IMPACTS ON

EARTH

Impact: shock resulting from the meeting of a projectile, a body with another body.

An impact crater is the depression of more or less circular form of the collision of an object, on another of large enough size to make it not fully destroyed by the impact. The term is particularly used in astronomy to describe the result of the collision of celestial objects, (an asteroid or a comet impacting a planet for example). Definitions : When the meteorite arrives on the ground, it penetrates rapidly spraying under the enormous energy of the impact, The soil behaves like an elastic material - to its measurement - and sinking deeply while spraying and in fractured. After a few seconds, the hole reached its maximum size, it is the transient crater Then the ground resumed his place, is the bounce. It remains at the end that a final crater, whose shape depends on the volume of basement vaporized and ejected from the residual compression in rocks, the strength of the rebound, and landslides of land and eboulements.des walls and spin-offs. The final crater will put a few weeks or months to stabilize until the erosion starts it. Nowadays, most of the large craters are visible in their weathered form and you can't measure that an apparent crater, whose shape is more or less visible according to the degree of erosion, refills in sediments or movements of the basement. During the rebound, and when the size of the crater is sufficient, the centre raises more than the surrounding area, kinda like a drop of water, It forms a central uplift, more or less important can go further back than the bottom of the crater. He then formed a central peak more or less pronounced. Note: when the meteorite is large enough to pierce the crust and cause magmatic effusions,. one speaks of crater and basin.

CALCULATION OF AN IMPACT ON EARTH

Project Name: Project No.:
Data of the object and the target:

Client: Prep. By: Mass of the object (kg) 5.97E+24 6378.137 6356.752 9.81
Weigh in Newtons (ground level)

Date:

EARTH Mass (kg) Equatorial Radius (km) Polar Radius (km)

calc. g, on surface level (m/s)

1.0E+02
981.088

Density of the object (kg/m3) Diameter of the object (m) Angle of impact (degree)

5000 10 120.00
2.0944

Nature of the target ground (check a cell) Unknown sedimential ground crystalline ground x [check one cell please!]

Angle in radians (rad)

Speed at impact (m/s)

4750

20000
72000

20.000

km/s

Speed (km/h)

Density of the target (kg/m3)

3200

Results : Kinetic Energy [joules]

Kinetic Energy [calories]

Estimate of the size of the crater:

2.000E+10 2.000E+04 mega-J 4.778E+09 4.778E+03 mega-cal
Diameter of transition - Dsc (m) Diameter of the transient crater - Dtc (m)

>
Kinetic energy [eq.mass, kgf] 2.039E+09 2.039E+06 tonnes-force Kinetic energy [TNT tonne (s)] 4.779E+00 4.779E+03 kilo(s) TNT Note: by convention > 1 kg of TNT = 106 calories = 4, 185.106J.

Depth of the transient crater (m) Diameter of the crater - Dfr (m) Height of the edges of the crater (m) Height of the breccias of the crater (m)

4750 314.82 112.08 393.52

(< default !)

(simple crater)

Final depth of the crater * (m) * This is the distance between the top of the edges of the crater (ridge line), and the top of the breccia lens that covers the bottom of the crater.

11.28 36.52 86.84

Calculation of the mass of an object (spherical) 10.00 Radius of the object (m) Volume (m3) 4.189E+03 Density of the object (kg/m3) 10000.00 Mass (kg) 4.189E+07

NOTES
Two types of celestial objects can collide with our planet, asteroids and comets:

Asteroids are composed of rocks and metals and their density varies between 2000 and 8000 kg/m3. For example: Chondrite CM in density from 3400 to 3800 kg/m3 (Mighei meteorite fallen on June 18, 1889 in Ukraine Their speed at the entrance into the atmosphere is between 11 and 21 km/s. Comets are primarily composed of ice. Their density is between 500 and 1500 kg/m3, and their speed between 30 and 72 km/s.

Other objects - not observed to date - can potentially collide with the Earth. It's interstellar objects, their speed is greater than 72 km/s (otherwise they would orbit around the Sun). Because of their origin, their nature and density are unknown. FORMULAS : Kinetic energy of the impact (Joules): Ec (J) = 1/2M.v Emitted energy: by convention 1 kg of TNT with M: mass of the car in kg and v is its velocity in m/s Note: 1 calorie (cal) = 4.1855 J The bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 had a
of approximately 15 kilotonnes (15 000 tonnes

Dsc : : transitional transition diameter between simple craters and complex on Earth equal to:
- when it does not know the nature of the target field > 3200 - in a sedimentary field > 2250 - in a crystalline field > 4750 Diameter of a transient crater Dtc:

Note: all diameters, depths, thickness are expressed in m.

r i : density of the asteroid, in kg/m3 (and mj its mass in kg), r c : target density kg/m3,
fi : : diameter of the meteorite, in m,
g

ui : speed of the meteorite at impact, in m/s

: acceleration due to gravity of the target (equal to 9.81 m/s/s, on average on Earth) : angle of impact, the horizontal (for vertical impact, = 90 ),

Depth of the transient crater - dtc:

Diameter of the crater: Dfr = 1,25 x Dtc If Dfr < Dsc, the crater is a simple crater: Dfr = 1.25 x Dtc (after Marcus, Melosh and Collins 2004) 1,13 -0,13 If Dfr => Dsc, the crater is a complex crater : Dfr = 1,17 x Dtc x Dsc (from McKinnon and Schenk, 1985) Height of the edges of the crater - Hfr: Hfr = 0,7.(Dtc4/Dfr3) Thickness of breccias : For a simple crater,

For a complex crater, <>

with Vm (volume of breccia) and E, en

Final depth of the crater (distance between the top of the edges of the crater [ridge line] and the top of the breccia len For a simple crater, For a complex0,3 crater, dfr = 50,36 . Dfr dfr = dtc + Hfr - tbr

NOTES
These formulas are derived from the recommendations of Earth Impact Effects Program Robert Marcus, H. Jay Melosh, and Gareth Collins (Meteoritic & Planetary Science)

Links - http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/ - Google Earth & Impact craters

< database of terrestrial craters < list of terrestrial craters

NOTES

tween 2000 and 8000 kg/m3. meteorite fallen on June 18, 1889 in Ukraine).

rth. It's interstellar objects,

Emitted energy: by convention 1 kg of TNT = 106 calories = 4, 185.106J.

The bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 had a power, of approximately 15 kilotonnes (15 000 tonnes of TNT).

< transition crater (Mars)

Note: all diameters, depths, thicknesses and heights, are expressed in m.

Melosh and Collins 2004)

(from McKinnon and Schenk, 1985)

Simple Crater Complex Crater

with Vm (volume of breccia) and E, energy of the impact (J)

rater [ridge line] and the top of the breccia lens that covers the bottom of the crater):