Project On: Development & Underdevelopment

Submitted by: Mona Dharmendra Vyas

Email: vyasmona26@gmail.com

Class: M.A. Ist year (Economics) Submitted to: Prof(Dr.) Vibhuti patel

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TO GANESHA At the very outstrip, fail to find adequate words, with limited vocabulary, at my command, to express my emotions, to dear god, whos etern al blessing, divine presences and masterial guidance help me to fulfill my project. I will always will obliged and grateful to my teacher Proff(Dr.) Vibhuti patel for their inspiration and encouragement, which gave succor, and strength to my thought and mapped my way to find modus operandi for myself. Sometimes it is not easy to express our emotions in words to say thanks to our parents, for there constant un-demanding love scarifies and inspiration guidance and never ending enthusiasm. And ostentation use of words will not be sufficient to my institution S.N.D.T. UNIVERSITY for their valuable and critical suggestion, constant inspiration and encouragement and sentimental support throughout my work.

We hope that anyone with idea and suggestion or criticism regarding this project will feel free to contact me. Such comments are always welcome and I solicit additional correction and criticism which may be address to me at vyasmona26@gmail.com.

Mona D. Vyas .

INDEX:
1. Introduction 1.1 Development A. Developed country B. Definition & criteria 1.2 Underdevelopment A. Developing countries B. Characteristic of developing countries 2. Difference between Developing Countries and Developed Countries. 2.1 Developed vs. Developing Countries 2.2 Measure and concept of development and underdevelopment 3. Human development report 20113.1 New methodology 3.2 divisions of countries (Data of HDI Report 2011) 4. Human Development Report of India 4.1 Origin 4.2 Statistical Report (Report Data 2010) 5. Role of social infrastructure in development 5.1 Education A. Education in India I. Education Institutions in India II. Education Problems and Reforms in India 5.2 Health: B. Health in India I. Health Department in India II. Health Care Services in India III. Hospitals or Health Care Institutions in India: 6. Suggestion & Needs of Development 7. Bibliography

1. Introduction
1.1 Development:
The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes; also, the result of developing, or a developed state.

A. Developed country
A developed country can be defined through economic growth and security. Most commonly the criteria for evaluating the degree of development is to look at gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.Which criteria, and which countries are classified as being developed, is a contentious issue. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 65.8% of global nominal GDP and 52.1% of global GDP (PPP) in 2010

B. Definition and criteria

Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is income per capita; countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would thus be described as developed countries. Another economic criterion is industrialization; countries in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate would thus be described as developed. More recently another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HDI) rating. However, many anomalies exist when determining "developed" status by whichever measure is used. The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process

1.2 Underdevelopment
Underdeveloped a term often used to refer to economic underdevelopment, symptoms of which include lack of access to job opportunities, health care, drinkable water, food, education and housing.

A. Developing country
A developing country, also known as a less-developed country, is a nation with a low level of material wellbeing. Since no single definition of the term developing country is recognized internationally, the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries. Some developing countries have high average standards of living. Countries with more advanced economies than other developing nations, but which have not yet fully demonstrated the signs of a developed country, are categorized under the term newly industrialized countries. Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations, defined a developed country as follows. "A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment." But according to the United Nations Statistics Division,There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system.

B. An underdeveloped country has one or some of the following charactertics in common:

1. These countries has low reservoir of natural resources. 2. The economy is backward, often aggregarian economy, which many a times suffers unpredictable natural climatic condition. 3. Low level of industrialization, employment. 4. Plagued by un-employment, under-employment, disguised unemployment.
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5. Low Forex Reserve 6. Adverse Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment situation 7. Heavy borrowing from other countries. Heavy outgoing towards debt-service. 8. Dependency of Foreign Aids. 9. Interference from other countries, World Bank, IMF. 10. Existence of vicious circle of poverty. 11. Socio-economical inequality, Inflation. 12. Budgetary Deficit, Deficit Financing & Unplanned economy.

2. Difference between Developing Countries and Developed Countries

2.1 Developed vs. Developing Countries 1. A variety of terms such as developed, developing, less developed, underdeveloped, undeveloped are used to classify countries according to their economic status based on per capita income, industrialization, literacy rate, living standards etc. IMF and World Bank have statistical measures for the convenience of classification, though there are no definitions for this classification and many developing and under or undeveloped countries are critical of this terminology. 2. Developed countries have industrial growth, whereas developing countries depend on the developed countries for help to establish their industries. Developed countries enjoy flourishing economy, whereas developing countries begin to taste the growth of economy. 3. Developed countries experience marked development and growth in the areas such as transportation, business and education. Developing countries are in the beginning stages of development in the areas of education, business and transportation. 4. Developing countries are characterized by many shortcomings. These shortcomings include less awareness regarding matters relating to health, poor amenities, shortage in water supply, shortcoming in the area of medical supply, a higher rate of birth rate. The most important and worrying factor in the developing countries is the factor of poor nutrition. Poor nutrition to both mothers and infants is the main concern in the developing countries. Due to high birth rates, the probability of natural diseases is more in developing countries. Hence the death rates are also eventually high in developing countries. 5. Since natural diseases increase by high rates in the developing countries, they will have short population doubling time. This is not the case with developed countries. Developed countries are characterized by a low death rate and low birth rate as well. There is usually a very small gap between the two rates in developed countries. 6. In the case of developing countries there is usually a big gap between the birth rate and the death rate. Infant mortality factor is influenced by the development factor of countries. A developing country for that matter would have higher infant mortality than a developed country. 7. Developed countries are not characterized by shortcomings. They are well-developed in all fronts and are served well by water supplies, amenities, educational institutions, health care concerns. This is because of the fact that people are endowed with awareness about every possible aspect relating to human existence. The absence of shortcomings in the developed countries is possibly due to the fact there is a low birth rate in these countries. Nutrition is available in plenty to mothers and infants in developed countries.

2.2 Measure and concept of development and underdevelopment:

The development of a country is measured with statistical indexes such as income per capita (per person) (gross domestic product), life expectancy, the rate of literacy, et cetera. The UN has developed the Human
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Development Index (HDI), a compound indicator of the above statistics, to gauge the level of human development for countries where data is available. Developing countries are in general countries which have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and which have, in most cases a medium to low standard of living. There is a strong correlation between low income and high population growth. The terms utilized when discussing developing countries refer to the intent and to the constructs of those who utilize these terms. Other terms sometimes used are less developed countries (LDCs), least economically developed countries (LEDCs), "underdeveloped nations" or Third World nations, and "nonindustrialized nations". Conversely, developed countries, most economically developed countries (MEDCs), First World nations and "industrialized nations" are the opposite end of the spectrum. To moderate the euphemistic aspect of the word developing, international organizations have started to use the term Less economically developed country (LEDCs) for the poorest nations which can in no sense be regarded as developing. That is, LEDCs are the poorest subset of LDCs. This may moderate against a belief that the standard of living across the entire developing world is the same. The concept of the developing nation is found, under one term or another, in numerous theoretical systems having diverse orientations for example, theories of decolonization, liberation theology, Marxism, antiimperialism, and political economy.

3. Human development report 20113.1 New methodology for 2011 data onwards In its 2010 Human Development Report the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)

2. Education Index (EI)

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)

[3]

2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)

[4]

3. Income Index (II) Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:

LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend with his education in his whole life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita This years Report focuses on the challenge of sustainable and equitable progress. A joint lens shows how environmental degradation intensifies inequality through adverse impacts on already disadvantaged people and how inequalities in human development amplify environmental degradation. Human development, which is about expanding peoples choices, builds on shared natural resources. Promoting human development requires addressing sustainabilitylocally, nationally and globallyand this can and should be done in ways that are equitable and empowering. This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report. The latest report was released on 2 November 2011 and compiled on the basis of estimates for 2011. It covers 185 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 8 UN member states are not included due to lack of data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

3.2 Division of countries: Countries fall into four broad human development categories, each of which comprises 47 countries: Very High Human Development, High Human Development, Medium Human Development and Low Human Development (46 countries in this category). Very High Human Development : Top 10 countries in category of very high human development are HDI Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010
[1]

Country

Norway Australia Netherlands United States New Zealand Canada Ireland Liechtenstein Germany Sweden

0.943 0.929 0.910 0.910 0.908 0.908 0.908 0.905 0.905 0.904

0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003

High Human Development: Top 10 countries in category of very high human development are HDI Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010[1] 01 02 Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010
[1]

Country

Uruguay Palau
8

0.783 0.782

0.003 0.003

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 (1) (1) (2)

Romania Cuba Seychelles Bahamas Montenegro Bulgaria Saudi Arabia Mexico

0.781 0.776 0.773 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.770 0.770

0.002 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003

Medium human development: Top 10 countries in category of Medium human development HDI Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010[1] 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 (3) (1) (2) (1) Jordan Algeria Sri Lanka Dominican Republic Samoa Fiji China Turkmenistan Thailand Suriname Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010
[1]

Country

0.698 0.698 0.691 0.689 0.688 0.688 0.687 0.686 0.682 0.680

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.002 0.003

India rank in this category and rank of India is 134 with HDI value as 0.547 which has improved by 0.005 as compared with previous HDI report.
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Low human development: top 10 countries in this category are HDI Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010[1] 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) Change New 2011 compared Estimates to new for 2011 2011 data [1] for 2010
[1]

Country

Solomon Islands Kenya So Tom and Prncipe Pakistan Bangladesh Timor-Leste Angola Myanmar Cameroon Madagascar

0.510 0.509 0.509 0.504 0.500 0.495 0.486 0.483 0.482 0.480

0.003 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.001

HDI by regions & groups 2011 2011 estimates estimates for 2011 for 2010 HDI[4] HDI[4] Very high human development Very High Human Development OECD High human development Europe and Central Asia High Human Development
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Region or Group

0.889 0.873

0.888 0.871

0.751 0.741

0.748 0.739

Latin America and the Caribbean Medium human development World East Asia and the Pacific Arab states Small Island Developing States Medium Human Development South Asia Low human development Sub-Saharan Africa Low Human Development Least Developed Countries

0.731

0.728

0.682 0.671 0.641 0.640 0.630 0.548

0.679 0.666 0.639 0.638 0.625 0.545

0.463 0.456 0.439

0.460 0.453 0.435

MAIN DATA SOURCES : HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a), UNSD (2011) and IMF (2011). UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2011).HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2011a), IMF (2011) and UNSD (2011).

Why sustainability and equity? The human development approach has enduring relevance in making sense of our world and addressing challenges now and in the future. Last years 20th anniversary Human Development Report (HDR) celebrated the concept of human development, emphasizing how equity, empowerment and sustainability expand peoples choices. At the same time it highlighted inherent challenges, showing that these key aspects of human development do not always come together. A key theme of the 2010 HDR, is the enormous progress in human development over the past several decades with three caveats: Income growth has been associated with deterioration in such key environmental indicators as carbon dioxide emissions, soil and water quality and forest cover. The distribution of income has worsened at the country level in much of the world, even with the narrowing of gaps in health and education achievement. While empowerment on average tends to accompany a rising Human Development Index (HDI), there is considerable variation around the relationship. Simulations for this Report suggest that by 2050 the global HDI would be 8 percent lower than in the baseline in an environmental challenge scenario that captures the adverse effects of global warming on agricultural production, on access to clean water and improved sanitation and on pollution (and 12 percent lower in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). A poverty lens A key theme of this Report is that the worlds most disadvantaged people carry a double burden. More vulnerable to environmental degradation, they must also cope with immediate environmental threats from
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indoor air pollution, dirty water and unimproved sanitation. Our Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report (HDR), gives us a closer look at these household-level deprivations . The MPI measures deficits in health, education and living standards, combining both the number of deprived people and the intensity of their deprivations.

Impeding education As highlighted in the 2010 HDR, the expansion of primary education is one of the great successes of the past 40 years. The share of children attending school rose from 57 percent to 85 percent, with near universal enrolment in many parts of the world. Yet gaps remain. Nearly 3 in 10 children of primary school age in low HDI countries are not enrolled in school.60 And a range of other constraints, some related to environmental factors, persist. Electricity access can improve schooling. Better lighting allows for more study time, and electricity at home and school increases the time children and adults spend reading and keeps children in school longer.61 In northwestern Madagascar electricity made it easier for girls to do their homework and for their mothers to help them in the evening after household tasks were done. In Bangladesh the time children spent in school was correlated with access to electricity, even after controlling for family wealth . Empowermentreproductive choice and political imbalances Transformations in gender roles and empowerment have enabled some countries and groups to improve environmental sustainability and equity, advancing human development. Gender inequality Our Gender Inequality Index (GII), updated this year for 145 countries, shows how reproductive health constraints contribute to gender inequality. This is important because in countries where effective control of reproductionis universal, women have fewer children, with attendant gains for maternal and child health and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, in Cuba, Mauritius, Thailand and Tunisia, where reproductive healthcare and contraceptives are readily available, fertility rates are below two births per woman. But substantial unmet need persists worldwide, and evidence suggests that if all women could exercise reproductive choice, population growth would slow enough to bring greenhouse gas emissions below current levels. Meeting unmet need for family planning by 2050 would lower the worlds carbon emissions an estimated 17 percent below what they are today. The GII also focuses on womens participation in political decision-making, highlighting that women lag behind men across the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Arab States. This has important implications for sustainability and equity.

4. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT OF INDIA

4.1 Origins The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of well-known development economists including: Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand and Meghnad Desai. But it was Nobel laureate Amartya Sens work on capabilities and functionings that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he went on to help Haq develop the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was worried that it was difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being.[

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4.2 Statistical Report:

Compared with the previous Indian National Human Development Reports and the latest state-level government statistical report, India has significantly improved its HDI in all of its administrative subdivisions: Legend High Human Development Index 0.8500.899 0.8000.849 Medium human development index 0.7500.799 0.7000.749 0.6500.699 0.6000.649 0.5500.599 0.5000.549 Low human development index 0.4500.499 0.4000.449 0.3500.399 0.3000.349 0.2500.299 0.250 Lack of information

Example of few Indian states with ranking of HDI

HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Kerala 2 Chandigarh 0.920 0.860

MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 3 Lakshadweep 4 Mizoram 5 Delhi 6 Goa 07 Maharashtra 0.689 0.796 0.79 0.789 0.779

LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 32 Uttar Pradesh 0.490 33 Madhya Pradesh 0.488 34 Orissa 35 Bihar 0.452 0.449

Main data sources : 2010 Nation Human development Report

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5. Role of social infrastructure in development

The Social Infrastructure in India includes the education system in India, health care, the management of the education and health services in India that form the basic social infrastructure definition. The India government looks after the social development in India by careful infrastructure planning and handling the social issues in close coordination. The infrastructure development of any country includes both economic infrastructure development that is the development of various sectors like Energy , Power , Telecom , Transport (Railways , Roadways , Aviation and Shipping ), Infotech , Finance , etc. and also the social infrastructures including education and health issues. India development is incomplete without social development and that would require focus on the infrastructure strategy for social research India. The infrastructure policy of India needs to be made more comprehensive with major changes in the infrastructure projects taken up in the past and more research behind the project infrastructure so as to yield maximum developmental results. The infrastructure research work includes the current issues that require immediate attention in a proper infrastructure report and then formulation and planning of projects in sync with the infrastructure industry. The metro cities in India including Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi and smaller cities in Maharashtra like Pune and Nagpur have a very well developed economic as well as social infrastructure. The leading one still remains Goa followed in close second by Kerala. The social infrastructure in India needs to reach the standards these states have reached individually. The health and education system of Goa and Kerala is the most developed one in India with the maximum literacy rates in both general literacy as well as health literacy. 5.1EDUCATION A. EDUCATION IN INDIA Imparting education on an organized basis dates back to the days of 'Gurukul' in India. Since then the India education system has flourished and developed with the growing needs of the economy. The education in India statistics are however in a sad state showing a below average literacy rate. The education ministry in India formulates education policy in India and also undertakes education programs designed specially for kids, for women, for the people in prisons and other special projects for social development of India. EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA : Education in India until 1976 was the responsibility of the state governments; it was then made a joint responsibility of both centre and state. The centre is represented by the Education Ministry a subsidiary of the Ministry of Human Resource Development India. The Education Ministry India decides the India education budget allocating education grants for projects to upgrade the education levels in India. The education system in India consists of primarily six levels: Nursery Class Primary Class Secondary Level Higher Secondary Level Graduation Post Graduation I. EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA : Education in India follows the 10+2 pattern. For higher education there are various state run as well as private institutions and universities providing a variety of courses and subjects. The accreditation of the universities is decided under the universities grant commission act that has formed autonomous institutions that have the right to provide accreditation to universities and
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'vishwvidyalayas'. The education department consists of various schools, colleges and universities imparting education on fair means and education for all sections of the society. II. EDUCATION PROBLEMS AND REFORMS IN INDIA: The main problem of the education system in India is that the targets set by the centre or the ministry of education to achieve a 100% literacy rate has never been achieved except for Kerala state. Also the unorganized education sector with many state and national level education boards operating like the SSLC, ICSE, CBSE, IB and IGCSE having different curriculum and study patterns provides non-uniformity to the India education system. The education reforms taken up include a compulsory and free education for all children below the age of 14 years, subsidized higher education and various scholarship and education programs to achieve the literacy targets. The ministry of education India under the ministry of human resource developments is undertaking the task of forming a uniform pattern in the study curriculum at all education levels in India. This education policy if followed strictly can solve the basic problems being faced by the education system of India. Also the government and all Leading Banks In India provide education loans on low interest rates to students for higher education. 5.2 HEALTH : B. HEALTH IN INDIA : Health in India is a state government responsibility with the national health policy laying down the necessary health policy in India. The central council of health and welfare formulates the various health care projects and health department reform policies. The administration of health industry in India as well as the technical needs of the health sector are the responsibility of the ministry of health and welfare India. Health care in India has many forms. These are the ayurvedic medicine practice, Unani or Galenic Herbal Care, Homeopathy, Allopathy, Yoga, and many more. Each different healthcare form has its own treatment system and practice patterns. The medical practicing in India needs a proper licensing from the health ministry. I. HEALTH DEPARTMENT IN INDIA: The health ministry in India takes care of the health department. The main responsibility of the health ministry India is to provide hygienic health care solutions for all, supervision of the basic health infrastructure development in India by construction of hospitals, nursing homes and dispensaries as per the needs of the area. II. HEALTH CARE SEVICES IN INDIA : The health care services in India are mainly the responsibility of the health ministry and also the private companies in the health industry in India collectively. Provision for adequate medical facilities for all including enough hospitals and other healthcare institutions to cater to the healthcare needs of the people, medicines and drugs supply, medical equipments and other medical products and ser vices required in the health III. HOSPITALS OR HEALTH CARE INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA :The ministry of health and family welfare India has set up many state run hospitals that provide subsidized medical facilities to all. Besides these health ministry run health institutions, many private companies have also set up big hospitals and specialty clinics that provide health care services. The specialty healthcare institutions include heart institutes, cancer hospitals, nursing homes, and many others. Toady the health industry in India is a flouring one with many foreign health care companies extending their health services in India and providing quality healthcare services to people in India.
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6. Suggestion And NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS AS . 6.1 Water & Sanitation: 1. DRINKING WATER - To enable projects on adequate drinking water facilities, conservation of fresh water & rainwater harvesting methods for the entire population both in urban and in rural areas. 2. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT - To enable projects on soil moisture conservation measures, harvesting practices, the minimization of evaporation losses, and the transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate to manage droughts. 3. IRRIGATION & INDUSTRIAL USE - To enable projects to ensure water allocation in an irrigation system is done with due regard to equity & to extend the benefits of irrigation to as large a number of farm families as possible, keeping in view the need to maximize production. 4. FLOOD CONTROL - To enable projects on sound watershed management through extensive soil conservation, catchment area treatment, preservation of check-dams to reduce the intensity of floods. 5. HYDRO-POWER - To enable projects to promote SHP (small hydro power) as clean and renewable source of energy available round the clock, without submergence of forests, siltation of reservoirs, rehabilitation and relocation, and seismological threats. Other benefits of small hydro are user-friendliness, low cost, and short gestation period. 6. SANITATION & CLEANLINESS - To enable projects that provide Low-cost Sanitation Services to Communities and encourage educational programs on public cleanliness. 6.2 Education : 1. EXPANSION OF TECHNOLOGY WORKFORCE - To enable projects to build learning centers for New Emerging Communication & Computing Technologies. 2. CHILD EDUCATION - To enable projects to provide education to underprivileged children in India. 3. EDUCATION & TRAINING FOR WOMEN - To enable projects to help illiterate adult women acquire functional skills along with literacy to promote better awareness of health, hygiene, and child care. 6.3 Health Care : 1. TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNIZATION - To enable projects in order to raise awareness about the TB disease amongst the citizens. Also fund projects on TB screening and branded Directly Observed Treatment (DOTS) services. 2. FIGHT AGAINST HIV - To enable projects to fund HIV projects that target media interventions, blood safety, youth campaigns, VCT, care and support and social mobilisation. To promote cooperation among public, private and voluntary sectors to stop its spread. 3. WOMEN's HEALTH & POPULATION CONTROL - To enable projects to fund programs providing family planning, health, and related services for women. 6.4 Land & Housing: 1. REFUGEE HOUSING - To enable projects that help provide housing to refugees in India. 2. LAND REDISTRIBUTION - To enable projects to create awareness to have landowners to sell their over-the-ceiling holdings to the government at fixed prices who in turn, could redistribute the agricultural land to the landless farmers. 3. PROTECTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY - To enable projects that push Awareness Campaign & help Government to ensure protection of private real estate property. 4. HOUSING TO SLUM DWELLERS & RURAL AREAS - To enable projects to provide urban housing amenities to Slum Dwellers and Rural Areas.
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6.5 Energy: 1. RURAL ENERGY - To enable projects to formulate strategies & implementations for environmentally friendly solutions for rural energy. 2. URBAN POWER CONSUMPTION - To enable projects to encourage efficient power use in urban settings, to safeguard Economic Growth that could be thwarted by chronic energy shortages. 3. PREFER NATURAL GAS TO OIL - To enable projects to encourage policy that drives energy production through natural gas in order to meet increasing demand in electricity use, industry, communication and transportation. 4. SOLAR-CELL TECHNOLOGY - To enable projects to use solar cell technology for home consumption, as the price of solar cells continue to reduce. 6.6 Air, Climate & Forest Preservation: 1. URBAN POLLUTION - To enable projects to formulate strategies & enforce legal framework to improve air pollution problem in ever-growing cities. 2. PREVENTING CORROSION - To enable projects to encourage use of appropriate corrosion-control technology as loss due to corrosion alone amounts to at least 2 to 4 percent of GNP. 3. AWARENESS OF CLIMATE CHANGE - To enable projects to study & spread awareness of the impacts of climate change on the forestry, water resources and agriculture, and coastal sectors 4. PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY & FORESTS - To enable projects to work with locals on forest restoration, protection, and management. Plant trees, save trees. 6.7 Sustainable Employment Creation: 1. RURAL EMPLOYMENT - Rural poverty in some areas is associated with sharp swings in employment due to the vagaries of the monsoon. To enable projects to encourage Casual wage labour or food-for-work schemes which are ideal for such conditions. This also ensures migration to cities in check. 2. SUSTENANCE FOR GROWING SEMI-SKILLED WORK FORCE - To enable projects that create some 30-40 million jobs in next five years as more Indians enter the job market. More than 65 percent of the population is younger than 35. 6.8 Economic Infrastructure : 1. COMMUNICATION NETWORK - To enable projects to fund expansion of wireline & wireless communication infrastructure to ensure real-time information availability, launch new services and generate capital. 2. TRANSPORTATION NETWORK - To enable projects to fund & develop road, railroads, water & air transport networks for the flow of products & services. 3. PROTECTION & JUSTICE - To enable projects to work with administration to provide adequate protection of private property & ensure system of checks against economic fraud & corruption.

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7. Bibliography
Sonalde B. Desai, Amaresh Dubey, Brij Lal Joshi, Oxford University Press 2010 Human development in India UNDP report 2011 Human development report 2011 (22nd nov,2010) http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/ India Housing Social Infrastructure In India n.d. http://www.indiahousing.com/infrastructure-in-india/social-infrastructure-india.html Main table Data Sources: Hdro Calculations Based On Data from Undesa (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), Unescoinstitute For Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a), Unsd (2011) And Imf (2011). Unesco Institute for Statistics (2011).Hdro Calculations Based On Data From World Bank (2011a), Imf (2011) And Unsd (2011). 2010 Nation Human development Report

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