CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The NAD 208 is a 250 watt power amplifier which ses EDP tech!i" es to achie#e a! I$% &'!amic power o tp t of (00 watts i!to 8) It has electro!icall' *ala!ce& i!p ts a!& comprehe!si#e protectio! s'stems to + ar& a+ai!st a* se while remai!i!+ tra!spare!t to m sic si+!als) The followi!+ circ it &escriptio! sho l& *e rea& with refere!ce to the accompa!'i!+ *loc, &ia+ram a!& schematics) %or the i!p t PC- circ itr' o!l' the left ha!& cha!!el compo!e!t refere!ces will *e me!tio!e& .o&& ! m*ers/) The *ala!ce& i!p t si+!als are fe& #ia co pli!+ capacitors C0012 C003 to the &iffere!tial i!p t sta+e 4l002 4l05) Their collectors &ri#e the o tp t op5amp IC000-2 a!& are s pplie& from the co!sta!t c rre!t so rce 4001) The ser#o amplifier IC000A co!trols the DC le#els aro !& the i!p t sta+e si!+ commo! mo&e fee&*ac,) O#erall &iffere!tial fee&*ac, is pro#i&e& *' the !etwor, R0112 Rl262 R0032 R0002 Rl20 a!& 7R0052 which fi8es the i!p t sta+e +ai! at e8actl' 2)0) The Commo! 9o&e Re:ectio! Ratio .C9RR/ is trimme& *' three preset resistors) 7R005 sets the mi&5*a!& C9RR .aro !& l ,$;/2 7R000 the low fre" e!c' C9RR .505(0$;/ a!& 7R001 the hi+h fre" e!c' C9RR .2O,$;/) Clippi!+ &io&es D0002 D001 protect a+ai!st e8cessi#e commo! mo&e i!p t si+!als) The i!p ts ca! *e !*ala!ce& with S<2002 which +ro !&s the i!#erti!+ i!p ts to mi!imi;e !oise) I! *ri&+e mo&e S<000 &isco!!ects the left cha!!el i!p t amplifier a!& re5co!!ects it2 i! re#erse phase2 to the ri+ht cha!!el i!p t co!!ectors) Th s i! *ri&+e mo&e the i!p t impe&a!ce is hal#e&2 * t the #olta+e +ai! is &o *le&) R20( a!& C20( pro#i&e a low impe&a!ce ret r! from si+!al +ro !& to the amplifier chassis) The chassis is ta,e! to mai!s earth #ia the thir& wire of the three5core power cor&) The left a!& ri+ht si+!als are ta,e! from the i!p t PC- #ia two scree!e& ca*les2 to each of the mai! power amplifier PC-S) These two PC-s are identical a!& so ha#e the same compo!e!t refere!ce ! m*eri!+) The i!p t resistors R101 a!& R103 act with C105 to pro#i&e R% filteri!+) R101 also co!tri* tes a s ita*le so rce impe&a!ce a+ai!st which the soft clip &io&es D100 a!& D1022 the i!p t m te tra!sistor 4100 a!& i!p t atte! ator 4102 a!& R10=2 ca! wor,) The si+!al splits thro +h C10(2 C103 to fee& the i!p t tra!sistors 410=2 4105 which form a compleme!tar' c rre!t5 mo&e fee&*ac, pair) The o tp t si+!als from their collectors pass #ia the casco&e tra!sistors 41012 410( to the twi! c rre!t mirrors R1062 D10(2 41082 R11= a!& R1222 D1032 41002 R1152 R11( which form the p shp ll class A +ai! sta+e) A temperat re5compe!sate& DC *ias #olta+e for the o tp t sta+e is pro& ce& *' the !etwor, 41062 41002 D1082 R1105R1112 7R100) 4106 is thermall' co ple& to the pre5&ri#ers 410=2 410( a!& the &istortio! correctio! tra!sistor 4105 to compe!sate for their temperat re &rift) 4100 is mo !te& o! the mai! heatsi!, to compe!sate for 7+s &rift i! the o tp t 9OS%ETS) The positi#e pre5&ri#er 410= fee&s #ia R1=0 a!& D101 to the positi#e p sh5p ll &ri#ers 41202 4122) These i! t r! &ri#e the fo r parallele& mai! positi#e o tp t 9OS%ETs 41232 41102 41152 4118) Resistors R1302 R1382 R18(2 R16= force the o tp t c rre!t to *e share& e" all' *etwee! the o tp t 9OS%ETs .>>/) D103 clamps the 9OS%ET +ate &ri#e to limit the positi#e pea, c rre!t o tp t to a safe le#el)
>>) Altho +h c rre!t shari!+ resistors are se&2 each set of parallele& 9OS%ETs .o tp t a!& EDP/ m st *e matche& #er' closel' i! or&er to achie#e acc rate c rre!t shari!+) It is therefore 9OST I9PORTANT that o!l' matche& sets of spare parts s pplie& *' NAD are se& for replaci!+ these 9OS%ETS) If a si!+le 9OS%ET fails2 the! the whole parallel set of three or fo r 9UST *e replace&)

O! the !e+ati#e si&e2 the pre5&ri#er 410( fee&s the !e+ati#e p sh5p ll &ri#ers 41082 4106 which &ri#e the fo r !e+ati#e mai! o tp t 9OS%ETs 41252 41262 411=2 4113 a!& their c rre!t5 shari!+ resistors R1(32 R1352 R1862 R162) The *ias #olta+e for 4108 a!& 4106 is pro#i&e& *' R153 a!& D1222 D121 a!& the' also act to clamp the 9OS%ET +ate &ri#e to limit the !e+ati#e pea, c rre!t o tp t to a safe le#el) The &istortio! correctio! tra!sistor 4105 se!ses the &iffere!ce *etwee! the o tp t si+!al .#ia D10=2 C12(2 R1=52 C121/ a!& the si+!al o! 410(s emitter2 amplifies the error a!& fee&s it *ac, *' &ri#i!+ a correctio! c rre!t thro +h R1=0 a!& R1=2) 4103 a!& 4102 pre#e!t e8cessi#e c rre!ts *ei!+ &raw! whe! the amplifier is &ri#e! i!to !e+ati#e clippi!+) This co!fi+ ratio! is co#ere& *' NAD pate!ts) The mai! o tp ts are fe& from the low #olta+e s ppl' rails ?7@ #ia the comm tatio! &io&es D12(2 D123) A*o#e the comm tatio! le#el2 the c rre!t for the mai! o tp ts is &raw! #ia the EDP 9OS%ETs from the ?7$ s pplies) 7@ is t'picall' 357 i! = mo&e a!& 837 i! 8 mo&e) 7$ is t'picall' 0087 i! = mo&e a!& 02O7 i! 8 mo&e) The &ri#e for the EDP 9OS%ETs is ta,e! from the collector of 4108 a!& * ffere& *' 4103 a!& 4120) A positi#e offset #olta+e is applie& *' D106 *iase& thro +h R151 to &ri#e the positi#e EDP 9OS%ETs 412(2 41102 4111 with their c rre!t shari!+ resistors R1(62 R1332 R185) The arra!+eme!t acts as a #olta+e follower so that2 a*o#e comm tatio!2 the #olta+e o! 4115As &rai! follows the si+!al o! 4103s *ase .a!& he!ce the o tp t si+!al/ * t &isplace& a*o t 20 #olts a*o#e the latter) D12= pre#e!ts re#erse *ias of the 9OS%ET +ates a!& D125 limits the ma8im m &rai! c rre!t) The !e+ati#e EDP circ it achie#es the same e!&2 * t i! a &iffere!t wa' to s it the " asicompleme!tar' N5 cha!!el &esi+!) The si+!al o! the emitter of 4120 is f rther * ffere& *' 4101 a!& fe& #ia the offset ;e!er &io&e D10( a!& D1082 C1252 R1552 R15( to the *ase of 412=) D1212 41212 421= a!& the 9OS%ETs 41282 41122 411( act i! the same wa' as a co!#e!tio!al compleme!tar' fee&*ac, pair) The res lt is that the #olta+e o! the &rai! of 411( etc) follows acc ratel' that o! the *ase of 412= .pl s a! offset #olta+e/) 412=As emitter is *iase& p 05 #olts *' 4121 a!& D121 i! or&er to e!s re that the 9OS%ETs ca! *e &ri#e! i!to sat ratio! o! !e+ati#e pea,s) D108 pre#e!ts re#erse *ias of 412=As *ase5 emitter : !ctio! a!& D121 limits the ma8im m &rai! c rre!t) O! the positi#e si&e2 all the hi+h5le#el2 low5c rre!t sta+es .i)e) e#er'thi!+ apart from the o tp t 9OS%ETS/ are fe& from a! e8tra B7$$ s ppl' which is a*o t ( #olts hi+her tha! B7$2 This e8tra #olta+e is !ecessar' to e!s re that the o tp t a!& EDP 9OS%ETs ca! all *e &ri#e! i!to positi#e sat ratio!) Some AC fee&*ac, is ta,e! &irect from the o tp t 9OS%ETs #ia R123 to the fee&*ac, poi!t o! R12() The ma:or part2 howe#er2 is ta,e! after the o tp t rela' R@C100 #ia R125) -oth of these fee&*ac, resistors are 5 watt rate& precisio! metal film t'pes) The #al e of resistor R12= is set o! pro& ctio! test to fi8 the total amplifier +ai! at precisel' 26&-) A DC fee&*ac, ser#o e!s res a #er' low o tp t offset #olta+e a!& this comprises IC1002 R10=2 R1052 R1082 R1282 R1262 C1022 C1012 C103) IC100 is fe& from the ? 087 s pplies #ia R102 a!& R108 .&eco ple& *' C10=2 C108/ which &rop the #olta+e to t'picall' ?01)57 to *e safel' withi! the op5ampAs rati!+) Protectio! a+ai!st short circ its a!& loa& fa lts is pro#i&e& si!+ a sophisticate& a!alo+ e comp ter which calc lates the : !ctio! temperat re of the o tp t 9OS%ETs with separate &etectors for the positi#e a!& !e+ati#e si&es) O! the positi#e si&e2 D=022 R=0=2 4=01 se!se the #olta+e across 4118 a!& co!#ert this to a c rre!t thro +h R=05 a!& he!ce D=03) D=002 R=002 4=002 R=02 se!se the #olta+e across .a!& he!ce the c rre!t thro +h/ R16= a!& co!#ert this to a smaller c rre!t thro +h D=01 a!& R=0() These c rre!t si+!als fee& i!to the tra!sco!& cta!ce amplifier IC=00a which is co!fi+ re& as a! a!alo+ e m ltiplier) The o tp t c rre!t from IC000a2 proportio!al to the i!sta!ta!eo s power &issipate& i! the positi#e o tp t 9OS%ETS2 flows thro +h the R5C !etwor, C=002 R=202 C=012 R=222 C=052 R=2= to +ro !&) This !etwor, mimics the thermal time co!sta!ts *etwee! the o tp t 9OS%ETAs case temperat re a!& : !ctio!

temperat re) The #olta+e &e#elope& across the !etwor, is se!se& *' 4=0( which switches o! whe! e8cessi#e power is &issipate&) -' thermall' co pli!+ 4=0( to the case of o!e of the 9OS%ET5s .4123/2 a!& appl'i!+ a! offset *ias c rre!t thro +h R=082 the switchi!+ threshol& of 4=0( ca! *e ma&e to trac, " ite acc ratel' : st i!si&e the ma8im m rate& : !ctio! temperat re for the 9OS%ETS) The !e+ati#e si&e se!si!+ is sli+htl' &iffere!t *eca se the 9OS%ET c rre!t is se!se& across R1862 R161) This is &o!e *' D=052 4=0=2 R=002 with a *ias c rre!t applie& #ia R=03) The collector c rre!t is fe& from 4=0=s collector #ia R=06 a!& c rre!t mirror D=0(2 R=082 4=052 R=00 to pro& ce a c rre!t i!to IC000 * pi! 0() The resistor #al es are arra!+e& so that the scali!+ factor is the same as for the positi#e si&e) 7olta+e se!si!+ is carrie& o t *' 4=022 R=01 a!& the res lti!+ c rre!t fe& to IC000 * #ia D=0=) The o tp t from IC000* is co!fi+ re& e8actl' as IC000a to &ri#e the thermal se!se tra!sistor 4=032 co ple& to o tp t 9OS%ET 4125) The two se!se tra!sistors 4=0(2 4=03 ha#e their collectors co!!ecte& to+ether a!& &ri#e the protectio! rela' &ri#er IC(00 #ia R(0=2 R(012 4(002 R(03) These last &e#ices are all mo !te& o! the power s ppl' PC-) The last circ it o! the power amplifier PC- is the #olta+e a!& c rre!t &etector for the CPP .Co!ti! o s Power Protectio!/ s'stem) 4=082 4=062 R=232 R=282 R=102 4=00 se!se the #olta+e across .a!& he!ce the c rre!t thro +h/ R1862 R161 a!& co!#ert this to a smaller c rre!t at 4=00s collector) 4=082 4=06 are *iase& from the c rre!t so rce 4=022 4=012 R=182 R=162 R=2() 4=00As o tp t c rre!t is fe& #ia R=10 to the c rre!t mirror D=082 R=262 4=002 R=11 which is powere& from B087 a!& +e!erates a #olta+e across R=1= which is proportio!al to the amplifierAs o tp t c rre!t) Similarl'2 R=122 D=06 +e!erate a #olta+e across R=13 which is proportio!al to the amplifierAs o tp t #olta+e) These two #olta+es are s mme& *' R=152 R=1( a!& the! a#era+e& *' C(08 which is mo !te& o! the power s ppl' PC-) 9o#i!+ o! to the power s ppl' PC- we fi!& 4(00 which se!ses the #olta+e across C(08 a!& starts to co!& ct if this e8cee&s appro8imatel' (0Om7 4(00 a!& C(06 ser#e the same f !ctio! for5the ri+ht ha!& cha!!el2 The collectors of 4(00 a!& 4(00 are co!!ecte& to+ether so that either or *oth cha!!els ca! co!trol the followi!+ SC2 .Soft Clippi!+ Co!trol/ s'stem) The SC2 circ it comprises 4(0=54(08 a!& their associate& *ias compo!e!ts) 4(0( * ffers the DC co!trol si+!al from 4(002 4(0 0) The si+!al is f rther * ffere& *' R(2(2 R(25 a!& 4(0= to pro& ce the positi#e soft clip #olta+e) The same si+!al is i!#erte& *' R(282 D(0=2 D(052 4(082 R(262 R(102 4(03 a!& * ffere& a+ai! *' R(232 R(2= a!& 4(05 to pro& ce the !e+ati#e soft clip #olta+e) These two co!trol #olta+es are fe& to *oth power amplifier PC-s to &ri#e the soft5clip &io&es D1002 D102 alrea&' me!tio!e&) The actio! of this circ it is s ch that2 if the amplifierAs o tp t e8cee&s a certai! threshol& le#el2 the soft5clip co!trol #olta+es are re& ce& to pre#e!t a!' f rther i!crease i! o tp t) The a#era+i!+ time co!sta!t of C(082 C(06 .D2)1 seco!&s/ e!s res that the circ it i+!ores all m sic si+!als2 * t respo!&s " ite " ic,l' to co!ti! o s test si+!als s ch as si!e5wa#es) The #ario s compo!e!t #al es are chose! to set the amplifierAs 0 ,$; clippi!+ le#el for co!ti! o s si!e5wa#es with *oth cha!!els &ri#e! to appro8imatel' 2805260 watts i!to 8 a!& the same i!to =) The SC2 circ it is also se& for two other f !ctio!s) The !ormal Soft Clip f !ctio! ca! *e e!+a+e& si!+ S<202) This co!!ects R(11 from 4(0(s *ase to +ro !& a!&2 at the same time remo#es the short circ it across the Soft Clip @ED D800 allowi!+ it to li+ht with c rre!t from R(15) D(082 R(1(2 R(1=2 R(12 pro& ce the correct soft clip le#el i! co!: !ctio! with R(11) The' are fe& from B7$$ which e!s res that the soft clip le#el trac,s cha!+es i! s ppl' #olta+e ca se& *' li!e or loa& #ariatio!s) The last f !ctio! of the SC2 circ it is to impleme!t the first sta+e of TCP .Thermall' Co!trolle& Protectio!/) If the temperat re of either heatsi!, e8cee&s 80 C the! o!e of the two thermal switches S<100 will ope! ca si!+ 4(02 to switch off a!& 4(0= to switch o!) <he! 4(0= switches o! it co!!ects R(=( to +ro !& a!& *ri!+s the soft clip co!trol #olta+es &ow! to a m ch lower le#el tha! with S<202ER(11) This le#el is set so that the amplifierAs o tp t ca!!ot swi!+ far e!o +h positi#e or !e+ati#e for the EDP circ its to t r! o! a!& co!!ect the o tp ts to the hi+h #olta+e s pplies) Th s all the o tp t c rre!t is co!strai!e& to *e &raw! from ?7@ which re& ces the stress o! the tra!sformer a!& o tp t &e#ices) At the same time2 4(05 a!& 4(03 are also switche& o!2 which e!+a+es the i!p t atte! ators .41002 R10=/ o! each power amplifier PC- to re& ce the o tp t le#el *' a*o t =&-) This pre#e!ts a!'

+ross clippi!+ *ei!+ i!tro& ce&2 e#e! if the amplifier was alrea&' *ei!+ o#er5&ri#e!) <he! the thermal trips ope! a!& 4(02 switches off2 it allows c rre!t to pass thro +h the re& half of D8022 the PO<EREprotectio! @ED2 which the! +lows am*er to i!&icate that this first mo&e of protectio! has *ee! e!+a+e&) CPP2 SC2 a!& TCP are all co#ere& *' NAD pate!ts or pe!&i!+ pate!ts) The ltimate protectio!2 *oth for the amplifier a!& lo &spea,ers2 is pro#i&e& *' the spea,er o tp t rela's) These are co!trolle& *' IC(00) Apart from ope!i!+ the rela's o! si+!als from the 75I protectio! circ it as alrea&' e8plai!e&2 IC(00 has two other Ffa ltF so rces) %irst it se!ses the DC le#el o! the o tp t of each power amplifier #ia R(002 R(022 R(052 R(0(2 C(022 C(01 a!& ope!s the rela's if the a#era+e DC *ecomes e8cessi#e) Seco!&l' it pro#i&es m ti!+ at switch5o! E switch5off) The FONF co!&itio! is se!se& #ia D(022 which rectifies the low #olta+e AC a!& char+es C(0( !e+ati#el') At switch5o!2 the rela's remai! ope! !til the #olta+e across C(0( has +o!e s fficie!tl' !e+ati#e to p ll &ow! IC(00 pi! 0) At switch5o!2 C(0( &ischar+es rapi&l' thro +h R(062 D(03 a!& ca ses the rela's to ope! #er' " ic,l') The seco!& sta+e of TCP is effecte& *' the two 0 000 C thermal trips S<102 which are co!!ecte& i! series with the o tp t rela's) If either heatsi!, e8cee&s this temperat re2 the! the rela's ope!) At the same time2 4(02 is t r!e& o! #ia R(052 R(0(2 th s t r!i!+ o! 4(01 which i! t r! switches o! the m te tra!sistors o! each power amplifier PC- .4102/) As these tra!sistors switch m ch faster tha! the rela'As co!tacts2 the' will remo#e the o tp t si+!al a milliseco!& or two *efore the rela' co!tacts ope!) This pre#e!ts arci!+ a!& erosio! of the rela' co!tacts which ca! lea& to i!crease& co!tact resista!ce a!& ltimate fail re) <he! 4(01 switches o! it also t r!s o! 4(06 which shorts o t the +ree! half of D8022 the PO<EREprotectio! @ED) 4(06 also p lls &ow! D(0( which switches off 4(02 allowi!+ c rre!t to flow thro +h the re& half of D8022 Th s2 whe!e#er the o tp t rela's ope!2 the PO<ER @ED will +low re& 5 whate#er the co!&itio! of the other protectio! s'stems) The s pplies for the mai! power amplifiers are locate& i! the ce!tre of the power s ppl' PC-) The low #olta+e .5(E(57ac/ tra!sformer taps are fe& #ia 00A a!ti5s r+e f ses %5002 %501 to the *ri&+e rectifier -R502) This fee&s two *a!,s of fo r =270%E0007 reser#oir capacitors C5002 C5022 C5012 C50=2 C5082 C5062 C5012 C50= pro#i&i!+ the ?7@ s pplies) The hi+h #olta+e .80)5E86)57ac/ tra!sformer taps are fe& #ia 00A a!ti5 s r+e f ses %5022 %50= to the *ri&+e rectifier -R500) This fee&s two *a!,s of three 002000%E507 reser#oir capacitors C5052 C50(2 C5002 C5002 C5052 C50( pro#i&i!+ the ?7$ s pplies) %i!all'2 the hi+hest #olta+e tap .000 E0007ac/ is ta,e! #ia a 250mA a!ti5s r+e f se %5052 R500 a!& rectifier D50= to =230O%E0(7 reser#oir capacitors C5032 C502 pro#i&i!+ the B7$$ s ppl') %505 is also ta,e! #ia D5052 R502 to the5 7$ s ppl' i! or&er to *ala!ce the c rre!t &raw! from this tra!sformer tap) D5002 D5022 D501 pre#e!t e8cessi#e forwar& or re#erse #olta+es from appeari!+ across the 7$ or 7$$ reser#oir capacitors !&er fa lt co!&itio!s) A separate 2050520 #olt wi!&i!+ is se& to power the ?087 re+ lators) This wi!&i!+ is fe& #ia -R600 to the reser#oir capacitors C6052 C60() The positi#e !re+ late& #olta+e is se& to power the spea,er o tp t a!& switch5o! &ela' rela's R@C100 > 2 a!& R@C(00) IC600 a!& IC6022 to+ether with their associate& compo!e!ts R600560=2 C600560= pro& ce the low !oise re+ late& ?087 s pplies) The primar' si&e of the tra!sformer has two wi!&i!+s2 o!e 05 0207 a!& o!e 0500050207 These are ta,e! to the power s ppl' PC- where the mai!s #olta+e ca! *e set for 02072 2107 or 2=07 *' mea!s of wire : mpers) The i!comi!+ mai!s #olta+e is co!!ecte& #ia a &etacha*le mai!s cor& to a! IEC sta!&ar& 15 pi! i!let2 which has a primar' f sehol&er * ilt i! o! the li#e si&e) This co!tai!s the primar' f se %300 .()1AT for 210 or 2=072 00AT for 0207/ a!& also a spare f se i! its ow! compartme!t) This co!!ector is wire& to the two5pole power switch S<300 which is fitte& with arc s ppressio! capacitors C3002 C302) The !e tral si&e of S<300 is fe& &irect to the tra!sformer2 * t the li#e si&e +oes #ia the a*o#e me!tio!e& primar' #olta+e : mpers to the switch5o! &ela' circ it) At switch5o! the rela' R@C(00 has its co!tacts ope!2 lea#i!+ R(16 co!!ecte& *etwee! the mai!s li#e a!& the tra!sformer) R(16 is a s fficie!tl' low resista!ce that the amplifier ca! power p !ormall' .with !o o tp t si+!al *eca se the o tp t rela's are ope!/2 * t it limits the pea, switch5o! s r+e c rre!t to *elow a*o t 50A at 2=07 or 11A at 0207 O!ce the amplifier has *ee! switche& o!2 C(00 *e+i!s to char+e p #ia R(==) <he! the #olta+e across C(00 reaches a*o t ( to 3 #olts2 4(0( switches o! #ia R(=32 R(=8 a!& t r!s o! the rela' R@C(002 closi!+ its

co!tacts2 th s ma,i!+ a low resista!ce path from S<300 to the tra!sformer) This switch o! &ela' is less tha! half a seco!&) <hile the amplifier is switche& o!2 4(01 is hel& off *' the !e+ati#e pote!tial o! C(0( .#ia R(06/2 <he! the amplifier is switche& off2 the rapi& &ischar+e of C(0( allows R(13 to t r! 4(01 o!2 which i! t r! &ischar+es C(00 #er' " ic,l' #ia R(=0) Th s the switch5o! &ela' circ it is reset #er' rapi&l' at switch5off so that !o harm ca! *e &o!e if the amplifier is switche& o! a+ai! imme&iatel')

NOTE
230 V and 240V models - B, Bl and C versions @ater !its ha#e a !ew power tra!sformer fitte& which re!&ers the power 5 o! &ela' circ it !!ecessar') R@C(00 a!& its associate& compo!e!ts R(132 R(162 R(=02 R(==2 R(=32 R(=82 C(002 D(032 D(062 4(01 a!& 4(0( are therefore &elete&) <ire : mpers are co!!ecte& i! place of the rela' co!tacts a!& D(03)