CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Students industrial work ex erien!e s!"e#e $SI%ES& 'enerall( re)erred to I.

T $industrial trainin'& is an initiati*e o) t"e Industrial Trainin' +und $IT+&. It is a skill,trainin' ro'ra##e w"i!" ex oses students to real-li)e workin' situations in t"e industr(. It is #andator( to .rid'e t"e 'a in t"e a!ade#i! !urri!ulu# and in t"e industr(. T"is will "el t"e students de*elo skills and !o# eten!ies t"e( re/uire to .e!o#e ortunit( )or students to a ra!ti!al a l( t"eoreti!al li!ation o)

e# lo(a.le. It ro*ides an o

knowled'e a!/uired in t"e !lassroo# wit" knowled'e re/uired to

er)or# a task. It also 'i*es t"e students

ex osure to tools used in t"e industr(. It will also en"an!e students0 ersonal skills in!ludin' resentation skills.

1.1

HISTOR1 O+ CO2PAN1
1

3a#.i! resour!es li#ited is lo!ated at 14 Di*ine 2er!( A*enue Pi eline5 Ru#ukrus"i5 Port Har!ourt5 Ri*er state. 3a#.i! resour!es li#ited are t"e rodu!ers o) 3a#.i! ta.le water w"i!" "as ot"er

di*isions o) di))erent esta.lis"#ent in arts o) Ri*ers state. T"e !o# an( "as existed )or o*er se*en (ears and is owned .( En'r. 2.a 3alu. T"e !o# an( "as sta)) stren't" o) a.out 60 (oun' #en and wo#en o) di))erent "ierar!"(.

1.7

THE CO2PAN10S OR:ANI=ATIONA9 CHART

E<ECUTI;E DIRECTOR

1.>
2ANA:IN: DIRECTOR P RO DUCTIO N 2A NA: E R ACCO UNT 2AN A: ER 2A R3E TIN: 2A NA :E R CHI E+ EN: INE ER CHIE + DRI;E R CHIE+ S ECUR IT1
8UA 9IT1 CONTRO9 O++ICERS

DEPART2ENTS AND THEIR +UNCTIONS

+ACTOR1 %OR3ER ACCOUNTANT 2AR3ETIN: PERSONNE9 DRI;IN: PERSONNE9

A D2I NISTRATIO N 2 ANA :E R

8U A9IT1 CO NTRO 9 2A NA: ER

SECRETAR1

SECURIT1 PERSONNE9

Executive director? He owns t"e !o# an( and "as e*aluate and #ake de!ision in t"e !o# an(.

ower to sele!t5

Managing director? He is in !"ar'e o) t"e da( to da( a!ti*ities o) t"e !o# an(. Administrative manager: He is in !"ar'e o) #akin' t"e or'anisation o erate s#oot"l( and run t"e .usiness a))airs. Quality control manager: He is in !"ar'e o) la.orator(5 su er*ises all t"e anal(sis !arried out in t"e la.orator( #akin' sure t"at t"e )inis"ed rodu!t is o) 'ood /ualit(. Production manager: He is in !"ar'e o) all t"e rodu!tion t"at takes la!e in t"e industr(. Account manager: He kee s re!ord o) all t"e )inan!ial a!!ount o) t"e !o# an( 'i*in' detail a!!ount o) its ex enditure and ro)it. Marketing manager: He is in !"ar'e o) ad*ertisin' and sellin' t"e rodu!t. Chief engineer: He #akes sure t"at t"e #a!"ines and e/ui #ents are ke t in 'ood !ondition .( ser*i!in' and !"e!kin' t"e# re'ularl(. Chief driver: Ensures t"at t"e dri*ers take t"e rodu!t to t"eir la!e o) #arketin' and deli*er(.
4

Chief security: He is t"e "ead o) se!urit( o))i!ers in t"e !o# an(. Secretary: S"e kee s re!ord and do!u#ents o) t"e a))air in t"e !o# an(. Quality control personnel: T"e( work wit" t"e /ualit( !ontrol #ana'er in t"e la.orator(. Factory orkers: T"e( ensure t"at t"e rodu!ts are rodu!ed@ wit"out

t"e# t"ere will .e no rodu!tion. Marketing personnel: T"e( work to'et"er wit" t"e #arketin' #ana'er in ad*ertisin' and sellin' o) t"e rodu!t. !riving personnel: T"e( ensure t"at t"e rodu!ts are deli*ered to t"e .u(ers and dri*e t"e #arketers. Security officers: T"e( are in !"ar'e o) se!urit( in t"e !o# an(5 #onitorin' t"e eo le 'oin' in and out o) t"e !o# an( and t"eir

.usiness wit" t"e !o# an(.

CHAPTER T%O 7.0 %HAT IS %ATER

%ater is a !olourless5 trans arent5 odourless5 tasteless li/uid. It is a !"e#i!al !o# ound wit" t"e !"e#i!al )or#ula H 7O. A water #ole!ule !ontains one ox('en and two "(dro'en ato#s !onne!ted .( !o*alent .ond in t"e ratio o) 7?1. %ater is a li/uid at standard a#.ient te# erature and ressure $00!&. %ater is a uni*ersal sol*ent. It )or#s t"e .asi! art o) !onsu# tion $di'estion& in "u#ans and ani#als and t"e

.asi! !o# onents o) )ood )or#ation $ "otos(nt"esis& in lants. %ater is used )or .ot" industrial and do#esti! use. It is i# ortant to industrial use. 7.1 I2PORTANCE O+ %ATER Next to air $ox('en&5 water is t"e #ost essential ele#ent to "u#an li)e@ t"e .od( usuall( !annot sur*i*e lon'er t"an se*eral da(s wit"out water $a #axi#u# o) 1 week&. %ater is essential to t"e )un!tionin' o) e*er( sin'le !ell and or'an s(ste# in t"e "u#an .od(. %ater #akes u 'reater t"an 7A> o) t"e wei'"t o) t"e "u#an .od(@ t"e .rain is BCD water5 .lood is E>D water5 .ones are 77D water5 #us!les are BCD water5 and t"e lun's are F0D water. rodu!e ure water )or .ot" do#esti! and

%ater is essential )or t"e e))i!ient eli#ination o) waste t"rou'" t"e kidne(s.

rodu!ts

%ater re'ulates .od( te# erature $t"rou'" ers iration&. %ater ser*es as a lu.ri!ant5 water )or#s t"e )luids surroundin' Goints and .ones5 ro*idin' !us"ionin' )or t"e Goints.

%ater re*ents and alle*iates !onsti ation $.( #o*in' )ood t"rou'" t"e intestines and eli#inatin' waste rodu!ts&.

%ater "el s t"e .od( to a.sor. nutrients in t"e intestines. %ater la(s a role in re'ulatin' #eta.olis#. %ater )or#s t"e .ase )or sali*a $ne!essar( )or !onsu#in' and di'estin' )ood&.

%ater !arries nutrients and ox('en to all !ells in t"e .od( and )a!ilitates all o) t"e !"e#i!al ro!esses w"i!" o!!ur in t"e .od(.

%ater la(s a role in t"e re*ention o) disease. Drinkin' ade/uate a#ounts o) water !an redu!e t"e risk o) !olon and .ladder !an!er si'ni)i!antl( and so#e studies "a*e su''ested t"at water #a( also de!rease t"e risk o) .reast !an!er.

7.7

SOURCES O+ RA% 2ATERIA9

T"e sour!e o) raw #aterial

la(s a ke( role in water .e!ause it

deter#ines t"e /ualit( o) water. Soil is ri!" in #i!roor'anis#s .ut de!reases wit" in!reased de t". 3a#.i! resour!es li#ited sour!e o) raw #aterial is .ore"ole wit" de t" o) 1E0)t. 7.> TREAT2ENT O+ RA% %ATER

Clean5 sa)e water is *ital )or e*er(da( li)e. %ater treat#ent ro!ess to .e !arried out de ends on t"e water to .e ro!essed due to its sour!e.

:round water is water lo!ated under'round and t( i!all( re/uires less treat#ent t"an water )ro# lakes5 ri*ers and strea#s .e!ause #i!roor'anis#s de!reases wit" in!reases de t". T"e 'oal o) all water treat#ent ro!ess is to re#o*e existin'

!onta#inants so t"e water .e!o#es )it )or its desired end use. T"e ro!esses in*ol*ed in treatin' water )or drinkin' ur ose #a( .e solids se aration usin' "(si!al ro!ess su!" as sedi#entation5

)iltration@ .iolo'i!al ro!ess su!" as sand )ilter5 a!ti*ated !ar.on )ilter@ !"e#i!al ro!esses su!" as !oa'ulation and ele!tro#a'neti! radiation su!" as ultra - *iolet li'"t.

7.6

%ATER PURI+ICATION

%ater uri)i!ation is t"e re#o*al o) !onta#inants )ro# untreated water. Su.stan!es t"at are re#o*ed durin' t"e ro!ess o) drinkin' water

treat#ent in!lude sus ended solids5 .a!teria5 al'ae5 *iruses5 )un'i5 #inerals and !"e#i!als. A well desi'ned uri)i!ation s(ste# uses a !o#.ination o)

uri)i!ation te!"nolo'ies to a!"ie*e t"e )inal /ualit( o) water. Ea!" o) t"e uri)i!ation te!"nolo'ies #ust .e used on an a o ti#iHe t"eir arti!ular re#o*al !a a.ilities. T"e !o#.ined uri)i!ation te!"nolo'ies used in t"e treat#ent o) ro riate order to

water in 3a#.i! resour!es li#ited is as )ollows@ 7.6.1 2U9TI2EDIAASAND +I9TER Sand )ilter is relati*el( !oarse sand and ot"er #edia arran'ed in order o) t"eir siHes. %ater )lows t"rou'" t"e )ilter #ediu# under 'ra*it( or under u# ed #atrix. Sand )ilter "as *er( little e))e!t on taste and s#ell and dissol*ed i# urities o) drinkin' water unless a!ti*ated !ar.on is in!luded. It is also used to nor#aliHe water H. 7.6.7 :RANU9AR ACTI;ATED CARION +I9TER ressure and t"e )lo!!ulated #aterial is tra ed in t"e sand

:ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on is #ade )ro# raw or'ani! #aterials $su!" as !o!onut s"ells or !oal& t"at are "i'" !ar.on. T"e a!ti*ated !ar.on re#o*es !ertain !"e#i!als t"at are dissol*ed in water assin' t"rou'" a )ilter !ontainin' 'ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on .( tra !"e#i!al in t"e 'ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on. A )ilter wit" 'ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on $:AC& is a ro*en o tion to re#o*e !ertain !"e#i!als5 arti!ularl( or'ani! !"e#i!als )ro# water. in' $adsor.in'& t"e

:ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on )ilters also !an .e used to re#o*e !"e#i!als t"at 'i*e o.Ge!tiona.le odour or taste to water su!" as "(dro'en sul "ide $rotten e'' odour& or !"lorine. 7.6.> PER2ANENT SEDI2ENT +I9TER It a!ts as a sie*e to re#o*e arti!ulate #atter t"at !an .e

trans orted .( )luid )low and w"i!" e*entuall( is de osited as a la(er o) solid arti!le on t"e .ed or .otto# o) a .od( o) water. 7.6.6 2ICRO +I9TERS $C5 15 0.C 2ICRON& A #i!ro )ilter "as ore siHes o) a ran'in' )ro# 0.C , C #i!rons. T"e( "a*e@ ;er( "i'" e))e!ti*eness in re#o*in' Cryptosporidium, Giardea& rotoHoa $)or exa# le5

10

2oderate

e))e!ti*eness

in

re#o*in'

.a!teria

$)or

exa# le5

Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella&. T"e( re#o*e tin( arti!les t"at es!a e 'ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on )ilter. 7.6.C U9TRA , ;IO9ET 9I:HT STERI9I=ATION Ultra,*iolet $U;& steriliHers !onsist o) a lon' li)e ultra-*iolet la# inside a /uartH 'lass slee*e t"at is sus ended in t"e !entre o) a .la!k lasti! i e. It is used as a treat#ent ste to kill or in"i.it 'rowt" o)

#i!roor'anis#s5 re#o*e oHone5 !"lorine and tra!e or'ani!s and redu!e total or'ani! !ar.on $TOC&. Durin' U; steriliHation5 t"e water is ex osed to a !ontrolled rate to ultra*iolet li'"t wa*es. T"e #i!roor'anis#s a.sor. t"e U; radiation ener'(5 w"i!" destro(s or ina!ti*ates t"eir DNA5 t"us #i!roor'anis#s )ro# re rodu!in'. It re#o*es an( )orei'n taste odour5 !orrosi*e irritatin' or aller'i! ro ert( )ro# t"e water. T"e water )lows )ro# t"e U; steriliHer to t"e )illin' #a!"ine read( )or rodu!tion. 7.C IAC3%ASHIN: re*entin' t"e

11

It re)ers to u# in' water .a!kwards t"rou'" t"e )ilter #edia to re#o*e tra ed arti!les. It is a sanitar( exer!ise t"at is !arried out on

t"e sand and !ar.on )ilter dail( lastin' >0 - 6C #inutes or till t"e water is !lear. 7.4 1. 7. OPERATIN: PROCEDURES +OR PRODUCTION %ater )ro# .ore"ole is u# ed to raw water tanks. %ater )ro# raw water tanks is ro!essed t"rou'" t"e industrial

)ilters@ sand #ulti#edia and t"e 'ranular a!ti*ated !ar.on )ilter. >. T"e ro!essed water )ro# t"e industrial )ilters is u# ed into a

se#i-treated water "oldin' tanks. 6. T"e se#i-treated water is )iltered *ia t"ree #i!ro )ilters o) siHe C5 1 and 0.C #i!ron and t"en t"rou'" an ultra*iolet water steriliHer. C. T"e )iltered water is steriliHed .( an ultra*iolet li'"t steriliHer and t"e steriliHed water are a!ka'ed .( )or#5 )ill and seal #a!"ine. 4. T"e )illed sa!"ets are su.Ge!ted to ressure test to !on)ir# ro er sealin' t"en a!ked in twenties. B. All .a's o) )inis"ed rodu!ts are a!ked on allets in t"e rodu!ts stora'e roo#.

+9O% CHART O+ %ATER TREAT2ENT

12

&'%E"'(E $RA% %ATER&

RA% %ATER TAN3 $60009 CAPACI T1&

2U9TI 2EDI AA SAND +I 9TER

:RANU9AR ACTI;ATED CARION +I9TER

PER2ANENT SEDI 2ENT +I 9TER

SE2I-TREATED %ATER TAN3 $60009CAPACI T1&

2I CRO +I 9TER $C5 1 AND 0.C 2I CRONS&

U; 9I :HT STERI 9I =ER

+OR25 +I 995 SEA9 2ACHINE $DI N:9I &

SAC"E# $A#E%

13

DIA:RA2 O+ %ATER TREAT2ENT

2 2
6

4 3 3
T O DR A IN

7 7

8 8 8

10

1. 7. >. 6. C.

I o re " o le ! o # le te u # R a w w a te r ta n k T ra n s )e r u # 2 u lti# e d ia As a n d )ilte r : r a n u la r a ! ti* a te d ! a r. o n )ilte r

4 . P e r# a n e n t s e d i# e n t )ilte r B . S e # i-t re a te d w a te r ta n k E . 2 i! ro )ilte rs $ C 5 1 a n d 0 .C & F . U ltra *io le t li' " t s te riliH e r 1 0 . + o r# 5 )ill5 s e a l # a ! " i n e

14

CHAPTER THREE >.0 8UA9IT1 CONTRO9 8ualit( !ontrol is a ro!ess t"at is used to ensure a !ertain le*el o) /ualit( in a rodu!t. It in*ol*es t"orou'"l( exa#inin' and testin' t"e

/ualit( o) rodu!t. T"e .asi! 'oal o) t"is ro!ess is to ensure t"at t"e rodu!ts t"at are ro*ided #eet s e!i)i! re/uire#ents and !"ara!teristi!s5 su!" as

.ein' de enda.le5 satis)a!tor(5 sa)e and )is!all( sound. In 3a#.i! resour!es li#ited5 t"ere is a tea# o) workers "eaded .( /ualit( !ontrol #ana'er w"o )o!us on testin' t"e water. T"e water exa#ined are !"osen at rando# $raw water5 se#i-treated water and treated water& )or ara#eters su!" as H5 !olour5 odour5 taste. >.1 %HO STANDARD +OR TAI9E %ATER "(sio!"e#i!al and #i!ro.iolo'i!al anal(sis o) t"e

T"e result o) t"e

water sa# le are wit"in t"e world "ealt" or'anisation $%HO& s e!i)i!ation )or all t"e ara#eters anal(sed and t"e( are as )ollows@

>.1.1 PH1SIOCHE2ICA9 8UA9IT1

15

SANO PARA2ETER

ANA91SIS RESU9T

1 7 > 6 C 4 B E F 10 11 17 1> 16 1C 14 1B 1E

:eneral a earan!e Colour Taste

Clear

%HO RE2AR3 SPECI+ICATIO N $HI:HEST DESIRAI9E 9E;E9& Clear %S Colourless Uno.Ge!tiona.l e 4.C - E.C CNTU 1000uSA!# C00#'Al C00#'Al 0.0C#'Al 0.01#'Al 0.7 , 0.0C#'Al 100#'Al 100#'Al 700#'Al 10#'Al 0.1#'Al 0.001#'Al %S

1F 70 71 77 7> 76 7C 74

!olourless uno.Ge!tiona.l e Odour H 4.E> Tur.idit( $NTU& 0.06 Condu!ti*it($uSA!#& 67.0 Total solids $#'Al& 70.0 Total dissol*ed 70.0 solid $#'Al& H7S $#'Al& Nil 2ineral oil Total or'ani! !ar.on $#'Al& Alkalinit( $#'Al& B1.0 Total "ardness 40.04 $#'Al& C"loride $#'Al& 6.0 Nitrate $#'Al& 0.4 Nitrite $#'Al& Nil P"enoli! !o# ounds $as "enols& $#'Al& Sul "ate $#'Al& 0.CB Cal!iu# $#'Al& 77.6 Iron $#'Al& J0.001 =in! $#'Al& 0.07F 2a'nesiu# $#'Al& 0.FEC Co er $#'Al& J0.001 9ead $#'Al& J0.001 C"ro#iu# $#'Al& J0.001

700#'Al BC#'Al 0.>#'Al C.0#'Al C0#'Al 1.0#'Al 0.0C#'Al 0.0C#'Al

%S

16

>.1.7 2ICROIIO9O:ICA9 8UA9IT1 SANO PARA2ETE R ANA91SIS RESU9T %HO RE2AR3 SPECI+ICATIO N $HI:HEST DESIRAI9E 9E;E9& 100!)uA#l %S

>

6 C 4

Aero.i! #eso "ili! .a!teria $!)uA#l& Total !oli)or# $2PNA100#l & +ae!al !oli)or# $2PNA100#l & Es!"eri!"ia $!)uA#l& 2ould $!)uA#l& 1east $!)uA#l&

B0

02PNA100#l

02PNA100#l

0 0 0

0!)uA#l 0!)uA#l 0!)uA#l

%S - %it"in %HO s e!i)i!ation #'Al , #illi'ra# er litre uSA!# - #i!roSie#ens er !enti#etre NTU - Ne "elo#etri! tur.idit( units 2PNA100#l , 2ost ro.a.le nu#.er o) *ia.le !ells in 100 #illilitres
17

C+U - !oli)or# )or#in' unit >.7 2ETHOD O+ SA2P9E

Sa# les are sele!ted usin' .ottles )ro# di))erent oints o) treat#ent unit and )ro# t"e )inal rodu!t. T"e anal(sis is t"en !arried out on t"e

sa# les i##ediatel( a)ter !olle!tion to a*oid .iolo'i!al and !"e#i!al rea!tions w"i!" will take la!e wit" lon' stora'e at nor#al te# erature. >.> DETER2INATION O+ TOTA9 ACIDIT1

A!idit( is t"e !a a!it( o) a s(ste# to neutraliHe .ase. T"e #ore a!id a solution5 t"e #ore .ase t"at #ust .e added to raise t"e a!!e ta.le le*el. T"e !on!e t o) a!idit( is o H to an

osite t"at o) alkalinit(.

In deter#ination o) total a!idit(5 t"e sa# le is titrated a'ainst standard "(droxide solution usin' "enol "t"alein )or total a!idit( and #et"(l oran'e )or #ineral a!idit(.

Calculation Total a!idit( o) CaCO> K Titre *alue L 0.07 L C05000 Sa# le *olu#e K Titre *alue L C05000 L 0.07
18

100 K Titre *alue L 10 Note? T"e *olu#e o) sa# le used in 100#l. >.6 DETER2INATION O+ TOTA9 HARDNESS

Cations in !al!iu# and #a'nesiu# are rin!i all( res onsi.le )or water "ardness. Apparatus: !oni!al )lask5 i ette5 .urette5 !la# stand and #easurin' !(linder. %eagent: distilled water5 EDTA $et"(lene dia#inetetra , a!eti! a!id& solution5 total "ardness .u))er and total "ardness indi!ator. Procedure: 1. 7. >. %as" and rinse t"e 'lass a aratus wit" distilled water.

+ill t"e .urette wit" EDTA solution and !la# in a retort stand. S"ake t"e water sa# le t"orou'"l( and !olle!t 100#l o) t"e sa# le into a !oni!al )lask usin' a #easurin' !(linder.

6.

Add 7#l o) total "ardness .u))er solution to sa# le in t"e !oni!al )lask.

C.

Add 0.C#l total "ardness indi!ators.

19

4.

I) t"e !olour o) t"e sa# le and ot"er solution turns

ink .e)ore

titratin' t"en a)ter titratin' wit" EDTA5 it turns .lue@ it indi!ates t"e end oint o) titration. Calculation: A L 1 L 1000 #l o) sa# le %"ere? A K A*era'e *alue 1 K 1#' o) CaCO> e/ui*alent to 1#l EDTA 1000 K Con*ersion )a!tor. >.C DETER2INATION O+ H H is a #easure o) t"e #olar !on!entration o) "(dro'en ions $H M& o) a solution and as su!" is a #easure o) t"e a!idit( or .asi!it( o) t"e solution. T"e H s!ale ran'e )ro# 0 , 16 on w"i!" B is neutral5 lower *alues are a!idi! w"ile "i'"er *alues are .asi! or alkaline. A H #eter is used to deter#ine t"e H o) water. A H #eter

!ontains a .u))er solution. A .u))er H solution is !o# osed o) eit"er a weak a!id and t"e !onGu'ated .ase or a weak .ase and !onGu'ated a!id. T"e #ain !"ara!teristi! o) a .u))er H !ali.ration solution is t"at t"e H *alue o) t"e solution will not alter w"en a s#all a#ount o) a!id or a

20

.ase is added w"ereas H *alue o) a !ali.ration solution does not onl( alter wit" its !o# osition .ut wit" te# erature !"an'es. %ater wit" low H $J4.C& !ould .e a!idi!5 so)t and !orrosi*e w"i!" !ould lea!" #etals su!" as !o er5 lead5 #an'anese5 Hin! and iron )ro#

lu#.in' )ixtures and i in'0s. %ater wit" low H "as #etalli! or sour taste. %ater wit" "i'" H $NE.C& !ould indi!ate t"at t"e water is "ard. It does not ose a "ealt" risk .ut !an 'i*e an alkali taste to water and

)or#ation o) s!ale or re!i itate on )ixtures and i in's !ausin' water ressure and interior dia#eter o) i in' to de!rease. Control To #aintain a .alan!e in H o) treated water5 t"e 'ranular a!ti*ated

!ar.on )ilter is dail( .a!kwas"ed )or >0 , 6C #inutes .e)ore rodu!tion and t"e water is .ein' !"e!ked at inter*als to ensure t"e %HO H ran'e $4.C , E.C& is #et.

Cali)ration of p" To !ali.rate t"e H #eter5 a .u))er solution is oured into a .eaker and t"e H #eter is inserted into it. Press CA9 .utton and wait )or t"e

21

readin' to sta.iliHe. T"e H #eter is !ali.rated w"en a solution "i'" in !on!entration wit" t"e #e#oriHed H is used in H #eter. Significance of test 2easure#ent o) H #eter ro*ides a #eans o) !ontrollin' "ardness5

so)tenin' and !oa'ulation in water treat#ent. It is used to deter#ine t"e #easure o) a!idit( and alkalinit( in water. %orld "ealt" or'aniHation standard )or treated water 'oin' into distri.ution is 4.C , E.C. >.4 DETER2INATION O+ TOTA9 A93A9INIT1 Alkalinit( is a #easure o) t"e .asi! !onstituents in natural water. It also #easures t"e a!id neutraliHin' !a a!it( o) t"e water sa# le. Alkalinit( "as an a''re'ate ro ert( o) t"e water sa# le and !an .e

inter reted in ter#s o) s e!i)i! su.stan!es onl( w"en a !o# lete !"e#i!al !o# osition o) t"e sa# le is also er)or#ed. T"e alkalinit( o) sur)a!e water is ri#aril( due to t"e !ar.onate5 .i!ar.onate and "(droxide !ontent and is o)ten inter reted in ter#s o) !on!entration o) t"ese CaCO>. T"e "i'"er t"e alkalinit(5 t"e 'reater t"e !a a!it( o) t"e water to neutraliHe !a a!it(. To dete!t t"e di))erent t( es o) alkalinit(5 t"e water is tested )or "enol "t"alein and total alkalinit(. Significance of the test

22

:enerall(5 alkalinit( "as no e))e!t .ut it is i# ortant in !onne!tion wit" !oa'ulation5 so)tenin' and !orrosion !ontrol. Soda as" $Na 7CO>& is a natural salt and w"en added to t"e water5 tends to .e #aintainin' a .alan!e o) H. It is t"ere)ore ne!essar( to #aintain su))i!ient alkalinit( to re*ent !oa'ulated water )ro# .ein' !orrosi*e. +or t"is reason5 it is essential t"at t"e ara#eter in .ot" raw and treated water is #aintained. Method: titri#etri! #et"od e# lo(in' sul "uri! a!id as titrant. Apparatus: .urette5 i ette5 !oni!al )lask. Procedure: "enol "t"alein in alkalinit(. 1. 7. >. Pi ette C0#l o) sa# le into t"e !oni!al )lask. Add 0.1#l o) "enol "t"alein indi!ator solution. I) t"e sa# le re#ains !olourless5 t"ere is no alkalinit(5 t"en #o*e to ro!edure 7. 6. I) t"e sa# le turns ink5 titrate wit" sul "uri! a!id solution5 dro ears. Re!ord t"e *olu#e o) t"e "enol "t"alein

wise until t"e ink solution disa a!id used. Calculation:

P"enol "t"alein alkalinit( K #l o) 0.1 L H7SO6 L 1005000 #l o) sa# le used

23

Procedure * , 2et"(l oran'e total alkalinit( 1. Add 0.1#l $7 dro s& o) #et"(l oran'e indi!ator into C0#l o) )res" water. 7. Titrate wit" t"e H7SO6 $0.01#& solution5 #ixin' 'entl( until sa# le )irst turns oran'e. Calculation: Total alkalinit( as #'Al CaCO> Titre alkalinit( L # L 1005000 #l o) sa# le %"ere # K t"e #olarit( o) t"e titre *alue o) H7SO6. Alkalinit( to .ot" #et"(l oran'e and "enol "t"alein indi!ator is

o.tained in order to dis!lose t"e !"e#i!al nature o) t"e alkaline !o# ound and t"e relations"i to "ardness rodu!in' !o# ound. >.B E<A2INATION O+ PH1SICA9 PARA2ETER

>.B.1 ODOUR Odour in water is !aused .( extre#el( s#all !on!entrations o) *olatile !o# ounds. It #a( ori'inate )ro# industrial waste su!" as

de!o# osition o) *e'eta.le #atter or )ro# #i!ro.iolo'i!al a!ti*ities.

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T"e "u#an nose is t"e ulti#ate odour testin' de*i!e .e!ause it is usuall( i# ra!ti!al and o)ten i# ossi.le to isolate and identi)( t"e odour rodu!in' !"e#i!al. Significance of test Odour !"e!k is use)ul to know t"e /ualit( o) water distri.uted to t"e !onsu#er. >.B.7 TASTE Taste is !aused .( *olatile !o# ounds w"i!" #a( ori'inate )ro# industrial waste and #i!ro.ial a!ti*ities. Taste and odour are !losel( related .ut odourless water #a( "a*e a distin!t taste. Treated water is tested wit" t"e .a!k o) t"e ton'ue to know i) t"ere is taste.

Significance of test Treated water #eant )or !onsu# tion s"ould .e tested and !ontrolled in order to deter#ine t"e e))e!ti*eness o) treat#ent and also #eet !onsu#ers a!!e tan!e .ased on "ealt" or'aniHation. >.E 2ICROIIO9O:ICA9 E<A2INATION O+ %ATER
25

alata.ilit( a!!ordin' to t"e world

2i!ro.iolo'i!al exa#ination o))ers t"e #ost sensiti*e test )or t"e dete!tion o) re!ent and otentiall( dan'erous )ae!al o ulations t"ere.( ro*idin' a "('iene assess#ent o) water /ualit( wit" "i'" sensiti*it( and s e!i)i!it(. T"e #ost !o##on and wide s read dan'er asso!iated wit" drinkin' water is !onta#ination eit"er dire!tl( or indire!tl( .( sewa'e5 "u#an and ani#al. %ater sa# les s"ould .e exa#ined re'ularl( )or )ae!al ollution to ensure t"at treated water is )ree )ro# at"o'eni!

or'anis#. An indi!ator )or .a!teria is t"e !oli)or# 'rou o) or'anis#s. As a 'rou 5 t"e( are not ex!essi*el( o) )ae!al ori'in sin!e t"e( are resent in lar'e nu#.ers not onl( in )ae!al "u#an and ot"er war# .looded ani#als. Howe*er5 t"e dete!tion o) )ae!al !oli)or#5 Streptococci in a.sen!e o) Escherichia coli is a de)inite )ae!al ollution. Significance of test 2i!roor'anis# exa#ination o) water is one o) t"e ke( ele#ents in t"e /ualit( !ontrol o) drinkin' water. Pota.le water t"at is to .e distri.uted #ust under'o deterioration .e)ore it 'ets to t"e !onsu#er. >.F SANITAR1 PRACTICES

26

A !lean en*iron#ent is dire!tl( in"a.itants and an( !onsu#a.le

ro ortional to t"e well .ein' o) its rodu!ts )ro# su!" an en*iron#ent.

3a#.i! resour!es li#ited stri*e to #aintain a "i'" le*el o) !leanliness to ensure t"e rodu!t is o) 'ood /ualit(. >.F.1 SURROUNDIN: T"e 'eneral a earan!e o) t"e water a!ka'in' )a!tor( is !lean5

"('ieni! and in*itin'. 1. T"e surroundin' o) t"e )a!tor( is dail( !leaned and all dirt and waste ade/uatel( dis osed in a well - !o*ered waste .in. 7. T"e ersonnel are routinel( trained and retrained in t"e ra!ti!e o) "('iene and #aintenan!e o) !lean and sa)e workin' en*iron#ent. >.F.7 INTERIOR Stri!t ad"eren!e to sa)et( and "('iene start at t"e entran!e into t"e )a!tor(. On arri*al at t"e )a!tor(5 t"e !loakroo# w"ere t"e( !"an'e and steriliHed s"oes and "and 'lo*es. 1. T"e lant is !leaned twi!e dail( and t"e )loor s!ru..ed wit" li/uid deter'ent. ersonnel #o*e strai'"t to t"e ut on t"eir rodu!tion !oats5

27

7.

T"e lant is well *entilated wit" net s!reen doors into t"e )a!tor( and out o) t"e rodu!tion roo#s.

>.

T"e )a!tor( is )u#i'ated /uarterl(.

>.F.> STORA:E TAN3S T"e stora'e tanks $i.e. raw water and se#i treated water tanks& are isolated e*er( two weeks5 e# tied and !leaned. T"e tanks are was"ed wit" diluted !"lorine solution o) !on!entrated 7 wit" treated water. >.F.6 +OR25 +I99 AND SEA9 2ACHINE T"e )or#5 )ill and seal a!ka'in' #a!"ine is dail( )lus"ed )or C -10#ins dail( .e)ore !o##en!e#ent o) o eration. T"e #o*in' lu.ri!ated .e)ore rodu!tion. >.F.C 2ICRO +I9TERS T"e #i!ro )ilters are dis ensa.le. T"e( are re la!ed e*er( 7 weeks or w"en !lo''ed earlier t"an t"e 7 weeks set ti#e. >.F.4 U; STERI9I=ER T"e U; steriliHer /uartH slee*e is de-s!aled e*er( t"ree #ont"s .( !leanin' t"e /uartH slee*e wit" !otton wool soaked in #et"(lented s irit. T"e U; la# is re la!ed (earl(.
28

# $#'Al& and rinsed

arts are

>.F.B P;C PIPE9INES All P;C i elines are )lus"ed wit" 7 # $#'Al& dilute solution o) !"lorine

)ollowed .( )lus"in' !lean wit" treated water e*er( two weeks. >.F.E INDUSTRIA9 +I9TERS T"e industrial )ilters are .a!k-was"ed dail(. T"e loaded #edia is re la!ed (earl(. >.10 DI9UTE CH9ORINE SO9UTION 7PP2 $#'Al& 1. Dissol*e 10' o) !"lorine in 1litre o) water o.tain a !on!entration o) C'Al. 7. To re are (our dilution o) 7 # $#'Al& solution5 i ette C#l o) t"e

!on!entrate and add to C0litres o) treated water. T"e )inal dilution o) !on!entration 1 # is t"en used )or !leanin' o) tanks5 )lus"in' o)

P;C lines and U; steriliHer and 'eneral disin)e!tion. Dilution #ust .e re ared )res" and used.

29

CHAPTER +OUR 6.0 6.1 :ENERA9 APPRAISA9 O+ THE PRO:RA22E RE9E;ANCE O+ SI%ES PRO:RA22E

T"e student0s industrial work ex erien!e s!"e#e ro*ides a*enues )or students in institutions o) "i'"er learnin' to a!/uire ra!ti!al skills t"at t"e( are likel( to #eet a)ter 'raduation.

30

T"e s!"e#e a))ords students t"e o

ortunit( o) )a#iliariHin' and

ex osin' t"e#sel*es to t"e needed ex erien!e in "andlin' e/ui #ent and #a!"iner( t"at are usuall( not a*aila.le in t"e institutions. 6.7 CHA99EN:ES DURIN: ATTACH2ENT

I was )a!ed wit" t"e )ollowin' !"allen'es durin' industrial trainin'@ Ina.ilit( o) so#e o) t"e workers to ex lain so#e te!"ni!al rodu!tion ro!ess. I was )a!ed wit" t"e trainin' $rain( season&. Hi'" !ost o) trans ortation. I was a.le to !o# lete #( industrial trainin' ro'ra# and a!/uired #ore knowled'e des ite all t"ese !"allen'es. 6.> AD;ICE TO +UTURE PARTICIPANTS Su.#ission o) a !o# anies. O.edien!e to aut"orities o) t"e la!e o) atta!"#ent. Co##it#ent to work5 .ein' un!tual as to a!/uire t"e .asi! li!ation letter )or la!e#ent earl( enou'" to ro.le# o) rain due to t"e eriod I did #(

ra!ti!al and industrial knowled'e.

31

To .e o) 'ood #oral attitude to work and to t"ose in aut"orit(. To know t"at t"e #ain reason )or t"e trainin' is to learn and ne*er to la!e allowan!e )irst.

6.6

AD;ICE TO SI%ES 2ANA:ERS T"ere s"ould .e ro er awareness to !o# anies and esta.lis"#ent so t"at students will .e a!!e ted )or industrial la!e#ent in t"e ri'"t ti#e.

T"e industrial trainin' )und $IT+& o))i!ials and t"e institution .ased su er*isors s"ould e))e!ti*el( !arr( out t"eir assi'ned Go..

Pa(#ent o) allowan!e to t"e# to work.

arti!i ants to #oti*ate and en!oura'e

6.C

%A1S TO I2PRO;E SI%ES PRO:RA22E Orientation s"ould .e done )or t"e students rior to t"e

!o##en!e#ent o) t"e ro'ra##e .( t"e institution in !onGun!tion wit" t"e industrial trainin' )und $IT+& and t"e institution #akin' t"e attendan!e #andator( )or students.

32

Co# anies and or'anisations s"ould .e le!tured on t"e i# ortan!e )or industrial trainin' so as to a!!e t students.

T"ere s"ould .e re'ular !"e!k on t"e t"eir institutional su er*isor.

er)or#an!e o) student .(

:o*ern#ent or'anisation and so#e #ake

ri*ate esta.lis"#ent s"ould

ro*ision o) so#e kind o) allowan!e to t"e trainee in t"eir

se!tion as t"is will "el to #oti*ate students0 interest to work and 'i*e in t"eir .est.

CONC9USION Treatin' water ade/uatel( .e)ore !onsu# tion is i# ortant to a*oid water diseases t"rou'" intoxi!ation and in)estation. 2( six #ont"s industrial trainin' in 3a#.i! resour!es li#ited "as enlar'e #( knowled'e

33

in "andlin' e/ui #ent and #a!"iner( t"at are usuall( not a*aila.le in t"e institution. RECO22ENDATION I re!o##end #( )ellow )uture industrial trainin' arti!i ants to stri*e to )ind a 'ood la!e )or t"eir industrial trainin'.

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