MEANING RELATION

TAKE HOME EXAMINATION

SEMANTICS SEMESTER 6 2012/2013
By Fakhrur Rozi 1011202549
Modern studies of semantics are interested in meaning primarily in terms
of word and sentence relationships.
Semantic relationships in all languages can be described based on
similarity or contiguity. This seems to stem directly from the structure of the
human brain. People who suffer brain damage affecting language usually
experience impairment of either their similarity relations or their contiguity
relations, depending upon precisely which area of the brain is damaged.
In the narrow sense semantic relations are relations between concepts or
meanings. For example, the concept [school] should be distinguished from the
word school. [School] is a kind of [educational institution]. This indicates a
hierarchical (or generic) relationship between two concepts or meanings, which is
one kind among a long range of kinds of semantic relations.
The following are some meaning relations in semantics. They are
synonym, antonym, hyponym, polisemy, homonym, and homophone.
1: Synonyms:

Semantics: Meaning Relation

They are words with similar meanings. They are listed in a special type of
dictionary called a thesaurus. A regular dictionary lists words according to
form, usually in alphabetical order; a thesaurus lists words according to
meaning. Synonyms usually differ in at least one semantic feature. Sometimes
the feature is objective (denotative), referring to some actual, real world
difference in the referents: walk, lumber, stroll, meander, lurch, stagger, stride,
mince. Sometimes the feature is subjective (connotative), referring to how the
speaker feels about the referent rather than any real difference in the referent
itself: die, pass away, give up the ghost, kick the bucket, croak. There tend to
be very few absolute synonyms in a language. Example: sofa and couch are
nearly complete synonyms, yet they differ in their collocability in at least one
way: one may say couch potato, but not *sofa potato.
Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being
a synonym is called synonymy. Synonym is a word with the same meaning or
nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language.
Synonyms can be any part of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
or prepositions), as long as both members of the pair are the same part of
speech.
The List of Synonym:
N

WORD

SYNONYM

INFO.

MEANING

o1

About

Approximately

Adverb

Kira-Kira

Abstract

Summary

Noun

Ringkasan

To Answer

To reply

Verb

Menjawab,

To Appear

To Seem

Verb

To glitter

To sparkle

Verb

Nampak
Berkelap-

To assure

To guarantee

kelip
Menjamin

Awful

Terrible

Verb
Adjecti

To behave

To act

ve
Verb

Berkelakuan

9
1

To begin

To start

Memulai

Brave

Courageous

Verb
Adjecti

10

Last

Final

ve
Adjecti

Terakhir

Concord

Harmony

ve
Noun

Keselarasan

2
Semantics: Meaning Relation

Buruk sekali

Berani

Contrary

Opposite

Adjecti

Berlawanan

13

Correct

Right

ve
Adjecti

Benar

14

To indicate, to represent

ve
Verb

Menunjukkan

51

To denote
To

To stress

Verb

Menekankan

16

emphasize
Extra

Additional

Adverb

Tambahan

17

To fabricate

To manufacture

Verb

Membuat

81

Select

Choose

Verb

Memilih

Previously

Adverb

Sebelumnya

29

Formerly
2:0Antonym:

A word that means the opposite to another word. They can be grouped
into 3 types: Gradable, Complementary, and Relational Antonyms.
a:

Gradable antonyms, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree.

The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of other. For Example:
Rich x Poor; High x Low ; Wide x Narrow.
b: Complementary Antonyms, the members of a pair in this type are
complementary to each other. Not only the assertion of one means the
denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.
For Example: Male/Female, Alive/Dead, Married/Single.
c:

Relational Antonyms, they show the reversal a relationship between two

entities. For example: Husband/Wife, Teacher/Pupil, Doctor/Patient,

Buy/Sell, Above/ Below.
The List of Antonym:
No

WORD

MEANING

Easy

Mudah

INFO.
Adjecti

Husband

Suami

King

Raja

Near

ANTONY

MEANING

M
Difficult

Sulit

ve
Noun

Wife

Istri

Queen

Ratu

Dekat

Noun
Adjecti

Far

Jauh

Fat

Gemuk

ve
Adjecti

Skinny

Kurus

Dull

Tumpul

ve
Adjecti

Sharp

Tajam

Poor

Miskin

ve
Adjecti

Rich

Lock

Mengunci

ve
Verb

Unlock

Kaya
Membuka
Kunci

Semantics: Meaning Relation

Last

Yang

Adjecti

First

Yang Pertama

10

Often

Terakhir
Sering

Seldom

Jarang

11

Slow

Fast

Cepat

12

Humble

Lambat
Rendah

ve
Adverb
Adjecti
ve
Adjecti

Arrogant

Sombong

13

Accept

Hati
Menerima

Refuse

Menolak

14

Prompt

Cepat

ve
Verb
Adjecti

Late

15

Precious

Berharga

ve
Adjecti

Worthless

Terlambat
Tidak

ve

Berharga

3: Hyponym:
; A word with a particular meaning that is included in the meaning of a more
general word.
; A word that represents different categories covered by a superordinate:
Superordinate: Animal, Hyponym: Cat, horse, etc. Superordinate is a
general term that includes various different words representing narrower
categories,

called

Hyponyms:

SUPERORDINATE

EXAMPLE:

Superordinate: Animal, Hyponym: Cat, horse, etc.

The List of Hyponym:
1: Superordinate: transportation ; Hyponym: car, motorcycle, pedicab,
train, bus, cycle, truck, ferry, speed boat, helicopter, airplane.
2: Superordinate: day ; Hyponym: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
3: Superordinate: month ; Hyponym: January, February, March, April,
May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
4: Superordinate: color ; Hyponym: white, black, pink, green, red, grey,
orange, violet, yellow, blue.
5: Superordinate: religion ; Hyponym: Moslem, Christian, Catholic,
Hinduism, Buddhism.
6: Superordinate: sport ; Hyponym: football, baseball, basketball, aerobic,
badminton, fencing, diving, chess, fighting, golf, marathon, grand prix.
7: Superordinate: fruit ; Hyponym: banana, orange, grape, mango,
Semantics: Meaning Relation

jackfruit, durian, watermelon, strawberry, cherry, honeydew melon,

pineapple, pear, kiwi, pomegranate, star fruit.
8: Superordinate: job ; Hyponym: teacher, doctor, soldier, lawyer, farmer,
fisherman, gardener, civil servant, guide, policeman, driver, translator.
9: Superordinate: animal ; Hyponym: bear, crab, dolphin, bee, butterfly,
goose, eagle, leopard, frog, elephant, crocodile, penguin, shark, rabbit,
pigeon, monkey.
10: Superordinate: human body ; Hyponym: face, hair, nose, lips, neck,
throat, arm, back, head, finger, stomach, knee, eye, cheek, forehead,
eyeball, ear, tongue, tooth, chin, brain, heart, muscle, leg, foot, lung.
11: Superordinate: family ; Hyponym: parent, child, mother, father, son,
brother, daughter, sister, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother, husband,
wife.
12: Superordinate: goods ; Hyponym: bottle, book, ring, doll, lamp, laptop,
bag, paper, pen, cupboard.
13: Superordinate: country ; Hyponym: Indonesia, United State, North
Korea, Japan, Germany, France, Holland, Italy, Spain, England, Turkey,
Portugal, Australia.
14: Superordinate: language ; Hyponym: Indonesian, Malay, Arabic,
Russian, Japanese, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Mandarin, English,
Spanish.
15: Superordinate: adjective ; Hyponym: diligent, lazy, easy, difficult, hard,
low, high, tall, short, clever, smart, stupid, angry, calm, wise, poor, rich,
bad, good.
16: Superordinate: weather ; Hyponym: summer, winter, autumn, spring,
dry season, rainy season.
17: Superordinate: subject ; Hyponym: English, chemistry, physic, biology,
economy, mathematic, art, information and technology.
18: Superordinate: flower ; Hyponim: rose, lily, jasmine, orchid.
19: Superordinate: universe ; Hyponym: space, comet, star, earth, moon,
20: Superordinate: music ; Hyponym: pop, jazz, rock, blues, pop rock.
4: Polysemy:
Semantics: Meaning Relation

; A word or phrase that has multiple meanings.

; A word with many meanings.
; A word with multiple related senses.
The List of Polysemy:

No
1

WORD
aggregatio
n

MEANING 1
coming together

MEANING 2
result of coming together;
those who come together
result of coming together;

Assembly

coming together

Bank

Bed

keep secure
something sleepers

Book

upon collection
aliebound

text distributed as a book

of
pageswho owns a
person

Supporter of capitalism;

business

person who owns a business

6
7

Capitalist
congregati
on

coming together

those who come together

place where things are kept
secure
what a stream lies on

result of coming together;

those who come together
Assembly of those seeking

Court

seek favor

delegation

granting authority to

(judge)
those
to whom authority has

10

Head

another
part
of the body

been granted
person
in charge of an

11

Hospital

above neck
activity
or place for

organization
place for treating the ill

Hunt

lodging
seeking guests
something,
especially game

those engaged in a search and

13

March

animals,
to kill or capture
moving together on

14

Milk

foot
activity
of extracting

15

militia

milk
military or defense

foot
result of extraction
those engaged in or subject to

16

ministry

activity the needs of

serving

being engaged
required in
to serving
engage the
in
those

17

mole

aothers
small burrowing

needs of others
Someone
who burrows for

mammal

information hoping to go

12

Semantics: Meaning Relation

favor;
the president of the court

taking
those who move together on

18

movement

motion, change in

result of motion or change;

19

nurse

positionthe needs of
serving

those whoengaged
move orinchange
Someone
serving

20

police

othersorderly
make

the
of others
lawneeds
enforcers

(lawful)

5: Homonym :
;

Different word that we pronounced the same but may or may not be
spelled the same.

(semantics) (strict sense) A word that both sounds and is spelled the
same as another word but has a different meaning.

(loosely) A word that sounds or is spelled the same as another word but
has a different meaning, technically called a homophone (same sound)
or a homograph (same spelling).

(taxonomy) A name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another

name that belongs to a different taxon.

A word that has the same pronunciation as another. Homonyms differ

from each other in:
o

Meaning

Origin, and

o Usually spelling.
The List of Homonym:
a: A very short little insignificant English
b: Eh an interrogative utterance
c: Acts things done
d: Ax chopping tool
e: Ad short for advertisement
f: Add short for addition
g: Adds performs addition
h: Ads more than one advertisement
Semantics: Meaning Relation

i: Adze axe like tool

j: Ade fruit beverage
k: Aid to assist
l: Aide an assistant
m: Aerie eagles nest
n: Airy breezy

6: Homophone :
In a language like English where spelling often diverges widely from
pronunciation, there is a special type of homonym called the homophone.
Homophones have the same pronunciation but different spellings.
The List of Homophone:
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Word 1
meet
peace
whether
through
to
cot
flour

Word 2
meat
piece
wheather
threw
two
caught
flower

Word 2

too

BIBLIOGRAFY
1:

http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/semanticsHAND

OUT.htm
2:

http://www.iva.dk/bh/Lifeboat-KO/CONCEPTS/semantic-relations.htm.

Semantics: Meaning Relation

3:

http://ningningocha.wordpress.com/2010/07/30/assignment-of-

introduction-to-linguistic-%E2%80%9Chomonym-synonyms-antonympolysemy-hyponym%E2%80%9D/

Semantics: Meaning Relation