1. What is research?

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1.1 Definition and concepts To research is to purposely and methodically search for new knowledge and practical solutions in the form of answers to questions formulated beforehand. Research!is!conducted!with!a!certain!o"#ecti$e.!%he!o"#ecti$e!that!&ou!want!to!attain!with!&our! research!is!called!the!research!o"#ecti$e!'or!instance(!this!could!"e!that!&ou!want!to!impro$e! the ! efficienc& ! of ! &our ! practicing. ! %o ! attain ! this ! goal ! &ou ! as) ! &ourself ! *uestions ! +research! *uestions,.!-ou!as)!&ourself!how!&ou!practice!and!whether!this!is!the!most!effecti$e!method.!In! doing!so!&ou!are!defining!the!pro"lem!+pro"lem!definition,.!In!order!to!do!this!&ou!can!o"ser$e! &our!own!wa&!of!practicing!to!determine!e.actl&!what!&ou!do.!-ou!can!consult!with!an!e.pert! who!)nows!a!great!deal!a"out!practicing!effecti$el&!and!as)!him!how!&ou!can!ma)e!&our!wa&!of! practicing!more!effecti$e!and!efficient.!-ou!can!also!stud&!the!rele$ant!literature!a"out!practicing! methods!in!music.!In!all!these!cases!&ou!gain!more!insight!into!&our!own!practicing!strategies(! as!well!as!into!practicing!strategies!which!ha$e!"een!pro$en!effecti$e!and!efficient.!-ou!read#ust! &our!own!practicing!method!accordingl&!and!chec)!whether!the!new!method!is!more!efficient! than!the!old!one(!for!e.ample!"&!)eeping!chec)!of!how!*uic)l&!the!desired!learning!o"#ecti$e!is! achie$ed!with!the!new!method. %he ! research ! descri"ed ! in ! the ! e.ample ! a"o$e( ! is ! a ! form ! of ! a ! structured ! action ! e$er&one! pro"a"l&!)nows!from!their!own!e.perience.!Real!research!in!effect!is!not!that!different!from!what! is ! descri"ed ! a"o$e. ! It ! distinguishes ! itself ! "ecause ! the ! whole ! process ! is ! more ! s&stematic(! methodical !and! controlled. ! 'or! this! purpose! the! researcher !presents!a! research! plan! at! the! "eginning!of!his!research.!%he!researcher!states!clearl&!what!he!wants!to!research!and!wh&.! /hat!is!the!purpose!of!his!research!and!which!research!*uestions!does!he!formulate!to!achie$e! this ! o"#ecti$e. ! 0u"se*uentl& ! he ! chooses ! the ! research ! methods ! with ! which ! answers ! can ! "e! o"tained!to!the!research!*uestions.!Moreo$er!he!states!how!the!data!o"tained!will!"e!anal&sed. A research plan therefore consists of a problem definition and a research plan. ! The definition of the problem consists of the following components: %he!goal!of!the!research!+what!do!I!hope!to!achie$e!with!the!research1, %he!research!*uestions!+what!)nowledge!do!I!need!to!achie$e!this!o"#ecti$e1, The research design refers to: %he!su"#ect!of!the!research!+who!or!what!do!I!research,1 %he!research!methods!+how!do!I!research12!which!methods!of!data!collection !and!3 anal&sis!do!I!use1,

%he ! research ! plan ! is ! part ! of ! the ! research ! report. ! Added ! to ! this ! are ! the ! research ! data( ! the! anal&sis!of!this!data(!and!the!e$aluation/assessment!+which!)nowledge!has!the!research!&ielded! and!to!which!e.tent!has!the!research!goal!"een!accomplished,.!4&!writing!a!report!a"out!the! research ! process ! the ! researcher ! ma)es ! his ! research ! replica"le ! and ! $erifia"le. ! Others ! can! "enefit!from!this(!criticise!it!or!"ase!their!follow up!research!on!it. Serendipity... 0ometimes!research!can!also!lead!to!surprising!results!which!do!not!match!with!the!pre$iousl&! formulated ! research ! o"#ecti$es ! and/research ! *uestions. ! %his ! phenomenon ! is ! also ! called! serendipit&: ! finding ! something ! une.pected ! and ! useful ! while ! &ou ! are ! loo)ing ! for ! something! completel& ! different. ! A ! famous ! e.ample ! of ! this ! is ! the ! disco$er& ! of ! penicillin ! "& ! Ale.ander! 'leming.!%his(!"&!the!wa&(!is!not!a!plea!against!a!structured!research!plan.!%hat!'leming!made! his!une.pected!disco$er&(!was!partl&!than)s!to!the!research!he!was!conducting.! 1.2 What types of research do we distinguish? Research!comes!in!all!shapes!and!sizes.!%here!is!academic!research!"ut!also(!for!e.ample(! #ournalistic!research.!4oth!t&pes!of!research!ha$e!their!own!methods!and!standards.!/ithin!the! sciences!the!different!academic!fields!+5.,!also!ha$e!their!own!research!traditions(!which!can!"e! *uite ! different ! from ! one ! another( ! as ! well ! as! o$erlapping ! with ! each ! other. ! Research ! can ! "e! concerned!with!o"#ects!+for!e.ample!scores,!"ut!also!with!su"#ects!+for!e.ample!musicians,.!It! can!"e!a"out!research!in!which!large!num"ers!of!people!or!o"#ects!are!researched(!"ut!the! research!can!also!concern!itself!with!one!person!or!one!o"#ect.!%he!researcher!can!"e!outside! the!research!setting!as!an!e.ternal!o"ser$er!+outsider,(!"ut!he!can!also!"e!part!of!the!research! setting!+insider,.!In!this!case!he!researches!himself. In!order!to!organise!the!different!t&pes!of!research(!the!following!su"di$ision!can!"e!helpful(!with! which!we!restrict!oursel$es!to!empirical!research!+6.,!: Experimental (validating) research In ! e.perimental ! +e$aluating,! research ! one ! tries ! to ! understand! realit& ! "& ! descri"ing ! it ! and! ascertaining!how!o"#ects!or!people! "eha$e ! in ! the ! real ! world ! under! certain ! circumstances. ! %his! happens ! "& ! wa& ! of ! predetermined! theories!and!h&potheses!+premises,! deri$ed ! from ! these ! theories ! a"out! human ! "eha$iour. ! 0u"se*uentl&! people ! are ! o"ser$ed( ! inter$iewed(! as)ed ! to ! fill ! in ! something ! or ! to! perform!certain!tas)s!in!a!controlled! research /test ! situation. ! %he! outcomes!can!confirm!or!den&!the! premises. %his!t&pe!of!research!assumes!that!the!researcher:

has!no!influence!on!the!e$ents!in!the!research!situation!+outsider,2

is!aiming!to!o"tain!new!)nowledge!a"out!the!real!world!in!the!form!of!facts!and!+causal,! connections!"etween!the!e$ents!that!he!finds/researches2 generates!research!data!which!ha$e!"een!o"tained!through!statistical!anal&sis!and2 which!are!replica"le!and!can!"e!generalised!in!similar!situations.

%his!research!gi$es!insights!into!human!"eha$iour!with!a!highl&!predicti$e!$alue.!In!other!words:! the!pro"a"ilit&!that!people!will!"eha$e!in!the!same!wa&!in!similar!circumstances!is!considera"le(! as!was!determined!in!the!research. As ! a ! rule ! we ! are ! concerned ! here ! with ! *uantitati$e ! research: ! the ! "eha$iour ! of ! people ! +test! su"#ects,!is!e.pressed!"&!a!num"er.!%hese!num"ers!are!then!su"#ected!to!statistical!anal&ses.! %he!o"#ecti$e!of!the!anal&sis!is!to!determine!connections!"etween!the!$aria"les!which!are!not! directl&!apparent!on!the!one!hand!and!to!determine!to!what!e.tent!a!certain!finding!is!significant! on!the!other!hand.!%he!latter!means!that!the!finding!is!chec)ed!whether!or!not!it!is!determined ! "&!chance. Interpretative (descriptive/explanatory) research Interpretati$e!research!does!not!endea$our!to!find!patterns!a"out!how!people!will!"eha$e!under! certain!conditions.!%his!research!is!more!a"out!gaining!insights!into!the!wa&!things!happen!in! realit&(!how!can!this!"e!understood.!7ow!does!something!happen1!/hat!meaning!do!people! ascri"e!to!certain!e$ents1!7ow!does!the!interaction!"etween!the!mem"ers!of!a!string!*uartet! ta)e!place!during!rehearsals1 %his!t&pe!of!research!assumes!that!the!researcher

researches!people!in!their!natural!setting!and(!"ased!on!this(!descri"es!and!e.plains! their!"eha$iour2 mainl& ! wor)s ! with ! *ualitati$e ! data ! 3 ! what ! people ! sa&! and ! write ! 3 ! and ! anal&ses ! this! concerning!content!and!meaning2 is!responsi"le!for!the!results!of!the!research:!ultimatel&!the!findings!of!the!researcher! +how!he!interprets!the!"eha$iour!of!the!test!su"#ects!in!the!research,!are!what!is!made! pu"lic.

Interpretati$e!research!in!the!social!sciences!often!ta)es!place!in!the!form!of!a!case!stud&.!/ith! this ! case ! stud& ! +of ! a ! person ! or ! a ! social ! situation, ! the ! researcher ! tries ! to ! understand ! what! happens. Reflective (action) research %his!t&pe!of!research!is!a"out!understanding!a!certain!situation!in!order!to!change/impro$e!it.! Action!research!is!deepl&!connected!to!how!people!act(!"ased!on!the!perspecti$e!to!impro$e! these!actions(!to!"ring!them!more!in!alignment!with!the!goals!and!"asic!principles!people!use!to! organise!their!li$es. %his!t&pe!of!research!assumes!that!the!researcher:

is ! personall& ! in$ol$ed ! in ! the ! research2 ! he ! researches ! his ! own ! professional ! practice2! alone!or!with!colleagues(!in!order!to!impro$e!his!own!actions!and!those!of!his!colleagues! +their!professional!practice,2 continuall&!as)s!himself!what!he!does!and!wh&(!what!can!"e!impro$ed!upon(!tests!this! and ! su"se*uentl& ! e$aluates ! this ! and ! su"se*uentl& ! goes ! through ! the ! whole ! se*uence! again(!continuing!until!a!satisfactor&!impro$ement!occurs/a!solution!is!found!for!him!+and(! in!case!he!wor)s!with!colleagues(!for!them,2 is ! not ! out ! to ! find ! solutions ! which ! are ! uni$ersall& ! applica"le ! and ! can ! "e ! generalised! immediatel&(!"ut!tries!to!find!solutions!that!wor)!in!the!practical!situation!"eing!researched(!

ta)ing!into!account!the!wishes!of!people!and!the!$alues!the&!adhere!to!in!their!professional! practice. Action ! research !not ! onl&! results! in! new! practices! +how! to! act !in !a !certain! situation,. !It !also! generates!new!)nowledge!a"out!these!practices!+new!practical!)nowledge,.!%his!)nowledge!is! also!the!steppingstone!for!the!generalising!of!the!results!of!action!research. Quantitative and ualitative research In!literature!&ou!often!come!across!the!distinction!"etween!*uantitati$e!and!*ualitati$e!research.! %he!difference!lies!in!the!t&pe!of!data!which!is!collected.!In!the!case!of!*uantitati$e!research!it! mostl& ! centres ! on ! numerical ! data. ! 'or ! e.ample( ! &ou ! can ! measure ! the ! effect ! of ! a ! stress! reduction!training!"&!letting!test!su"#ects!fill!in!a!*uestionnaire!which!measures!the!degree!of! stress!+represented!"&!a!num"er,!preceding!the!training.!Afterwards!the&!fill!in!the!*uestionnaire! again.!If!the!num"er!in!the!second!instance!is!lower(!then!this!is!an!indication!that!the!training! was!successful. In!*ualitati$e!research!no!numerical!data!is!collected(!"ut!*uotes!of!people.!In!accordance!with! the!e.ample!of!the!stress!reduction!training(!these!would!"e!literal!*uotes!from!the!test !su"#ects! a"out!their!own!stress!le$els!in!relation!to!the!training!the&!recei$ed.!%his!wa&!&ou!o"tain!more! information!a"out!which!aspects!of!the!training!wor)ed!for!the!test!su"#ects!and!which!did!not!or! had!less!effect. 8uantitati$e!research!can!"e!used!if!&ou!want!to!chec)!something!$er&!directl&(!for!e.ample:! does!it!wor)!or!not.!If!the!more!important!o"#ecti$e!is!the!o"taining!of!in depth!insights!into!what! &ou!are!researching!+the!wh&,!then!*ualitati$e!research!is!more!suita"le.!%he!latter!is!important! when!&ou!don9t!)now!which!factors!can!pla&!a!part.!In!the!case!of!the!stress!reduction!research(! it!ma&!"e!important!to!)now!whether!there!are!personal!aspects!which!&ou!had!not!thought!of! "eforehand(!and!which!ma&!influence!the!outcomes.!:*uall&(!if!&ou!want!suggestions!a"out!how! the!training!can!"e!impro$ed(!then!*ualitati$e!research!is!the!"etter!option. If ! &ou ! com"ine ! *uantitati$e ! and ! *ualitati$e ! research ! methods ! in ! &our ! research ! &ou ! use ! the! strong!points!of!"oth!t&pes!of!research. Quantitative research 8uantitati$e!research!is!used!when!&ou!ha$e!a!$er&!clear!research!*uestion!to!which!&ou!want! to!ha$e!an!e*uall&!clear!answer.!'or!e.ample:!is!the!new!method!more!effecti$e!than!the!old! one1!%he!effect!is!measured!in!a!num"er!and!with!the!help!of!statistical!anal&sis!it!is!determined! whether!the!differences!"etween!the!old!and!the!new!method!are!significant!+and!not!su"#ect!to! chance,. Qualitative research Is!the!su"#ect!&ou!want!to!research!a!lot!less!clear!and!do!&ou!want!to!gain!more!clarit&!and ! insight(!then!the!collecting!of!*ualitati$e!data!"rings!&ou!closer!to!&our!o"#ecti$e.!8ualitati$e!data! are ! more ! a"out ! how ! the ! people ! concerned ! +the ! test ! su"#ects, ! e.perience ! a ! certain! thing/situation.!%he!o"#ecti$e!of!the!research!here!is!to!o"tain!more!insight!into!the!"ac)grounds! of!what!happens!in!the!situation!that!is!"eing!researched. :.perimental ! +$alidating, ! research ! mainl& ! uses ! *uantitati$e ! research ! data. ! Interpretati$e! +e.planator&,!research!and!reflecti$e!+action,!research!mainl&!uses!*ualitati$e!research!data.! Often!&ou!see!that!researchers!com"ine!"oth!t&pes!of!data!collection!and!3anal&sis!in!their! research.

! !undamental research and practice based research Another!distinction!which!can!"e!made!is!the!one!"etween!fundamental!research!and!practice! "ased!+or!applied,!research.!'undamental!research!is!mainl&!aimed!at!increasing!the!"od&!of! )nowledge!or!our!)nowledge!of!the!world(!without!there!needing!to!"e!a!practical!side!to!this.! ;ractice "ased!+or!applied,!research!is!connected!to!*uestions!and!needs!from!our!dail&!life!or! from ! the ! professional ! practice. ! It ! generates ! )nowledge( ! insights( ! solutions( ! methods ! and! products(!which!contri"ute!to!the!impro$ement!of!dail&!life!and!the!inno$ation!of!the!professional! practice.!Results!from!scientific!research!are!often!translated!into!practical!uses.!%he!research! into!these!is!also!called!applied!research.!%he!difference!"etween!practice!"ased!research!and! applied!research!is!the!fact!that!applied!research!is!loo)ing!for!a!solution!for!a!practical!pro"lem! using!theor&!and!then!e$aluating!this.!;ractice!"ased!research!starts!from!the!practical!pro"lem(! e.plores!all!aspects!of!it(!and!"ased!on!this!comes!up!with!a!well founded!solution!which!is! su"se*uentl&!e$aluated.!%he!results!of!practice!"ased!research!also!ha$e!their!repercussions! on!the!forming!of!theor&:!it!increases!our!)nowledge!a"out!realit&. %wo!t&pes!of!research!we!encounter!fre*uentl&!in!the!arts!are!design!or!e$aluation!research!and! artistic!research.! 1." Design research and evaluation research Research ! at ! uni$ersities ! of ! applied ! sciences ! as ! a ! rule ! distinguishes ! itself ! from ! research! conducted ! at ! uni$ersities ! "ecause ! the ! research ! is ! aimed ! at ! the ! design ! of ! new ! products ! or! ser$ices!for!the!de$elopment!of!the!professional!practice.!Also!for!the!research!in!the!arts!it!is ! true!that!there!is!a!strong!connection!"etween!this!design!research!and!the!de$elopment!of!the! arts!and!artistr&. !:$aluation !research!is!closel&!connected!to! this( !aimed!at! determining !the! effecti$eness!of!a!product. %o!design!means!to!s&stematicall&!in$ent!and!de$elop!a!solution!to!a!practical!pro"lem.!%his!is! done!"&!wa&!of!a!design!method(!in!which!the!steps!are!descri"ed!which!s&stematicall&!lead! from!*uestion!to!design.!%he!following!steps!can!"e!distinguished:

the!preliminar&!research!+what!are!the!design!re*uirements, the!in$enting!of!a!design!+the!concept, the!formulating!of!the!protot&pe the!e$aluating!and!read#usting!of!this the!implementing!of!the!design

Research!is!part!of!all!the!steps!in!this!methodolog&.!Research!in!this!case!is!the!s&stematic! stud&ing!of!all!the!characteristics!of!this!solution.!It!is!arri$ed!at!after!the!specifications!ha$e! "een ! defined ! which ! the ! design ! has ! to ! meet. ! %he ! customers ! pla& ! an ! important ! part ! in ! the! determining!of!the!specifications!that!the!product!needs!to!meet.!It!is!the!researcher9s!#o"!to! clarif&!these!specifications!+this!is!also!called!*uestion!anal&sis,.!4&!wa&!of!these!specifications! the ! researcher ! is ! a"le ! to ! in$ent ! a ! solution( ! in ! the ! form ! of ! a ! design. ! <esigning( ! testing ! and! e$aluating ! often ! go ! hand ! in ! hand. ! %his ! process ! is ! repeated ! se$eral ! times ! so ! the ! designed! product!meets!the!specifications!more!and!more.!It!is!up!to!the!customers/researchers!to!decide! when ! the ! optimum ! *ualit& ! has ! "een ! achie$ed. ! ;rofessional ! de$elopment ! and ! practical! )nowledge!de$elopment!go!hand!in!hand. <esign!research!+also!)nown!as!de$elopment!research,!for!the!most!part!is!research!that!is! conducted!at!the!"ehest!of!a!third!part&.!It!is!all!a"out!the!de$elopment!of!specific!=products9! here.!In!the!field!of!music!&ou!can!thin)!of!the!de$elopment!of!a!concert!series!for!a!certain! audience!or!the!de$elopment!of!a!course!or!the!de$elopment!of!teaching!materials!for!a!music!

school.!In!the!first!instance!the!researcher!has!to!clarif&!the!*uestion!whom!the!concert!series!is! aimed!at.!0u"se*uentl&!the!target!audience!is!as)ed!a"out!their!wishes:!how!do!these!concerts! need!to!"e!organised!+for!how!long(!which!musicians!etc,.!%hen!the!researcher!de$elops!a!draft! +"lueprint, ! in ! which ! the ! wishes ! of ! the ! future ! audience( ! the ! financial ! possi"ilities ! of ! the! organisation!that!is!going!to!organise!the!concerts!and!all!other!aspects!are!ta)en!into!account.! /hen!the!researcher!is!a"le!to!reach!consensus!with!the!customer(!then!the!series!can!"e! prepared!and!organised.!%he!ne.t!step!is!a!tr& out!of!the!design!and!the!e$aluation!of!it. :$aluation!research!is!aimed!at!determining!the!efficienc&!of!a!product!and/or!programme!+the! correct!procedure,.!A!product!can!"e:!a!series!of!lessons!or!a!wor)shop(!a!practice!method(!a! strateg&!with!which!to!reduce!stage!fright(!a!composition!strateg&!etc.!:ffecti$eness!in!this!case! ma&!relate!to!*uestions!such!as:!does!it!wor)!+does!it!meet!the!formulated!o"#ecti$es,1!<oes!it! wor)!"etter!than!another!product1!:$aluation!research!distinguishes!itself!from!design!research! "ecause!with!e$aluation!research!in!principle!the!product!is!a!gi$en.!Research!can!therefore!"e! aimed!at!the!de$elopment!of!a!product/programme(!the!e$aluation!of!this!or!"oth. ! !ormative and summative evaluation An!important!distinction!which!should!"e!mentioned!here!is!that!of!formati$e!and!summati$e! e$aluation.!!ormative evaluation!is!aimed!at!the!impro$ement!of!a!product/programme(!e$en! "efore ! it ! has ! "een ! =mar)eted9. ! It ! can ! "e ! aimed ! at ! determining ! whether ! the ! de$eloped! product/programme!is!clear!to!all!the!users.!It!is!mainl&!aimed!at!determining!the!usa"ilit&!of!a! product/programme!to!"e!de$eloped.!'or!e.ample(!are!the!de$eloped!teaching!materials!useful! to!the!music!teachers1!Is!it!appealing!enough!to!the!target!audience!+pupils,1!%he!results!of!this! )ind!of!research!are!used!for!the!impro$ement!of!the!design.!'or!e.ample!an!impro$ement!to! the!teachers9!manual(!or!more!appealing!stud&!materials!for!the!pupils.!It!is!also!possi"le!that! e.tra!training!has!to!"e!organised!for!the!teachers!to!"e!a"le!to!teach!the!lessons. ! Summative evaluation!is!aimed!at!the!assessment!of!a!final!product/programme!+for!e.ample! a!new!method,.!0ummati$e!e$aluation!concerns!aspects!such!as: is!the!product/programme!effecti$e1 is!it!$alued!in!a!positi$e!wa&1 is!it!sold1 is!it!used1 /hen ! e$aluating ! products/programmes ! +formati$e ! of ! summati$e, ! &ou ! can ! ha$e ! se$eral! o"#ecti$es ! in ! mind. ! A ! practical ! distinction ! is ! that ! "etween ! process ! and ! effect ! o"#ecti$es.! ;rocess!o"#ecti$es!are!more!a"out!the!customers9!satisfaction!+satisfied!with!content!etc,.!:ffect! o"#ecti$es ! are ! more ! a"out ! the ! o"taining ! of ! hard ! data ! a"out ! the ! intended ! o"#ecti$es ! of ! the! product/programme. ! /hat ! also ! pla&s ! a ! part ! here ! is ! the ! aspect ! of ! comparing ! it ! to ! other(! compara"le!+ri$al,!products/programmes.!In!this!not!onl&!efficienc&!criteria!are!important(!"ut! also!aspects!that!ha$e!to!do!with!feasi"ilit&!+costs,!and!"eing!attuned!to!demands!of!the!mar)et. ! Artistic research Artistic ! research ! is ! research ! in ! which ! the ! musician! researches ! his ! own ! professional ! practice ! and! pu"lishes!his!findings!in!the!form!of!a!report!in!which! the ! research ! process ! is ! descri"ed ! +this ! can ! also! include!$isual!materials,!and!a!musical!performance!

in !which !the! musical !sound !results! are! made! pu"lic. ! Artistic! research !is !characterised !"&! a! com"ination ! of ! creati$it& ! and ! reflecti$e ! research ! s)ills. ! %he ! artistic ! process ! and ! the ! artistic! product!together!are!the!o"#ect!of!the!research(!"oth!are!in$ol$ed!in!each!other.!%his!t&pe!of! research!+research!=in9!the!arts,!distinguishes!itself!from!research!=into9!and!=on!"ehalf!of9!the!arts! as ! is! done ! in ! academic ! disciplines ! such ! as ! philosoph& ! of ! art( ! musicolog&( ! theatre! arts ! and! histor&!of!art!+4orgdorff(!6>>?,. Artistic!research!does!not!onl&!focus!on!the!gathering!of!)nowledge!a"out!artistic!practices!+li)e! academic!research!into!the!arts,(!"ut!also!on!the!inter$ening!in!these!practices.!%his!"rings! a"out!new!art!and!new!practical!)nowledge!a"out!the!ma)ing!of!art.!4orgdorff!+6>>?,!cites!the! e.ample!of!research!in!music!into!=e.tended!techni*ues9!of!a!cello!which!can!"e!electronicall&! manipulated.!%his!is!research!in!ser$ice!of!the!artistic!practice.!%he!research!supplies!the!tools! and!)nowledge!of!materials!which!in!turn!"enefit!the!creati$e!process(!in!the!ma)ing!of!art!+a! composition!or!a!performance,. Research!=into9!the!arts!is!aimed!at!researching!the!practice!of!a!certain!art!practice!+for!instance! music,!and!wants!to!ma)e!$alid!pronouncements!a"out!this!practice!with!a!certain!theoretical! distance.!Moreo$er!a!fundamental!di$iding!line!+a!certain!distance,!is!maintained!"etween!the! researcher ! and ! the! researched. ! /hat ! also ! applies ! here ! +according ! to ! 4orgdorff, ! is ! that ! the! researched ! o"#ect ! is ! unaffected ! "& ! the ! in$estigating ! e&es ! +of ! the ! researcher,. ! %his ! t&pe ! of! research!in!the!musical!domain!is!found!in!musicolog&!and!the!social!sciences. %he!distincti$e!feature!a"out!artistic!research!is!that!is!can!onl&!"e!done!"&!an!artist.!A!musician! for!e.ample!utilizes!artistic!research!in!order!to!de$elop!his/her!=own!$oice9(!to!come!up!with!an! artistic ! product ! with ! which ! he/she ! can ! distinguish ! him/herself ! from ! other ! musicians.! Generalisa"ilit&!is!no!criterion!in!this(!the!*ualit&!of!the!artistic!product!is!+what!art!does!it!&ield,! and!the!replica"ilit&!of!the!research!process!+which!other!researching!artists!can!"enefit!from,. @owada&s ! the ! added ! $alue ! of ! research ! in ! the ! arts ! is ! widel& ! supported. ! %he ! contemporar&! professional!practice!has!a!need!for!=reflecti$e!practitioners9!who!)now!who!the&!are!and!where! the&!stand.!%he!:uropean!League!of!Institutes!of!the!Arts!+:LIA,!concluded!"efore!that!artistic! research!is!ine.trica"l&!lin)ed!to!the!changing!role!of!the!arts!and!artists!in!:uropean!societies.! Artists!no!longer!function!alone!in!relati$e!autonom&!within!well delineated!art!disciplines.!%heir! wor)!is!interwo$en!more!and!more!with!other!social!practices!+the!creati$e!industr&!and!new! cultural!citizenship,.It!is!e.actl&!this!amalgamation!of!artistic!and!reflecti$e!research!s)ills!that! increases!the!emplo&a"ilit&!of!future!artists!immensel&!in!the!commercial!and!pu"lic!sector. In ! artistic ! research ! the ! focus ! lies ! on ! the ! professional ! practice( ! the ! practice ! of ! creating ! and! pla&ing( ! at ! four ! le$els: ! as ! su"#ect( ! as ! conte.t( ! as ! method ! and ! as ! outcome. ! %he ! research! *uestions!are!inspired!"&!what!is!going!on!in!the!actual!professional!practice.!'urthermore!the! professional ! practice ! is ! the ! rele$ant ! conte.t ! of ! the ! research. ! %he ! research ! relates ! to ! the! de$elopments!in!the!art!world(!to!the!art!discourse!and!to!other!research!in!the!arts(!and!the ! ph&sical ! results ! of ! it ! are ! of ! importance ! to ! the ! professional ! practice. ! Artistic ! research! distinguishes!itself!further!from!the!methodolog&!of!uni$ersit&!research!into!the!arts!"ecause!it! ta)es ! place ! during ! and ! "& ! creating ! and ! performing ! music. ! %he ! results ! of ! the ! research ! are! therefore!partl&!also!artistic!practices!and!products:!performances(!compositions(!productions(! installations( ! sculptures. ! In ! this ! sense ! artistic ! research ! has ! more ! in ! common ! with ! technical! design!research!than!with!research!in!the!humanities. Artistic!research(!another!widel& used!phrase!for!this!t&pe!of!research!is!=arts!"ased!research9! +4arone(!6>56,(!often!has!characteristics!of!action!research.!It!offers!a!methodolog&!to!impro$e! upon ! artistic ! practices ! +4oog ! en ! /agema)ers,. ! Action ! research ! is ! pre eminentl& ! suited ! for! artists!who!focus!on!the!participation!with!their!=audience9.!%he&!are!e.tremel&!aware!of!the!

=social9!importance!of!art!and!create!=communit&!art9.!%hrough!this!process!new!)nowledge!and! insights!+also!artistic,!are!produced!"&!wa&!of!a!social!learning!process!+communit&!of!practice,. ! 1.# $ow does research develop? Research!in!the!domain!of!musicians9!professional!practice(!as!all!research!in!the!cultural!and! social !sciences( !is!fundamentall& !"ased!on!the!empirical !c&cle. !%his!empirical !c&cle !roughl&! ta)es!the!following!form:!

%he!empirical!c&cle!starts!with!the!identification!of!a!research!pro"lem(!defining!a!su"#ect.!It!is! important!for!the!researcher!to!"e!interested!in!the!su"#ect!matter.!Research!demands!a!great! deal!of!a!researcher!and!personal!in$ol$ement!with!the!su"#ect!is!an!important!prere*uisite!to! "e!a"le!to!put!in!the!effort!re*uired!to!finish!the!research!successfull&. 0u"se*uentl&!&ou!immerse!&ourself!in!the!su"#ect!matter!"&!reading!a"out!it!+what!is!)nown! a"out ! the ! su"#ect,. ! %his ! leads ! to ! new ! *uestions ! to ! which ! the ! literature ! does ! not ! ha$e ! an&! answers!+&et,. In!the!pro"lem!definition!&ou!further!specif&!these!*uestions.!-ou!ma)e!clear!for!&ourself!what! the!purpose!of!&our!research!is!+what!do!&ou!plan!to!do!with!it1,.!-ou!formulate!the!*uestions! which!are!needed!to!reach!that!goal.!-ou!decide!which!research!methods!&ou!want!to!use!for! data!collection(!which!people!and/or!situations!&ou!want!to!research(!and!&ou!indicate!how!the! data!will!"e!anal&sed. %he!ne.t!steps!consist!of!the!collection!of!the!research!data(!followed!"&!the!anal&sing!of!these! data. ! %he! interpretation ! of ! the ! results ! comprises ! aspects! such ! as( ! what ! is ! the ! $alue ! of ! the! results!+how!relia"le!and!$alid!are!these,!and!to!what!e.tent!do!the&!answer!the!*uestions!that! &ou!had1!'re*uentl&!the!answers!to!&our!*uestions!raise!new!*uestions. %he!entire!research!process(!from!the!identif&ing!of!the!research!pro"lem!to!the!anal&sis!and! interpretation!of!the!data(!is!descri"ed!in!&our!research!report.!In!this!&ou!also!e$aluate!what! &ou!ha$e!found!e.actl&(!what!the!limitations!of!&our!research!are!and!which!*uestions!for!further! research ! ha$e ! originated ! from ! it. ! /ith! this ! &ou ! pro$ide ! insights ! into ! &our ! research! for ! third! parties(!who!can!concur!with!&our!research(!criticise!it!and/or!use!it!as!inspiration!for!further! research. !

;ractice "ased!research!is!structured!"&!a!particularization!of!the!empirical!c&cle!namel&!the! practice!c&cle(!also!called!the!regulati$e!c&cle!and!polic&!c&cle.

%he!practice!c&cle!consists!of!se$eral!phases: 5. In!the!first!phase!the!pro"lem/the!*uestion!is!anal&sed.!%he!purpose!of!this!phase!is!that! the ! researcher ! gets ! a ! grip ! on ! the ! *uestion ! and ! through ! research ! determines ! the! re*uirements!that!the!solution!+the!design,!has!to!meet.!%his!is!also!called!the!"lueprint. 6. In!the!design!phase!+phase!6,!the!"lueprint!is!made!concrete(!for!instance(!"&!choosing! and!practicing!the!repertoire!for!a!concert(!the!de$elopment!of!a!teaching!method(!or!the! de$elopment!of!a!creati$e!pro#ect.!It!is!important!at!this!stage!that!concrete!products!are! de$eloped!which!meet!the!re*uirements!of!the!"lueprint!+phase!5,.!%he!"lueprint!can!"e! read#usted!during!the!design!phase!if!necessar&!+if!it!is!not!feasi"le!in!that!wa&,. A. In ! phase ! A ! the ! design ! +concert( ! teaching ! method( ! creati$e ! pro#ect, ! is ! implemented! +e.ecuted(!applied,!and!the!effects(!depending!on!what!the!researcher!wants!to!)now(! are!e$aluated. A!special!t&pe!of!practice "ased!research!is!action!research!also!called!practitioner!research.! Characteristic!of!this!is!that!it!concerns!professionals!+for!e.ample!musicians,!who!research!an! aspect!of!their!own!professional!practice!in!order!to!impro$e!upon!it.!%he!process!is!c&clical!"&! nature.!After!anal&sis!of!the!current!situation(!an!impro$ement!plan!is!formulated!and!tried!out(! after!which!the!e$aluation!ta)es!place.!%his!entire!process!can!"e!repeated!se$eral!times!until!a! satisfactor& ! result ! is ! achie$ed. ! Research ! methods ! from ! $arious ! scientific ! disciplines ! can ! "e! useful!in!this. @ot!onl&!does!the!use!of!the!practice!c&cle!contri"ute!to!the!e.pansion!and!impro$ement!of!the! professional ! practice ! +see ! the ! loop ! at ! the ! left ! side ! of ! the ! figure,( ! )nowledge ! a"out ! the! professional!practice!is!also!made!$isi"le.!;eople!create!this!t&pe!of!)nowledge!="&!doing9!and! this!is!put!into!words!through!reflection. Action!research!has!the!following!c&cle:

;ro"lem!diagnosis!+what!is!the!pro"lem:!description!and!anal&sis,(!;lan!+what!does!the!desired! approach!loo)!li)e,(!Act!+putting!the!new!approach!into!practice,(!Loo)!+e$aluating!of!the!results,! and!%hin)!+has!the!desired!situation!"een!attained(!what!can!"e!impro$ed,. Action!research!is!often!conducted!in!cooperation!with!colleagues(!"ut!can!also!"e!conducted! "&!one!researcher.!Action!research!is!participati$e!"&!nature(!the!researched!also!act!as!co researchers.!Researcher!and!researched!+colleagues(!fellow!students(!pupils(!clients,!learn!from! each!other!and!through!each!other.!%his!wa&!the&!wor)!towards!an!impro$ed!practice!together. In!the!literature!a!distinction!is!made!"etween: !irst%person action research %he!)ind!of!research!that!ena"les!the!researcher!to!foster!an!in*uiring!approach!to!his!or!her! own!life(!to!act!choicefull&!and!with!awareness(!and!to!access!effects!in!the!outside!world!while! acting. Second%person action research /hen!the!practitioner!in*uires!face to face!with!others!a"out!issues!of!mutual!concern. &hird%person action research Loo)s ! at ! influencing ! wider ! social ! s&stems( ! and ! to ! createB ! a ! wider ! communit& ! of ! in*uir&! in$ol$ing ! persons ! who( ! "ecause ! the& ! cannot ! "e ! )nown ! to ! each ! otherB ! ha$e ! impersonal! *ualit&9+Mc@iff!C!/hitehead(!6>55(!p.!5D,. Rele$ant!to!mention!is!that!there!is!also!research!which!is!important!to!the!professional!arts! practice!which!follows!a!far!less!rigorous!approach!than!the!empirical!c&cle:!=grounded!theor&9.! In ! this ! t&pe ! of ! research ! there ! is ! a ! constant ! mo$ement ! "etween ! pro"lem ! definition( ! data! collection!and!data!anal&sis.!%he!stud&!of!literature!is!not!done!in!the!initial!phase!"ut!onl&!later! on!in!the!research!process!when!the!outcomes!can!"e!matched!against!what!is!)nown!in!the! literature!a"out!the!research!su"#ect. 1.' Quality re uirements of research Research!has!to!meet!certain!*ualit&!re*uirements. %here!ha$e!to!"e!a!research!o"#ecti$e!and!research!*uestions.!In!the!research!o"#ecti$e!&ou! state!what!&ou!want!to!achie$e!with!&our!research.!If!the!research!is!commissioned!"&!a!third! part&( ! it ! is! important ! to! reach! an! agreement ! with ! the! client ! to! ma)e! sure! that ! the! research!

contri"utes!to!the!solution!of!the!client9s!pro"lem.!%he!research!*uestions!that!&ou!formulate!in! relation!to!the!research!o"#ecti$e!indicate!what !)nowledge!&ou!need!for!this.!If!the!research! o"#ecti$e!is!to!impro$e!the!practicing!methods!of!music!students!for!e.ample(!then!the!rele$ant! research!*uestions!are:

/hich!practicing!methods!do!music!students!use1 /hich!practicing!methods!in!music!are!effecti$e1 In!what!wa&!is!the!effecti$eness!of!practicing!methods!connected!to!the!learning!st&les! of!students1

%he!formulating!of!the!research!o"#ecti$e!and!the!research!*uestions!is!part!of!the!pro"lem! definition.!In!the!definition!of!the!pro"lem!&ou!state!clearl&!what!&ou!want!to!research!and!wh& ! +with!which!o"#ecti$e,.!A!whole!process!precedes!the!formulation!of!the!pro"lem!definition!+also! called ! the ! preliminar& ! in*uir&/in$estigation,. ! -ou ! ha$e ! to ! read ! up ! on ! &our ! su"#ect( ! possi"l&! spea)!to!e.perts!a"out!&our!su"#ect(!in!order!to!get!a!clear!picture!of!what!&ou!do!and!do!not! want ! to! research. ! If! the! research! concerns ! the! sol$ing ! of ! an! e.isting ! pro"lem( ! the! pro"lem! description!and!anal&sis!constitutes!the!pro"lem!definition.!In!the!pro"lem!anal&sis!&ou!tr&!to! figure! out ! what !the! actual! pro"lem !is. ! %hat !is !not ! alwa&s ! apparent !in ! the! pro"lem !that !&ou! o"ser$e. ! It ! is ! possi"le ! that ! differences ! "etween ! outstanding ! students ! and ! underperforming! students ! can ! "e ! caused ! "& ! the ! fact ! that ! the ! latter ! are ! a"le ! to ! reser$e ! insufficient ! time ! for! practicing!"ecause!the&!need!to!de$ote!more!time!to!wor)ing!in!order!to!ma)e!a!li$ing.! (ollecting data In!order!to!answer!all!&our!*uestions(!&ou!use!certain!methods!of!data!collection!and!methods! for!data!anal&sis.!%here!are!three!wa&s!to!o"tain!data: 5.!Esing!e.isting!information!+the!stud&!of!literature!and!sources:!for!e.ample!what!is!)nown!in! the!literature!a"out!effecti$e!practicing,2 6.!%he!o"taining!of!data!through!o"ser$ation!+for!e.ample!concerning!the!practicing!"eha$iour! of ! music ! students ! who ! are ! outstanding ! and ! of ! students ! who ! perform ! moderatel& ! or ! who! underperform,2 A.!%he!o"taining!of!data!through!written!or!oral!inter$iews!+instead!of!o"ser$ing!students(!&ou! can!also!choose!to!inter$iew!them,. 4ased!on!the!methods!for!data!collection!+*uantitati$e!and/or!*ualitati$e,!are!the!methods!for! data ! anal&sis. ! %here ! is ! a ! wide ! di$ersit& ! of ! choice ! here ! as ! well. ! In ! *ualitati$e ! research ! the! collected!material!+te.ts(!inter$iews( !audio(!$ideo,!constitutes!the!"asis!for!the!anal&sis. !%he! most!important!o"#ecti$e!of!the!anal&sis!of!*ualitati$e!data!is!the!structuring!or!the!putting!into!a! model!of!the!mountain!of!material.!%he!plan!is!to!come!to!a!satisfactor&!categorisation!as!a! researcher(!through!which!the!rele$ant!terms!can!"e!disco$ered.!0tarting!point!for!the!anal&sis! is ! the ! pro"lem ! definition ! and ! the ! research ! o"#ecti$e. ! After ! all( ! the ! data ! ha$e ! to ! answer ! a! *uestion!that!has!"een!as)ed!with!a!certain!o"#ecti$e!in!mind. Another!important!*ualit&!re*uirement!is!the!writing!of!a!report.!%his!has!to!"e!written!in!such!a! wa&!the!research!in!all!its!aspects!+as!descri"ed!a"o$e,!is!replica"le!for!others.!%he!reader!has! to!"e!a"le!to!form!an!opinion!of!the!research(!in!order!to!determine!the!$alue!of!it.!'or!this!the ! following!*ualit&!criteria!are!important: 5. Is!the!research!reliable1!In!*ualitati$e!research!it!is!important!whether!the!research!was! conducted!correctl&!with!regard!to!data!collection!and!anal&sis.

6. Is ! the ! research!valid1 ! <oes ! the ! research ! reflect ! the ! researched ! practice ! situation! ade*uatel&!and!is!it!generalisa"le!in!similar!practice!situations1 A. Is!the!research!verifiable1!Is!the!research!report!of!sufficient!*ualit&!that!&ou!can!follow! all!the!stages!of!the!research!and!consider!the!arguments!and!choices!used!to!form!an! opinion1 F. Is ! the ! research!practicable1 ! In ! what ! wa& ! can ! the ! research ! results ! "e ! realised! practicall&1 %he!*ualit&!re*uirements!for!research!can!also!encompass!the!e.tent!to!which!ethical!criteria! ha$e!"een!met.!%est!su"#ects!ha$e!to!"e:

free!to!ta)e!part!in!the!research2 informed!a"out!the!o"#ecti$e(!procedures!and!estimated!duration!of!the!research2 informed!a"out!possi"le!ris)s!when!participating2 informed!a"out!what!happens!to!their!personal!information!+whether !or!not!these!are! made!anon&mous!in!the!report,2 informed!a"out!how!the&!can!withdraw!from!the!research!if!necessar&.

! (ode of conduct for practice based research for $igher )rofessional *ducation +$)*, 1. Researchers in HPE serve a professional and a social interest %he&!will ! contri"ute!to! the!profession!and!the!professional !practice!concerned!and!the&!will! ma)e!an!effort!to!ser$e!pu"lic!interest.!%he&!will!focus!on!rele$ant!themes!and!pro"lems!from ! the ! professional ! practice ! and ! on ! creati$e( ! inno$ati$e ! and ! applica"le ! solutions ! for ! the! professional ! practice. ! %he& ! will ! contri"ute ! to ! the ! de$elopment ! of ! )nowledge ! and ! theor&(! stimulate ! )nowledge ! circulation ! a"out ! "oth ! practice ! and ! education ! and ! the& ! will ! stri$e ! for! ma)ing!results!accessi"le!according!to!the!principles!of!Open!Access!+A.,. 2. HPE researchers are respectf l %he&!will!ta)e!into!consideration!the!rights(!interests(!pri$ac&(!$iewpoints(!"eliefs(!theories!and! methods!of!those!in$ol$ed!and!of!fellow!researchers.!%he&!will!a"ide!"&!the!rules!and!protocols! which!appl&!to!the!professional!practice!for!doing!research.!0hould!research!with!people!and! animals!gi$e!rise!to!an&!ris)(!the!interest!of!the!research!should!#ustif&!the!ta)ing!of!that!ris).!In! this!case!e.ternal!ad$isors!will!"e!consulted. !. HPE Researchers are caref l %he&! will ! consider ! $arious ! scientific ! $iewpoints ! and ! related ! forms ! of ! research( ! the ! a$aila"le! research!methods!and!the!methodological!rules!which!are!part!of!this(!as!well!as!the!research! and!professional!ethics!and!$alues!which!appl&!to!the!professional!practice!concerned.!%he&!will! ma)e!use!of!a$aila"le!)nowledge!from!the!professional!practice!and!science.!%he&!will!write! reports!which!are!accurate(!complete(!e.act!and!replica"le.!%he&!will!ta)e!into!consideration!the! desira"ilit&!of!a!careful!preser$ation!of!the!data!and!ma)e!sure!that!intellectual!propert&!rights! concerning!data(!results!and!inno$ations!ha$e!"een!properl&!dealt!with. ". HPE Researchers have integrity %he& ! will ! "e ! critical ! concerning ! opinions ! and ! pro"lem ! definitions ! held ! in ! the ! professional! practice(!independent!in!their!choices!of!method!and!honest!a"out!the!sources!the&!use.!%he&! will ! "e ! communicati$e ! a"out ! their ! "eha$iour ! during ! the ! carr&ing ! out ! of ! the ! research(!

autonomous!in!their!anal&ses!and!impartial!in!their!reports. #. HPE Researchers are ans$era%le for their choices and %ehavio r %he& ! will ! "e ! accounta"le ! concerning ! the ! rele$ance ! of ! their ! chosen ! theme( ! their ! choice ! of! research!setup!and!the!used!methods!and!their!restrictions(!the!care!concerning!the!carr&ing! out( ! the ! underpinning ! of ! the ! conclusions( ! the ! sources ! consulted( ! the ! implementation ! in ! the! professional!practice(!as!well!as!the!wa&!it!will!affect!education. !ootnotes5.!%he!<utch!0ociet&!for!0cientific!Research!distinguishes!the!following!sciences:!:arth!and!Life! sciences(!Chemical!sciences(!:.act!sciences(!the!7umanities(!0ocial!and!4eha$ioural!sciences(! Medical!sciences(!@atural!sciences!and!%echnical!sciences. 6.!:mpirical!research!collects!data!in!the!real!world.!%hese!data!can!"e!collected!through!an! e.periment(!test(!*uestionnaires!or!inter$iews.!%heor&!de$elopment!is!the!opposite!of!empirical! research. A.!Open!Access!+OA,!of!the!research!results!means!that!research!results!are!a$aila"le!digitall&(! online(!free!of!charge!and!unrestricted!"&!most!cop&rights.