n b 1) 6
6 n(n b 1)(2n b 1)
the series converges by the Direct Comparison Test

an an an 55. (a) If n lim 0, then there exists an integer N such that for all n N, b c 0 1 c1 b 1 _ bn n n an bn . Thus, if ! bn converges, then ! an converges by the Direct Comparison Test. an an _, then there exists an integer N such that for all n N, b 1 an bn . Thus, if (b) If n lim n _ bn ! bn diverges, then ! an diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
595
56. Yes, !
n1
an n
converges by the Direct Comparison Test because
an n
an
an bn
an _ there exists an integer N such that for all n N, 57. n lim _ bn then ! bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test
1 an bn . If ! an converges,
" 60. Since an 0 and n lim lim a n2 an b 0, compare !an with ! n # , which is a convergent p-series; _ n_
59. Since an 0 and n lim a _ 0, by nth term test for divergence, ! an diverges. _ n n lim a n2 an b 0 !an converges by Limit Comparison Test _
_ n2
# 58. ! an converges n lim a 0 there exists an integer N such that for all n N, 0 an 1 an an _ n # ! an converges by the Direct Comparison Test
an 1n2
61. Let c_ q _ and p 1. If q 0, then !

n2
aln nbq np
1 nr
where 1 r p, then n lim _

1 aln nbcq npcr
qc1
aln nbq
1nr
np
n lim _
aln nbq npcr ,
n2
1 np ,
which is a convergent p-series. If q 0, compare with

aln nbq npcr
and p c r 0. If q 0 cq 0 and n lim _ n lim _

qc2
n lim _
qaq c 1baln nb qaq c 1baln nb qaq c 1b n lim . If q c 2 0 2 c q 0 and n lim n lim 0; otherwise, we _ ap c rb2 npcr _ ap c rb2 npcr _ ap c rb2 npcr aln nb2cq apply L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite, there is a positive integer k such that q c k 0 k c q 0. Thus, after k
qc2
lim n _ ap c rbnpcr
qaln nb
n lim _
0. If q 0, n lim _
q ap c rbnpcr aln nb1cq
aln nbq npcr
0, otherwise, we apply L'Hopital's Rule again. n lim _
n lim _
qaln nbqc1 1 n ap c rbnpcrc1
qaln nbqc1 ap c rbnpcr .
If q c 1 0 1 c q 0 and
qaq c 1baln nbqc2 1 n ap c rb2 npcrc1
applications of L'Hopital's Rule we obtain n lim _ 0 in every case, by Limit Comparison Test, the
qaq c 1baq c k b 1baln nbqck qaq c 1baq c k b 1b n lim _ ap c rbk npcr aln nbkcq a p c r b k n pc r _ bq series ! alnnn converges. p n 1 aln nbq np
aln nbq
0. Since the limit is
62. Let c_ q _ and p 1. If q 0, then !

n2
where 0 p r 1. n lim _
n _ acqbaln nbcqc1 1 n
n2
n2
1 np ,
which is a divergent p-series. If q 0, compare with

_ n2
1 np ,
which is a divergent p-series. Then n lim _

aln nbq
1np
np
lim
ar c pbn
rcpc1
n lim _
1 n r
np
a r c pb n aln nb n lim _, otherwise, we acqbacq c 1b _ apply L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite, there is a positive integer k such that cq c k 0 q b k 0. Thus, after
otherwise, we apply L'Hopital's Rule again to obtain n lim _ cq c 2 0 q b 2 0 and n lim _

a r c pb n acqbacq c 1baln nbcqc2
2 rcp
ar c p b n . acqbaln nbcqc1
rcp
n lim _
If cq c 1 0 q b 1 0 and n lim _
a r c pb2 nrcpc1 acqbacq c 1baln nbcqc2 1 n
2 rcp qb2
aln nbq npcr
n lim _
aln nbq _. If q 0 cq 0, compare with ! n lim _

nrcp aln nbcq
1 nr ,
since r c p 0. Apply L'Hopital's to obtain n lim _

ar c pbnrcp aln nbqb1 ac q b
_, If
a r c pb2 nrcp . acqbacq c 1baln nbcqc2
k applications of L'Hopital's Rule we obtain n lim _
a r c pbk nrcp acqbacq c 1bacq c k b 1baln nbcqck
n lim _
a r c pbk nrcp aln nbqbk acqbacq c 1bacq c k b 1b
_.
596

_
q
nb Since the limit is _ if q 0 or if q 0 and p 1, by Limit comparison test, the series ! aln npcr diverges. Finally if q 0
and p 1 then ! aln nbq 1

_
q
n 2
aln nbq np
aln nbq n
nb the series ! aln npcr diverges. n 1
1 n . Thus !
n2
aln nbq n .
Compare with !
aln nbq n
n2
1 n,
which is a divergent p-series. For n 3, ln n 1
n 1
n2
diverges by Comparison Test. Thus, if c_ q _ and p 1,
63. Converges by Exercise 61 with q 3 and p 4. 64. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q

1 2
and p 1 2.
65. Converges by Exercise 61 with q 1000 and p 1.001. 66. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q
1 5
and p 0.99.
67. Converges by Exercise 61 with q c3 and p 1.1.

1 68. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q c 1 2 and p 2 .
69. Example CAS commands: Maple: a := n -> 1./n^3/sin(n)^2; s := k -> sum( a(n), n=1..k ); # (a)] limit( s(k), k=infinity ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..100 )]: # (b) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(b) (Section 10.4)" ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..200 )]: # (c) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(c) (Section 10.4)" ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..400 )]: # (d) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(d) (Section 10.4)" ); evalf( 355/113 ); Mathematica: Clear[a, n, s, k, p] a[n_]:= 1 / ( n3 Sin[n]2 ) s[k_]= Sum[ a[n], {n, 1, k}] points[p_]:= Table[{k, N[s[k]]}, {k, 1, p}] points[100] ListPlot[points[100]] points[200] ListPlot[points[200] points[400] ListPlot[points[400], PlotRange All] To investigate what is happening around k = 355, you could do the following. N[355/113] N[1 c 355/113] Sin[355]//N a[355]//N N[s[354]]
Section 10.5 The Ratio and Root Tests

N[s[355]] N[s[356]]
597
1 ! 1 converges to 1. By Theorem 8, 70. (a) Let S ! n 2 , which is a convergent p-series. By Example 5 in Section 10.2, nan b 1b
! 12 c (b) Since ! nan 1 b 1b converges to 1 (from Example 5 in Section 10.2), S 1 b n

n1
S!
n1
n1 _
1 n2
n1
1 n an b 1 b
b!
n1
1 n2
c!
n1
1 n an b 1 b
n1
1 n an b 1 b
b!
n1
n1
1 n 2
1 n an b 1 b
_ n1
also converges.
1 n an b 1 b
(c) The new series is comparible to (d) The series 1 b !

1000000 n1 1000 n1
n 1
1 n2
1.644933067. Note that
1 n 2 an b 1 b
gives a better approximation. Using Mathematica, 1 b !

12 6
! 13 , n
1 so it will converge faster because its terms 0 faster than the terms of ! n 2.
n1 1000 n1
1 b ! n2 an1b 1b
n1
1.644934067. The error is 4.99 10c7 compared with 1 10c6 .
1 n 2 an b 1 b
1.644933568, while
10.5 THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS

2n n!
1.
0 for all n 1; lim

n_ n_
anb"b!
2nb" 2n n!
9
3
n_
2 2 lim anb" bn!

n
n! 2n
2 ! 2 converges lim n b n! " 0 1

n
n_
n 1
2.
nb2 3n
0 for all n 1; lim

n_
an
b 1b b 2 3nb1 nb2 9 n
aan aan
n_
3 lim n3b n 3
3n nb2
nb3 1 lim 3n b 6 lim 3 n_ n_ an b "b 2 an c 1 b !

3 2
1 3
b2 1 ! n3 converges n n 1
2
3.
an c 1 b ! an b 1 b 2
an c 1 b ! b4 lim 6n 2 _1!a diverges n b 1 b2 n_ n 1
0 for all n 1; lim

_
b1bc1b! b 1 b b 1 b2 c 1 b! 9 anb1b2
an
n_
an c 1 b ! lim nan b 2 b2
3n b 4n b 1 b 2n b n lim n n2 b 4n b 4 lim 2n b 4 n_ n_
4.
2nb1 n3nc1
! n2 3nc1 converges
nb 1
0 for all n 1; lim :

n_
an
2anb1bb1 b1b3anb1bc1 2nb1 ; n3nc1
n_
lim anb21b3n2 c1 3
nb1
n3nc1 2nb1
2 lim 3n2n b 3 lim 3

n_ n_
2 3
1
n 1
5.
n4 4n
lim 1 4 b
n_
0 for all n 1; lim

n_ 1 n3 1 n
an
b 1 b4 4nb1 n4 4n
3 2n2
1 4n4
n_
1 4
1 !n 4n converges
4
1b lim an4b n 4
4
4n n4
lim n
n_
b 4n3 b 6n2 b 4n b 1 4n4
n 1
6.
3nb2 ln n
! 3 diverges lim 3 1 3 1 ln n
n_
nb2
0 for all n 2; lim

n_ _ n 2
3anb1bb2 ln anb1b 3nb2 ln n
n_
3 lim ln3an b 1b
nb2
ln n 3 n b2
ln n lim ln 3 an b 1b lim n_ n_
3 n 1 nb 1
b3 lim 3n n n_
7.
n 2 an b 2 b ! nx32n
b 15n b 7 6n b 15 6 lim 3n 27n2 b 18n lim 54n b 18 lim 54

2
0 for all n 1; lim : n_

n_
an
an
b 1b2 aan b 1b b 2b! b 1b 32an 1b

x b
n 2 a n b 2 b! nx32n
n_ 1 9
1b an b 3ban b 2b! lim an b an b 1bnx32n 32

2
n_
n_
b 2 b! 1 ! n annx3 converges 2n
2
nx32n n 2 an b 2 b !
lim n
n_
b 5n2 b 7n b 3 9n3 b 9n2
n 1
598
8.

n 5 n a2n b 3b lnan b 1b
0 for all n 1;
lnan b 1b lnan b 2b
an
n 5 ! nb2 1 lim 20 4 lim n b 1 5 lim 1 5 1 5 1 a2n b 3b lnan b 1b diverges

n
n_
1ba2n b 3b lim 5an b na2n b 5b n_
n_
lim
n_
a2an b 1b b 3b lnaan b 1b b 1b
b 1 b 5n
n5n a2n b 3b lnan b 1b 2
n_
lnan b 1b b 25n b 15 b 25 20n lim 10n 2n lim lim lnan b 2 b 5n 2b lim 4n b 5 n_ _ n_ n_ n 2
n_
n b 1 b 5 5 lim a2nab 5b lnan b 2b

n
a2n b 3b lnan b 1b n 5 n
1 nb1 1 nb2
n_
9.
7 a2n b 5bn 4n a3n bn
7 n 0 for all n 1; lim a2n b 5bn n_

n
n_
7 ! 7 n converges lim 2n b 5 0 1 a2n b 5b

n
n 1
10.
4 n 0 for all n 1; lim a3n bn n_ n_
n_
4 4 lim 3n 0 1 ! a3n converges bn

n
n 1
n b 3 n b 3 n 4n 11. 4n 0 for all n 2; lim 3n c 5 3n c 5
n_
b3 lim 4n 3n c 5 n b1
n_
lim 4 3
4 3
b3 diverges 1 ! 4n 3n c 5 n n 1 1 b1 n
12. lne2 b 1 n
_ n 1
n b1
! lne2 b 1 n
n 0 for all n 1; lim lne2 b 1 n
n b1
n_
n_
diverges
lim lne2 b 1 n
lnae2 b 2 1
13.
8 3 b 1 2n n
8 n 0 for all n 1; lim 3 b 1 2n n_

n
n_
lim
n
n 8 2 9 3b 1 n
1 9
1 !
8 1 2n n 1 3 b n
converges
_
n 1 1 14. sin 0 for all n 1; lim sin n n
n_
n_
1 1 lim sin sina0b 0 1 ! sin converges n n n n 1 _

2
n n 0 for all n 1; lim 1 c 1 n 15. 1 c 1 n n 2 2
n_
n_
n ec1 1 ! 1 c 1 n converges lim 1 c 1 n n

n 1 n_ 1 ! 1" lim n n n 0 1 n bn converges
n
16.
" n1bn
n " 0 for all n 2; lim n 1 bn
n_
n_
lim n1n 1 b1
n
n 2
17. converges by the Ratio Test:
lim anb1 n _ an
n lim _
(n b 1) 2 2 n b1
n 2
#n
n (n b 1) 2 " 2 " 1 b n n lim n lim 2 2 # _ #nb1 _ n
" #
1
18. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n lim _
b 1) (n enb1
# n en
n lim _
(n b 1)2 enb1
en lim n2 n _
1 b " # " n e _ _
" e
1
19. diverges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n lim _ n lim _ n lim _
b 1)! (n enb1
n! e n
(n b ")! enb1
en n!
n lim _ n lim _
nb" e
a nb 1 an
b 1)! (n 10nb1
n! 10 n
(n b ")! 10nb1
10n n!
n 10
21. converges by the Ratio Test:
lim anb1 n _ an
b 1) (n 10nb1
"! "! n 10n
(n b ")"! 10nb1
10n n"!
" "! " 1 b n n lim 10 _
" 10
1

2 n nc 1 b 22. diverges; n lim a n lim n lim n _ n _ _ c2 n n
599
ec# 0
n n
23. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: geometric series
2b(c1)n (1.25)n
th c2 b (c1)n d 4 4 5 5 (3) which is the n term of a convergent
24. converges; a geometric series with krk c 2 3 1
1 c 3 n lim 1 b 25. diverges; n lim a n lim n _ n _ n_ 1 c 26. diverges; n lim a n lim _ n _

" n 3n
c3 n n
ec$ 0.05 0
c"$ 0.72 0 ; e n
1b n lim _ :
ln n n$
c " 3 n
27. converges by the Direct Comparison Test:
n n$
" n#
for n 2, the nth term of a convergent p-series.

n
n (ln n) n 28. converges by the nth-Root Test: n lim an n lim nn n lim _ _ _
a(ln n)n b1n ann b1n
n lim _
ln n n
n lim _
" n 1
01
29. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: with " n.
" n
" n#
nc1 n#
" " # n for n 2 or by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1)

" n n# " n n lim c _ " n 1 n n#
n n " 30. converges by the nth-Root Test: n lim an n lim n c _ _
31. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: 32. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 33. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 34. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 35. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 36. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 37. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 38. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ n lim _
1 b " n n
" a nb 1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an anb1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an
ln n n
" n
for n 3
" c n lim _ n
" n#
01
n lim _ n lim _ n lim _ n lim _ n lim _ n lim _ n lim _
(n b 1) ln (n b 1) #nb 1 (n b 2)(n b 3) (n b 1)! (n b 1)$ enb1 en n$
2n n ln (n)
" #
1
n! (n b 1)(n b 2) " e
01
1 n lim _
nb4 3(n b 1)
(n b 4)! 3! (n b 1)! 3nb1
3! n! 3n (n b 3)!
" 3
1
2 3
(n b 1)2nb1 (n b 2)! 3nb1 (n b 1)! (n b 1)! (2n b 3)! (n b 1)! (n b 1)nb1
3n n! n2n (n b 1)!
(2n b 1)! n! nn n!
n lim _
1 2 nb2 nb n lim n 3 nb1 _ nb" (2n b 3)(2n b 2)
1
01
" n nb n
" e
1
n n lim n lim _ nb1 n_ n lim _

" ln n
"
n n n 39. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ (ln n)n _
n n ln n
01
600

n n ln n
n n n 40. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ (ln n)n2 _
n n 1 n lim _
n n lim n ln n lim n
_ _
01
41. converges by the Direct Comparison Test:
n! ln n n(n b 2)!
ln n n(n b 1)(n b 2)
n n(n b 1)(n b 2)
" (n b 1)(n b #)
" n#
which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series 42. diverges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n lim _
3nb1 (n b 1)$ 2nb1 <anb1bx <2(n b 1)x

2
n $ 2n 3n a2nbx <nx2
n lim _ n lim _
n3 (n b 1)3
3 #
3 #
1
n2 b 2n b 1 4n2 b 6n b 2
43. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 44. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
n n
a nb 1 an
n lim _ n lim _
an b 1 b 2 (2n b 2)(2n b 1)
n lim _
1 4
1
a nb 1 an
n
n lim 2n b 5 n lim 2 6 b 4 2 b 3 3 b 6 1 _ 2n b 3 _ 3 6 n b 9 3 n b 2 2 n b 6 45. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _

a nb 1 an
a2n b 5b2nb1 b 3 3nb1 b 2 2 3
2 3
1
3n b 2 a2n b 3ba2n b 3b
n lim 2n b 5 _ 2n b 3
2 6 n b 4 2 n b 3 3 n b 6 3 6 n b 9 3 n b 2 2 n b 6
n lim _
sin n 1 bn an an
01 n lim _
" b tanc" n n
a nb 1 46. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim n lim _ an _ 1 approaches 1 b # while the denominator tends to _ a nb 1 an
1 b tan n
c" n
an
an
0 since the numerator
n lim _
c1 3n 2n b 5 an an
n lim _
3n c 1 2n b 5
3 #
n 1 1 nc2 n nc n nc 48. diverges; anb1 n b 1 an anb1 n b 1 n anc1 anb1 n b 1 n n c 1 anc2 a c c " n n 1 n 2 3 " anb1 n b 1 n n c 1 # a" anb1 n b 1 anb1 n b 1 , which is a constant times the
general term of the diverging harmonic series

a nb 1 an
49. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
2 n an an
n n
n lim _
2 n
01
n n
50. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 51. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 52.
n b ln n n b 10
a nb 1 an
an
9 an
n lim _
" #
1
" n
a nb 1 an
1 bnln n an an
n lim _
"bln n n
n lim _
01 1
anb1
0 and a"
n b ln n n b 10
an an ; thus anb1 an
" 3
" #
an 0; ln n 10 for n e"! n b ln n n b 10
" #
n lim a 0, so the series diverges by the nth-Term Test _ n

%
n b ln n n b 10
53. diverges by the nth-Term Test: a"
n! " n! " n " an a 1 because 3 n lim 3 is a subsequence of 3 whose limit is 1 by Table 8.1 _ n
3 3 6 " %! " 2 " 2 " 2 " , a# 3 , a$ 3 3 , a% 3 3 , ,

54. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: a"
n! n " #
601
" which is the nth-term of a convergent geometric series an " # # 55. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ nb" " n lim # 1 _ 2n b 1
a nb 1 an
, a$ " " " " , , a# " # # # , a% # #

2nb1 (n b 1)! (n b 1)! (2n b 2)! (2n)! 2n n! n!
# $
'
' %
#%
n lim _
n lim _
2(n b 1)(n b 1) (2n b #)(2n b 1)
(3n b 3)! 1)! (n b 2)! a nb 1 56. diverges by the Ratio Test: n lim n lim n! (n b(3n)! _ an _ (n b 1)! (n b 2)! (n b 3)! (3n b 3)(3 b 2)(3n b 1) b 2 3n b 1 n lim n lim 3 3n nb# n b 3 3 3 3 27 1 _ (n b 1)(n b 2)(n b 3) _
n (n!) n 57. diverges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ ann b# _ n n n
n! n#
_1
n! nn 1 n " 2 3 n c n lim n n n n _ n
n (n!) n (n!) 58. converges by the Root Test: n lim n lim n lim an n b n _ _ _ n n# " n lim 01 _ n n n n 59. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ 2n# _ n
n #n
n lim _ _1
" #n ln 2
01
n n n 60. diverges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ a #n b # _

n
n 4
61. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 62. converges by the Ratio Test: an n lim _ n lim 4n b 6n b 2 _ 4n# b 8n b 4
#
anb1 an
n lim _
13 (2n c 1)(2n b 1) 4nb1 2nb1 (n b 1)!
4n 2n n! 13 (2n c 1)
n lim _
2n b " (4#)(n b 1)
" 4
1
c2nb1 (n
(2n b 2)! b 1)!d# a3nb1 b 1b
a1 b 3 c n b a3 b 3cn b
a2n n!b# a3n b 1b (2n)!
13 (2n c 1) (24 #n) a3n b 1b " 3
n lim _
1234 (2n c 1)(2n) (24 2n)# a3n b 1b
" 3
1
(2n b ")(2n b 2) a3n b 1b 2# (n b 1)# a3nb1 b 1b
(2n)! a2n n!b# a3n b 1b
63. Ratio: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n " n Root: n lim an n lim np n lim _ _ _
n lim _
" (n b 1)p
np 1
n p 1p 1 no conclusion n lim _ nb1

" n n p
" (1)p
1 no conclusion
p
64. Ratio: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n lim _
" n n Root: n lim an n lim (ln n)p _ _
(1)p 1 no conclusion
" (ln (n b 1))p
(ln n)p 1
n lim _
"
p
ln n ln (n b 1)
n lim _
n b 1 n lim _ " n
"
nb" n
ln (ln n) n ln n n lim ln f(n) n lim n lim n lim n 1 _ _ _ _ " ln fn ! n n lim e e 1; therefore lim a n _ n_
(ln n)1n nlim _

"
; let f(n) (ln n)1n , then ln f(n)

" n ln n
p
ln (ln n) n
(ln n)1n nlim _
0 n lim (ln n)1n _ " (1) p 1 no conclusion

(n b ") 2nb1
65. an
n 2n
! an converges by the Direct Comparison Test

n1
for every n and the series !

n1
n #n
converges by the Ratio Test since n lim _
2n n
" #
1
602
66.
2n n!
2

0 for all n 1; lim : n_
_
n2 2 2anb1b anb1b! 2 2n n!
_ 1 ! 2n! diverges
n 1
n_
2 lim a nb1bn!
n2 b2nb1
n! 2n2
24 1ln 4 2 4 lim 2 nb1 lim nb1 lim

n_
2nb1 n n
n_
n_
10.6 ALTERNATING SERIES, ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE 1. converges by the Alternating Convergence Test since: un
1 n b1 1 n
1 n
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 1 n_ n
0.
0 for all n 1; n 1 n b 1 n n b 1 n
_ _
2. converges absolutely converges by the Alternating Convergence Test since ! kan k !

n 1
n1
" n$#
which is a
convergent p-series
3. converges converges by Alternating Series Test since: un an b 1b3nb1 n 3n

1 anb1b3nb1
1 n 3n
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
1 n3n
0 for all n 1; n 1 n b 1 n 3nb1 3n lim 1 n n_ n 3 0.
4. converges converges by Alternating Series Test since: un ln an b 1b ln n aln an b 1bb2 aln nb2
n_
lim un
lim 4 2 n_ aln nb
0.
1 aln anb1bb2
1 aln nb2
4 aln nb2
0 for all n 2; n 2 n b 1 n
4 aln anb1bb2
4 aln nb2
unb1 un ;
5. converges converges by Alternating Series Test since: un

n n 2 b1
n3 b 2n2 b 2n n3 b n2 b n b 1 nan2 b 2n b 2b n3 b n2 b n b 1 nan b 1b2 b 1 an2 b 1ban b 1b

n b1 an b 1 b 2 b 1
n n2 b 1
0 for all n 1; n 1 2n2 b 2n n2 b n b 1
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 2 n n_ n b 1
0.
6. diverges diverges by nth Term Test for Divergence since: 7. diverges diverges by nth Term Test for Divergence since:
2 lim n2 b 5 n_ n b 4
n_
n lim 22 n_ n
_
_
n_
lim ac1bnb1 2 n2 does not exist

n
b5 lim ac1bnb1 n n2 b 4 does not exist

2
8. converges absolutely converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since ! kan k ! Ratio Test, since lim
anb1 n_ an
lim 10 n_ n b 2
01
n1
n1
10n an b 1bx ,
which converges by the
9. diverges by the nth-Term Test since for n 10
n 10
n n n n 0 ! (c1)nb1 10 1 n lim diverges _ 10 n1 " ln x
10. converges by the Alternating Series Test because f(x) ln x is an increasing function of x un unb1 for n 1; also un 0 for n 1 and
" lim n _ ln n ln x x
is decreasing
11. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x)
f w (x)
ln n n
1 c ln x x#
0 when x e f(x) is decreasing

" n 1
un unb1 ; also un 0 for n 1 and n lim u n lim _ n _
n lim _
Section 10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence

12. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) ln a1 b xc" b f w (x) 13. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x)
x b " xb1 " 1 b n un unb1 ; also un 0 for n 1 and n lim u n lim ln 1 b " ln 1 0 n ln n lim _ n _ _ c" x(x b 1)
603
0 for x 0 f(x) is decreasing
f w (x)
n b " nb1 3 1 b
"
un unb1 ; also un 0 for n 1 and n lim u n lim _ n _ 14. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _
3 n b 1 n b 1
0
" n
1 c x c 2 x 2x (x b 1)#
0 f(x) is decreasing
n lim _
1 b n
30
" n 15. converges absolutely since ! kan k ! 10 a convergent geometric series

n1 n1
16. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since (c1) of a convergent geometric series 17. converges conditionally since is a divergent p-series 18. converges conditionally since
n1
nb 1
(0.1)n
" (10)n n
" 10 which is the nth term n
" n
" n b 1
0 and n lim _
" n
0 convergence; but ! kan k !

_ _ n1
n1
" n"#
! kan k !
_ _
n1
" 1 b n
is a divergent series since

_ _
" 1 b n
" 1 b n b 1
0 and n lim _
" # n
" 1 b n
and !
" 1 b n " n"#
0 convergence; but is a divergent p-series
n1
19. converges absolutely since ! kan k !

n 1
n1
n n $ b1
and
n n $ b1
" n#
which is the nth-term of a converging p-series
20. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _ 21. converges conditionally since !
_
n! #n
_ 0 and n lim _
" n " n b3
" nb3 " nb3
" (n b 1) b 3 " 4n
_
n1
" nb3
diverges because
and !
_
is a divergent series
0 convergence; but ! kan k

_ n1
n1
n n 22. converges absolutely because the series ! sin converges by the Direct Comparison Test since sin n# n#
n1
" n#
23. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _
3bn 5bn
10
nb 1
2) 24. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since (c n b5 n
2nb1 n b5 n
of a convergent geometric series
which is the nth term 2 2 5

n
25. converges conditionally since f(x)
" " b n un unb1 0 for n 1 and n lim 0 convergence; but ! kan k ! _ n#

_ _ n1
" x#
" x
2 f w (x) c x $ b
" x#
0 f(x) is decreasing and hence

n1
1 bn n#
!
_
n1
" n#
b!
_
n1
" n
is the sum of a convergent and divergent series, and hence diverges
604
26. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim a n lim 101n 1 0 _ n _

nb1 27. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: n lim uu n lim n _ _
(nb")# 2 3 n n# 2 3
n b1
2 3
1
'2_ x dx ln x
_ n1
un unb1 0 for n 2 and n lim _

b_
_
" x ln x
lim
! kan k !
n1
" n ln n
'2b : ln x ; dx
" x
" n ln n
(x) b 1d f w (x) c cln (x ln x)# 0 f(x) is decreasing
0 convergence; but by the Integral Test,

b_
b_
lim cln (ln b) c ln (ln 2)d _ lim cln (ln x)d b 2
diverges
atan " 29. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since '1 atanc" xb 1 b x# dx lim #
lim atan
b_
c"
bb c atan
c"
1b
" #
# 1 #
1 # 4
31 # 32
b_
c" xb#
b 1

x 1 c ln x c ln
(x c ln x)# " n
x x b ln x
ln x x c ln x
f w (x)
" " x (x c ln x) c (ln x) 1 c x
(x c ln x)#
1 c ln x (x c ln x)#
0 un unb1 0 when n e and n lim _

" ncln n
ln n n c ln n
n lim _
_ n1
! kan k !
n1
1 c " n
0 convergence; but n c ln n n diverges by the Direct Comparison Test

n nb1
" n
ln n ncln n
" n
so that
ln n n c ln n
31. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _

_ _
10
" n 32. converges absolutely since ! kan k ! 5 is a convergent geometric series

n1 n1
nb1 33. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: n lim uu n lim _ _ n
("00)nb1 (nb1)!
n! (100)n
n lim _
"00 nb1
01
34. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since ! kan k !

_ _ n1
n1
" n# b 2n b 1
and
" n# b 2n b 1
" n#
which is the
nth-term of a convergent p-series

_
c1) ! 35. converges absolutely since ! kan k ! (n n

_
n
n1
n1
n1
" n$#
is a convergent p-series
36. converges conditionally since !

n1
n1
cos n1 n
! kan k !
_ _
n1
" n
!
_
n1
(c1)n n
is the convergent alternating harmonic series, but
diverges
1 n
b 1) n 37. converges absolutely by the Root Test: n lim kan k n lim (n(2n) n _ _
n
n lim _
nb" #n
" #
1

38. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: n lim anb1 n lim _ an _ 39. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim kan k n lim _ _ n lim _
(n b 1)(n b 2)(n b (n c 1)) #nc1 1 n c1 nb n lim _0 # _ (2n)! 2n n! n a(n b 1)!b# ((2n b 2)!)
605
(2n)! (n!)#
n lim _
(n b 1)# (2n b 2)(2n b 1)
" 4
1
n lim _
(n b ")(n b 2)(2n) 2n n
b1 40. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: n lim an an n lim _ _
n lim _
(n b 1)# 3 (2n b 2)(2n b 3)
3 4
1
(n b 1)! (n b 1)! 3nb1 (2n b 3)!
(2n b 1)! n! n! 3n
41. converges conditionally since
n b 1 c n 1
decreasing sequence of positive terms which converges to 0 !

_ n1
n b 1 b n n b 1 b n
" n b 1 b n
" and n b 1 is a b n (c")n n b 1 b n " n ;
converges; but a divergent p-series:
n 1
! kan k !
_ _
n1
"
lim n_ : n lim _
n b 1 b n lim " n ; n _
n lim _
" n b 1 b n
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with

n n b 1 b n
n lim _
1 1 b 1 n b1
" #
bn b n 42. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim n# b n c n n lim n# b n c n n _ _ n # bn b n n n # bn b n " 1b " n b1
" #
43. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim n b n c n n lim n b n c n : _ _ n b n b n ; n lim _

n b n b n n
n b n b n
n lim _
1 b
"
n b 1
"
" #
44. converges conditionally since n b " n b 1 is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to 0 !
_ n1 _
(c")n n b n b 1
converges; but n lim _
n b " n b 1
so that !
n1
" n b n b 1
" n
n lim _
n n b n b 1
_ n1
n lim _
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with !
" n
1 b 1 b " n
"
" #
which is a divergent p-series

2en e2n b 1
45. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since sech (n) nth term of a convergent geometric series
2 e n b e cn
2en e2n
2 en
which is the
46. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1): ! kan k !
_ _ n1
n1
2 e n ce c n
Apply the Limit Comparison Test with

n_
1 en ,
the n-th term of a convergent geometric series:

2 1 c ec2n
lim c
2 en c ecn 1 en
9 n lim _ b
1 12
2en e n c e cn
n lim _
_
2 0 for all n 1;
47.
1 4
1 6
1 8
1 10
1 14
n b 2 n b 1 2an b 2b 2an b 1b
b !
n1
(c")nb1 2 an b 1 b ;
converges by Alternating Series Test since: un

1 2 an b 1 b
1 2 aa n b 1 b b 1 b
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 1 n_ 2anb1b
1 2 an b 1 b
0.
606
48. 1 b

1 4
1 9
1 16
1 25
1 36
1 49
1 64
which is a convergent p-series 0.2 49. kerrork (c1)' " 5 51. kerrork (c1)'
(0.01)& 5
b ! an ; converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since ! kan k !

_ _ _ n1 n1
n1
" n#
2 10c""
1 an b 1 b 2 b 3 nb1 an b 1 b 2 b 1
" 50. kerrork (c1)' 10 0.00001 &
53. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001 54. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001 998.9999 n 999 55. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001
2
0.001 an b 1b2 b 3 1000 n c1 b 997 30.5753 n 31 0.001 an b 1b2 b 1 1000an b 1b n

3 998b9982 b 4a998b 2
52. kerrork k(c1)% t% k t% 1
56. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001
n b 1 b 3n b 1 c 10 0 n b 1 c 3 b 29 b 40 2 n 3 n 4 1 lnalnan b 3bb
1 3 an b 1 b b 3 n b 1
0.001 an b 1b b 3n b 1 1000 5.297 10323228467
which is the maximum arbitrary-precision number represented by Mathematica on the particular computer solving this problem..
" (2n)! " n!
0.001 lnalnan b 3bb 1000 n c3 b ee
1000
57. 58.
5 10'
(2n)!
10' 5
10' 5
200,000 n 5 1 c
" #!
" #!
b
" 5!
" 4!
c
" 6!
" 6!
b
" 7!
" 8!
0.54030
" 8!
5 10'
n! n 9 1 c 1 b
" 3
" 3!
" 4!
0.367881944
59. (a) an anb1 fails since

_ _ n1 n1
" n " n " n " n b # ! 3 b ! # (b) Since ! kan k ! < 3 is the sum of two absolutely convergent
_ _ n1 n1
" #
60. s#! 1 c
" 3 b
series, we can rearrange the terms of the original series to find its sum:
" 9 " #
" 27 " 3
" b c # b " 4
" 4
" 8
b b
" 19
" 20
0.6687714032 s#! b
1 c " 3
" 3
" 1 c #
" #
" #
" c1c# " #1
" #
0.692580927
61. The unused terms are ! (c1)jb1 aj (c1)nb1 aanb1 c anb2 b b (c1)nb3 aanb3 c anb4 b b
jnb1
(c1)nb1 caanb1 c anb2 b b aanb3 c anb4 b b d . Each grouped term is positive, so the remainder has the same sign as (c1)nb1 , which is the sign of the first unused term.
" 1 2
62. sn
of the first series, hence the two series are the same. Yes, for
" sn ! k c
n k1
" " " " " " " 1 c " # b # c 3 b 3 c 4 b 4 c 5 b b n c

" k b1
" #3
" 34
b b
" n(n b 1)
!
n
k1
" k(k b 1)
" ! k c
n k1
" nb1
" kb1
which are the first 2n terms

" nb1
" " " " " " " " " " 1 c # b # c3 b 3 c4 b 4 c5 b b nc 1 c n b n c
1c
" nb1

" 1 c n b n lim s n lim 1 1 both series converge to 1. The sum of the first 2n b 1 terms of the first _ n _ " " " 1 c n b series is 1 c n b 1 b n b 1 1. Their sum is n lim s n lim 1 1. _ n _
607
63. Theorem 16 states that ! kan k converges ! an converges. But this is equivalent to ! an diverges ! kan k diverges
_ _ _ _ n1 n1 n1 n1
64. ka" b a# b b an k ka" k b ka# k b b kan k for all n; then ! kan k converges ! an converges and these imply that
_ _ n1 n1
! an ! kan k
_ _ n1 n1 _ n1 _ n1 _ n 1 _ n1 _ n1
65. (a) ! kan b bn k converges by the Direct Comparison Test since kan b bn k kan k b kbn k and hence (b) ! kbn k converges ! cbn converges absolutely; since ! an converges absolutely and
_ _ n1 _ n1 _ n1
! aan b bn b converges absolutely
(c) ! kan k converges kkk ! kan k !kkan k converges ! kan converges absolutely
_ _ n1 n1 n1
! cbn converges absolutely, we have ! can b (cbn )d ! aan c bn b converges absolutely by part (a)
n1 _
66. If an bn (c1)n
" n
, then ! (c1)n
_ n1
" n
converges, but ! an bn !
_ _ n1
n1
" n
diverges
" 67. s" c " # , s# c # b 1
s$ c b 1 c s% s$ b s' s& b
" #
s& s% c s( s' c
" 3 c0.1766, " " " #4 c #6 c #8 c " 5 c0.312, " " " 46 c 48 c 50 c
" 4
" 6
" 8
" #
" 10
c
" 3# " 54
" 1#
c
" 34 " 56
" 14
c
" 36 " 58
" 16
c
" 38 " 60
" 18
c
" 40 " 62
" #0
c
" 42 " 64
" 2#
c0.5099,
" 44 " 66
" 30 " 52
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c0.512, c0.51106
68. (a) Since ! kan k converges, say to M, for % 0 there is an integer N" such that ! kan k c M
n1
N" c1
% #
that ksN# c Lk
converges to L for % 0 there is an integer N# (which we can choose greater than or equal to N" ) such
% #
! kan k c : ! kan k b ! kan k ;

n1 n1 nN" _
N" c1
N" c1
% #
c ! kan k
nN"
% #
! kan k
nN"
% #
. Also, ! an
. Therefore, ! kan k
nN"
% #
and ksN# c Lk
% #
608

_ k n1 n1
(b) The series ! kan k converges absolutely, say to M. Thus, there exists N" such that ! kan k c M % sum ! kbn k so obtained. Then ! kbn k c M % as well !kbn k converges to M.
N# N# n1 n1 n1 _
whenever k N" . Now all of the terms in the sequence ekbn kf appear in ekan kf. Sum together all of the N" terms in ekbn kf, in order, until you include all of the terms ekan kf n 1 , and let N# be the largest index in the
10.7 POWER SERIES

nb 1 1. n lim uu 1 n lim xxn 1 kxk 1 c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c1)n , a divergent _ _ n n1 nb1
series; when x 1 we have ! 1, a divergent series

n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
b 5) nb 1 2. n lim uu 1 n lim (x (x b 5)n 1 kx b 5k 1 c6 x c4; when x c6 we have _ _ n
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c6 x c4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c6 x c4 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
n1
! (c1)n , a divergent series; when x c4 we have ! 1, a divergent series

n1
b 1) " " nb 1 3. n lim uu 1 n lim (4x (4x b 1)n 1 k4x b 1k 1 c1 4x b 1 1 c # x 0; when x c # we _ _ n
a divergent series " (a) the radius is " 4 ; the interval of convergence is c # x 0 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c " # x 0
nb1
have ! (c1)n (c1)n ! (c1)2n ! 1n , a divergent series; when x 0 we have ! (c1)n (1)n ! (c1)n ,
n1 n1 n1 n1 n1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
2) nb 1 4. n lim uu 1 n lim (3xnc b1 _ _ n
c1 3x c 2 1
" 3
x 1; when x
_
n (3x c 2)n
n 1 k3x c 2k 1 1 k3x c 2k n lim _ nb1

" 3 " n " 3
conditionally convergent; when x 1 we have ! (a) the radius is " 3 ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is (c) the series converges conditionally at x
c 2) nb 1 5. n lim uu 1 n lim (x 10 nb1 _ _ n
nb1
we have ! x1
n1
(c")n n
which is the alternating harmonic series and is
n1
, the divergent harmonic series
" 3
x1
" 3
(a) the radius is "0; the interval of convergence is c8 x 12 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c8 x 12 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
c8 x 12; when x c8 we have ! (c")n , a divergent series; when x 12 we have ! 1, a divergent series
n1 n1
10n (x c 2)n
_
1
kx c 2 k 10
1 kx c 2k 10 c10 x c 2 10
_
Section 10.7 Power Series

nb 1 6. n lim k2xk 1 k2xk 1 c " uu 1 n lim (2x) (2x)n 1 n lim # x _ _ _ n nb1
609
" (a) the radius is " # ; the interval of convergence is c # x
n1
! (c")n , a divergent series; when x
" #
we have ! 1, a divergent series

n1
" #
; when x c " # we have
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c " # x

b 1)x nb 1 7. n lim uu 1 n lim (n (n b 3) _ _ n
nb1
" #
" #
(n b 2) nxn
_ n1
have !
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c")n

_ n1
1 kxk n lim _
n nb#
(n b 1)(n b 2) (n b 3)(n)
, a divergent series by the nth-term Test; when x " we
1 kxk 1
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c" x " (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c" x " (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
n nb#,
a divergent series
b 2) nb 1 8. n lim uu 1 n lim (x n b1 n _ _
_
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c3 x c" (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x c" (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
x nb 1 9. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ (n b 1)n b 1 3nb1
nb1
n1
c1 x b 2 1 c3 x c1; when x c3 we have !

(c1)n n ,
n (x b 2)n
1 kx b 2k n lim _
_ n1
" n,
a divergent series; when x c" we have
n nb1
1 kx b 2k 1
a convergent series
kx k 3
when x 3 we have !
(1)(1) 1 kxk 3 c3 x 3; when x c3 we have !

_ n1
n n 3n xn
1
kx k 3
n lim _
n n n b 1 n lim _ nb1 (c")n , n$#
1
n1
an absolutely convergent series;
1 , n$#
a convergent p-series
nb1
c 1) nb 1 10. n lim uu 1 n lim (x n b 1 _ _ n

_
we have !
c1 x c 1 1 0 x 2; when x 0 we have !
n1
n (x c 1)n
1 kx c 1k n lim _
_ n1
n nb1
(c")n , n"#
a conditionally convergent series; when x 2
1 kx c 1k 1
1 , n"#
a divergent series
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 0 x 2 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 0 x 2 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 0
nb1
nb 1 " 1 for all x 11. n lim n! 1 kxk n lim uu 1 n lim x _ _ (n b 1)! xn _ nb1 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x
610
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 " 1 for all x 12. n lim uu 1 n lim 3 x 3nn! xn 1 3 kxk n lim _ _ (n b 1)! _ nb1 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally nb1 n b1
nb 1 13. n lim uu 1 n lim 4 _ _ n
nb1 2nb2
x nb1
1 (a) the radius is 1 2 ; the interval of convergence is c 2 x
n1
1 1 ! 4n c 1 2n ! c2 x 2 ; when x c 1 2 we have n 2 4n 1 2n n 2
n 4n x2n
_ n1
4n 4x# 1 x# 1 x# n lim _ nb1

_ n1
1 4 1 2
1 n
, a divergent p-series; when x
we have
n1
1 n,
a divergent p-series
1 2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c 1 2 x
1 2
nb 1 14. n lim uu 1 n lim (x c 1) _ _ an b 1b2 3nb1 n nb1
x nb 1 15. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ (n b 1)# b 3
nb1
n1
! (3) ! 12 , an absolutely convergent series. n2 3n n

n
c3) ! (c1) c2 x 4; when x c2 we have ! (n 2 3n n2 , an absolutely convergent series; when x 4 we have

n n
n2 3n (x c 1)n
1 1 lx c 1l n lim lx c 1l 1 n 3 _ 3 an b 1 b 2
2
n 1
n1
n1
n1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
nb1
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have !
" n# b 3
n# b 3 xn
n1
(c")n n# b 3
1 kxk n lim _
n# b 3 n# b 2n b 4
, a conditionally convergent series; when x 1 we have
" kxk 1
, a divergent series
x nb 1 16. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ (n b 1)# b 3
a conditionally convergent series (a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 1
n# b 3 xn
n1
" n# b 3
1 kxk n lim _
n# b 3 n# b 2n b 4
, a divergent series; when x 1 we have !
" kxk 1
_ n1
(c")n n# b 3

b 3) nb 1 17. n lim uu 1 n lim (n b 1)(x 5nb1 _ _ n
nb1
611
series; when x 2 we have !
kx b 3k 5 c5 x b 3 5 c8 x 2; when x c8 we have !
_ n1
5n n(x b 3)n
1
kx b 3 k lim 5 n_
" nb 1 n
_ n1
n(c5)n 5n
n5n 5n
nb1
! n, a divergent series
n1
! (c1)n n, a divergent
n1
kx b 3k 5
_
1
nb 1 18. n lim uu 1 n lim (n b 1)x _ _ 4nb1 an# b 2n b 2b n
a divergent series (a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is c4 x 4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c4 x 4 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c4
nb 1 19. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _
n1
n(c1)n n# b 1
4 n an # b 1 b nxn
1
, a conditionally convergent series; when x 4 we have !
kx k 4 n lim _
b 1) an b 1b (n n an# b 2n b 2b 1 kxk 4
#
n1
n n# b 1
n b 1 xnb1 3nb1
nb 1 20. n lim uu 1 n lim _ n _ nb 1
c3 x 3; when x c3 we have ! (c1)n n , a divergent series; when x 3 we have ! n, a divergent series

n1 n1
3n n xn
1
kx k 3
1 nb 1 n lim n _
kxk 3
1 kxk 3
_
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x c2 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally 21. First, rewrite the series as ! a2 b (c1)n bax b 1bnc1 ! 2ax b 1bnc1 b ! (c1)n ax b 1bnc1 . For the series
n1
nb1 series ! (c1)n ax b 1bnc1 : n lim 1 lx b 1l 1 uu 1 n lim (c1) axb1b 1 lx b 1ln lim _ _ (c1)n axb1bnc1 _ n n1 nb1 n
(a) the radius is " # ; the interval of convergence is c3 x c2
n n n ! (c1) n, a divergent series since n lim n 1; when x c2 we have ! n, a divergent series _ n1 n1
lim t _ k2x b 5k tlim n n 9 1 k2x b 5k 1 c1 2x b 5 1 c3 x c2; when x c3 we have

n
n b 1 (2xb5)nb1 n n (2xb5)n
1 k2x b 5k n lim _
nb 1
nb1 n n
_
1
! 2ax b 1b
_
n1
n1
n1
n c1
nb 1 lim uu n_ n
1
n lim 2axb1b n _ 2axb1bnc1
1 lx b 1ln lim 1 lx b 1l 1 c2 x 0; For the _
c2 x 0; when x c2 we have ! a2 b (c1)n bac1bnc1 , a divergent series; when x 0 we have ! a2 b (c1)n b, a divergent series
_ n1
n1
612

nb1 2nb2
(c1) nb 1 22. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ n
17 9
x
19 9 ;
when x
_ n1
17 9
n1
(a) the radius is 1 9 ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is (c) the series converges conditionally at x
nb 1 lim uu n_ n
(c1)n 32n 1 n 3n 9
(c1)n 3n ,
we have !
3 ax c 2bnb1 3 an b 1 b
_ n1
(c1)n 32n 1 n c9 3n
3n (c1)n 32n ax c 2bn

_
1 lx c 2ln lim _
1 3n ,
9n nb1
9lx c 2l 1
19 9
!
19 9
n1
a divergent series; when x
we have
a conditionally convergent series. x

17 9
x
19 9
17 9
19 9
"
t
23.
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
b 1)x nb 1 24. n lim uu 1 n lim ln (n xn ln n n _ _
_
nb1
lim 1 b n_
n c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c1)n 1 b " n , a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since
n1
1 n lim _
1 b
" xn 1 b n
n
" nb1
nb1
xnb1
_
lim 1 b t e _ 1 kxk : lim 1 b " n ; 1 kxk e 1 kxk 1 n n_

t
" n n
" n e 0; when x 1 we have ! 1 b n , a divergent series

n 1
x " n nb 1 1 b n 25. n lim (n b 1) 1 uu 1 n lim (n b 1) 1 kxk n lim n lim nn xn _ _ _ _ n e kxk n lim (n b 1) 1 only x 0 satisfies this inequality _
nb1 nb1
when x 1 we have ! ln n, a divergent series

n1
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c1)n ln n, a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since n lim ln n 0; _
n1
nb1 n 1 kxk 1 1 kxk n lim 1 kxk n lim _ " _ nb1

"
n
(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 0 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 0 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
1)! (x c 4) nb 1 26. n lim (n b 1) 1 only x 4 satisfies this inequality uu 1 n lim (n bn! 1 kx c 4k n lim (x c 4)n _ _ _ n (a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 4 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 4 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 27. n lim uu 1 n lim (x b 2) _ _ (n b 1) 2nb1 n nb1
the alternating harmonic series which converges conditionally (a) the radius is 2; the interval of convergence is c4 x 0 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c4 x 0 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 0
! (c1) c2 x b 2 2 c4 x 0; when x c4 we have ! c" n , a divergent series; when x 0 we have n

n1 n1
n2n (x b 2)n
1
kx b 2 k lim # n_
_
n nb 1 1
kx b 2k #
1 kx b 2k 2
_
nb1

(n b 2)(x c 1) nb 1 n b 2 1 2 kx c 1k 1 28. n lim uu 1 n lim (c(2) c2)n (n b 1)(x c 1)n 1 2 kx c 1k n lim _ _ _ nb1 n
nb1 n b1
613
we have ! (c1)n (n b 1), a divergent series

n 1
kx c 1k
_
" #
c" # xc1
" #
" #
x 3 # ; when x
" #
we have ! (n b 1) , a divergent series; when x

n1
3 #
(a) the radius is " # ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is
" #
x
" #
x
3 #
3 #
x nb 1 29. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ (n b 1) aln (n b 1)b# n
nb1
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
x nb 1 30. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ (n b 1) ln (n b 1) n
nb1
n1
kxk (1) n lim _

(c1)n n(ln n)#
which converges absolutely; when x 1 we have !
" n " 9 nb 1
1 kxk n lim _
n(ln n)# xn
nb1 n
1 kxk n lim _
#
_
1 kxk 1 c1 x 1; when x c1 we have

n1
n ln n n b 1 n lim _ ln (n b 1)
1
" n(ln n)#
which converges
when x 1 we have !
kxk (1)(1) 1 kxk 1 c1 x 1; when x c1 we have !

_ n2
n ln (n) xn
1 kxk n lim _
ln (n) n n b 1 n lim _ ln (n b 1) (c1)n n ln n
1
n2
, a convergent alternating series;
" n ln n
which diverges by Exercise 38, Section 9.3
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
2nb3
c 5) nb 1 31. n lim uu 1 n lim (4x (n b 1)$# n _ _
absolutely convergent; when x
k4x c 5k 1 c1 4x c 5 1 1 x
3 #
n$# (4x c 5)2nb1

_
1 (4x c 5)# n lim _

3 #
(a) the radius is " 4 ; the interval of convergence is 1 x (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1 x
3 #
we have !
n1
(")2nb1 n$#
; when x 1 we have !
3 #
n nb1
$#
1 (4x c 5)# 1 !
_ n1
n1
(c1)2nb1 n$#
c" n$#
which is
, a convergent p-series
b 1) nb 1 32. n lim uu 1 n lim (3x 2n b 4 _ n _
nb2
when x 0 we have !
2 ! c1 3x b 1 1 c 2 3 x 0; when x c 3 we have
_ n1
2n b 2 (3x b 1)nb1
2n b 2 1 k3x b 1k 1 1 k3x b 1k n lim _ 2n b 4

_ n1
(c1)nb1 2n b 1
, a conditionally convergent series;
2 (a) the radius is " 3 ; the interval of convergence is c 3 x 0
(")nb1 2n b 1
n1
" #n b 1
, a divergent series
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c 2 3 x 0 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c 2 3
614

nb1
a2nb x nb 1 1 1 for all x 33. n lim 246x uu 1 n lim 1 kxk n lim n _ _ 246a2nba2an b 1bb _ 2n b 2 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally 1ba2an b 1b b 1bx 2n b 3bn 2 nb 1 357an2n 34. n lim uu 1 n lim 357a2nab a2 1 only b 1bxnb1 1 kxk n lim _ n _ _ an b 1 b 2 n b 1b2 2nb1 x 0 satisfies this inequality (a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 0 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 0 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb2 2 n 2
35. For the series !
n1
1b2bbn n 12 b 22 b b n2 x ,
_
na n b 1 b
ba
recall 1 b 2 b b n
_
b
n an b 1 b 2
and 12 b 22 b b n2
nan b 1ba2n b 1b 6
so that we can 1
nb1 nb1 n rewrite the series as ! n n b 1 2 2n b 1 9xn ! 2n 3 uu 1 n lim a2an3x b 1 x ; then n lim b1 b b 1 b _ _ n 6 n1 n1
a
convergent series; when x 1 we have ! 2n 3 b 1 , a divergent series. (a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c 1
_ n1
n kxk n lim a2n b 1b 1 kxk 1 c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! 2n 3 b 1 ac1b , a conditionally _ a2n b 3b n1

_
a2n b 1b 3xn
36. For the series ! n b 1 c nax c 3bn , note that n b 1 c n

n1
n b 1 c n 1
can rewrite the series as ! lx c 3ln lim _
n 1
convergent series; when x 4 we have !
n b 1 b n n b 2 b n b 1
ax c 3 b n n b 1 b n ;
1 lx c 3l 1 2 x 4; when x 2 we have !
_ n1
nb1 then n lim uu 1 n lim ax c 3 b _ n _ n b 2 b n b 1 nb1
n b 1 b n n b 1 b n
n b 1 b n ax c 3 b n
1 n b 1 b n
so that we
n1
ac 1 b n n b 1 b n ,
1
a conditionally
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 2 x 4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 2 x 4 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 2
nb1
1 n b 1 b n ,
a divergent series;
an b 1bxx nb 1 37. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ 369a3nba3an b 1bb
369a3nb nx x n
2 nb1
n 1 1 lxln lim a b b1 _ 3 an b 1 b
lx l 3
1 lxl 3 R 3
2
nb 1 38. n lim uu 1 n lim a246a2nba2an b 1bbb x _ n _ a258a3n c 1ba3an b 1b c 1bb2 9 lxl 9 4 R 4
a258a3n c 1bb2 a246a2nbb2 xn
1 lxln lim a2n b 2b 1 _ a3n b 2b2

2
4 lx l 9
1
aan b 1bxb x nb 1 39. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ 2nb1 a2an b 1bbx n

2 nb1 2
2n a2nbx a n xb 2 x n
an b 1 b 1 lxln lim 1 _ 2a2n b 2ba2n b 1b
lx l 8
1 lxl 8 R 8
n n n n n n n 1 lxlec1 1 lxl e R e 40. n lim un 1 n lim x 1 lxl n lim nb1 _ _ _ nb1

nb 1 41. n lim 3 1 lxl uu 1 n lim 3 3n x xn 1 lxl n lim _ _ _ n nb1 n b1
615
1 3
_
n0
! 3n c 1 n ! ac1bn , which diverges; at x 3

_ n0
1 3
! a3xb is a convergent geometric series when

n
n0
x nb1
c1 3
n ! 1 , which diverges. The series ! 3n xn we have ! 3n 1 3

n0 n0 n0
1 1 c1 3 x 3 ; at x c 3 we have
_
x
1 3
and the sum is
1 1 c 3x .
ae c 4 b nb 1 42. n lim 1 1 lex c 4l 1 3 ex 5 ln 3 x ln 5; uu 1 n lim aex c 4bn 1 lex c 4l n lim n _ _ _
diverges. The series ! ae c 4b is a convergent geometric series when ln 3 x ln 5 and the sum is
x n
n0
n n at x ln 3 we have ! eln 3 c 4 ! ac1bn , which diverges; at x ln 5 we have ! eln 5 c 4 ! 1, which

n0 _ n0 n0 n0
1 1 c ae x c 4 b
1 5 c ex .
1) nb 1 43. n lim uu 1 n lim (x c 4nb1 _ _ n

_
2nb2
we have !
n0
c2 x c 1 2 c1 x 3; at x c1 we have !
n0
4n (x c 1)2n
1
(x c 1)# lim 4 n_
_ n0
(c2)2n 4n
22n 4n
(x c ")2n 4n "
#
" 1 c xc #
!
"
n0
4 c (x c ")# 4
n 1 # x c #
n0
4n 4n
! 1, a divergent series; the interval of convergence is c1 x 3; the series

n0
n ! 1, which diverges; at x 3 !4 4n
k1k 1 (x c 1)# 4 kx c 1k 2
_ _ n0
n0
is a convergent geometric series when c1 x 3 and the sum is

4 3 b 2x c x#
4 4 c x# b 2x c 1
1) nb 1 44. n lim uu 1 n lim (x b 9nb1 _ _ n

_ _
2nb2
n0 _ n0
c3 x b 1 3 c4 x 2; when x c 4 we have !
3 9n
2n
9n (x b 1)2n
1
(x b 1)# lim 9 n_
_ n0
(c3)2n 9n
k1k 1 (x b 1)# 9 kx b 1k 3
_ n0
(x b 1)2n 9n "
#
! " which also diverges; the interval of convergence is c4 x 2; the series

n0 _
! 1 which diverges; at x 2 we have
1 1 c xb 3
1 # ! x b is a convergent geometric series when c4 x 2 and the sum is 3 n

n0
9 c (x b 1)# 9
"
9 9 c x# c 2x c 1
9 8 c 2x c x#
nb 1 45. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _
x c 2nb1 2nb1
_
series; the interval of convergence is 0 x 16; the series ! 0 x 16 and its sum is
1c " x c 2
0 x 16; when x 0 we have ! (c1)n , a divergent series; when x 16 we have ! (1)n , a divergent
n0 _ n0
2n x c 2 n
1 x c 2 2 c 2 x c 2 2 0 x 4
_
2c
" x b 2
n0
2 4 c x
x c 2 n #
is a convergent geometric series when
x) c" nb 1 46. n lim x e; when x ec" or e we uu 1 n lim (ln (ln x)n 1 kln xk 1 c1 ln x 1 e _ _ n
nb1
obtain the series ! 1n and ! (c1)n which both diverge; the interval of convergence is ec" x e; ! (ln x)n when ec" x e
n 0 n0 n0
" 1 c ln x
616

#
nb 1 47. n lim uu 1 n lim x _ n _
c2 x 2 ; the series ! x
" # b1 1 c x 3
kxk 2 c2 x 2 ; at x 2 we have ! (1)n which diverges; the interval of convergence is

_ n0
#
b1 3
n b1
n x# 3 b1 1
ax # b 1 b lim 3 n_
_
k1k 1
x# b " 3
1 x# 2
" # 3 c x3 c 1
n0
3 # c x#
b1 3
is a convergent geometric series when c2 x 2 and its sum is
ax nb 1 48. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _

_ n0
have ! 1n , a divergent series; the interval of convergence is c3 x 3 ; the series ! x convergent geometric series when c3 x 3 and its sum is
" # c1 1 c x 2
# c 1bnb1 2nb1
2n ax # b 1 b n
1 kx# c 1k 2 c3 x 3 ; when x 3 we
_
#
2 c x # c 1
"
n0
2 3 c x#
c1 2
is a
3) 49. n lim (x c #nb1 _
nb1
convergent geometric series is

2 xc1
when x 5 we have ! (c1)n which also diverges; the interval of convergence is 1 x 5; the sum of this
_ n1
2n (x c 3)n
1 kx c 3k 2 1 x 5; when x 1 we have ! (1)n which diverges;

n1
when x 1 or 5. The sum for f w (x) is
" " " then f w (x) c # b# (x c 3) b b c # n(x c 3)nc1 b is convergent when 1 x 5, and diverges n c2 (x c 1)#
" 3 1 b xc #
2 x c1
" " " . If f(x) 1 c # (x c 3) b 4 (x c 3)# b b c # (x c 3)n b n 2 xc1
, the derivative of
n
" # n " 50. If f(x) 1 c " # (x c 3) b 4 (x c 3) b b c # (x c 3) b
xc
(x c 3)# 4
_
(x c 3)$ 12
1) 2 the series ! (c nb1 converges. Therefore the interval of convergence is 1 x 5 and the sum is
n
b b c " #
2 xc1
n (x c 3)nb1 n b1
2 b . At x 1 the series ! nc b 1 diverges; at x 5

_ n1
2 xc1
then ' f(x) dx
51. (a) Differentiate the series for sin x to get cos x 1 c

) x"! 1c b c b x 8! c 10! b . 2nb2 n b! 2 lim x a# x#8 x n lim n _ (2n b 2)! _
2 ln kx c 1k b (3 c ln 4), since '

x# #! x% 4! x' 6!
n1
dx 2 ln kx c 1k b C, where C 3 c ln 4 when x 3.
3x# 3!
5x% 5!
7x' 7!
9x) 9!
11x"! 11!
The series converges for all values of x since

" a2n b 1ba 2n b 2b 0 1 for all x. 2* x* 9!
(b) sin 2x 2x c
128x 512x 2048x b 32x 5! c 7! b 9! c 11! b " " $ # (c) 2 sin x cos x 2 <(0 1) b (0 0 b 1 1)x b 0 c" # b 1 0 b 0 1 x b 0 0 c 1 # b 0 0 c 1 3! x " " " " " " " % & b 0 4! b 1 0 c 0 # c 0 3! b 0 1 x b 0 0 b 1 4! b 0 0 b # 3! b 0 0 b 1 5! x 2$ x$ 3! 2& x& 5! 2( x( 7! 2"" x"" 11! 8x$ 3!
& ( * ""
b 2x c
b 0
2x c
" 6!
b10b0
$ $
2 x 3!
2 x 5!
& &
" 4!
b0 b
" 3!
2 x 7!
( (
2 x 9!
* *
b0
" #
b0
2 x 11!
"" ""
" 5!
b 0 1 x' b 2 x c
x# #!
4x$ 3!
16x& 5!
52. (a) (b)
(c) ecx 1 c x b x #! c " " b 1 3! c1 # ! b " " b 1 5! c 1 4! b

#
' ex dx ex b C x b x#
x$ 3! " #! " #!
d x
aex b 1 b
2x 2!
3x# 3!
x$ x% x& x 3! b 4! b 5! b b C, which is the general antiderivative of e % x& " cx x " bx 4! c 5! b ; e e 1 1 b (1 1 c 1 1)x b 1 #! c 1 1 b #! " " " " " " " % 1 c 3! 1 x$ b 1 4! c 1 3! b# ! #! c 3! 1 b 4! 1 x " " " " " & 3! c 3! #! b 4! 1 c 5! 1 x b 1 b 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b
#
4x$ 4!
5x% 5!
b 1bxb
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b ex ; thus the derivative of ex is ex itself 1 x#
Section 10.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

53. (a) ln ksec xk b C ' tan x dx ' x b (b) sec# x when c 1b converges when c
1 # d(tan x) dx x$ 3
617
x #
x 1#
x 45
'
(c) sec# x (sec x)(sec x) 1 b 1bx " # #

" # 5 b" # x b 24 b 4 % 17x' 62x) b 2x 3 b 45 b 315
x
17x 2520 1 #
b x
1 #
d dx
x b
31x 14,175 1 # x$ 3
"!
b b C; x 0 C 0 ln ksec xk
2x& 15
2x& 15
17x( 315
62x* 2835
b dx
x# #
b b
x% 12
x' 45
17x) 2520
31x"! 14,175
b ,
17x( 315
62x* 2835
b 1 b x# b b b
61 ' 720 x x# #
2x% 3
17x' 45
62x) 315
b , converges
x# #
b ,c
5 % 24 x
5x% 24
b
1 #
61x' 720
61 720
x
x# 2
b 1 b
5 48 1 # 5 48
5x% 24
61x' 720
54. (a) ln ksec x b tan xk b C ' sec x dx ' 1 b xb xb

x 6 x 6
$ $
b b
x 24 x 24
&
&
b b
61x 5040 61x 5040

(
b b
277x 72,576 277x* 72,576
b b C; x 0 C 0 ln ksec x b tan xk b , converges when c 1 # x

x# #
5x% 24
61x' 720
b dx
1 #
(b) sec x tan x when c

1 #
(c) (sec x)(tan x) 1 b c

1 #
x
d(sec x) dx 1 #
d dx
1 b
5x% 24 " 6
5x% 24
61x' 720
b xb
x$ 3
5x$ 6
61x& 120
277x( 1008
b , converges
" $ 2 x b " 3 b # x b 15 b
x# #
x
1 #
61x' 720
5 & 24 x
b x b
17 b 315 b
" 15
b
5 72
2x& 15
17x( 315
61 ( 720 x
b xb
5x$ 6
61x& 120
277x( 1008
b ,
55. (a) If f(x) ! an xn , then f k (x) ! n(n c 1)(n c 2)(n c (k c 1)) an xnck and f k (0) k!ak
_ _ n0
ak
(0) k!
(b) If f(x) ! an xn 0 for all x, then f k (x) 0 for all x from part (a) that ak 0 for every nonnegative integer k
_ n0
; likewise if f(x) ! bn xn , then bk

n0
nk _
f k (0) k!
ak bk for every nonnegative integer k
10.8 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES 1. f(x) e2x , f w (x) 2e2x , f ww (x) 4e2x , f www (x) 8e2x ; f(0) e2a0b ", f w (0) 2, f ww (0) 4, f www (0) 8 P! (x) 1, 3 P" (x) 1 b 2x, P# (x) 1 b x b 2x# , P$ (x) 1 b x b 2x# b 4 3x 2. f(x) sin x, f w (x) cos x , f ww (x) csin x , f www (x) ccos x; f(0) sin 0 0, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 0, f www (0) c1 3 P! (x) 0, P" (x) x, P# (x) x, P$ (x) x c 1 6x 3. f(x) ln x, f w (x)
" " # # $ P" (x) (x c 1), P# (x) (x c 1) c " # (x c 1) , P$ (x) (x c 1) c # (x c 1) b 3 (x c 1) " 1bx c# " x " www , f ww (x) c x # , f (x) 2 x$ ;
f(1) ln 1 0, f w (1) 1, f ww (1) c1, f www (1) 2 P! (x) 0,
4. f(x) ln (1 b x), f w (x) f w (0)

1 1 " x
1, f ww (0) c(1)
c1, f www (0) 2(1)c$ 2 P! (x) 0, P" (x) x, P# (x) x c

" " c4 (x c 2) b 8 (x c 2)# , " #
(1 b x)c" , f ww (x) c(1 b x)c# , f www (x) 2(1 b x)c$ ; f(0) ln 1 0,

x# #,
P$ (x) x c
x# #
x$ 3
5. f(x)
P$ (x)
P! (x)
" #
xc" , f w (x) cxc# , f ww (x) 2xc$ , f www (x) c6xc% ; f(2) c

" " " " # , P" (x) # c 4 (x c 2), P# (x) # " " " # $ 4 (x c 2) b 8 (x c 2) c 16 (x c 2)
" " , f w (2) c 4 , f ww (2) 4 , f www (x) c 3 8
618

" c4 , f ww (0) 2(2)c$ " # " 4
6. f(x) (x b 2)c" , f w (x) c(x b 2)c# , f ww (x) 2(x b 2)c$ , f www (x) c6(x b 2)c% ; f(0) (2)c" P$ (x) c
x 4
x 8
, f www (0) c6(2)c% c 3 8 P! (x)
x 16 2 2 1 w 1 # ,f 4 cos 4 # #2 , P" (x) #2 b #2 x c 1 4 , # 2 x c 1 c 1#2 x c 1 $ xc 1 4 c 4 4 4 1 4
" #
, P" (x)
" #
cx 4 , P# (x)
" #
" #
, f w (0) c(2)c#
x 4
x# 8
7. f(x) sin x, f w (x) cos x, f ww (x) c sin x, f www (x) c cos x; f 1 4 sin f ww 1 4 P# (x) c sin
2 #
1 8. f(x) tan x, f w (x) sec2 x, f ww (x) 2sec2 x tan x, f www (x) 2sec4 x b 4sec2 x tan2 x; f 1 4 tan 4 1 , 2 1 ww 1 2 1 www 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 fw 1 4 sec 4 2 , f 4 2sec 4 tan 4 4 , f 4 2sec 4 b 4sec 4 tan 4 16 P! (x) 1 , 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 3 P" (x) 1 b 2 x c 1 b3 xc 1 4 , P# (x) 1 b 2 x c 4 b 2 x c 4 , P$ (x) 1 b 2 x c 4 b 2 x c 4 4
2 2 1 1 www 1 4 c # ,f 4 c cos 4 c # P! 2 2 2 2 x c 1 x c 1 # 4 c 4 4 , P$ (x) # b # #
" c$# www c"# , f ww (x) c 4 c&# ; f(4) 4 2, 9. f(x) x x"# , f w (x) " x , f (x) 3 # x 8 x " c"# " " c$# " 3 c&# 256 4 c 32 P! (x) 2, P" (x) 2 b " f w (4) # 4 , f ww (4) c 4 4 ,f www (4) 3 8 4 4 (x c 4), " P# (x) 2 b 4 (x c 4) c " 64 " (x c 4)# , P$ (x) 2 b 4 (x c 4) c " 64
(x c 4)# b
" 51#
(x c 4)$
" c"# ww c&# 10. f(x) (1 c x)"# , f w (x) c " , f (x) c 4 (1 c x)c$# , f www (x) c 3 ; f(0) (1)"# 1, # (1 c x) 8 (1 c x) " " 3 3 c"# ww c$# f w (0) c " , f www (0) c 8 (1)c&# c 8 c" c4 P! (x) 1, # (1) # , f (0) c 4 (1) " " # " " # P" (x) 1 c " 2 x, P# (x) 1 c 2 x c 8 x , P$ (x) 1 c 2 x c 8 x c 1 16
x$
11. f(x) ecx , f w (x) cecx , f ww (x) ecx , f www (x) cecx f k (x) ac1bk ecx ; f(0) eca0b ", f w (0) c1,
1 3 # ! f ww (0) 1, f www (0) c1, f k (0) (c1)k ecx 1 c x b 1 2x c 6x b
_ n0
(c1)n n n! x
12. f(x) x ex , f w (x) x ex b ex , f ww (x) x ex b 2ex , f www (x) x ex b 3ex f k (x) x ex b k ex ; f(0) a0bea0b 0,
3 ! f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 2, f www (0) 3, f k (0) k x b x# b 1 2x b
_ n0
1 n an c 1 b ! x
13. f(x) (1 b x)c" f w (x) c(1 b x)c# , f ww (x) 2(1 b x)c$ , f www (x) c3!(1 b x)c% f k (x) (c1)k k!(1 b x)ckc1 ; f(0) 1, f w (0) c1, f ww (0) 2, f www (0) c3!, f k (0) (c1)k k! 1 c x b x# c x$ b ! (cx)n ! (c1)n xn
_ _ n0 n0
14. f(x)
f w (0) 3, f ww (0) 6, f www (0) 18, f k (0) 3ak!b 2 b 3x b 3x# b 3x$ b 2 b ! 3xn
_ n1
2bx 1cx
f w (x)
3 ww (1 c x)# , f (x)
6(1 c x)c$ , f www (x) 18(1 c x)c% f k (x) 3ak!b(1 c x)ckc1 ; f(0) 2,
15. sin x !
_
n0 _
(c")n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
sin 3x !
_
n0
(c")n (3x)2nb1 (#nb1)!
!
_
n0
(c")n 32nb1 x2nb1 (#nb1)!
3x c c
3$ x$ 3!
3& x& 5!
16. sin x !
n0
(c")n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
sin
_
x #
!
_
n0
2nb1 (c")n x # (#nb1)!
!
_
n0
(c")n x2nb1 #2nb1 (2nb1)!
x #
x$ 2$ 3!
x& 2& 5!
17. 7 cos (cx) 7 cos x 7 !
n 0
(c")n x2n (2n)!
7c
7x# #!
7x% 4!
7x' 6!
b , since the cosine is an even function
Section 10.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

18. cos x !
_
619
n0
(c1)n x2n (2n)!
5 cos 1x 5 !
_
n0
(c1)n (1x)2n (#n)!
5c
51 # x# 2!
51 % x % 4!
c
x$ 3!
51 ' x ' 6!
b c 1 b
x# #!
19. cosh x !
_ n0
e x b e cx #
" #
x2n (2n)!
1 b x# b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b b 1 c x b
x# #!
x% 4!
x% 4!
x' 6!
20. sinh x !
_ n0
e x c e cx #
" #
x2nb1 (2n b 1)!
1 b x b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b c 1 c x b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
c x b
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x' 6!
21. f(x) x% c 2x$ c 5x b 4 f w (x) 4x$ c 6x# c 5, f ww (x) 12x# c 12x, f www (x) 24x c 12, f 4 (x) 24 f n (x) 0 if n 5; f(0) 4, f w (0) c5, f ww (0) 0, f www (0) c12, f 4 (0) 24, f n (0) 0 if n 5 24 % $ % $ x% c 2x$ c 5x b 4 4 c 5x c 12 3! x b 4! x x c 2x c 5x b 4 22. f(x)
x# xb1
f w (x)
f www (0) c6, f n (0) ac1bn nx if n 2 x# c x3 b x4 c x5 b ! ac1bn xn

_ n2
2x b x# ; f ww (x) ax b 1 b 2
2 ; ax b 1 b 3
f www (x)
c6 ax b 1 b 4
f n (x)
ac 1 b n n x ; ax b 1bnb1
f(0) 0, f w (0) 0, f ww (0) 2,
23. f(x) x$ c 2x b 4 f w (x) 3x# c 2, f ww (x) 6x, f www (x) 6 f n (x) 0 if n 4; f(2) 8, f w (2) 10, 6 # $ f ww (2) 12, f www (2) 6, f n (2) 0 if n 4 x$ c 2x b 4 8 b 10(x c 2) b 12 2! (x c 2) b 3! (x c 2) 8 b 10(x c 2) b 6(x c 2)# b (x c 2)$ 24. f(x) 2x$ b x# b 3x c 8 f w (x) 6x# b 2x b 3, f ww (x) 12x b 2, f www (x) 12 f n (x) 0 if n 4; f(1) c2, f w (1) 11, f ww (1) 14, f www (1) 12, f n (1) 0 if n 4 2x$ b x# b 3x c 8 12 # $ # $ c2 b 11(x c 1) b 14 2! (x c 1) b 3! (x c 1) c2 b 11(x c 1) b 7(x c 1) b 2(x c 1) 25. f(x) x% b x# b 1 f w (x) 4x$ b 2x, f ww (x) 12x# b 2, f www (x) 24x, f 4 (x) 24, f n (x) 0 if n 5; f(c2) 21, f w (c2) c36, f ww (c2) 50, f www (c2) c48, f 4 (c2) 24, f n (c2) 0 if n 5 x% b x# b 1 48 24 # $ % # $ % 21 c 36(x b 2) b 50 2! (x b 2) c 3! (x b 2) b 4! (x b 2) 21 c 36(x b 2) b 25(x b 2) c 8(x b 2) b (x b 2) 26. f(x) 3x& c x% b 2x$ b x# c 2 f w (x) 15x% c 4x$ b 6x# b 2x, f ww (x) 60x$ c 12x# b 12x b 2, f www (x) 180x# c 24x b 12, f 4 (x) 360x c 24, f 5 (x) 360, f n (x) 0 if n 6; f(c1) c7, f w (c1) 23, f ww (c1) c82, f www (c1) 216, f 4 (c1) c384, f 5 (c1) 360, f n (c1) 0 if n 6 216 384 360 # $ % & 3x& c x% b 2x$ b x# c 2 c7 b 23(x b 1) c 82 2! (x b 1) b 3! (x b 1) c 4! (x b 1) b 5! (x b 1) c7 b 23(x b 1) c 41(x b 1)# b 36(x b 1)$ c 16(x b 1)% b 3(x b 1)& 27. f(x) xc# f w (x) c2xc$ , f ww (x) 3! xc% , f www (x) c4! xc& f n (x) (c1)n (n b 1)! xcnc2 ; " f(1) 1, f w (1) c2, f ww (1) 3!, f www (1) c4!, f n (1) (c1)n (n b 1)! x # 1 c 2(x c 1) b 3(x c 1)# c 4(x c 1)$ b ! (c1)n (n b 1)(x c 1)n
_ n 0
28. f(x) !
_
fa0b 1, f w a0b 3, f ww a0b 12, f www a0b 60, , f n a0b

n0
1 a1 c x b 3
f w (x) 3(1 c x)c4 , f ww (x) 12(1 c x)c5 , f www (x) 60 (1 c x)c6 f n (x)
an b 2 b ! 2
an b 2ban b 1b n x 2
1 a1 c x b 3
1 b 3x b 6x# b 10x3 b
an b 2 b ! 2
(1 c x)cnc3 ;
620

ex e# b e# (x c 2) b (x c 2)# b (x c 2)$ b !
_
29. f(x) ex f w (x) ex , f ww (x) ex f n (x) ex ; f(2) e# , f w (2) e# , f n (2) e#

e# # e$ 3!
n0
e# n!
(x c 2)n
30. f(x) 2x f w (x) 2x ln 2, f ww (x) 2x (ln 2)# , f www (x) 2x (ln 2)3 f n (x) 2x (ln 2)n ; f(1) 2, f w (1) 2 ln 2, f ww (1) 2(ln 2)# , f www (1) 2(ln 2)$ , , f n (1) 2(ln 2)n 2x 2 b (2 ln 2)(x c 1) b
2(ln 2)# #
(x c 1)# b
2(ln 2)3 3!
(x c 1)3 b !
_
n0
2(ln 2)n (xc1)n n!
1 ww 1 www 1 w 31. f(x) cos2x b 1 2 , f (x) c2 sin 2x b 2 , f (x) c4 cos 2x b 2 , f (x) 8 sin 2x b 2 , w 1 ww 1 www 1 a4 b 1 4 a5b axb c25 sin2x b 1 1 f a4b axb 24 cos2x b 1 2 f 2 . . ; f 4 c1, f 4 0, f 4 4, f 4 0, f 4 2 , n 2n 1 1 2 1 4 2n 1 f a5 b 1 c2 b... 4 0, . . ., f 4 ac1b 2 cos 2x b 2 c1 b 2 x c 4 3 xc 4
!
_
n0
ac1bn 22n x a2nbx
2n c1 4
c12 ww c32 www c 5 2 a4 b c7 2 32. f(x) x b 1, f w (x) 1 , f (x) c 1 , f (x) 3 , f (x) c 15 , . . .; 2 ax b 1b 4 ax b 1b 8 ax b 1b 16 ax b 1b 1 1 3 15 1 1 2 1 3 5 4 w ww www a4 b f(0) 1, f (0) , f (0) c , f (0) , f (0) c , . . . x b 1 1 b x c x b x c x b 2 4 8 16 2 8 16 128
33. The Maclaurin series generated by cos x is !

_
n0
by !
_
2 1cx
n0
interval of convergence is ac1, 1b.
ac1bn 2n a2nbx x
is 2 ! xn which converges on ac1, 1b. Thus the Maclaurin series generated by faxb cos x c
n0 _ n0
ac1bn 2n a2nbx x
which converges on ac_, _b and the Maclaurin series generated

2 1cx
is given by
2 c 2 ! xn c1 c 2x c 5 2 x c which converges on the intersection of ac_, _b and ac1, 1b, so the
34. The Maclaurin series generated by ex is !
n0
xn nx
faxb a1 c x b x2 bex is given by a1 c x b x2 b !

_ _
which converges on ac_, _b. The Maclaurin series generated by

n0
xn nx
2 3 2 1b 1 2 x b 3 x which converges on ac_, _b
35. The Maclaurin series generated by sin x is ! generated by lna1 b xb is !

_ n1
a c 1 b nc 1 n x n
n0
faxb sin x lna1 b xb is given by !

_
which converges on ac1, 1b. Thus the Maclaurin series genereated by

ac 1 b n ac1bnc1 n 2nb1 9 ! n x 9 a2n b 1bx x
_ n1
ac 1 b n 2nb1 a2n b 1bx x
which converges on ac_, _b and the Maclaurin series

1 4 3 x2 c 1 2 x b 6 x c which converges on
the intersection of ac_, _b and ac1, 1b, so the interval of convergence is ac1, 1b.
_ n0
n0
36. The Maclaurin series generated by sin x is !

5 x3 c 1 3x b
_
ac 1 b n 2nb1 a2n b 1bx x
genereated by faxb x sin2 x is given by x !

_
2 7 45 x
b . . . which converges on ac_, _b
n0
2 ac 1 b n 2nb1 x 9 a2n b 1bx
which converges on ac_, _b. The Maclaurin series x !

_ n0
ac 1 b n ac 1 b n 2nb1 2nb1 9 ! a2n b 1bx x 9 a2n b 1bx x

_ n0
37. If ex !
a) ex ea (x c b 0!
!
n0
f n (a) n!
(x c a)n and f(x) ex , we have f n (a) ea f or all n 0, 1, 2, 3,

(x c a)" 1!
(x c a)# 2!
b ea 1 b (x c a) b
(x c a)# 2!
b at x a
Section 10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series

38. f(x) ex f n (x) ex for all n f n (1) e for all n 0, 1, 2, ex e b e(x c 1) b
e #!
621
(x c 1)# b
ww
e 3!
(x c 1)$ b e 1 b (x c 1) b
www
(x c 1)# 2!
(x c 1)$ 3!
39. f(x) f(a) b f w (a)(x c a) b
f (a) f (a) # $ w # (x c a) b 3! (x c a) b f (x) (a) f w (a) b f ww (a)(x c a) b f 3! 3(x c a)# b f ww (x) f ww (a) b f www (a)(x n 2 f n (x) f n (a) b f nb1 (a)(x c a) b f # (a) (x c a)# b w w n n
www b
c a) b
(a) 4!
4 3(x c a)# b
f(a) f(a) b 0, f (a) f (a) b 0, , f
(a) f
(a) b 0
40. E(x) f(x) c b! c b" (x c a) c b# (x c a)# c b$ (x c a)$ c c bn (x c a)n 0 E(a) f(a) c b! b! f(a); from condition (b),
xa
lim
xlim a
f(x) c f(a) c b" (x c a) c b (x c a) c b (x c a) c c bn (x c a)n (x c a)n

# $ # $
f (x) c n! bn " n f www (a) xlim 0 bn n! f (a); therefore, n! a n (a) g(x) f(a) b f w (a)(x c a) b f 2! (x c a)# b b f n!(a) (x c a)n Pn (x) " 3!

b$
f (x) c 2b c 3! b (x c a) c c n(n c ")bn (x c a)n b" f w (a) xlim n(n c 1)(x c a)n 2 a f (x) c 3! b c c n(n c 1)(n c 2)bn (x c a)n 3 " ww b# # f (a) xlim n(n c 1)(n c #)(x c a)n 3 a
ww # $ c www c $ c
f (x) c b c 2b (x c a) c 3b (x c a) c c nbn (x c a) n(x c a)n 1

w # " # $ c
n c1
ww
41. f(x) ln (cos x) f w (x) c tan x and f ww (x) c sec# x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 0, f ww (0) c1 L(x) 0 and Q(x) c x 2 42. f(x) esin x f w (x) (cos x)esin x and f ww (x) (c sin x)esin x b (cos x)# esin x ; f(0) 1, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 1 L(x) 1 b x and Q(x) 1 b x b
c"# x #
#
43. f(x) a1 c x# b
ww
f (0) 1 L(x) 1 and Q(x) 1 b
f w (x) x a1 c x# b
x #
#
c$#
and f ww (x) a1 c x# b
c$#
b 3x# a1 c x# b
c&#
; f(0) 1, f w (0) 0,
44. f(x) cosh x f w (x) sinh x and f ww (x) cosh x; f(0) 1, f w (0) 0, f ww (0) 1 L(x) 1 and Q(x) 1 b 45. f(x) sin x f w (x) cos x and f ww (x) c sin x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 0 L(x) x and Q(x) x 46. f(x) tan x f w (x) sec# x and f ww (x) 2 sec# x tan x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 1, f ww 0 L(x) x and Q(x) x 10.9 CONVERGENCE OF TAYLOR SERIES 1. ex 1 b x b 2. ex 1 b x b 3. sin x x c 4. sin x x c
x$ 3! x# #!
x #
b !
_
n0 _
xn n!
ec5x 1 b (c5x) b
x ecx2 1 b c b # (c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
(c5x)# #!
x # c # #!
b 1 c 5x b b 1c
(cx)$ 3!
5# x# #!
5$ x$ 3!
b !
_ _
n0
(c1)n 5n xn n!
x# #!
b !
x& 5!
n0
xn n!
x #
x# 2# #!
x$ 2$ 3!
b !
_
n0
(c1)n xn 2n n!
b b
c !
_
n0 _
5 sin (cx) 5 (cx) c sin

1x #
(cx)& 5!
1) x c ! 5(c (#nb1)!
n0 _
nb1 2nb1
x$ 3!
x& 5!
c !
n 0
(c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
1x #
x $ 1 # 3!
x & 1 # 5!
x ( 1 # 7!
1) 1 x b ! (c 22nb1 (#nb1)!
n0
n 2nb1 2nb1
622

_
5. cos x ! 6. cos x !
_
n0
(c1)n x2n (2n)!
cos 5x2 !
_
n0
(c1)n < 5x2 (2n)!
2n
!
_
n0
(c1)n 52n x4n (2n)!
1c
$ "#
25x4 #!
625x8 4!
15625x12 6!
1c
n0
ac1bn x2n (2n)!
x$ 22!
2# 4!
x'
2$ 6!
x*
$# cos x 2
$ cos x #
"#
9!
_
ac1bn x# (#n)!
2n
n0
n 0
(c1)n x3n 2n (2n)!
7. lna1 b xb !
_
n1
a c 1 b nc 1 x n n
lna1 b x2 b !
_ _
n1
ac1bnc1 x2 n
!
_
n1 _
ac1bnc1 x2n n
x2 c
x4 2
x6 3
x8 4
b... c b...
8. tanc1 x !
_ _
n0
ac1bn x2nb1 2n b 1
tanc1 a3x4 b !
_
n0
ac1bn 3x4 2n b 1
2nb1
n0
ac1bn 32nb1 x8nb4 n
3x4 c 9x12 b c
243 20 5 x
2187 28 7 x
9.
1 1bx
! ac1bn xn
n0 _
1 3 1b 3 4x
3 3 3 3n ! ac1bn 3 ! ac1bn 3 4x 4 x 1 c 4x b n
_
n0
n0
9 6 16 x
27 9 64 x
b...
10.
1 1cx
! xn
n0 _
1 2cx
" 1 # 1c " #x _
" ! " n " n b1 n # ! # x #x

_ _ n0 n0
" #
1 2 b1 4x b 8x b
1 3 16 x
b...
11. ex !
n0
xn n!
xex x !
(c1)n x2nb1 (2nb1)!
n 0
xn n! 9
!
_
n0
xnb1 n!
x b x# b
x$ #!
x% 3!
x& 4!
b b b c c b b
x) 8!
12. sin x !
_ _
n0
x# sin x x# !
_
n0
(c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)! 9
!
_
n0
(c1)n x2nb3 (2nb1)!
x$ c
x& 3!
x( 5!
x* 7!
13. cos x !
x% 4!
n0
(c1)n x2n (2n)!
x"! 10!
x# #
c 1 b cos x
_
n 2n
x# #
x' 6!
x) 8!
1) x b ! (c (#n)!
n2
c1b!
_
n0
(c1)n x2n (#n)!
x# #
c1b1c
x# 2
x% 4!
x' 6!
x"! 10!
14. sin x !
_
n0
(c1)n x2nb1 (2nb1)!
sin x c x b
x( 7!
x$ 3!
x c
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x* 9!
x"" 11!
b c xb
_
!
_
n0
x$ 3!
(c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)! 9
cxb b
x* 9!
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x( 7!
x"" 11!
b !
_
n2
(c1)n x2nb1 (2nb1)!
15. cos x !
_
n0 _
(c1)n x2n (2n)!
x cos 1x x !
n0
(c1)n (1x)2n (#n)!
!
_
2n
n0
(c")n 12n x2nb1 (#n)!
xc
1 # x$ 2!
b b
1 % x& 4!
c c
1 ' x( 6!
16. cos x ! 17. cos# x 1c

" #
n0
(c1)n x2n (2n)!
x# cos ax# b x# !
_
n0
(c1)n ax# b (#n)!
!
_
n0
(c")n x4nb2 (#n)!
x# c
(2x)' 6!
x' 2!
x"! 4!
x"% 6!
cos 2x # (2x)% 24!
" #
" #
n0
(2x)# 22!
(2x)' 26!
b
" #
! (c1) (2x) (2n)!

_
n 2n
" #
(2x)) 28!
c 1b!
_
b" # 1 c
n1
(2x)# 2!
(2x)% 4!
c
_ n1
(2x)) 8!
(c1)n (2x)2n 2(2n)!
1b! c
(2x)' 6!
(c1)n 22nc1 x2n (2n)!
2x 18. sin# x 1ccos #
" #
cos 2x
" #
!
_
n1
(c1)nb1 (2x)2n #(2n)!
!
_
n1
(c1)n 22nc1 x2n (2n)!
c" # 1 c
(2x)# #!
(2x)% 4!
(2x)# 22!
(2x)% 24!
(2x)' 26!

19.
x# 1c2x " # ! (2x)n ! 2n xnb2 x# b 2x$ b 2# x% b 2$ x& b x# 1c 2x x
_ _ n0 n0 _
623
20. x ln (1 b 2x) x ! 21.

" 1cx
_
n1
(c1)nc1 (2x)n n
!
_
n1
(c1)nc1 2n xnb1 n
2x# c
2# x$ #
2$ x% 4
2% x& 5
b
_
! xn 1 b x b x# b x$ b
n0
d dx
" 1c x
" (1cx)#
1 b 2x b 3x# b ! nxnc1 ! (n b 1)xn

n1 _
n 0
22.
2 a1 c x b $
d# dx#
! (n b 2)(n b 1)x
_ n0
" 1c x
d dx n
" (1c x)#
d dx
a1 b 2x b 3x# b b 2 b 6x b 12x# b ! n(n c 1)xnc2

n2
1 5 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 c1 2 2 23. tanc1 x x c 1 3 x b 5 x c 7 x b x tan x xx c 3 ax b b 5 ax b c 7 ax b b 3 5 7 1 11 1 15 7 ! x3 c 1 3x b 5x c 7x b

_ n1
ac1bn x4nc1 2n c 1
24. sin x x c xc
4 x3 3!
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
16 x5 5!
c
x3 3! x3 3!
64 x7 7!
b xc
1 1bx
" b sin x cos x " # sin 2x # 2x c 2 x3 3
a2xb3 3!
a2xb5 5!
a2xb7 7!
2x5 15
4 x7 315
b !
_
n0
(c1)n 22n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
25. ex 1 b x b 1 b x b 26. sin x x c 1 c

_ n0
x2 2! x2 2!
b b
b and
1 c x b x2 c x3 b ex b
5 3 2 b b a1 c x b x2 c x3 b b 2 b 3 2x c 6x b x7 7!
1 1bx
25 4 24 x
1 b ! n! b ac1bn xn
_ n0
x 2!
x3 3!
b
x 4!
4
x5 5!
c
x 6!
6
1) x ! (c (2n)! c
n 2n
(c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
b c x c
b and cos x 1 c
x 3!
3
x 5!
x2 2! x 7!
7
b 1c xc
x4 4!
x6 6!
b cos x c sin x
x2 2!
x3 3!
x4 4!
x5 5!
x6 6!
x7 7!
1 3 1 4 2 27. lna1 b xb x c 1 2x b 3x c 4x b 1 5 1 7 3 1 3x c 6x b 9x c
_
1 9 12 x
b 2nb1 b ! ac1 3n x
nc1
x 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 lna1 b x2 b x 3 x c 2 a x b b 3 a x b c 4 a x b b 2 3 4
n1
1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 28. lna1 b xb x c 1 2 x b 3 x c 4 x b and lna1 c xb cx c 2 x c 3 x c 4 x b lna1 b xb c lna1 c xb 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 5 2 ! 2 x2nb1 x c 1 2 x b 3 x c 4 x b c cx c 2 x c 3 x c 4 x b 2x b 3 x b 5 x b 2n b 1

_ n0
29. ex 1 b x b 1 b x b
x2 2! x2 2!
x3 3! x3 3!
lna1bxb 1 3 1 4 " 2 # $ 30. lna1 b xb x c 1 2 x b 3 x c 4 x b and 1 c x 1 b x b x b x b 1 c x lna1 b xb 1 3 1 4 1 2 5 3 7 4 2 # $ x c 1 2 x b 3 x c 4 x b a1 b x b x b x b b x b 2 x b 6 x b 12 x b
b x c
b and sin x x c
x3 3!
x5 5!
x3 3! x7 7!
3 b x b x2 b 1 3x c
x5 5!
x7 7!
b ex sin x
1 5 30 x
c
" 1cx
624

2
1 5 1 7 3 c1 c1 c1 31. tanc1 x x c 1 3 x b 5 x c 7 x b atan xb atan xbatan xb 1 5 1 7 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 4 23 6 44 8 3 2 x c 1 3 x b 5 x c 7 x b x c 3 x b 5 x c 7 x b x c 3 x c 45 x c 105 x b
32. sin x x c
" cos x " # sin 2x # 1 c x3 3!
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
b and cos x 1 c
x2 2!
x4 4!
x6 6!
b 2x c
x2 2!
x2 2!
x4 4!
a2xb3 3!
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b cos2 x sin x cos x cos x sin x

a2xb5 5!
a2xb7 7!
3 b x c 7 6x b
61 5 120 x
1247 7 5040 x
33. sin x x c
x5 5!
x7 7!
b and ex 1 b x b
x5 5!
b
x3 3!
x3 3!
b
x5 5!
esin x 1 b x c 34. sin x x c
1 4 2 1bxb 1 2x c 8x b
x3 3!
x7 7!
1 b b 2 x c
x7 7!
b b 1 6 x c
2
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
b b
3 1 7 c7 x b
x3 x5 x7 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 3 1 5 c1 c1 3! b 5! c 7! b and tan x x c 3 x b 5 x c 7 x b sinatan xb x c 3 x b 5 x 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 1 5 1 7 1 1 5 1 7 3 3 b 120 c 5040 c1 xc 1 xc 1 6 x c 3x b 5x c 7x b 3x b 5x c 7x b 3x b 5x c 7x b 3 5 5 7 3 xc 1 2 x b 8 x c 16 x b
b
7
c 0l 35. Since n 3, then f a4b axb sin x, lf a4b axbl M on 0, 0.1 lsin xl 1 on 0, 0.1 M 1. Then lR3 a0.1bl 1 l0.14 x
4.2 10c6 error 4.2 10c6
36. Since n 4, then f a5b axb ex , lf a5b axbl M on 0, 0.5 lex l e on 0, 0.5 M 2.7. Then
c 0l lR4 a0.5bl 2.7 l0.55 7.03 10c4 error 7.03 10c4 x
5
37. By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the error is less than 5 kxk 6 10c# 0.56968 38. If cos x 1 c Theorem 39. If sin x x and kxk 10c$ , then the error is less than
a10c$ b 3!
$
kx k & 5!
kxk& a5!b a5 10c% b kxk& 600 10c%
since the next term in the series is positive, the approximation 1 c
x# #
and kxk 0.5, then the error is less than (.5) 24 0.0026, by Alternating Series Estimation Theorem;
%
x# #
is too small, by the Alternating Series Estimation
The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem says R# (x) has the same sign as c x 3! . Moreover, x sin x
$
1.67 10c10 , by Alternating Series Estimation Theorem;
0 sin x c x R# (x) x 0 c10c$ x 0.

x #
40. 1 b x 1 b
c $
1.25 10c&
x# 8
x$ 16
x c . By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem the kerrork c8

#
(0.01)# 8
x 41. kR# (x)k e3! x 42. kR# (x)k e3!

c
$
301 (0.1)$ 3!
1.87 10c4 , where c is between 0 and x
(0.1)$ 3! " #
1.67 10c% , where c is between 0 and x c

# (
2x 43. sin# x 1 c cos #
2x c
d dx
asin# xb
(2x) 3!
$
d dx
&
(2x) 5!
2x 2! c
(2x) 7!
" #
cos 2x
2$ x% 4!
b sin 2x, which checks
" #
2& x' 6!
c 2x c
c" # 1 c
(2x)# 2!
(2x)% 4!
(2x)' 6!
(2x)$ 3!
(2x)& 5!
b
(2x)( 7!
b 2 sin x cos x
2x# #!
2$ x% 4!
2& x' 6!

44. cos# x cos 2x b sin# x 1 c 1c
2x #!
#
625
2 x 4!
2 x 6!
&
'
% b 1 c x# b " 3 x c
(2x)# #!
(2x) 4!
(2x) 6!
'
2 45
x' b
(2x) 8!
" 315
b b 2x #! c
#
x) c
2 x 4!
2 x 6!
&
'
2 x 8!
45. A special case of Taylor's Theorem is f(b) f(a) b f w (c)(b c a), where c is between a and b f(b) c f(a) f w (c)(b c a), the Mean Value Theorem. 46. If f(x) is twice differentiable and at x a there is a point of inflection, then f ww (a) 0. Therefore, L(x) Q(x) f(a) b f w (a)(x c a). 47. (a) f ww 0, f w (a) 0 and x a interior to the interval I f(x) c f(a) (b) similar reasoning gives f(x) c f(a) local minimum at x a f(x) f(a) throughout I f has a local maximum at x a
f (c ) #
# ww
f (c ) #
#
ww
(x c a)# 0 throughout I
(x c a)# 0 throughout I f(x) f(a) throughout I f has a
48. f(x) (1 c x)c" f w (x) (1 c x)c# f ww (x) 2(1 c x)c$ f 3 (x) 6(1 c x)c% f 4 (x) 24(1 c x)c& ; therefore
%
x % 10 0.00016935 0.00017, since f (1c the error e$ max f 4! (x) x (0.1)% 10 x)& x 9 9
4 %
&
" 1 cx
1 b x b x# b x$ . kxk 0.1
&
10 11
" 1 cx
10 9
" 10 (1c x)& 9

4
& " (1c x)& .
(x) 4!
49. (a) f(x) (1 b x)k f w (x) k(1 b x)kc1 f ww (x) k(k c 1)(1 b x)kc2 ; f(0) 1, f w (0) k, and f ww (0) k(k c 1)
c ") # Q(x) 1 b kx b k(k # x " " 3 2 $ (b) kR# (x)k 3! x 100 kx$ k " 100
0x
" 100"$
or 0 x .21544
50. (a) Let P x b 1 kxk kP c 1k .5 10cn since P approximates 1 accurate to n decimals. Then, P b sin P (1 b x) b sin (1 b x) (1 b x) c sin x 1 b (x c sin x) k(P b sin P) c 1k ksin x c xk
_ n0
kx k $ 3!
0.125 3!
10c3n .5 10c3n P b sin P gives an approximation to 1 correct to 3n decimals.

_
51. If f(x) ! an xn , then f k (x) ! n(n c 1)(n c 2)(n c k b 1)an xnck and f k (0) k! ak
nk
ak
f k (0) k!
for k a nonnegative integer. Therefore, the coefficients of f(x) are identical with the corresponding
coefficients in the Maclaurin series of f(x) and the statement follows. 52. Note: f even f(cx) f(x) cf w (cx) f w (x) f w (cx) cf w (x) f w odd; f odd f(cx) cf(x) cf w (cx) cf w (x) f w (cx) f w (x) f w even; also, f odd f(c0) f(0) 2f(0) 0 f(0) 0 (a) If f(x) is even, then any odd-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x 0. Therefore, a" a$ a& 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only even powers. (b) If f(x) is odd, then any even-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x 0. Therefore, a! a# a% 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only odd powers. 53-58. Example CAS commands: Maple: f := x -> 1/sqrt(1+x); x0 := -3/4; x1 := 3/4; # Step 1: plot( f(x), x=x0..x1, title="Step 1: #53 (Section 10.9)" );
626
# Step 2: P1 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=1), x ); P2 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=2), x ); P3 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=3), x ); # Step 3: D2f := D(D(f)); D3f := D(D(D(f))); D4f := D(D(D(D(f)))); plot( [D2f(x),D3f(x),D4f(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], title="Step 3: #57 (Section 9.9)" ); c1 := x0; M1 := abs( D2f(c1) ); c2 := x0; M2 := abs( D3f(c2) ); c3 := x0; M3 := abs( D4f(c3) ); # Step 4: R1 := unapply( abs(M1/2!*(x-0)^2), x ); R2 := unapply( abs(M2/3!*(x-0)^3), x ); R3 := unapply( abs(M3/4!*(x-0)^4), x ); plot( [R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], title="Step 4: #53 (Section 10.9)" ); # Step 5: E1 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P1(x)), x ); E2 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P2(x)), x ); E3 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P3(x)), x ); plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], linestyle=[1,1,1,3,3,3], title="Step 5: #53 (Section 10.9)" ); # Step 6: TaylorApproximation( f(x), view=[x0..x1,DEFAULT], x=0, output=animation, order=1..3 ); L1 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); # (a) R1 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); L2 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); R2 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); L3 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); R3 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),0.01], x=min(L1,L2,L3)..max(R1,R2,R3), thickness=[0,2,4,0], linestyle=[0,0,0,2], color=[red,blue,green,black], view=[DEFAULT,0..0.01], title="#53(a) (Section 10.9)" ); abs(`f(x)`-`P`[1](x) ) <= evalf( E1(x0) ); # (b) abs(`f(x)`-`P`[2](x) ) <= evalf( E2(x0) ); abs(`f(x)`-`P`[3](x) ) <= evalf( E3(x0) ); Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, c, and n may vary) Clear[x, f, c] f[x_]= (1 b x)3/2 {a, b}= {c1/2, 2}; pf=Plot[ f[x], {x, a, b}]; poly1[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,1}]//Normal poly2[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,2}]//Normal poly3[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,3}]//Normal Plot[{f[x], poly1[x], poly2[x], poly3[x]}, {x, a, b}, PlotStyle {RGBColor[1,0,0], RGBColor[0,1,0], RGBColor[0,0,1], RGBColor[0,.5,.5]}];
Section 10.10 The Binomial Series
627
The above defines the approximations. The following analyzes the derivatives to determine their maximum values. f''[c] Plot[f''[x], {x, a, b}]; f'''[c] Plot[f'''[x], {x, a, b}]; f''''[c] Plot[f''''[x], {x, a, b}]; Noting the upper bound for each of the above derivatives occurs at x = a, the upper bounds m1, m2, and m3 can be defined and bounds for remainders viewed as functions of x. m1=f''[a] m2=-f'''[a] m3=f''''[a] r1[x_]=m1 x2 /2! Plot[r1[x], {x, a, b}]; r2[x_]=m2 x3 /3! Plot[r2[x], {x, a, b}]; r3[x_]=m3 x4 /4! Plot[r3[x], {x, a, b}]; A three dimensional look at the error functions, allowing both c and x to vary can also be viewed. Recall that c must be a value between 0 and x, so some points on the surfaces where c is not in that interval are meaningless. Plot3D[f''[c] x2 /2!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] Plot3D[f'''[c] x3 /3!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] Plot3D[f''''[c] x4 /4!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] 10.10 THE BINOMIAL SERIES 1. (1 b x)"# 1 b " # xb 2. (1 b x)"$ 1 b " 3 xb
" c " # # # x
#!
2 # " c 3 x 3
b b
#!
3 $ " c " c # x # #
3!
" # b 1b " # xc 8 x b " " # b 1b 3 xc 9 x b
" 16
x$ c x$ c
5 16
#!
2 5 $ " c 3 c3 x 3
3!
5 81
3. (1 c x)c"# 1 c " # (cx) b
3 c " c # (cx)# #
b b
" 3 5 c # c # c # (cx)$
3!
3 # b 1b " # xb 8 x b
x$ b
4. (1 c 2x)"# 1 b " # (c2x) b c# 1 c # x 5. 1 b x # # b
# " c " # # (c2x)
#!
" 3 $ " # c # c # (c2x)
3!
$
1 $ # b 1cxc 1 2 x c 2 x c
(c2)(c3) x #
#!
b b
x (c2)(c3)(c4) #
3!
" $ # b 1cxb 3 4 x c # x
4 1 b 4 c x 6. 1 c x 3 3 b 7. a1 b x$ b 8. a1 b x# b
c"# $ 1c " # x b " # 1c 3 x b
(4)(3) c x 3
#!
(4)(3)(2) c x 3
3!
(4)(3)(2)(1) c x 3
4!
4 2 2 b0b 1c 3 xb 3 x c
4 27
x3 b
1 4 81 x
3 $ # c " c # ax b #
#!
b b
" 3 5 $ $ c # c # c # ax b
3!
3 ' $ b 1c " # x b 8 x c " # % b 1c 3 x b2 9 x c " #x
5 16
x* b x' b
c"$
c " c 4 # # 3 3 ax b
#!
c " c 4 c 7 # $ 3 3 3 ax b
3!
14 81
"# 1 b " 1 9. 1 b 1 x # x b
" c " 1 # # # x
#!
3 1 $ " c " c # # # x
3!
b 1b
1 8x#
" 16x$
628
10.

x 3 1bx
xa1 b xbc"3 x1 c c " 3 xb

(4)(3)x# #!
4 # c " c 3 x 3
#!
4 7 $ c " c 3 c3 x 3
3!
2 3 # b 9 xc 1 3x b 9x c
14 4 81 x
11. (1 b x)% 1 b 4x b
$
(4)(3)(2)x$ 3!
#
(4)(3)(2)x% 4!
$
1 b 4x b 6x# b 4x$ b x%
12. a1 b x# b 1 b 3x# b
(3)(2) ax# b #!
(3)(2)(1) ax# b 3!
1 b 3x# b 3x% b x' 1 c 6x b 12x# c 8x$

$
13. (1 c 2x)$ 1 b 3(c2x) b % 1 b 4 c x 14. 1 c x # # b

(3)(2)(c2x)# #!
b
#
(3)(2)(1)(c2x)$ 3!
(4)(3) c x #
#!
x (4)(3)(2) c #
3!
x (4)(3)(2)(1) c #
4!
" $ # 1 c 2x b 3 2 x c # x b
$
" 16
x%
15.
x '00 2 sin x# dx '00 2 x# c x 3! b 5!

'
"!
16.
'00 2 ec xc " dx '00 2
kE k
(.2)( 73!
0.0000003
c dx x 3 c
$
x( 73!
!# !
x 3
!# !
0.00267 with error
" x
17.
'00 1 "
cx b
x# 4
x$ 18
18.
'!!#&
kE k kE k
1 b x% (0.1)& 10 $
0.000001
dx '0 1 c
01 025
1 c x b
!# !
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
c0.19044 with error kEk b

3x) 8
c c 1 dx '0 c1 b
02
x #
x# 6
x$ 24
(0.2)% 96
0.00002
!" !
c dx
x% 2
c dx x c c
x% 9
x& 10
b
x$ 9
[x]!" ! 0.1 with error
1 b x# dx '0
&
(0.25) 45
0.0000217
1 b
%
x# 3
b dx x b
$
x& 45
b
(
!#& !
x b
!#& x$ 9 !
0.25174 with error
19.
!" !" x x x x x x x x '00 1 sin ' 01 x c 3x 3! b 55! x dx 0 1 c 3! b 5! c 7! b dx x c 33! b 55! c 77! b

# ' & $ &
20.
x x x '00 1 exp acx# b dx '00 1 1 c x# b x 2! c 3! b 4! c dx x c 3

0.0999444611, kEk 0.0996676643, kEk

3 5 " c " c # c# # #
(0.1)7 77!
2.8 10
%
c12
'
x& 10
x( 42
(0.1)9 216
4.6 10c12
!" !
x c
$
x$ 3
x& 10
!" x( 42 !
21. a1 b x% b b
"#
(1)"# b c
" # 1
'0
4!
01
22.
" x x x x x x x x x '01 1 cxcos x dx '01 " # c 4! b 6! c 8! b 10! c dx # c 34! b 56! c 78! b 910!
# % ' ) $ & ( * #
1 b
x% #
x) 8
(1)c(# ax% b b 1 b b
x"# 16
(1)c"# ax% b b
%
" c " # #
#! x% #
(1)c$# ax% b b
x) 8
3 " c " c # # #
3!
5x"' 128
b dx x b
x& 10 !
x"# 16 !"
5x"' 128
(1)c&# ax% b
0.100001, kEk
(0.1)9 72
1.39 10c11
23.
" t t t '01 cos t# dt '01 1 c t# b 4! c t6! b dt t c 10 b 9t4! c 13 6! b

% ) "# & * "$
0.4863853764, kEk
1 1112!
1.9 10c10
kerrork
" 136!
.00011

24.
" t t t '01 cos t dt '01 1 c #t b 4! c 6! b 8! c dt t c t4 b 3t4! c 4t6! b 5t8! c
# $ % # $ % &
629
25. F(x) '0 t# c

x
kerrork kerrork
x
" 58!
0.000004960 b
t"! 5!
" 157!
t' 3!
t"% 7!
0.000013
t' 2!
b dt t3 c
$
t( 73!
t"" 115!
t"& 157!
b c
t* 93!
x$ 3
x( 73!
x"" 115!
26. F(x) '0 t# c t% b

x$ 3
c b
t& 5
t) 3!
t"! 4!
t"# 5!
x& 5
x( 72!
x
x* 93! t$ 3
x"" 114!
27. (a) F(x) '0 t c (b) kerrork kerrork

" 3334
x
kerrork
x# #
b dt t3 c
$
t& 5
" 135!
#
t( 72!
t"" 114!
t"$ 135!
0.00064
t% 1#
t( 7
.00089 when F(x)

t 2
b dt t2 c c b dt t c F(x) x c
x# # x# ##
b
x' 56
t' 30
x% 34
c
x
x) 78
b b (c1)"& b
t& 55
x
x# #
x% 1#
kerrork
x$# 3132 x# ##
(0.5)' 30
.00052
28. (a) F(x) '0 1 c (b) kerrork 29.

" x#
t# 3
t$ 4
t# 22
b c
t$ 33
t% 44
(0.5)' 6# .00043 " 32# .00097 when " x# x# 4!
c xc
! x$" 31#
x$ 3#
x% 4#
x& 5#
x$ 3#
x% 4#
b b (c1)$"
" #
lim " # b
x0
aex c (1 b x)b
x 3! " x
1 b x b b
x# #!
x$ 3!
" #
b c 1 c x b c 1 c x b
x 3!
x# 4!
b lim
x0
ex c (1 b x) x#
30.
" x
2b
" t%
aex c ecx b
2x# 3!
2x% 5!
1 b x b
2x' 7!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b lim 1 c
x0
ex c ecx x
x# #!
x$ 3!
b
2x% 5!
x% 4!
x lim 2 b _ c
t' 6!
2x# 3!
c
2x' 7!
" x
b 2
2x b
2x$ 3!
2x& 5!
2x( 7!
31.
" lim c 4! b
1 c cos t c t#
#
" t%
t0
t 6!
t 8!
" b c 24
t# #
c 1 c
t# #
t% 4!
" b c 4! b
t# 6!
t% 8!
b lim
t0
" c cos t c t#
#
t%
32.
" )&
" y$
c) b
)$ 6
lim " ) 0 5!
" 3
b sin ) c
)# 7!
" )&
)% 9!
c) b
)$ 6
b)c
)$ 3!
)& 5!
" 1 #0
c
" 3
" 5!
)# 7!
)% 9!
c lim
)0
sin ) c ) b )6
$
)&
33.
ay c tanc" yb
y c
" y$
y c y c
y& 5
y$ 3
y& 5
c
c 9 c 9
y# 5
y% 7
c lim
y0
y c tanc" y y$
" lim 3 c
y0
y# 5
y% 7
34.
tanc" y c sin y y$ cos y
y$ 3
c 9 c y c y$ cos y
y$ 3!
y& 5!
y$ 6
23y& 5!
y$ cos y
c 9
" c 6 b
23y# 5!
cos y
c 9
c" c sin y lim tan y$ y cos y y0

#
lim
y0
" c 6 b
23y# 5!
cos y
c" 6
" 6x'
35. x# c1 b ec1x x# c1 b 1 c c1 b x lim _

" #x #
" 6x%
b c1
" x#
" #x %
b c1 b
" #x #
" 6x%
b x lim x# ec1x c 1 _
#
630

" 3!(x b 1)$
" " 36. (x b 1) sin x b 1 (x b 1) x b 1 c
" x lim (x b 1) sin x b 1 c 1 x lim _ _
" 3!(x b 1)#
" 5!(x b 1)&
c 1c
" 5!(x b 1)%
" 3!(x b 1)#
" 5!(x b 1)%
c 1 lim
x0
x# c 4 1 c
x# #
37.
ln a1 b x# b 1 c cos x x# c 4 ln (x c 1)
1 c 1 c (x c 2) c
# x c
x% #
x' 3
x# #!
x% 4!
c 9
1 c
x# #
b
x# 4!
x% 3
" # !
c 9
a1 b x # b lim ln 1 cos x c x0
b
x# 4!
x% 3
" # !
c 9
2! 2
38.
(x c 2)(x b 2)
(x c 2)# #
lim
(x c 2) 2 x 2 1 c x c c # b 3
x b2
(x c 2)$ 3
1 c
xc2 #
xb2
(x c 2)# 3
lim
x 2 ln (x c 1)
6 39. sin 3x2 3x2 c 9 2x b
81 10 40 x
4 c . . . and 1 c cos 2x 2x2 c 2 3x b

81 8 4 3c 9 2 x b 40 x c . . . 2 2 4 4 2 x c b x0 3 45 x c . . .
4 6 45 x
c . . . lim
lim
81 10 6 3x2 c 9 2 x b 40 x c . . . 2 c 2 x4 b 4 x6 c . . . 2x x0 3 45
lim
x12 4
sin 3x2 c 1 cos 2x x0
3 2
40. lna1 b x3 b x3 c lim

6
x6 2
b
9
x9 3
12
7 b . . . and x sin x2 x3 c 1 6x b
1 11 120 x
1 15 5040 x
b lim
x3 c x2 b x3 c x4 b . . . 3 c 1 x7 b 1 x11 c 1 x15 b x x0 6 120 5040 1 2x
lim
x 0 1c
3 6 1 c x2 b x3 c 1 4 1 8 6 x b 120 x c
x9 4 b. . . 1 12 5040 x b
ln1 b x3 2 x 0 x sin x
41. 1 b 1 b
1 3x
1 4x
b e1 e
1 1 64 1 c 14
3 b 1 4 b 1 5 b 1 3 1 1 2 b 42. 1 4 4 4 4 1 b 4 b 4 43. 1 c 44. 45. 46.

1 2 1 3 32 42 2x 1 2 2 2 13 33 3x 23 3 3 3
1 4 64 3
1 48
b b b b
34 44 4x 1 3 2 3 15 35 5x 25 3 5 5
c c c c
36 4 6 6x 1 42 4 17 3 7 7x 27 3 7 7
b 1 c
1 3 2 2x 4
1 3 4 4x 4
1 3 6 6x 4
b cos 3 4
c c c
1 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 2 b 3 b 1 c4 b ln1 b 2 ln 2 2 c 2 # # #
1 3
2 3
1 47. x3 b x4 b x5 b x6 b x3 a1 b x b x2 b x3 b b x3 1 c x
1 2 3 b 1 2 5 c 1 2 7 b tanc1 2 b 2 3 c 3 3 5 3 7 3 3
x3 1cx
1 1 3 3x 3
1 1 5 5x 3
1 1 7 7x 3
b sin 1 3
3 2
48. 1 c
32 x2 2x
34 x4 4x
36 x6 6x
b 1 c
1 49. x3 c x5 b x7 c x9 b x3 1 c x2 b ax2 b c ax2 b b x3 1 + x2 2 3
2 1 2x a3xb
4 1 4x a3xb
6 1 6x a3xb
b cosa3xb
x3 1 + x2
50. x2 c 2x3 b
22 x4 2x
23 x5 3x
24 x6 4x
51. c1 b 2x c 3x2 b 4x3 c 5x4 b 52. 1 b

x 2
c x2 1 c 2x b
d dx a1
a2xb2 2x
a2xb3 3x
a2xb4 4x
c x b x2 c x3 b x4 c x5 b b c
x3 3
c x2 ec2x
d 1 dx 1 b x
c1 a1 b xb2 lna1cxb x
x2 3
x3 4
x4 5
b c1 x cx c
x2 2
x4 4
x5 5
1 c c x lna1 c xb c

bx 53. ln 1 1 c x ln (1 b x) c ln (1 c x) x c x# #
631
x$ 3
x% 4
b c cx c
x# #
x$ 3
x% 4
c 2 x b
x$ 3
x& 5
54. ln (1 b x) x c
" n10n
" 10)
n10 10 when n 8 7 terms

n x$ 3
x# #
x$ 3
c
)
x% 4
b b
(c1)nc1 xn n
b kerrork (c")n
n c1 n
" n10n
when x 0.1;
55. tanc" x x c
" #n c 1
" 10$
n
x$ 3
x& 5
x( 7
1001 # x& 5
500.5 the first term not used is the 501st we must use 500 terms b
x* 9
x* 9
c b
(c")nc1 x2nc1 2nc1
x b kerrork (c1) 2nc1
nc1 2nc1
" #n c1
when x 1;
56. tanc" x x c
x( 7
c b
(c1)nc1 x2nc1 2nc1
we have !
tanc" x converges for kxk 1; when x c1 we have !

_ n1
b and n lim x _ 2n b 1
2nb1
n 1
(c1)n 2nc1
which is a convergent series; when x 1
2n c 1 x2nc1
2n c 1 x# x# n lim _ #n b 1
(c1)nc1 2nc1
which is a convergent series the series representing tanc" x diverges for kxk 1
" tanc" 18 has an
57. tanc" x x c
(c1)nc1 x2nc1 x$ x& x( x* b and when the series representing 48 3 b 5 c 7 b 9 c b 2n c 1 " c' error less than 3 10 , then the series representing the sum " " " 48 tanc" 18 also has an error of magnitude less than 10c' ; b 32 tanc" 57 c 20 tanc" #39
thus
58. ln (sec x) '0 tan t dt '0 t b

x x
kerrork 48
" 18
2nc1
#n c 1
" 310'
n 4 using a calculator 4 terms

t$ 3
2t& 15
59. (a) a1 c x# b
x# 3x% # b 8 b 2nb3 lim 135(2n c 1)(2n b 1)x n _ 246(2n)(2n b 2)(2n b 3) d dx
c"#
b dt
x# #
x% 12
x' 45
b
5x( 112
1b
(b)
kxk 1 the radius of convergence is 1. See Exercise 69. acosc" xb c a1 c x# b

c"# t# # c"#
$ 5x' c" xxb x 16 sin 6 246(2n)(2n b ") 135(2n c 1)x2nb1 1
x# n lim 1 _ (2n b 2)(2n b 3)

1 #
3x& 40
; Using the Ratio Test:

(2n b 1)(2nb1)
cosc" x
1 #
c sinc" x
c x b b
x$ 6
3x& 40
5x( 112
1 #
cxc
x$ 6
3x& 40
5x( 112
60. (a) a1 b t# b 1c
c$# at# b b (1)c"# b c " # (1)

3t% 2# 2! " 4
(b) sinhc" " 4 term,

5x( 112 c" 1bx
" 384
35t' 2$ 3!
3 40,960 " 4
sinhc" x '0 1 c
x
c " c 3 c&# at# b# # # (1) #! t# #
0.24746908; the error is less than the absolute value of the first unused
5 " 4 112
(
3t% 8
5t' 16
dt x c
c " c 3 c 5 c(# at# b$ # # # (1) 3! x$ 6
3x& 40
5x( 112
, evaluated at t
61.
1 c 2x b 3x# c 4x$ b
# $ c 1 c" (cx) c1 b x c x b x c
since the series is alternating kerrork

d dx 1 1c bx " 1 b x#
2.725 10c'
d dx
ac1 b x c x# b x$ c b
62.
" 1 c x#
1 b x# b x% b x' b
d dx
" 1c x#
2x a1 c x # b #
d dx
a1 b x# b x% b x' b b 2x b 4x$ b 6x& b
632
44668(2n c 2)(2n) 63. Wallis' formula gives the approximation 1 4 32 35577(2n c 1)(2n c 1) to produce the table
n 1 10 3.221088998 20 3.181104886 30 3.167880758 80 3.151425420 90 3.150331383 93 3.150049112 94 3.149959030 95 3.149870848 100 3.149456425 At n 1929 we obtain the first approximation accurate to 3 decimals: 3.141999845. At n 30,000 we still do not obtain accuracy to 4 decimals: 3.141617732, so the convergence to 1 is very slow. Here is a Maple CAS procedure to produce these approximations: pie := proc(n) local i,j; a(2) := evalf(8/9); for i from 3 to n do a(i) := evalf(2*(2*ic2)*i/(2*ic1)^2*a(ic1)) od; [[j,4*a(j)] $ (j = nc5 .. n)] end
_ _ _
w ! m k xkc1 a1 b xb f w axb a1 b xb! m k xkc1 k 64. (a) faxb 1 b ! m k x f axb k k

k1 k1 k1
k1
Thus, a1 b xb f axb m b !
_
k1
k kc1 b ! m k Note that: ! m kc1 ! km m b ! m k kx k kx k kx b 1 ak b 1b x .

k2 k1 k2
! m k xk c 1 k
_
bx
k1
! m k xkc1 k
_ _
k1
! m k xk c 1 k
_
k1
! m k xk k
0 m 1 a1b x
k c1 b ! m k b ! m k kx k kx
k2 k1
k2
m Note that: k m b 1 ak b 1b b k k
mam c "bam ckb k!
m k ! m ak b 1b b m k xk . m k m b ! k b 1 ak b 1b x b k k x m b kb1 k
k1
m kc1 k kx
b!
k1
m k k kx
_
m k ! m k xk m b ! kb 1 ak b 1b x b k
k1 k1
k1 _
! m m xk m b m! m xk m k Thus, a1 b xb f w axb m b ! k m k k b 1 ak b 1b b k k x m b
k1 k1 k1
mam c "bam c ak b 1b b 1b am c k b 1b ak b 1b b mam c "b k ak b 1 b ! k! mam c "bam c k b 1b mam c "bam c k b 1b mam c "bam c k b 1b aa m c k b b k b m k k! k! k!
_ _ _
m m k .
(b) Let gaxb a1 b xbcm faxb gw axb cma1 b xbcmc1 faxb b a1 b xbcm f w axb (c) gw axb 0 gaxb c a1 b xbcm faxb c faxb
_
w k m1 b ! m k x 9 m faxb f axb
k1
mfaxb a1 bx b
if c" x 1.
cma1 b xbcmc1 faxb b a1 b xbcm

k
mfaxb a1 b x b
cma1 b xbcmc1 faxb b a1 b xbcmc1 m faxb 0.

_
fa0b 1 b ! m k a0b 1 b 0 1 ca1 b 0b 1 c 1 faxb a1 b xb .

m m
k1
c a1 b x b c m
k ca1 b xbm . Since faxb 1 b ! m k x

k 1
# 3 c " c # (1)c&# acx# b #
65. a1 c x# b b
$ 3 5 c " c # c # (1)c(# acx# b #
c"#
a1 b acx# bb
3!
c"#
b 1b
c$# acx# b b (1)c"# b c " # (1)

x# #
13x% 2# #!
135x' 2$ 3!
b 1b!
#!
n1
135(2nc1)x2n #n n!

sinc" x '0 a1 c t# b
x
633
c"#
where kxk 1 66. ctanc" td x 'x t" # c

_
dt '0 1 b !
x
n1
135(2n c 1)x2n 9 #n n!
dt x b !
n1
135(2n c 1)x2nb1 #4(2n)(2n b 1)
1 # " t%
c tanc" x 'x b
1 # " t'
dt 1 b t#
c
" x " 3t$
" t)
tanc" x
b c_
lim
x c1
<c " t b
" 3x$
b dt lim
" 5t&
'x t " dt 'x 1b
1 #
t#
" t#
" 5x&
" 7t(
b , x 1; ctanc" td c_ tanc" x b
b_
" c b c x b
x x
<c " t b
" 3t$
" 5t&
" 7t(
c x
b
1 c
" t#
" t% " x
c c
" t'
" 3x$
" 5x&
" 7x(
c tan
1 #
dt 'c_ 1 b t
x
" 3x$
b dt b
" 5x&
" 7x(
b b
" 3x$
c"
xc1 # c
" x
" 5x&
b ,
67. (a) eci1 cos (c1) b i sin (c1) c1 b i(0) c1 1 (b) ei14 cos 1 4 b i sin 4
" 2
1 (c) eci12 cos c 1 # b i sin c # 0 b i(c1) ci
i 2
" (1 b i) 2
68. ei) cos ) b i sin ) eci) ei(c)) cos (c)) b i sin (c)) cos ) c i sin ); ei) b eci) cos ) b i sin ) b cos ) c i sin ) 2 cos ) cos ) ei) c eci) cos ) b i sin ) c (cos ) c i sin )) 2i sin ) sin ) 69. ex 1 b x b
x# #! ei) b eci) ; # i) c i) e e c #i
eci) 1 c i) b
ei) b eci) # % )# 1 c #! b ) 4!
x$ 3! (ci))# 2!
b b
x% i) 4! b e $ % (ci)) (ci)) 3! b 4! b
1 b i) b
1 c i) b
#
(i))# #!
(i))# 2!
1 b i) b
(i))# #!
(i))$ 3!
(i))% 4!
)' 6!
b cos );
$ %
b b 1 c i) b
#
(i)) #!
(i))$ 3!
#
c
b
(i)) 3!
(i))% 4!
(i))% 4!
$
(i))% 4!
b and c
(i))$ 3!
ei) c eci) #i
)c
)$ 3!
1 b i) b
)& 5!
(i))# #!
)( 7!
b sin )
)) )) )) (i)) (i)) b (i3! b (i4! b c 1 c i) b (i# ! c 3! b 4! c
#i
70. ei) cos ) b i sin ) eci) eic) cos (c)) b i sin (c)) cos ) c i sin ) (a) ei) b eci) (cos ) b i sin )) b (cos ) c i sin )) 2 cos ) cos ) (b) ei) c eci) (cos ) b i sin )) c (cos ) c i sin )) 2i sin ) i sin ) 71. ex sin x 1 b x b
" " $ " " % " (1)x b (1)x# b c 6 b# x b c 6 b6 x b 1# 0 c
_
ei) b eci) cosh i) # ei) c eci) sinh i) 2
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
of e1bix which we calculate next; e1bix ! 1 b x b ix b

1bix
ex eix e1bix ex (cos x b i sin x) ex cos x b i aex sin xb e sin x is the series of the imaginary part
" " " " " # $ $ % & & ' #! a2ix b b 3! a2ix c 2x b b 4! ac4x b b 5! ac4x c 4ix b b 6! ac8ix b b the imaginary 2 # 2 $ 4 & 8 ' " $ " & " ' # #! x b 3! x c 5! x c 6! x b x b x b 3 x c 30 x c 90 x b in agreement with our x
n 0
b x c
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x( 7!
" 1#
b b
" & #4 x x
" $ b x b x# b 3 x c (x b ix)# #!
" 30
x& b ; b
(xbix)n n!
1 b (x b ix) b
(x b ix)$ 3!
(x b ix)% 4!
part
of e
is x b
product calculation. The series for e sin x converges for all values of x. 72.
d dx
ae (cos bx b i sin bx) b bieax (cos bx b i sin bx) aeabibx b ibeabibx (a b ib)eabibx
ax
eabib
d dx
ceax (cos bx b i sin bx)d aeax (cos bx b i sin bx) b eax (cb sin bx b bi cos bx)
634
73. (a) ei)" ei)# (cos )" b i sin )" )(cos )# b i sin )# ) (cos )" cos )# c sin )" sin )# ) b i(sin )" cos )# b sin )# cos )" ) cos()" b )# ) b i sin()" b )# ) ei)" b)# " " ) b i sin ) (b) eci) cos(c)) b i sin(c)) cos ) c i sin ) (cos ) c i sin )) cos cos ) b i sin ) cos ) b i sin ) ei) 74.
a c bi abbix bi ax b C" b iC# aa# c a# b b # e b b# e (cos bx b i sin bx) b C" b iC# ax a# eb b# (a cos bx b ia sin bx c ib cos bx b b sin bx) b C" b iC# ax a# eb b# [(a cos bx b b sin bx) b (a sin bx c b cos bx)i] b C" b iC# ax ax b b sin bx) bx c b cos bx) e (a cosa#bx b C" b ie (a sina# b iC# ; b b# b b#
eabbix eax eibx eax (cos bx b i sin bx) eax cos bx b ieax sin bx, so that given
bi abbix ' eabbix dx aa c b C" b iC# we conclude that ' eax cos bx dx e bb e c b cos bx) and ' eax sin bx dx e (a sinabx b C# bb
# #
ax
(a cos bx b b sin bx) a# b b #
b C"
ax
CHAPTER 10 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1. converges to 1, since n lim a n lim 1 b _ n _ 2. converges to 0, since 0 an

2 n (c1)n n
1
2 n
, n lim 0 0, n lim _ _
n
0 using the Sandwich Theorem for Sequences
2 1c " c 1 c1 3. converges to c1, since n lim a n lim n lim 2n _ n _ _ #n
5. diverges, since sin
4. converges to 1, since n lim a n lim c1 b (0.9)n d 1 b 0 1 _ n _

n1 #
e0 1 0 c1 0 1 f
6. converges to 0, since {sin n1} {0 0 0 } 7. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _ 8. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _
ln n# n
2 n lim _
" n 1
0 0 1 n lim _
n
ln (2nb") n
n lim _
2n 2 b1 1 1 b " n 1
n bnln n lim 9. converges to 1, since n lim a n lim _ n _ n_ 10. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _
ln a2n$ b 1b n
n lim _
6n# 2n$ b 1
12n 6n#
n lim _
2 n
5 n nc 11. converges to ec5 , since n lim a n lim n lim 1 b n _ n _ _
12. converges to
" e
3 1n lim 13. converges to 3, since n lim a n lim _ n _ n n_

n
" cn 1 b n n lim , since n lim a n lim _ n _ _
(c5) n
ec5 by Theorem 5
" e
" 1 b " n n
by Theorem 5
3 n 1 n 31n n1n
3 1
3 by Theorem 5 1 by Theorem 5
3 1n lim 14. converges to 1, since n lim a n lim _ n _ n n_
1 1

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CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

10.1 SEQUENCES 1. a" 2. a" 3.

4. a" 2 b (c1)" 1, a# 2 b (c1)# 3, a$ 2 b (c1)$ 1, a% 2 b (c1)% 3 5. a" 6. a" a(

" # " 3 6 " 3,628,800

10. a" c2, a# a( c 2 7 ,

1(c2) c1) c1, a$ 2(3 c2 # 3 , a% " 2 " a) c 4 , a* c 9 , a"! c 5

19. an n# c 1, n 1, 2, 21. an 4n c 3, n 1, 2, 23. an

20. an n c 4 , n 1, 2, 22. an 4n c 2 , n 1, 2, 24. an

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

26. an (Theorem 5, #4)

n " nc " # b (c1) # #

2n b " 1 c 3 n " c 5n% n% b 8n$

31. n lim _ 32. n lim _ 33. n lim _ 34 n lim _

nb3 n# b 5n b 6 n# c 2n b 1 nc1 " c n$ 70 c 4n#

nb3 (n b 3)(n b 2) (n c 1)(n c 1) nc1

_ diverges 36. n lim (c1)n 1 c " n does not exist diverges _

35. n lim a1 b (c1)n b does not exist diverges _

c " n lim 40. n lim # _ n_

converges 39. n lim _

0 converges n lim 2 2 converges _ 1b "

n 2n 41. n lim b 1 n lim _ _ 42. n lim _

"0 n _ diverges n lim _ 9

" " 1 b n 43. n lim sin 1 sin # b n sin n lim _ _ #

^ 0 converges (using l'Hopital's rule)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 10.1 Sequences

^ _ diverges (using l'Hopital's rule) 0 converges

1 converges (Theorem 5, #3) (Theorem 5, #3) (Theorem 5, #5)

51. n lim 81n 1 converges _ 52. n lim (0.03)1n 1 converges _

1 b 7 n e( converges 53. n lim n _ 1 c " n lim 1 b 54. n lim n _ n_

(Theorem 5, #5) (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)

n 55. n lim 10n n lim 101n n1n 1 1 1 converges _ _

# n n 56. n lim n# n lim n 1# 1 converges _ _

_ 3 3 1n nlim 57. n lim lim n1n _ n n_

(Theorem 5, #3 and #2)

n 60. n lim cln n c ln (n b 1)d n lim ln n b 1 ln n lim _ _ _

(Theorem 5, #2) (Theorem 5, #3)

n 62. n lim 32nb1 n lim 32b a1nb n lim 3# 31n 9 1 9 converges _ _ _

63. n lim _ 64. n lim _ 65. n lim _ 66. n lim _

"23(n c 1)(n) nnnnn

0 converges n lim _ n lim _

" 0 and n lim _ n (Theorem 5, #6)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

" n n ln lim 1 b n 68. n lim ln 1 b " ln e 1 converges n _ n_

6n #$ 6 n lim exp : 3n b 1 "3n c 1 ; n lim exp (3n b 1)(3n converges c 1) exp 9 e _ _ c

2n n lim exp nc e! 1 converges #c1 _ 3 n 6 n 2cn n!

n2$ 1 c n"# c n"#

(Theorem 5, #6) n lim _ n lim _

11 74. n lim lim 9 n 11 n _ 10 n_ b 12 (Theorem 5, #4)

75. n lim tanh n n lim _ _

e2n c " e2n b 1

n lim " 1 converges _

76. n lim sinh (ln n) n lim _ _ 77. n lim _

" c cos n n"#

78. n lim n 1 c cos " n n lim _ _

" " c cos n " n

" <sin n n"#

n lim sin " n 0 converges _

1 cos n lim cos 0 1 converges n _

81. n lim tanc" n _

expaln 5b 5 82. n lim _

1 3; the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3

% and n N kan c Lk # . Now