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BOTANY SYLLABUS 2009-2012 and onwards FIRST SEMESTER PAPER I PAPER II ALGAE, LICHEN AND BRYOPHYTE PTERIDOPHYTE AND GYMNOSPERM 100 100

SECOND SEMESTER PAPER I PAPER II VIROLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY, FUNGI AND PATHOLOGY PRACTICAL PAPER 100 100

THIRD SEMESTER PAPER I ANGIOSPERMS (MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OF PLANTS 100 PAPER II PRACTICAL PAPER 100 FOURTH SEMESTER PAPER I PAPER II FIFTH SEMESTER PAPER I PAPER II PAPER lll GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION PRACTICAL PAPER 100 100 ECOLOGY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND SOIL SCIENCE CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 100 100

SIXTH SEMESTER PAPER I PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 100 PAPER ll BIOCHEMISTRY 100 PAPER lll PRACTICAL PAPER 100 Maximum marks on theory and practical paper 100=70 external+30 internal (unit tests, presentation,
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projects, attendance, class performance and viva-voce) DETAILED SYLLABUS

FIRST SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER: ALGAE, LICHEN AND BRYOPHYTE PAPER NO. I Unit I General characters of Algae including range of thallus, classification of Algae and its basis. Economic importance of algae General characters of Cyanophyceae and study of its type genus Microcystis and Gloeotichia General characters of Chlorophyceae and study of its type genus (Habit, Habitat, asexual and sexual reproduction and life cycle) Volvox, Hydrodictyon Oedogonium, and Chara Unit II General characters of Phaeophyceae and study of its type genus (Habit, habitat, asexual and sexual reproduction and life cycle) Ectocarpus General characters of Xanthophyceae and study of Vaucheria General characters of Rhodophyceae and study of PolysiphoniaGeneral characters of Lichen and nature of association, External morphology of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichen, internal structure,asexual reproduction-fragmentation, soredium, cephalodium and isidium Economic importance of Lichen Unit III General characters of Bryophytes and its affinity with algae, pteridophyte, Classification of Bryophytes Marchantia its habit, habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte its genera. Pellia- its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte Unit IV Frullania its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte Anthoceros its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte, evolutionary significance Pogonatum its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte Ecological and economic importance of Bryophytes. SUGGESTED READINGS
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Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses Vashishta,B.R., Sinha,A.K. and Kumar,A. 2005-Bryophytes-Botany for Degree students.S. Chand and company Ltd. Singh,V.,Pandey ,P.C.AND Jain,D.K., 2005. A text book of botany. Rastogi Publications. Vashishtha.,B.R.- Algae - S,Chand publications Smith G.M -Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I Algae and Fungi -. Tata McGraw Belgrami K.S and Saha L.C The Algae Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses Gangulee, Das and Dutta College Botany Vol II New Central Book Agency, Kolkata NAME OF THE PAPER : PTERIDOPHYTE AND GYMNOSPERM PAPER NO.II Unit I General characters and classification (a brief outline) of pteridophytes and its relationship with other major groups of plants, evolution of stellar system Study of following genera Rhynia- Discovery, morphology, anatomy of stem, structure of sporangia Lycopodium External and internal structure of root, stem and leaf, variation of stele in stem, external and internal structure of strobilus, reproduction and types of gametophyte Selaginella-External and internal structure of root, rhizophore, stem and leaf, nature of rhizophore, external and internal structure of strobilus, reproduction, structure and development of male and female gametophyte,significance of heterospory Unit II Equisetum-External and internal structure of root, stem and leaf, external and internal structure of strobilus, structure and nature of sporangiophore, nature of elater, structure and development of gametophyte and reproduction. Nephrolepis and Adiantum External and internal structure of root, stem, petiole, difference between false and true indusium, structure of sporangium, life cycle in brief Marselia-External and internal structure of root, stem and petiole, external and internal structure of sporocarp, nature of sporocarp, reproduction Unit III General characters of Gymnosperm, a brief outline of the classification of GymnospermEconomic importance of Gymnosperm. Cycadales- Cycas-Morphology and anatomy of normal root, coralloid root, stem, rachis, leaflet, male and female strobilus, structure and development of male and female gametophytes and reproduction, an idea of the
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differences between C.circinalis and C.revoluta Unit IV Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Coniferales- Pinus-Morphology and anatomy of normal root, stem, dwarf shoot, needle, male and female gametophytes and reproduction Gnetales- Ephedra-Morphology and anatomy of stem, male and female flower,structure and development of male and female and female gametophytes, reproduction, angiospermic features

SUGGESTED READINGS Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses Vashishta B.R., Sinha,A.K. and Kumar,A. 2005 Pteridophytes-Botany for Degree students.S. ChanPd and company Ltd. Singh,V.,Pandey ,P.C.and Jain,D.K., 2005. A text book of botany. Rastogi Publications. Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses Bhatnagar S.P and Moitra A- 2005-Gymnosperms New Age International (P) Lttd, Publishers Gangulee, Das and Dutta College Botany Vol II New Central Book Agency, Kolkata

SECOND SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER : BACTERIOLOGY , VIROLOGY, FUNGI AND PATHOLOGY PAPER NO. I UNIT I History of bacteriology and virology Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure and characteristic features (Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Phytoplasma and Yeast) Nature, structure and classification of plant viruses Structure and multiplication of Bacteriphage,structure and multiplication of viroids (PSTV),differences between virus, virioids and prions Replication (TMV, Retrovirus) and transmission of Plant viruses ( Non persistent, semipersistent and persistent) UNIT II Classification of Bacteria on the basis of morphology and nutrition Bacterial cell division, Bacterial growth curve,techniques in sterilization, bacterial culture and staining Modes of genetic recombination Application of microbiology in agriculture, industry and medicine, a brief concept of bioremediation
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Unit III Classification and distinguishing features of Fungi,general characteristics of classes and their representative genus with their life cycle Mastigomycotina Pythium,Phytophthora infestens (Late Blight of Potato) Zygomycotina Mucor,Ascomycotina Saccharomyces, Aspergillus Basidiomycotina Agaricus, Polyporus,Puccinia (Black rust of Wheat) Deutromycotina Fusarium,Alternariasp (Early Blight of Potato) , Unit IV Host Parasite interaction , Physiology of Parasitism and Flors Hypothesis Factors affecting disease development. Economic importance of Fungi (organic acids, fermentation products, antibiotics Bacterial and fungal toxin, Single cell protein

SUGGESTED READINGS Singh V, Pandey.P. C.and Jain D.K 2005., A text book of botany-. Rastogi Publications Pandey S.N and Trivedi P.S . 2006. Atext book of Botany. Vol I. Vikas publishing House (vol 1) Singh R.S. Plant Pathology , Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd. Agrios,G. N.,Plant Pathology- Elsevier Academic Press Sharma, P.D.-, Microbiology and Plant Pathology.Rastogo Publications Sharma, P.D- . The Fungi - . Rastogi Publications Verma, H.N.- ,Basics of Plant Virology- Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi Dubey ,R.C. and Maheshwari , D.K.-A text book of Microbiology -. S Chand & Co Mehrotra R.S. and Agrawal ,A - .Plant pathology -.Tata McGraw Hill Publications Gangulee, Das and Dutta College Botany Vol II New Central Book Agency, Kolkata NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER PAPER NO. II The paper will be based on paper no. I and II of first semester and paper I of second semester

THIRD SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER : ANGIOSPERMS (MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY,ANATOMY,EMBRYOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OFPLANTS) PAPER NO. I UNIT I The shoot system- The stem, leaf and root forms, functions and modifications.
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The inflorescence types, bracts and bracteoles,the flower parts, flower as modified shoot, thalamus, insertion of floral appendages, calyx, corolla, perianth, aestivation, androecium, gynoecium, placentation, floral formula, floral diagram. Pollination contrivances for cross pollination and self pollination. The seed and fruits types of germinations (hypogeal and epigeal germination) and different type of fruits. UNIT II Angiosperms Introduction and fundamental components. Botanical nomenclature, Principles and rules, taxonomic ranks, type concept.Classification of angiosperms, salient features of the systems proposed by Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, Cronquist and Takhtajan (concept of Dahlgreen and APG system in brief). Diversity of flowering plants as:Ranunculaceae, Nympheaceae, Brassicaceae, Papaveraceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceace, Mimosaceae, Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae UNIT III Study of different kinds of meristematic and permanent tissue simple, complex and special types including secretory tissue. Meristems kinds and distribution of meristems. Study of tissue sysstems epidermal, ground and vascular systems. Anatomy of stems, leaves and roots dicots and monocots. Secondary growth and its anomaly (dicot and monocot stems and roots). UNIT IV Sporogenesis and the gametophytes-Microsporogenesis, development of the male gametophyte, megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte (types of embryo sac development). Fertilization and embryology Fertilization, development of the embryo endosperms and post fertilization changes etc. Apomixis and polyembryony, life- cycle of Angiosperms. Economic Botany of timber, fibre, oil, sugar and medicinal plants, spices and condiments (in brief) Botanical gardens and herbaria

SUGGESTED READINGS Pandey S.N and Misra S.P. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms . Anes Book, India. Pandey B.P. Taxonomy of Angiosperms (6th ed)S. Chand and company Ltd. Ram Nager, New Delhi Mukherjee S.K 1990. College Botany Vol III (2nd ed) New Central Book Agency, Calcutta. Tayal M. S. - Plant Anatomy Bhojwani and Bhatnagar-Embryology of Plants Maheshwari P. Embryology of Plants Ganguli Das and Dutta College Botany Vol I New Central Book Agency, Kolkata Sen S Economic Botany New Central Book Agency
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NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER PAPER NO. II The practical paper will be based on paper I of third semester

FOURTH SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER :ECOLOGY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND SOIL SCIENCE PAPER NO. I UNIT I Ecology Concept and definition of ecology, ecosphere, biosphere and biome, types of ecosystem, structure and function of Ecosystem (Biotic and abiotic factors). Ecological pyramid, food chain and its type, food web, Energy flow and biogeochemical cycles Productivity concept- gross and net productivity Hydrophytes and Xerophytes-types and adaptations (morphological,anatomical and eco-physiological with specific examples of Hydrilla,Trapa, Nerium, Casuarina) Dynamics of community, plant succession- Hydrosere, Xerosere, climax community. UNIT II Air pollution, causes, effect and its control Global warming,green house effect and ozone depletion Water and soil pollution causes, effect and its control Sound,thermal and radioactive pollution, causes, effect and its control, a brief concept of Phytoremediation and Plant indicators UNIT III Natural vegetation of India Phytogeography (Static and dynamic phytogeography),endemism Biodiversity and its conservation, hot spots in terms of flora and Red data book (in brief) Energy resources, conventional sources of energy (coal, natural gas and petroleum), non- conventional sources of energy (solar energy, water energy, wind energy, thermal energy, biogas and petro- plants) UNIT IV Soil classification and its typeszonal, intrazonal and azonal,soil profile Soil properties- Physical, chemical and biological Soil forming processes-laterization, podzolization, salinization, calcification Soil reclamation of problem soil (acidic soil, usar soil, calcareous soil) Soil erosion and soil conservation, role of plants in controlling soil erosion, biofertilizers SUGGESTED READINGS Kar R, Chandel R.S and Singh M 2008 - Elements of Environmental Studies Kriti Prakashan Ltd Sunakar Panda. Environment and Ecology- Vrinda Publication (P)Ltd. Asthana D.K and Asthana Meera. Environment Problems and Solutions. S Chand &Co. Ltd
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Misra SP and Pandey SN Essential Environmental Studies. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd Sharma P.D.Ecology and Environment .Rastogi Publications Ambasht R.S. and Ambasht N.K. A text book of Plant Ecology . CBS Publications and distributors Shukla R.S and Chandel P.S. A texr book of Plant Ecology. S. Chand & Co. Biswas T.S. and Mukherjee SK.. A text book of Soil Science. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications Kolay. Soil Science Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology S Chand Publication Subramanyam N.S. and AVSS Sambamurty Ecology Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi Smith and Smith Principals of Ecology- Pearson Publications Joshi P.C. and Joshi N 2005 Ecology and Environment Himalaya Publishing House

NAME OF THE PAPER : CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PAPER NO. II UNIT-I Structure of cell wall, plasma membrane and their functions, cytoskeleton microtubules, microfilament,intermediate filament. Structure and function of chloroplast and mitochondria Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. Structure and function of lysosome, peroxisome and ribosome. UNIT-II Nucleus structure and function of nucleus Chromosomes-Number, size and shape, karyotypes Chemical composition of chromosomes (in brief) Morphology of Chromosomes and Karyotypes. Ultra structure of Chromosome,nucleosome-solenoid model of chromosome organization. Cell cycle, cell division mitosis and meiosis. UNIT-III Nucleic acid as genetic material- reasons and evidences. Structure and types of DNA. Structure and types of RNA. DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. UNIT IV Central dogma of Protein synthesis, transcription mechanism in prokaryotes, differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotic transcription in brief. Translation mechanism in prokaryotes, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation in brief. Genetic code discovery, properties, wobble hypothesis. Exceptions Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (on the basis of lac operon and trp operon model) and eukaryotes (Britton Davidson model)
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SUGGESTED READINGS Watson JD and Baker TA Molecular Biology of the gene- Pearson Education publication Gupta PK Cell and Molecular Biology- Rastogi Publication Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology S Chand Publication Powar CB- Cell Biology- Kalyani Publication Verma PS and Agarwal VK -Concept of Molecular Biology-S Chand Publication Singh BD Molecular Biology Kalyani Publishers

FIFTH SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER :-GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING, BIOSTATISTICS AND EVOLUTION PAPER NO. I UNIT I Developments of genetics and Mendelism-laws of segregation and independent assortment. Gene interaction, Multiple alleles. Linkage and crossing over. Methods of gene mapping including molecular maps. Sex chromosomes, sex linked inheritance and sex determination. UNIT II Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis), spontaneous and induced mutation and its importance Chromosomal aberration Numerical changes in chromosome (polyploidy) and its application Cytoplasmic inheritance, genetics of male sterility. UNIT III Methods of plant breeding introduction, aims and objectives Hybridization and Heterosis breeding Selection methods (pure line, mass selection, bulk method, clonal) Role and scope of plant breeding in agriculture and horticulture UNIT IV Origin of life (a brief concept of Oparin Haldane concept). Mechanism of evolution (a brief concept of Hardy Weinberg Principle) and a brief account of evolution (an idea of fossils and Geological Time Scale) Theories of organic evolution (Darwinism, Lamarkism) Mutation theory and Neo- Darwinism SUGGESTED READINGS Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology S Chand Publication.
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Gupta PK Cytology, Genetics , Evolution and Ecology- Rastogi Publication. Rastogi Veer Bala-Evolution Singh B D- Plant Breeding-Kalayani Publishers. Singh B. D Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Mc Graw Hill Book Co Singh B.D- Genetics and Plant Breeding Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Gardener, Simpson- Genetics Ganguli Das and Dutta College Botany Vol I New Central Book Agency, Kolkata Kar and Halder - Plant Breeding and Biometry New Central Book Agency, Kolkata Clug and Cummins Concepts of Genetics Pearson

NAME OF THE PAPER : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION PAPER NO. II UNIT I Introduction to Biotechnology and its history Application of Biotechnology Electrophoresis and protein separation (Western Analysis) Nucleic acid separation (DNA- southern analysis & RNA- northern analysis) UNIT-II Genetic engineering principles and methodology Methods of gene transfer-physical, chemical and biological. Application of genetic engineering in human welfare Transgenic plants and their utility UNIT III History of tissue culture, medium composition and different growth medium Various techniques in tissue culture Applications of tissue culture Micropropogation and somaclonal variation UNIT-IV Various techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis in biological system Isolation techniques - Chromatography, Centrifugation Spectrophotometer, laminar flow, autoclave Polymerase Chain Reaction SUGGESTED READINGS Gupta PK Biotechnology Rastogic Publication Singh B.D. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers Rana SVS Biotechniques Theory and Practise Rastogic Publication Kumar H.D - Biotechnology Singh B. D Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Mc Graw Hill Book Co Razdan An Introduction to Plant Tissue culture Oxford and IBH Publishing Co Ltd

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NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER PAPER NO. III Experiments will be based on of Paper I (Ecology, plant Geography and soil sciece), Paper II ( Cell and molecular biology) of Fourth semester and Paper I( Genetics ) and Paper II ( Biotechnology and instrumentation) of Fifth semester

SIXTH SEMESTER NAME OF THE PAPER : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY PAPER NO. I UNIT I Plant water relation-Importance of water in plant life, physical properties of water Diffusion and osmosis, transport of water and ascent of sap Transpiration and regulation of stomatal opening and closing Mineral nutrition-Essential macro and micro elements and their role, mineral uptake , deficiency symptoms UNIT II Transport of organic substances Mechanism of phloem transport with special emphasis on Munch Hypothesis ,source- sink relationship, factors affecting translocation. Photosynthesis-historical aspect, Photosynthetic pigments, red drop phenomenon, Photophosphorylation, C3 and C4 cycle, CAM plant Photorespirations : its merits and demerits UNIT III Respiration - Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Glycolysis,Krebs cycle, Electron transport system Oxidative phosphorylation (chemi-osmotic theory), pentose phosphate pathway Nitrogen metabolism Biology of nitrogen fixation and crop productivity Lipid metabolism Fatty acid biosynthesis, beta- oxidation UNIT IV Growth- definition, phases of growth, factors affecting growth. Seed physiology seed dormancy, seed germination. Phytohormone - auxins, gibberellins,cytokinins,abscissic acid and ethylene. Flowering :photoperiodism and vernalization. SUGGESTED READINGS Hopkins Plant Physiology Teiz and Zeiger Plant Physiology Verma V. Text book of Plant Physiology Anes Student Edition Srivastava H.N. Plant Physiology .New Millenium Edition
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Datta ,Subhash Chandra- Plant Physiology - New Age International (P) Limited Publishers Ganguli Das and Dutta College Botany Vol I New Central Book Agency, Kolkata Verma S.K -A text book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry S Chand Publications NAME OF THE PAPER : BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER NO. II UNIT I Introductory biochemistry and its application Biochemical composition of living organism CarbohydratesClassification Structure and properties of important plant UNIT II Types of amino acids essentials and non- essentials Proteins- classification Structure and properties of Protein Lipids- Important plant lipids- their structure and role. UNIT III Basics of Enzymology Characteristics of enzymes, holoenzymes, apoenzymes, coenzymes and co-factors. Mechanism of enzyme action, Enzyme kinetics Regulation of enzyme activity including enzyme inhibition, allosteric enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. UNIT IV Vitamins and their biological role Introduction and classification of plant growth substances Role of different growth substances in horticulture and agriculture Secondary metabolites. SUGGESTED READINGS Lehninger Biochemistry Jain JL Fundamentals of Biochemistry S Chand Publication Srivastava H.S- Elements of Biochemistry-Rastogi Publications Horton, Moran, Scrimgeour and Perry Principals of Biochemistry - Pearson Verma S.K -A text book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry S Chand Publications NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER PAPER NO. Ill Practical paper will have experiments based on Paper I(Plant Physiology) and Paper II(Biochemistry) of semester sixth.

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