Field

Guide

A Reference Guide to
Mining Machine Applications

CAT GLOBAL MINING

www.CAT.com Printed in U.S.A.

© 2006 Caterpillar AEXQ0030
Scope Contents

This document is primarily intended for use by Basic Application Benchmarks and
Caterpillar and CAT dealer project managers as a ready Operating Techniques
reference for the assessment of machine application Loading Tools 2
Trucks 8
and haul road conditions on their project sites. It may
Wheel Dozers 14
also prove useful to other Caterpillar and CAT dealer Motor Graders 18
personnel in need of a concise reference tool. Track-type Tractors/Wheel Tractor Scrapers 22
Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance
It contains practical benchmarking data that is Design 26
Maintenance 34
achievable with correct and well-managed machine
Management Ideas
application. It is also intended to provide guidance on Management Strategies 41
assessing haul road design and maintenance that Hauling System Application Zones 45
supports sound industry practices. Reference Information
Percentage Swell and Load Factors 49
Approximate Loose Weight of Materials 50
Typical Rolling Resistances 52
Approximate Coefficient of Traction Factors 53
Formulas and Rules of Thumb 54
Weights and Measures 56
Miscellaneous Technical Data 60
Machine Specifications
Track-type Tractors 63
Wheel Loaders 65
Wheel Dozers 67
Trucks 69
Motor Graders 73
Tractor Scraper 75
Underground Mining Equipment 77
Loading Tools

CAT GLOBAL MINING

LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks
First pass must be a good pass
Watch for... (operator has entire truck exchange
to get bucket full)
Ensure truck is correctly “spotted”
by loader (with first pass, or the
horn)
Hydraulic Front Shovels
• First two passes:
Upper half of face
• 3rd / 4th passes:
Load out the center
• Final passes:
Clean up floor
• Keep work area as tight
as possible
• Avoid excessive prying or
corner loading; don’t swing
into pile
• Maximize GET* tip contact and
minimize bowl contact (i.e.,
boom up and curl bowl through
material).
• Use “boom-up” to minimize
bucket heel contact.
• Never operate a bare edge
* GET - Ground
Engaging Tools
** ME - Mass
Excavation
and Operating Techniques 2
Hydraulic Backhoes (ME**) • Maintain proper kick-out
adjustment
• Maintain tight work zone;
ideally dig no more than 45 • Keep time in face below 0.2
degrees either side of minute (12 seconds)
center line (i.e., work over • Wheel turns only from face
idlers and swing no more to truck
than 60 degrees to truck) • Never operate a bare edge
• Watch poorly blasted toe
• Maximize GET* tip contact Rope Shovels
and minimize bucket • 70 - 90 degree
contact (i.e., enter face maximum swing
with tips at the correct
angle and curl bucket • Efficient support machine
through material). Use activity to keep floor clean
boom-up to minimize • Power cable maintenance
bucket heel contact • Never operate a
• Never operate a bare edge bare edge
Wheel Loaders
• Enter pile straight-on, with
floor of bucket parallel to
floor
• Keep frame straight
when digging
• Lift bucket before crowding
• Fill bucket by the time lift
arms are horizontal
• Minimize non-productive
floor contact (cleanup)
LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 4

Rope Shovels Hydraulic Front Shovels

Optimum Bench Height Just above boom/
Top of boom sheaves
stick pivot

Cycle Times 28 - 40 seconds 24 - 28 seconds

(avg. 35 seconds) (avg. 27 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 100 - 105% 90 - 100%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient 3 - 5 passes 4 - 6 passes

Pass Match

Favorable Site • Working a single face of the • Selective digging: can also efficiently mine
Conditions correct height multiple targets
• Stable/level floor • Tight load area with tight material
• Wide benches • Can work in poor floor conditions
(to facilitate truck maneuverability) • Angle tracks slightly to face
• Well-shot material • Define dig pattern,
L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern

Adverse Site • Poor underfoot • Excessive tramming

Conditions to Avoid • Low benches
LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 6

Hydraulic Backhoes Large Wheel Loaders

(Mass Excavation)
Length of stick, or between truck siderail Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Optimum Bench Height
and ducktail

Cycle Times 24 - 28 seconds 32 - 42 seconds

(avg. 25 seconds) (avg. 38 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factor 80 - 110% 90 - 110%
in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient 4 - 6 passes 4 - 6 passes

Pass Match

Favorable Site • Correct bench height (worth 10-15% • Level, dry, smooth, firm floors
Conditions more production than too high) • Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high rainfall areas
• Truck below HEX to minimize tire damage
(worth 15-20% over same-level loading) • Well-fragmented materials that minimize crowding
• Tight load area, with tight material time, particularly in the toe-area of the cut
• Short swing — 60° (worth 5% over • Lower face profile
90° swing) • Multi-face loading
• Well-shot material
• Remove farthest pass during
truck exchange
• Maintain key-cut

Adverse Site • High benches • Poor/wet underfoot

Conditions to Avoid • Excessive tramming • Tight load areas
• Unstable benches • Tire damage due to poor clean up
• Low angle of repose material
 Trucks

CAT GLOBAL MINING

TRUCKS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 10

Exchange Time Good 0.7 minute

(42 seconds)
The elapsed time from
when the loaded truck Acceptable 0.9 minute
receives its last load (54 seconds) Correct Loading Correct Loading
until the next truck Incorrect Loading Incorrect Loading
receives its first
loading pass

Load Placement Lateral Center load above

hoist cylinders or
load arrow.
Longitudinal Centered about Payload
centerline of body. Accuracy VIMS/TPMS Payload
system will read
General No substantial amount of
“heavy” if the load is
material on headboard.
placed rearward and
Enough freeboard “light” when the load is
to minimize spillage from placed forward of the
sides through corners correct point. Payload
and from the rear on accuracy can vary
grades. 3 – 5% for each 600 mm
Target 33%/66% (2 feet) the load is out
load split on front/ of position laterally.
rear axles.
TRUCKS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 12

Watch for... • Truck Position - Spotted in

correct position by loader operator,
rather than where
truck operator decides to stop.
Can be spotted by horn or by
first pass.
Positioned to help facilitate faster
cycles:
• At 45° for wheel loaders
• Depending on loading technique
for shovels and backhoes
Not parked with rear tires up on toe
of pile.
No excessive queuing or waiting
for loading tool.
• Safety - Truck parked with Wear is typically even across the Check TKPH (TMPH)* for all
Parking Brake ON, Trans. in “N” rear 1/3 of the floor. chosen haul profiles.
(Retarder may be applied in
addition to Parking Brake, but Also, ensure correct alignment of Visit tire “graveyard” looking
Parking Brake must be applied body pads. for scrapped tires with
whenever truck is stopped more • Tires - Tires offer a valuable significant tread remaining.
than momentarily). insight into road and pit Identify causes and work
conditions. to improve life and
• Body - Watch for wear-through tread utilization.
of liner plates: Dual Slope bodies Look for sidewall cutting, impact
typically wear the front “triangle” and cutting in the tread face,
of the rear slope, and rear corners. erosion and cracking in the
bead/flange area, etc.
* TKPH - Tonne Kilometers Per Hour (Tons Mile Per Hour)
Wheel Dozers

CAT GLOBAL MINING

WHEEL DOZERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 16

Watch for... • General

• Keep loads small and “roll”.
• Avoid excessive down-
pressure.
• Don’t ballast front tires.
• Push load with machine
straight as possible.
• Minimize heel-plate
contact.
• Maintain full blade contact
with the floor.
• Blade Angle
• Keep heel-plate parallel
• Truck / Wheel Dozer Match
with floor and the back of
The following truck/wheel
the blade vertical.
• A blade rolled too far dozer model sizes are
recommended for pushing
forward will wear end-bits
dumped material from these
and moldboard prematurely
truck models (target is a
and decrease productivity.
two-pass clean up
procedure):

834 – 773 / 777

844 – 777 / 785
854 – 785 / 789 / 793
Motor Graders

CAT GLOBAL MINING

MOTOR GRADERS
Basic Application Benchmarks
General Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear
Watch for... (6–11 km/h / 4-7 mph).
Grading in 4th gear greatly
accelerates circle drive
pinion and cutting edge
wear.
Speed is excessive if
cutting edge shows signs of
excessive heat (tempering
back/bluing) and flaking.
Maintain 1st gear for all
ripping, manually operate
throttle.
Ensure cutting edges
maintain protection for
moldboard; change ahead
of moldboard damage
(recommend when 10 mm
[1/2 inch] remaining).
Keep edges sharp for
improved penetration.
Use scarifiers to break up
hard-packed top surface for
material redistribution if
blade is unable to penetrate
effectively. A number of
passes may be required to
penetrate effectively.
and Operating Techniques 20
Blade
Position
Tip Angle Top of moldboard
should be 50 mm -
100 mm
(2”- 4”) ahead of the
cutting edge (16 and
24 motor graders).
Maintaining a
constant tip angle in
operation minimizes
cutting edge wear.
Blade
Angle Use widest possible
pass width/
increase angle if
material flows
around leading edge.
When using the
Graderbit system or a Work
serrated edge, use a Envelope Maintain full blade
blade angle of 10 contact with the
degrees maximum. floor to avoid high
Maintain full width point loading.
cutting edge contact Consider using
with road surface. track-type tractors
or wheel dozers
when not able to
maintain contact.
For further information, consult H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945.
 Track-Type Tractors/
Wheel Tractor Scrapers

CAT GLOBAL MINING

TRACK-TYPE
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 24
TRACTORS

Watch for... General Pin breakage in shank Keep slot depth to be a

Operation Excessive tramming protectors or ripper tips maximum of 2/3 blade
between jobs (<5% of time). is also a good indication height.
Loose or missing track of incorrect operation Minimize corner loading,
hardware. Dozing prying and impact;
Ripping General “Big loads slow” rather maintain a steady dozing
General Rip downhill wherever than “small loads fast”. pressure.
possible. Doze in 1st gear. Blade
When ripping for scrapers, Steer machine with Position On Dual Tilt machines,
rip in the same direction as Blade Tilt cylinders begin cut with blade
the scrapers will load. rather than steering tilted forward for better
Generally, speeds of 1.5-2.5 clutches when blade is penetration, then begin
km/hr (1-1.5 mph) at 2/3 loaded; track slap in the to lay blade back when
Truck / Dozer throttle will give the most middle of a cut is a good about full. Continue to fill
Dump Match economical production, with indication that steering blade while lying back,
The following TTT reduced speeds in clutches are being used. until blade is full and
model sizes are shock/impact conditions. racked fully back.
recommended for Use slot dozing
GET Penetration ripper tip
pushing dumped Ripper wherever possible, as it
reinforcing ribs must
Position Begin pass with ripper tip can be worth up to 20%
material from face upward; they ship
rearward, then pull tip extra production and
these truck on the shank with the
forward/under the tractor assure the tractor is
models: rib down.
after tip penetrates ground. pushing all it can push.
D9 – 777 Excessive track slippage Ensure GET pins,
Start to doze from the
D10 – 777 / 785 / and blunt tips are good retainers and bolts are
front of the cut. Work to
789 indicators that ripper installed correctly and
the rear, moving back 1
D11 – 789 / 793 / position is not correct. are not missing.
to 2 machine lengths
797 each additional pass. Never operate a
bare shank.
For further information,
consult The Handbook of
Ripping AEDK0752.
SCRAPERS
Basic Application
Benchmarks and
Operating Techniques 25

Watch for... Loading

Time Good: 0.4-0.5 minute Basic Haul Road Design and
(24-30 seconds)* Maintenance
Average 0.6-0.7 minute
(36-43 seconds)*
* Open bowl/push-loaded
Wheel-Tractor Scraper
(shorter time for tandem,
longer time for
single-powered)
Scraper/Tractor Consult publications for
The following TTT self-loading (elevating/
model sizes are auger) and push-pull
recommended for machines.
push loading the
following scraper
models.

621 – D8
631 – D9 / D10
651 – D10 / D11 CAT GLOBAL MINING

For further information,

consult Making the Most
of Scraper Potential
AEGQ2380 and Optimum
Scraper Load Time
AEGC0195.
 Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 28

Horizontal and To maximize safe working

General Vertical
Alignment conditions, corners and crests
must be designed such that
machine operators are capable
of seeing and avoiding hazards
when travelling at normal
operating speeds. These 1
calculations must be
completed using worst case
10
scenarios (i.e., smallest
obstacle, longest stopping
distance, highest expected
speeds, wet roads, etc.).

Cross-slopes On Flats On Grades

Apply the minimum slope to Minimal cross-slope required
maintain drainage for expected unless rainfall is very heavy,
rainfall conditions on site. as drainage is provided by
downgrade.
If conditions permit, consider a
2% constant crossfall, with
loaded trucks running on the
“uphill” side of the road. This
2° constant crossfall
can help optimize tire load
sharing across the rear of the
truck. Otherwise, a crown with
minimum slope angle.
 Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 30

Grade General
Smooth and of constant grade to
minimize transmission shifts and
maintain higher average grade
speed. This also allows more
constant braking effort on returns.
Correct Incorrect
Corners Radius
Use maximum practical radius.
Keep constant and smooth as
possible.
Super-elevation
Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h
(10 mph) per Performance
Handbook recommendations
(Tables section). Super-elevation
greater than 10% should be used
with caution due to the danger of
sideways slippage in wet
conditions.
Road Width 1 way Straights/Corners A
minimum 2 - 2.5 widths is
recommended.
2 way - In Straights A minimum of
3 - 3.5 truck widths.
One-way (Straights/Corners)
- In Corners A minimum of Two-way (In Straights)
3.5 - 4 truck widths. Two-way (In Corners)
 Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 32

Bench Width General

Truck to clear loader under full
acceleration.
Minimum width = machine turning
radius + safety berm. Bench Width
Drainage General
Must be able to adequately carry
away maximum expected rainfall, with
a minimum of puddling, pot holing, or
entry of water into the road sub-base.
Safety Berms All Locations
(windrows) Berm should be a minimum half of
wheel height at the dump edge and
along all haul road/highwall edges.
Check against local mining regulations.
Rolling Resistance For trucks running radial-ply tires, In practice, a 5% increase in rolling
assume a minimum rolling resistance can result in up to a 10%
resistance of: decrease in production and a 35%
• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, increase in production costs.
permanent haulroads
• 3% for a well-maintained road with
little flexing
• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1”)
tire penetration
• 5% for a road with 50 mm (2”) 1/2 wheel height
tire penetration
• 8% for a road with 100 mm (4”)
tire penetration
• 14% for a road with 200 mm (8”) Drainage

tire penetration
 Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 34

Rules of Thumb Can you travel comfortably at 60

km/h (35 mph) on haul road
in a light vehicle?
Haul road begins at the loading
face and ends at the dump.
Can you travel at a reasonable
speed to the dump zone?

Soft/Wet Areas
It is far more practical to fully
remove wet/soft spots in the
haul road completely and refill
than to continually try and
maintain.
Fix it once, fix it right!
Dust
Watering to remove the hazard
of dust also helps maintain
compaction (and strength) of
the road base. Use “checker
board” or “spot” intermittent
watering pattern on slopes to
reduce the risk of slippage
during braking.
“Spot” watering works well for
areas with limited water supply.
 Basic Haul Road Design and
Analysis Tools Fleet Production and Cost (FPC)
Use FPC to compare actual cycle
times with theoretical values:
• Are trucks achieving predicted
speed on grades?
• Are trucks cycling in predicted
cycle times?
• Are truck wait times at the
loader in the predicted range?
If theoretical values don’t match
actual times, investigate
possible causes:
• Rough/slippery roads
causing operators to slow
• Higher rolling resistance
than planned/expected
• Tight corners forcing
machine to slow
• Poor visibility due to dust
or obscured views
• Pinch points, STOP signs at
intersections, etc.
Maintenance
Fleet Productivity Optimization
(FPO)
Use FPO to assess machine
application severity:
• To identify locations/features
on the road for improvement
• To quantify the severity of the
haul from strut pressure data
• To illustrate transmission shift
frequency and gear on grade
• To identify brake/retarder
application (frequency and
location)
Note: Earlier version of FPO
were known as (ASA)
Application Severity Analysis
36
Vital Information Management
System (VIMS)
Use VIMS to help manage
machine application:
• Datalogger data export to FPO
to quantify haul road
conditions
• Better payload management
to optimize speed on grade
• Check event logs for high
brake temperatures, engine
over-speeds, etc.
• Use RAC (Road Analysis
Control) to alert an operator to
a damaging haul road
condition
 Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 38

Loading Zone Watch for smooth floor, with

adequate water removal, kept
clear of debris fallen from the
face and from trucks as they
leave the zone.
Make certain trucks are not
backing onto rocks fallen from
the face, or driving over rocks
spilled during loading, as this Loading Zone
damages tires and powertrain
components and adversely
affects payload accuracy.
Avoid tight, high-speed turns as
trucks return to the load area.
Can the truck leave the loading
zone under full and continuous
acceleration, or is the loading
zone too tight, too rough, or too
congested with other machines
to allow this to occur?

Main Haul Road

A well-maintained, smooth haul
road, with sufficient drainage,
free from potholes, ruts and
gullies, with smooth/constant
grades, adequate passing room
(road width), adequate corner
radius (super-elevated if
necessary), etc., that allows safe
and reliable operation at the
highest possible road speed.
Is spillage that falls from moving
trucks removed quickly?
Are there signs of rubber being
deposited on tight or rocky turns?
Are operators applying high
braking forces to negotiate
corners?
Can the truck achieve expected
road speeds for all segments?
 Basic Haul Road Design
and Maintenance 39

Dump Zone A smooth floor that allows trucks to

maintain speed until they reach dump
Management Ideas
zone, entering parallel to edge and
braking in a straight line before turning
and stopping to reverse and dump.
Safety berms of regulation height along
the entire edge.
Ensure dump is stable, or dump short and
push off.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

 Management Ideas
Management Present machine application
Strategies issues to mine management in a
language they understand; i.e.,
Productivity (lost or gained)
and Cost per Ton.
Identify the potential to improve
productivity.
• Better bucket fill factors
through:
• Improved fragmentation
• Correct bucket selection,
GET selection and GET
maintenance
• Correct bench heights
• Correct loader orientation
to face
• Faster loader cycle times
through:
• Correct orientation to face
• Correct truck placement
• Improved material condition
• Improved floor conditions
42
• Higher average OHT road Use Cat® Software Tools [FPC,
speeds through: EMF, DOZSIM, etc.] to:
• Smoother Roads (including • Compare theoretical with
loading and dump zones) actual:
-use Vital Information • Grade speeds/Cycle times
Management System
• Fuel consumption
(VIMS) • Total machine/fleet
- RAC
productivity
- FPO
-use TPMS (Truck Payload • Model the effects on total
Measurement System) productivity through changes
- FPO to:
• Minimize rolling resistance
• Average road speeds
• Better haul road designs -higher on-grade speeds
that: -reduced rolling resistance
-reduce switchbacks -reduced corner severity
-remove cross-overs with -removal of speed limits
STOP signs • Improved bucket fill factors
-allow constant and truck/loader match
speed/gear on grades • Reduced truck exchange
• Better payload control to and waiting times
ensure highest possible gear • Reduced fuel consumption
on grade • Improved component life
-use VIMS/TPMS and
and machine/fleet
VIMS Supervisor
availability
• Improved tire life/reduced
tire costs
 Management Ideas 44

Hauling Systems Consider whether the most economic

Application Zones earthmoving system is being used in
the application. The following values
are rules of thumb but will vary with
underfoot conditions, material type,
required production rate, and
operator skill:

Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m

(400 to 4000 ft)

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 9000 m

(400 to 29,500 ft)
 Management Ideas 46

Support Equipment Tractors, Wheel Dozers,

Motor Graders and
Water Trucks

Consider the benefits outlined in

“Management Strategies” for
correct support machine use:
allows optimum machine
productivity, minimum impact on
major component lives, maximum
tire life, maximum haul road life,
and most importantly, maximum
operational safety.

Also consider that Wheel Dozers

are typically more cost-effective
than Track-type Tractors in lighter
applications, such as haul road
and shovel clean up, and offer
greater speed for better coverage
and improved flexibility.
Reference Information

CAT GLOBAL MINING

 Reference Information 48

Percentage swell and load factors of different materials* Approxiamate loose weight of materials*
% Swell Load Factor lbs/yd3 kg/m3
CINDERS 45 .69 BASALT 3,300 1960
CLAY BAUXITE, KAOLIN 2,400 1420
Dry 40 .72 CALICHE 2,100 1250
Wet 40 .72 CARNOTITE, URANIUM ORE 2,750 1630
CLAY & GRAVEL CINDERS 950 560
Dry 40 .72 CLAY
Wet 40 .72 Natural Bed 2,800 1600
COAL Dry 2,500 1480
Anthracite 35 .74 Wet 2,800 1660
Bituminous 35 .74 CLAY & GRAVEL
EARTH, LOAM Dry 2,400 1420
Dry 25 .80 Wet 2,600 1540
Wet 25 .80 COAL
GRAVEL Anthracite, Raw 2,000 1190
Dry 12 .89 Washed 1,850 1100
Wet 12 .89 Ash, Bituminous Coal 900-1,100 530-650
GYPSUM 74 .57 Bituminous, Raw 1,600 950
HARDPAN 50 .67 Washed 1,400 830
LIMESTONE 67 .60 DECOMPOSED ROCK
ROCK, WELL BLASTED 65 .60 75% Rock, 25% Earth 3,300 1960
SAND 50% Rock, 50% Earth 2,900 1720
Dry 12 .89 25% Rock, 75% Earth 2,650 1570
Wet 12 .89 EARTH
SANDSTONE 54 .65 Dry packed 2,550 1510
SHALE & SOFT ROCK 65 .60 Wet excavated 2,700 1600
SLAG, BANK 23 .81 Loam 2,100 1250
SLATE 65 .60 GRANITE
TRAP ROCK 65 .61 Broken or Crushed 2,800 1660
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must GRAVEL
be made to determine exact material characteristics. Pit Run 3,250 1930
Dry 2,550 1510
Dry 1/4” – 2” 2,850 1690
Wet 1/4” – 2” 3,400 2020
GYPSUM
Broken 3,050 1810
Crushed 2,700 1600
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must
be made to determine exact material characteristics.
 Reference Information 50

Approximate loose weight of materials* Typical Rolling Resistances in lbs. per gross ton of weight*
lbs/yd3 kg/m3 A hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway without penetration
HEMATITE, IRON ORE, HIGH GRADE 4,000-5,400 1810-2450 under load, watered, maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
LIMESTONE
Broken or Crushed 2,600 1540
MAGNETITE, IRON ORE 4,700 2790 A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing,
PYRITES, IRON ORE 4,350 2580 flexing slightly under load or undulating, maintained fairly regularly,
SAND watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Dry, Loose 2,400 1420
Damp 2,850 1690 Snow
Wet 3,100 1840
SAND & CLAY Packed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Loose 2,700 1600 Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Compacted 4,050 2400
SAND & GRAVEL A dirt roadway, rutted, flexing under load, little if any maintenance, no
Dry 2,900 1720 water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Wet 3,400 2020
SANDSTONE 2,550 1510
SHALE 2100 1250 Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance,
SLAG no stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Broken 2,950 1750
SNOW Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Dry 220 130
Wet 860 520
STONE, CRUSHED 2,700 1600 Soft, muddy, rutted roadway, no maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .200 to 400
TACONITE 3,600-4,200 1630-1900
TOPSOIL 1,600 950 *Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce or increase
TAP ROCK estimating purposes when specific information on performance of particular
Broken 2,950 1750 equipment on given soil conditions is not available.
* Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.
Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
 Reference Information 52

Approximate coefficient of traction factors Formulas and rules of thumb

TRACTION FACTORS Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Rubber Tires Tracks Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)

CONCRETE .90 .45 Lbs. Per Bank Yard
CLAY LOAM
Dry .55 .45 Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor
Wet .40 .90
Rutted .70 .70 Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100
LOOSE SAND .30 .30 100 + % Swell
QUARRY PIT .65 .55
GRAVEL ROAD (LOOSE NOT HARD) .36 .50 Bank Yards = Compacted Yards
PACKED SNOW .20 .25 Shrinkage Factor
ICE .12 .12* Trips per Hour = 60 min.
EARTH Cycle Time (min.)
Firm .55 .45 Or
Loose .90 .60 Working Min. per Hr.
COAL, STOCKPILED .45 .60 Cycle Time (min.)
*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27
Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time
Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)
Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time

Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.)

Speed (ft. per min.)
Or
Distance (ft.)
Mph X 88
Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)
= 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1” tire penetration)
X weight on wheels (lbs.)
= 2% + 11/2% (for each 1” tire penetration) X Weight
on Wheels (lbs.)
Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)
= % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)
Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) = Rolling Resistance Factor
(lbs./ton or %) + Grade
Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or
%)Total Pull Required = Rolling
Resistance (lbs.) + Grade
Resistance (lbs.)
 Reference Information 54

Formulas and rules of thumb Weights and Measures

Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT
Resistance (lbs.) 20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple 8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff. of Traction X Weight Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight
on Drivers
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet 27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt
Hourly Prod. Req’d = Quan. (b.c.y.)
16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton
Working Time (hr.)
2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton
No. Units Req’d = Hourly Prod. Req’d.
TROY WEIGHT
Unit Prod.
24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt
No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time 20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
Pusher cycle time 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels
Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.
33000 CLOTH MEASURE
2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail
Typical dragline calculating factors: 4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
Using 110˚ swing, average swing cycle 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard
For 1/2 yd. = 24 seconds
For 11/2 yd = 30 seconds CUBIC MEASURE
For 2 yd. = 33 seconds 1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard
Bucket Factors: 128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)
Easy digging =approx. 95-100% of rated capacity 40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)
Med. digging= approx. 80-90% of rated capacity 2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel
Medium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacity 231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon
Hard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity 1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel
Typical shovel calculating factors: DRY MEASURE
Using 90˚ swing average swing cycle 2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel
For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec. 8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck 36 bushels . . . . . . . . . .1 chaldron
For 1 yd. = 21 sec.
For 11/2 yd.= 22 sec. LIQUID MEASURE
For 2 yd. = 23 sec. 4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt 4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon
For 21/2 yd. = 24 sec. 2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel
2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead
Dipper Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacity LONG MEASURE
Medium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacity 12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot 40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong
Medium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacity 3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd 8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile
Hard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity 5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league
 Reference Information 56

Weights and Measures Weights and Measures

MARINERS’ MEASURE
6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom
71/2 cable lengths . . .1 mile
6076.1 feet . .1 nautical mile
PAPER MEASURE
24 sheets . . . . . . . . . .1 quire
2 reams . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle
SQUARE MEASURE
144 sq. inches . . . .1 sq. foot
9 sq. feet . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard
301/4 sq. yards . . . .1 sq. rod
120 fathoms . . . . .1 cable length
5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile
20 quires . . .1 ream (480 sheets)
5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale
40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood
4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile
METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE
1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch
1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters
1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot
1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters
1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds
1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8361
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods
1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare
1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile
1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS – WEIGHTS

7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link
25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod
4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain
10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile
36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township
1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce
1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds
1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton
1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons

TIME MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS – MEASURE OF VOLUME

60 seconds . . . . . . . . .1 min. 60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr. 1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch
24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week 1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters
28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month 1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot
30 days . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest 1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters
365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr. 1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards
1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter
MISCELLANEOUS 1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord
3 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm 4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand 1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres
6 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 span 18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit 1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid
21.8 inches . . .1 Bible cubit 21/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace 1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters
1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter
METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE 1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks
1 centimeter .0.3937 inches 1 inch . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters 1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter
1 decimeter . . .3.937 inches 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot 1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter
1 foot . . . .3.048 decimeters 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches 1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels
1 meter . . . . . . .1.0936 yards 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter 1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter
1 dekameter . . .1.9884 rods 1 rod . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter
1 kilometer . . . .0.62137 mile 1 mile . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers
 Reference Information
Weights and Measures
APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25/8 bushels
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21/2 acres
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21/5 lbs
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zero
Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zero
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zero
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zero
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zero
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zero
Blood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zero
Eggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero
58
Miscellaneous Technical Data
To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831.
To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.
To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.
To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.
To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072.
To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.
Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single.
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds.
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.
One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes.
A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 81/3 lbs. And contains 231 cubic
inches.
There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate
surface.
A cubic foot of water contains 71/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs
62 1/2 pounds.
Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour.
To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they are eaten
deep enough.
A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute, or 550
lbs. on foot per second.
To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water, multiply the
height of the column in feet by .434.
Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has a pressure
equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch).
Machine Specifications

CAT GLOBAL MINING

 Miscellaneous 62

Track-type Tractor MODEL D9T D10T D11R D11R CD

Operating Weight 105,600 (47 900) 146,500 (66 451) 230,100 (104 600) 248,600 (113 000)
lb (kg) (Differential Steer)
Flywheel Power 410 (306) 580 (433) 850 (634) 850 (634)
hp (KW)

Engine Model C18 ACERT C27 ACERT 3508B TA 3508B TA

Blade Capacity
SU 17.7 (13.5) 24.2 (18.5) 35.5 (27.2)
U 21.4 (16.4) 28.7 (22) 45 (34.4)
CD 57 (43.6)
yd3 (m3)

Blade Width
SU 14'2" (4.31) 15'11" (4.86) 18'4" (5.60)
U 15'3" (4.65) 17'3" (5.26) 20'10" (6.35)
CD 22'0" (6.71)
ft/in (m)
(included end bits)

Track On Ground 11'5" (3.47) 12'9" (3.89) 14'7" (4.44) 14'7" (4.44)
ft/in (m)

General Dimensions
Height 13'1" (3.99) 14'2" (4.34) 15'0" (4.57) 15'0" (4.57)
ft/in (m)
(to top of canopy ROPS)

Overall Length 27'8" (8.48) 30'4" (9.26) 34'1" (10.68) 35'5" (10.50)
ft/in (m)
(U-Blade & Single Shank Ripper)
 Miscellaneous 64

Wheel Loaders MODEL 994F 994FHL 994FSHL 992G 992G HL

Operating Weight (lb) 427,300 430,900 467,100 210,424 218,513

(kg) 192 244 193 782 207 068 95 447 99 116

Engine 3516B 3516B 3516B 3508B 3508B

Flywheel Power (hp) 1438 1438 1438 800 800

(kW) 933 933 933 597 597

Rated Payload (T) 38 34 34 24 24

(t) 34.5 31 31 22 22

Dump Height (ft/in) 18'3" 19' 24' 15'2" 17'3"

(mm) 5698 5931 7315 4626 5250

Dump Reach (ft/in) 7'5" 8'11" 9'6" 7'7" 7'7"

(mm) 2263 2643 2926 2315 2304

Bucket Size (yd3) 19.5 - 41 19.5 - 41 41-47 15 - 30 15 - 30

(m3) 15 - 31 15 - 31 31-36 11.4 - 23 11.4 - 23

Breakout Force (lb) 222,553 203,968 156,562 137,692 134,753

(kN) 989 1015 696 612 599

Full Turn Tip Load (lb) 243,760 203,968 152,014 112,764 108,664
(kg) 110 570 92 518 68 952 51 149 49 289
 Miscellaneous 66

Wheel Dozers MODEL 854G 844 834G

Operating Weight (lb) 219,128 156,120 103,849
(kg) 99 395 70 815 47 106
Engine 3508B 3412E 3456

Flywheel Power (hp) 800 620 481

(kW) 597 463 359

Blade Capacity
- Semi - U (yd3) 33.1 20.7 14.56
(m3) 25.4 15.9 11.13
- Coal (yd3) 58.2 40.2 29
(m3) 44.7 30.7 22.2
- Straight (yd3) 10.33
(m3) 7.9

Blade Width
- Semi - U (ft/in) 20' 9" 19' 4" 16' 11"
(mm) 6321 5846 5151
- Coal (ft/in) 23' 7" 17' 9" 18' 7"
(mm) 7200 5418 5677
- Straight (ft/in) 16' 8"
(mm) 5074

Transmission Gears 3F/3R 3F/3R 4F/3R

Top Speed
- Forward (mph) 13.6 14 24.1
(kph) 23.2 22.5 38.7
- Reverse (mph) 15 15.4 14.3
(kph) 24.2 24.8 23
 Miscellaneous 68

Trucks MODEL 773E 775E 777D

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope**

Gross Machine
Operating Weight* (lb) 219,000 239,000 360,000
(kg) (99 300) (108 400) (163 293)

Target Payload* (tons) 60 68 100

(tonnes) (54.3) (62.1) (90.7)

Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 46 53.9 73.6
(m3) (35.2) (41.2) (60.1)
Engine 3412E 3412E 3508B
Gross Power (hp) 710 760 1000
(kW) (530) (567) (746)
Tire Size 24.00R35 24.00R35 27.00R49
Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 41.1 41.1 39.9
(km/h) (65.8) (65.8) (60.4)

Loading Height (ft/in) 12'5" 12'11" 14'4"

(m) (3.77) (3.93) (4.39)

Overall Length (ft/in) 31'9" 31'9" 32'1"

(m) (9.69) (9.69) (9.78)

Overall Width (ft/in) 16'8" 16'8" 20'0"

(m) (5.08) (5.08) (6.10)
*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload **Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
Policy Revision #4 for information on gross specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
machine operating weight and target payload dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.
 Miscellaneous 70

Trucks MODEL 785C 789C 793C 797

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Flat Floor**
Gross Machine
Operating Weight* (lb) 550,000 700,000 846,000 1,375,000
(kg) (249 475) (317 513) (383 727) (623 690)
Target Payload* (tons) 155+ 201+ 240+ 380+
(tonnes) (140+) (182+) (218+) (345+)
Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 102 137 169 290
(m3) (78) (105) (129) (220)
Engine 3512B 3516B 3516B HD 3524B HD
Gross Power (hp) 1450 1900 2300 3550
(kW) (1082) (1417) (1715) (2648)
Tire Size 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R63
46/90R57
44/80R57
Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 34 33.8 33.7 39.9
(km/h) (54.8) (54.4) (54.3) (64.2)
Loading Height (ft/in) 16'4" 17'1" 19'3" 23'2"
(m) (4.97) (5.21) (5.87) 7.08)
Overall Length (ft/in) 36'2" 39'11" 42'3" 47'8"
(m) (11.02) (12.18) (12.87) (14.53)
Overall Width (ft/in) 21'4" 25'2" 24'4" 30'0"
(m) (6.64) (7.67) (7.44) (9.15)
*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload **Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
Policy Revision #4 for information on gross specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
machine operating weight and target payload dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.
 Miscellaneous 72

Motor Graders MODEL 14H 16H 24H

Operating Weight 41,010 (16,600) 54,350 (24,740) 136,610 (61,950)
lb (kg)
Flywheel Power
Base : Gears 1-8 220 (164) 265 (198) 500 (373)
VHP : Gears 4-8 240 (179) 285 (213)
hp (kW)
Engine Model 3176C 3196 3412E HEUI
Blade Length 14' (4.27) 16' (4.88) 24' (7.32)
ft (m)
Minimum Turn Distance 26'3" (8) 27'0" (8.2) 39'11" (12)
ft/in (m)
(full articulation & front wheel steer)
TOP SPEED
Forward 28.7 (46.1) 29.9 (48.1) 23.4 (37.7)
Reverse 31.8 (51.1) 26.9 (43.2) 22.4 (36.1)
mph (km/h)
General Dimensions
Height (to canopy top 10'11" (3.34) 11'7" (3.52) 14'3" (4.35)
of ROPS)
ft/in (m)
Overall Length 35'4" (10.77) 38'2" (11.62) 51'10" (15.80)
ft/in (m)
(with ripper & push plate)
Width 9'3" (2.82) 10'1" (3.08) 13'8" (4.23)
ft/in (m)
(at top of front tires)
 Miscellaneous 74

Tractor Scraper MODEL 633E II 637G 651E 657E

Empty Weight 112,580 (51065) 112,760 (51,147) 134,760 (61,130) 152,290 (69,080)
lb (kg)
Flywheel Power
Tractor (Elevating Scraper)
(gears 1-2) 450 (335) 450 (335) 552 (410) 550 (410)
(gears 3-8) 490 (365) 490 (365) 605 (452) 605 (452)
(elevator on gears 1-2) 490 (365)
Scraper
(gears 1-2) 249 9186) 400 (298)
(gears 3-8) 274 (204) 440 (328)
hp (kW)
Engine Model
Tractor 3408E 3412E HEUI 3408E HEUI 3412E HEUI
Scraper C9 3408E HEUI
Capacity
Struck 23.2 (17.1) 24 (18.3) 32 (24.5) 32 (24.5)
Heaped 34 (26) 34 (26) 44 (33.6) 44 (33.6)
yd3 (m3)
Rated Load 82,000 (37,285) 82,000 (37,285) 104,000 (47,175) 104,000 (47,175)
lb (kg)
Top Speed (Loaded) 33.4 (53.8) 33 (53) 33 (53) 33 (53)
mph (km/h)
Width of Cut 11'6" (3.51) 11'6" (3.51) 12'8" (3.85) 12'8" (3.85)
ft/in (m)
General Dimensions
Height 14'1" (4.29) 14'1" (4.29) 15'5" (4.71) 15'5" (4.71)
ft/in (m)
(top of scraper)
Length 48'7" (14.81) 47'9" (14.56) 53'1" (16.2) 53'1" (16.2)
ft/in (m)
Width 13'3" (4050) 12'11" (3.94) 14'4" (4.35) 14'4" (4.35)
ft/in (m)
 Miscellaneous 76

Underground Mining MODEL AD30 DE-1732 (*Based on 14.4m Body)

3
AD45 DE-1644 (*Based on m Body)
3

Equipment Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial

Engine Power (Gross) 298 kW 400 hp 380 kw 510 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E ATAAC Caterpillar 3408E HEUI
Weight (Empty) 30 000 kg 66,139 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lb
Weight (Loaded) 60 000 kg 132,277 lb 85 000 kg 187,393 lb
Capacity (Body) 30 tonnes 33.1 tons 45 tonnes 49.6 tons
Heaped SAE 2:1 14.4 m 3
18.8 yd3 21.3 m3 27.9 yd3
Turning Radius SAE 8007 mm 315.2 inch 8594 mm 338.3 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 8571 mm 337.4 inch 9228 mm 363.3 inch
Inner Turning Radius 5030 mm 198.0 inch 5295 mm 208.5 inch
Height (Cab) 2600 mm 102.4 inch 2700 mm 106.3 inch
Overall Length* 10 160 mm 400.0 inch 10 660 mm 419.7 inch
Loading Height* 2385 mm 93.9 inch 2898 mm 114.1 inch
Width* 2690 mm 105.9 inch 3000 mm 118.1 inch
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 12.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 5.5 km/h 3.4 mph 7.7 km/h 4.8 mph
2nd Speed Forward 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph 10.5 km/h 6.5 mph
3rd Speed Forward 17.6 km/h 10.9 mph 14.2 km/h 8.8 mph
4th Speed Forward 31.0 km/h 19.3 mph 18.9 km/h 11.8 mph
5th Speed Forward 25.2 km/h 15.7 mph
6th Speed Forward 32.7 km/h 20.3 mph
7th Speed Forward 41.6 km/h 25.9 mph
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 6.8 km/h 4.2 mph 7.3 km/h 4.5 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 9.5 km/h 5.9 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h
4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h
Tires BRIDGESTONE 26.5 x R25 MS VSNT E4 BRIDGESTONE 29.5 x R29 MS VSNT E4
Unladen Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 28 500 kg 62831.67
Unladen Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 11 500 kg 25353.13
Laden Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 40 469 kg 89217.88493
Laden Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 44 531 kg 98174.77098
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 50% 71%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 50% 29%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 50% 48%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 50% 52%
 Miscellaneous 78

Underground Mining MODEL AD55 DE-1681 DNW1 & UP (*Based on 26.9m3 Body)
Equipment Description Metric Imperial
Engine Power (Gross) 485 kW 650 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar C18 DI TA AAAC
Weight (Empty) 47 467 kg 104,647 lb
Weight (Loaded) 102 000 kg 224,871 lb
Capacity (Body) 55 tonnes 60.6 tons
Heaped SAE 2:1 26.9 m 3
35.2 yd3
Turning Radius SAE 9171 mm 361.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 9885 mm 389.2 inch
Inner Turning Radius 5540 mm 218.1 inch
Height (Cab) 3000 mm 118.1 inch
Overall Length* 11 547 mm 454.6 inch
Loading Height* 3045 mm 119.9 inch
Width* 3346 mm 131.7 inch
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5°
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 8.1 km/h 5.1 mph
2nd Speed Forward 11.2 km/h 6.9 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph
4th Speed Forward 20.3 km/h 12.6 mph
5th Speed Forward 27.6 km/h 17.1 mph
6th Speed Forward 37.2 km/h 23.1 mph
7th Speed Forward 50.4 km/h 31.3 mph
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 7.9 km/h 4.9 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 10.7 km/h 6.6 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h
4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h
Tires BRIDGESTONE 35 X 65 R33 MS VSNT E4
Unladen Front Axle Weight 31 300 kg 69,005 lb
Unladen Rear Axle Weights 16 167 kg 35,642 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 48 202 kg 106,268 lb
Laden Rear Axle Weights 53 798 kg 118,603 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 66%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 34%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 47%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 53%
 Miscellaneous 80

Underground Mining MODEL R1300G DE-1784 R1600G DE-1839

Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 123 kW 165 hp 186 kW 250 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 201 kW 270 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3176C EUI ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 4.9 km/h 3.0 mph 5.0 km/h 3.1 mph
2nd Speed Forward 8.8 km/h 5.5 mph 8.7 km/h 5.4 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.3 km/h 9.5 mph 15.2 km/h 9.5 mph
4th Speed Forward 26.1 km/h 16.2 mph 22.1 km/h 13.7 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 4.5 km/h 2.8 mph 5.7 km/h 3.6 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 8.0 km/h 5.0 mph 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 14.0 km/h 8.7 mph 17.2 km/h 10.7 mph
4th Speed Reverse 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 17.5X25 20 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 18X28 28 PLY STMS L5S
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 5.0 secs 7.6 secs
Dump 2.0 secs 1.6 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 2.3 secs 2.0 secs
Total 9.3 secs 11.2 secs
Dimensions
Rated Payload 6800 kg 14,991 lb 10 200 kg 22,487 lb
Bucket Capacity** 3.1 m3 4.1 yd3 4.8 m3 6.3 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2071 mm 81.5 inch 2564 mm 100.9 inch
Height (Overall) 2118 mm 83.4 inch 2400 mm 94.5 inch
Length (Tramming) 8707 mm 342.8 inch 9711 mm 382.3 inch
Turning Radius SAE 4650 mm 183.1 inch 5490 mm 216.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 5741 mm 226.0 inch 6638 mm 261.3 inch
Inner Turning Radius 2914 mm 114.7 inch 3291 mm 129.6 inch
Weight (Empty) 20 950 kg 46187 lb 29 800 kg 65,698 lb
Weight (Loaded) 27 750 kg 61178 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 10.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Ground Clearance 335 mm 13.2 inch 344 mm 13.5 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 8200 kg 18,078 lb 12 550 kg 27,668 lb
Unladen Rear Axle Weights 12 850 kg 28,329 lb 17 250 kg 38,030 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 18 650 kg 41,116 lb 28 114 kg 61,981 lb
Laden Rear Axle Weights 9100 kg 20,062 lb 11 886 kg 26,204 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 39% 42%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 61% 58%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 67% 70%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 33% 30%
**SAE 2:1
 Miscellaneous 82

Underground Mining MODEL R1700G DE-1498

Description Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 231 kW 310 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 250 kW 335 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3176C EUI DI-T ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 4.7 km/h 2.9 mph
2nd Speed Forward 8.3 km/h 5.1 mph
3rd Speed Forward 14.3 km/h 8.9 mph
4th Speed Forward 24.1 km/h 15.0 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 5.4 km/h 3.3 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 9.4 km/h 5.8 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph
4th Speed Reverse 25.3 km/h 15.7 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 26.5X25 36 PLY STMS L5S
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 6.7 secs
Dump 2.8 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 2.4 secs
Total 11.9 secs
Dimensions
Rated Payload 12500 kg 27,558 lb
Bucket Capacity** 5.8 m3 7.6 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2689 mm 105.9 inch
Height (Overall) 2557 mm 100.7 inch
Length (Tramming) 10 589 mm 416.9 inch
Turning Radius SAE 5539 mm 218.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 6878 mm 270.8 inch
Inner Turning Radius 3229 mm 127.1 inch
Weight (Empty) 38 500 kg 84,878 lb
Weight (Loaded) 51 000 kg 112,436 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 8.0°
Articulation Angle ± 44.0°
Ground Clearance 429 mm 16.9 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 17 000 kg 37,479 lb
Unladen Rear Axle Weights 21 500 kg 47,399 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 36 950 kg 81,461 lb
Laden Rear Axle Weights 14 050 kg 30,975 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 44%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 56%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 72%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 28%
**SAE 2:1
 Miscellaneous 84

Underground Mining MODEL R2900G Xtra DE-1825 R2900G Xtra DE-1826

Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 282 kW 378 hp 282 kW 378 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 306 kW 410 hp 306 kW 410 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 5.1 km/h 3.2 mph 5.3 km/h 3.3 mph
2nd Speed Forward 9.0 km/h 5.6 mph 9.3 km/h 5.8 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph
4th Speed Forward 24.8 km/h 15.4 mph 24.2 km/h 15.0 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 6.1 km/h 3.8 mph 6.6 km/h 4.1 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 10.9 km/h 6.8 mph 11.6 km/h 7.2 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 17.9 km/h 11.1 mph 19.2 km/h 11.9 mph
4th Speed Reverse 27.9 km/h 17.3 mph 27.0 km/h 16.8 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 29.5X29 34 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 35/65 R33 ** VSDL L5
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 9.2 secs 7.6 secs
Dump 3.4 secs 2.8 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 3.1 secs 2.4 secs
Total 15.7 secs 12.8 secs
Dimensions
Rated Payload* 17 200 kg 37,919 lb 20 000 kg 44,092 lb
Bucket Capacity** 7.2 m3 9.4 yd3 8.9 m3 11.6 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 3010 mm 118.5 inch 3200 mm 126.0 inch
Height (Overall) 2886 mm 113.6 inch 2988 mm 117.6 inch
Length (Tramming) 10 949 mm 431.1 inch 11083 mm 436.3 inch
Turning Radius SAE 5936 mm 233.7 inch 5991 mm 235.9 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 7323 mm 288.3 inch 7511 mm 295.7 inch
Inner Turning Radius 3383 mm 133.2 inch 3289 mm 129.5 inch
Weight (Empty) 50 100 kg 110,451 lb 56000 kg 123,459 lb
Weight (Loaded) 67 300 kg 148,371 lb 76000 kg 167,551 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 8.0° ± 8.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Ground Clearance 465 mm 18.3 inch 466 mm 18.3 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 23 000 kg 50,706 lb 23 000 kg 50,706 lb
Unladen Rear Axle Weights 27 100 kg 59,745 lb 33 000 kg 72,752 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 51 166 kg 112,802 lb 55 173 kg 121,635 lb
Laden Rear Axle Weights 16 134 kg 35,569 lb 20 827 kg 45,916 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 46% 41%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 54% 59%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 76% 73%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 24% 27%
*Ore pass dumping only
**SAE 2:1