Digital Image Processing Introduction Image restoration & Noise reduction

Digital Image Processing

Reduction of Noise
Classification of noise is based upon: - the shape of probability density function (analog case of noise - !istogram (discrete case of noise Uncorrelated noise is defined as the random graylevel variations "ithin an image that ha#e no spatial dependences from imagec to image

Digital Image Processing

$ypical image noise models

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$ypical image noise models are

&niform 'aussian (normal (alt-and-Pepper (impulse 'amma noise Rayleigh distribution )))
Digital Image Processing

&niform noise
Uniform noise can be analytically described by:

The gray level values of the noise are evenly distributed across a specific range Quantization noise has an approximately uniform distribution
Digital Image Processing

!istogram of &niform Noise

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of &niform Noise

,riginal image: image disturbed by uniform noise:

Digital Image Processing

&niform noise

Uniform noise can be used to generate any other type of noise distribution, and is often used to degrade images for the evaluation of image restoration algorithms since it provides the most unbiased or neutral noise model

Digital Image Processing

'aussian noise (-mplifier noise

))) is statistical noise that has a probability density function (pdf of the normal distribution (also .no"n as 'aussian distribution ) )))is a ma/or part of the 0read noise0 of an image sensor1 that is1 of the constant noise le#el in dar. areas of the image)

PDF (Propability density function)

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of 'aussian Noise

,riginal image: image disturbed by uniform noise:

Digital Image Processing

(alt and Pepper noise

(alt and Pepper noise can be analytically described by:

$here are only t"o possible #alues1 a and b1 and the probability of each is typically less than 2)3 4 "ith numbers greater than this the noise "ill s"amp out the image) 5or an 6-bit image1 the typical #alue for peppernoise is 21 and 377 for salt-noise
Digital Image Processing

(alt and Pepper noise

Histogram

Digital Image Processing

(alt and Pepper noise

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$he salt-and-pepper type noise (also called impulse noise1 shot noise or spi.e noise is typically caused by malfunctioning pi+el elements in the camera sensors1 faulty memory locations1 or timing errors in the digiti8ation process
Digital Image Processing

Rayleigh noise
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Rayleigh distribution is defined as:

Digital Image Processing

Rayleigh distribution
PDF (Propability density function)

g Digital Image Processing

Rayleigh noise

Radar range and #elocity images typically contain noise that can be modeled by the Rayleigh distribution

Digital Image Processing

'amma noise

'amma noise can be obtained by lo"pass filtering of laser-based images $he e9uation for gamma noise is:

Digital Image Processing

'amma noise
PDF (Propability density function)

g Digital Image Processing

*+ample of 'aussian Noise

,riginal image "ithout noise

Digital Image Processing

Image "ith added 'aussian noise "ith mean : 2 and #ariance : ;22

*+amples of &niform Noise and (alt-and-pepper Noise

Image "ith added uniform noise "ith mean : 2 and #ariance : ;22

Digital Image Processing

Image "ith added salt-and-pepper noise "ith the probability of each 2)26

*+amples of Rayleigh noise and 'amma noise

Image "ith added Rayleigh noise "ith #ariance : ;22

Digital Image Processing

Image "ith added gamma noise "ith #ariance : ;22 and < : ;

=ethods of noise reduction

(patial > fre9uency filter

?o"-Pass filter ,rder filter (pecific noise -@ tailor-made filter)))

Digital Image Processing

Image restoration using median filtration

Digital Image Processing

(pectral 5iltering
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In most noiseless images the spatial fre9uency energy is concentrated in the lo" fre9uencies In an image with added noise1 much of the high frequency content is due to noise $his information is useful in the de#elopment of models for noise remo#al

Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing

Periodic Noise
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Periodic noise in images is typically caused by electrical and>or mechanical systems1 such as mechanical /itter (#ibration or electrical interference in the system during image ac9uisition It appears in the fre9uency domain as impulses corresponding to sinusoidal interference It can be remo#ed "ith band re/ect and notch filters Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing

*stimation of Noise

Consists of finding an image or sub! image" that contains only noise, and then using its histogram for the noise model #oise only images can be ac$uired by aiming the imaging device e%g% camera" at a blan& 'all
Digital Image Processing

*stimation of Noise

(n case 'e cannot find )noise!only) images, a portion of the image is selected that has a &no'n histogram, and that &no'ledge is used to determine the noise characteristics *fter a portion of the image is selected, 'e subtract the &no'n values from the histogram, and 'hat is left is our noise model To develop a valid model many sub!images need to be evaluated
Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing

(patial 5iltering
$he degradation model used1 assumes that h(r1c causes no degradation1 so the only corruption to the image is caused by additi#e noise : d (r1c : I(r1c A n (r1c

Bhere d (r1c is degraded image I (r1c is original image n (r1c is additi#e noise function $he t"o primary categories of spatial filters for noise remo#al are % ,rder filters % ?inear filters
Digital Image Processing

,rder filters
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Implemented by arranging the neighborhood pi+els in order from smallest to largest gray le#el #alue1 and using this ordering to select the 0correct0 #alue ,rder filters such as the median can be used to smooth images ,rder filters "or. best "ith salt-and-pepper1 negati#e e+ponential1 or Rayleigh noise

Digital Image Processing

?inear filters

?inear filters measure some form of a#erage #alue $he linear filters "or. best "ith 'aussian or uniform noise $he linear filters ha#e the disad#antage of blurring the image edges1 or details *ssentially lo"pass filters "hich can be used to mitigate noise effects

Digital Image Processing

?inear filters - e+ample

(a Image of 'ala+y Pair N'C CC1D) (b Image corrupted by additi#e 'aussian noise "ith 8ero mean and a standard de#iation of ;D gray le#els) (c 4(f Results of a#eraging E:61 1;1 ;D1 and 136 noisy images)
Digital Image Processing

(harpening (patial 5ilters

$he principal ob/ecti#e of sharpening is to highlight fine detail in an image or to enhance detail that has been blurred1 either in error or as a natural effect of a particular method of image ac9uisition)

Digital Image Processing

5irst and (econd Deri#ati#e

1-D hori8ontal grayle#el profile along the center of the image and including the isolated noise point)

- simple image)

(implified profile (the points are /oined by dashed lines to (implify interpretation )
Digital Image Processing

5irst>(econd-order deri#ati#es

(1 5irst-order deri#ati#es generally produce thic.er edges in an image) (3 (econd-order deri#ati#es ha#e a stronger response to fine detail1 such as thin lines and isolated points) (C 5irstorder deri#ati#es generally ha#e a stronger response to a gray-le#el step) (D (econd- order deri#ati#es produce a double response at step changes in gray le#el)

Digital Image Processing

(econd deri#ation $"o 4dimensional ?aplacian

?aplacian for a function (image f(+1 y of t"o #ariables is defined as:

$here are se#eral "ays to define a digital ?aplacian using neighborhoods) ,ne of the most used definitions:

Digital Image Processing

?aplacian
5ilter mas. used to implement the digital ?aplacian1 as defined abo#e (b =as. used to implement an e+tension of this e9uation that includes the diagonal neighbors) (c and (d $"o other implementations of the ?aplacian)
Digital Image Processing

-dd>(ubtract the original and ?aplacian images

If the definition used has a negati#e center coefficient1 then "e subtract1 rather than add $hus1 the basic "ay in "hich "e use the ?aplacian for image enhancement is as follo"s:

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of ?aplacian
(a Image of the North Pole of the moon) (b ?aplacianfiltered image) (c ?aplacian image scaled for display purposes) (d Imageenhanced by using *9) abo#e
Digital Image Processing

&se of 5irst Deri#ati#es for *nhancementF$he 'radient

(a ,ptical image of contact lens (note defects on the boundary at D and 7 oGcloc. ) (b (obel gradient) Digital Image Processing

Po"er-?a" $ransformations

Po"er-la" transformations ha#e the basic form:

"here c and g are positi#e constants)

Digital Image Processing

Po"er-?a" $ransformations
Plots of the e9uation

#arious #alues of g (c:1 in all cases )

Digital Image Processing

Po"er-?a" $ransformations

$he process of used the Po"er-?a" $ransformations is called gamma correction) 5or e+ample1 cathode ray tube (CR$ de#ices ha#e an intensity-to-#oltageresponse that is a po"er function1 "ith e+ponents #arying from appro+imately 1)6 to 3)7
Digital Image Processing

'amma Correction
(a ?inear-"edge gray-scale image) (b Response of monitor to mean "edge) (c 'ammacorrected "edge) (d ,utput of monitor)
Digital Image Processing

Po"er-?a" $ransformations
(a =agnetic resonance (=R image of a fractured human spine) (b 4(d Results of applying the po"er-la" transformation "ith c:1 and g:2);1 2)D1 and Digital Image Processing 2)C1 respecti#ely)

-dapti#e filtration

-dapti#e filtation applies a linear filter to an image adapti#ely1 tailoring itself to the local image #ariance) Bhere the #ariance is large1 then performs little smoothing) Bhere the #ariance is small1 than performs more smoothing)

Digital Image Processing

-dapti#e filtration

$his approach often produces better results than linear filtering) $he adapti#e filter is more selecti#e than a comparable linear filter1 preser#ing edges and other high-fre9uency parts of an image)

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of adapti#e filtration

$he e+ample belo" applies adapti#e filtration using the Biener filter to an image of (aturn that has had 'aussian noise added)

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of adapti#e filtration using Biener filtration

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of Combining (patial *nhancement =ethods

(a Image of "hole body bone scan) (b ?aplacian of (a

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of Combining (patial *nhancement =ethods

(c (harpened image obtained by adding (a and (b ) (d (obel of (a

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of Combining (patial *nhancement =ethods

(e (obel image smoothed "ith a 7H7 a#eraging filter) (f =as. image formed by the product of (c and (e )

Digital Image Processing

*+ample of Combining (patial *nhancement =ethods

(g (harpened image obtained by the sum of (a and (f ) (h 5inal result obtained by applying a po"er-la" transformation to (g )
Digital Image Processing

Image Deblurring

$he blurring1 or degradation1 of an image can be caused by many factors: =o#ement during the image capture process1 by the camera or1 "hen long e+posure times are used1 by the sub/ect ,ut-of-focus optics1 use of a "ide-angle lens1 atmospheric turbulence1 or a short e+posure time1 "hich reduces the number of photons captured
Digital Image Processing

Image Deblurring

- blurred or degraded image can be appro+imately described by this e9uation g = Hf n1 "here g $he blurred image

H $he distortion operator1 also called the point spread function (P(5 ) $he distortion operator1 "hen con#ol#ed "ith the image1 creates the distortion) f $he original true image n -dditi#e noise1 introduced during image ac9uisition1 that corrupts the image
Digital Image Processing

Image Deblurring

Iased on this model1 the fundamental tas. of deblurring is to decon#ol#e the blurred image "ith the P(5 that e+actly describes the distortion) Decon#olution is the process of re#ersing the effect of con#olution) !ote" JJ $he 9uality of the deblurred image is mainly determined by .no"ledge of the P(5)
Digital Image Processing

*+ample of Image Deblurring

O r ig i n a l Im a g e
B lu r r e d Im a g e R e s t o re d , T ru e P S F

Digital Image Processing