1.

Analysing Sound Waves

1. Sound waves are longitudinal waves which require a medium for its propagation.

2. When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air vibrate and the sound energy is propagated through the air around it in the form of waves. 3. When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air is compressed. 4. When the tuning fork moves backwards, the air layers are pulled apart and cause a rarefaction. 5. Therefore, a series of compression and rarefactions will produce sound. 6. The loudness of the sound is depend to the

7. The pitch of the sound is depend to the ...

4. Echo is .............................................. ......................................................................................................................................................

2d = v x t

Application of Reflection of Sound Waves Application Ultrasound in medicine Infrasound Less than 20 Hz

Explanation Normal audible Ultrasound range 20 Hz to 20000 Higher than Hz 20000 Hz

* Ultrasound waves is used to scan and capture the image of a fetus in a mothers womb and the image of internal organ in a body. * Transmitter P emits ultrasound downwards to the fetus. * Detector R receives the ultrasound (echoes) reflected by the various parts of the fetus. * The soft tissues of the fetus absorb most of the incident ultrasound, reflect very little. The bone parts will absorb very little, but reflect most of the ultrasound. The reflected ultrasound will produce an image of contrasting brightness.

Sonar

* Sonar is the technique of using ultrasound to locate underwater objects or to measure the depth of a seabed. * Ultrasound signal is sent out from a transmitter. * Its echo from the seabed is detected by a receiver which is connected to an electrical recording circuit. * The time interval, t between the sending and receiving of the ultrasound signal after reflection from the seabed is measured. * The depth of the seabed, d = v x t/2 where v is the velocity of sound in water.

A bat can navigate in darkness

* When ultrasonic waves emitted by the bat hit an object, they are reflected back and received by the bat. * The time between the emission of the sound waves and reception of the reflected waves enables the bat to estimate the position of the object accurately. * This enables the bat to adjust its direction to avoid knocking at the object.

Calculate distances using the reflection of sound waves.

A pulse of ultrasound is generated and travels to the seabed and reflected by it. The time taken by a pulse of ultrasonic wave to travel to and fro the seabed is 0.28 s. It the speed of sound in the water is 1 500 ms-1, calculate the depth of the seabed.

1.7

Analysing Electromagnetic Waves

1.

The electric and magnetic field vibrate..(perpendicular/parallel) to each other and to the direction of propagation.

2. Properties of electromagnetic waves (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3. Sources and applications of electromagnetic waves in daily life Type of em wave Source Electrical oscillating circuit Radio waves = 10-1 - 105 m Application telecommunications broadcasting : tv and radio transmission satellite transmissions radar cooking night vision thermal imaging and physiotherapy remote controls sight photosynthesis in plants photography identification of counterfeit notes production of vit-D Centralisation to destroy germs Radiotherapy Detection of cracks in building structures Cancer treatment Sterilisation of equipment

(a) (b)

Oscillating electrical charge in a (a) Microwave microwave transmitter (b) = 10-3 10-1 m (c) (a) Infrared Hot bodies, the sun and fires (b) = 10-6 10-3 m (c) Visible light (a) -7 The sun, hot objects, light bulbs, (b) = 10 m fluorescent tubes (c) (a) Ultraviolet radiation Very hot objects, the sun, mercury (b) = 10-9 10-7 m vapour lamps (c) (a) X-ray x-ray tubes (b) = 10-11 10-9 m Gamma rays Radioactive substances (a) (b)

 = 10-14 10-10 m

(c)

Pest control in agriculture