Smart Distributed Energy Management and Energy Saving analysis

R.S. Sudarshanan, V. Vijeesh

UG Scholar, Assistant ro!essor"# Electrical and Electronics Engineering Velammal #nstitute o! $echnology, anchetti %hennai & '() *(+, $amil ,adu, #ndia. sudarshanan)--./gmail.com, vijeesh0vj/yahoo.co.in
AbstractThis Paper mainly focuses on the power control as per the load demand prevailing in the country. This Automated microcontroller based system controls the power supply and enhance power saving by reducing power shortage. Keywordsmicrocontroller based power control, Conserved Voltage Reduction, Challenges with Distribution Management.

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Most o! the 2orld e3isting electricity 4o2er systems that have been served us !or a long time 2ill soon reach their limitations. $he majority o! those traditional electricity 4o2er grids are neither designed in 4ur4ose to com4ly 2ith ra4idly climate changes and the demand !or a high energy"e!!iciency nor use the latest technologies. $hat is 2hy smart grid 2ill be soon 4ut into 4ractice. Smart Grid 2hich is also called intelligent grid or modern Grid uses ne2 technologies to reduce the environmental im4act o! 4o2er grid, energy conservation and increase e!!iciency, rene2able energy utili5ation. Smart grid develo4ment tends to be driven by one o! t2o 4rinci4al visions !or enhancing electric 4o2er interactions !or both utilities and their customers6 the Euro4ean Union and U.S. models 7)8. $he Euro4ean Union vision seems to be driven 4rimarily by environmental concerns, 2hereas U.S. 4lanning !or the smart grid has been motivated 4rimarily by a desire !or reliability im4rovements. #n the United States, desirable characteristics o! the smart grid include sel!"healing transmission and distribution 4o2er architectures that 2ill be resistant to intentional attac9s and natural disasters and very high 4o2er :uality levels along a broad range o! metrics that go 2ell beyond outage statistics. 1ne o! the 9ey goals o! model smart grids, such as the one being develo4ed by the ecan Street roject in Austin, $e3as, is to 4romote active customer 4artici4ation and decision ma9ing and thus to create a ne2 grid o4erational environment in 2hich both utilities and electricity users in!luence each other7*8. ;igure). Sho2s Damage caused by $ro4ical Storm <ermine in *()(.

;ig. ). Damage caused by $ro4ic storm in U.S.

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$he term smart grid has been in use since at least *((>, 2hen it a44eared in the article ?$o2ard a Smart Grid? by Amin and @ollenberg. $he term had been used 4reviously and may date as !ar bac9 as )--A.$here are many smart grid de!initions, some !unctional, some technological, and some bene!its"oriented 7)A8. A common element to most de!initions is the a44lication o! digital 4rocessing and communications to the 4o2er grid, ma9ing data !lo2 and in!ormation management central to the smart grid. Various ca4abilities result !rom the dee4ly integrated use o! digital technology 2ith 4o2er grids, and integration o! the ne2 grid in!ormation !lo2s into utility 4rocesses and systems is one o! the 9ey issues in the design o! smart grids. Electric utilities no2 !ind themselves ma9ing three classes o! trans!ormations6 im4rovement o! in!rastructure, called the strong grid in %hinaB addition o! the digital layer, 2hich is the essence o! the smart gridB and business 4rocess trans!ormation, necessary to ca4itali5e on the investments in smart technology. Much o! the moderni5ation 2or9 that has been going on in electric grid moderni5ation, es4ecially substation and distribution automation, is no2 included in the general conce4t o! the smart grid, but additional ca4abilities are evolving as 2ell. ###. @<A$ #S SMAR$ GR#DC

DSmart grids,E as the name im4lies, are so4histicated, digitally enhanced 4o2er systems 2here the use o! modern

communications and control technologies Fthe !ormer also 9no2n as #%$, or #n!ormation and %ommunications $echnologiesG allo2s much greater robustness, e!!iciency, and !le3ibility than todayHs 4o2er systems. Designers also aim !or smart grids to save money. Additional terms used include a DSel!"healing grid,E 2hich can re4air itsel! in the event o! any !ailure or attac9 7'8. Smart Grid is develo4ed by the Euro4ean $echnology lat!orm !or Ith ;rame @or9 rogram. Since Smart Grid is still in research stage, there is no coincidence 2ith the accurate de!inition !or it, 2hat !eatures should it have, 2hat goal should it achieve, 2hat is the im4ortant 4oint !or develo4 it. Moreover considering the varying situations in di!!erent countries"economic develo4ment, develo4ing strategies and 4olicies, it is hard to obtain a uni!ied de!inition. #V. ADVA,$AGES 1; SMAR$ GR#D Smart grid is not a single technology, but a combination o! several technologies. Jy rational use di!!erent technologies, it can o!!er several 4otential economic and environmental bene!its6 #m4roved Reliability <igher asset utili5ation Jetter integration o! 4lug"in hybrid electric vehicles F <EVsG and rene2able energy Reduced o4erating costs !or utilities #ncreased e!!iciency and conservation ;igure*. Sho2s the 9ey technologies and a44lications o! smart grid.

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Electricity grid o! U.S. is generated by a central 4o2er 4lant and distributed to di!!erent levels o! customers through transmitting lines as sho2n in ;igure *. $he voltage is ste44ed" u4 !rom generating stations located in the center !or transmission through more than )(,((( transmission stations, ste44ed" do2n !or utility distribution in over *,((( distribution substations, may be !urther ste44ed" do2n at 4oints along the utility distribution lines, and again at 4ad" and 4ole"mounted trans!ormers to 4rovide lo2"voltage service to one or a several customers 7)(8 .

;ig. .. E3isting Electricity Delivery System

Even though it is 4roviding --.-I 4ercent reliability, yet still has some signi!icant issues6 A. Limited delivery system: $he current electricity delivery uses a su4ervisory control and data ac:uisition system FS%ADAG 2hich su!!ers limited band2idths and relatively slo2 data transmission rates that o!ten re:uire several seconds or more to res4ond to an alarm or system change and there is no visibility in the distribution net2or9 belo2 the substation. B. High cost of power outage and power quality interruption: #t costs Americans M)>( billion every year !or 4o2er outage and interru4tion. $he 4o2er goes out about *.> hours each year 2hich leads to high economy loss es4ecially in industries re:uire high :uality 4o2er.

;ig. *. Key technologies and a44lication

V. Sel!"healing

;EA$URES 1; SMAR$ GR#D

$he !eatures o! the Smart Grid are listed belo26

C. Inefficiency at managing peak load: Electricity demands vary all the time, and the cost to meet these demands changes as 2ell. ;or the e3isting grid, su44ly has to change according to the demands continuously and the 4o2er grid 2ill also need to maintain a bu!!er o! e3cess su44ly, 2hich results in lo2er e!!iciency, higher emissions, and higher costs. Given the issues above, the e3isting grid has to change to meet the demand 4ro4osed by this modern society.

#ntegrations among Energies and Devices %onsumer artici4ation #m4roved Reliability

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$he most signi!icant challenge in distribution management associated 2ith the so called Dsmart gridE is that the distribution system becomes an active systemO2ith distributed generation, smart customer loads and electric vehicle %harging, smart inverters, distributed storage, and so on. $he challenge o! an active distribution system a!!ects both the 4lanning !unctions and the real"time o4erations o! the system. $he transition to an active distribution system does not change the need to maintain and im4rove reliability. $his means that the trend to2ard automating the res4onse to !aults and outages 2ill continue, but it must 2or9 2ith the added com4le3ity o! active devices Fincluding customer loadsG throughout the system. A. Conserved oltage !eduction %onservation voltage reduction F%VRG is a very im4ortant !unction that is a driver !or many distribution management system a44lications. $his !unction continually evaluates the voltage 4ro!ile on the distribution system and o4timi5es the voltage to achieve the best energy e!!iciency !or customers on the circuit7)>8. 1ne o! the 9ey re:uirements enabling the model to su44ort %VR !unctions is an accurate load model. Advanced metering data 4rovide the !oundation !or the load model by characteri5ing the load 4ro!ile over the entire year. $his does not describe ho2 the load res4onds to di!!erent voltage levels, ho2ever, so4histicated trials are under 2ay at a number o! utilities to characteri5e the load res4onse to di!!erent voltages. $his 2or9 2ill build on initial tests 4er!ormed in the aci!ic ,orth2est sho2ing that average residential loads have a %VR !actor o! about (.I. $his means that there is reduction in energy use o! (.IP !or every )P that the voltage is reduced. $his is di!!erent than the reduction in demand or 4o2er 2hen the voltage is initially reduced, 2hich may be greater than this !actor. $he average %VR !actor is really not ade:uate !or evaluating the im4act o! voltage reduction on individual circuits, ho2ever. More accurate load res4onse characteristics are needed. $he res4onse must be characteri5ed as a !unction o! di!!erent ty4es o! customers 2ith di!!erent ty4es o! loads in di!!erent geogra4hical and environmental regions. E R# is conducting a collaborative 4roject to 4er!orm this characteri5ation, and the results are being coordinated 2ith the develo4ment o! a guide !or load modeling 2ith the VoltQVar $as9 ;orce o! the #EEE Smart Distribution @or9ing Grou47*>8. ;igure +sho2s the develo4ment 4rocess necessary to arrive at such load models.

;ig. +. Develo4ment rocess needed

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As there is increasing needs in 4o2er control o! end users, the Smart Grid needs an automated load distribution system 2hich controls the load demand. 1ur 2or9 in :uality o! load distribution is microcontroller as stated above. <ere the load demand is chec9ed at regular intervals 2ith 4reset values. ,o2, the microcontroller acts u4on signal given !rom the interval test and controls the circuit. $he circuit is discussed in detail in u4coming sections. $he $able ) sho2s the load consum4tion 4er"day by the various 9inds o! 4eo4le Fthose 2ho are 2or9ing, those 2ho are householdsG and the s4eci!ied limit is also given.
$AJNE #. Interval(hrs) )*"(' ('")) ))"(+ (+"(' ('")) N1AD %1,SUM $#1, DE$A#NS or!ing(units) *.> (.*.( *.. (.+ "pecified(units) *.( ).( ).> *.> (.>

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$he data given is o! a44ro3imate value !or one dayFin unitsG

A. "peration of the #roposed $ystem $he time interval is 4reset and it chec9s the real time running in the system. $he interval test is done. $he 4o2er Fin unitsG is already s4eci!ied. $he 4o2er value e3isting in the real time system is com4ared 2ith 4reset value at the intervals, as the each interval has its s4eci!ied 4o2er consum4tion value 2hich could be seen in the !igure > sho2n belo2.

,o2, the system is considered as the load consum4tion is less than the s4eci!ied value. $hen circuit !or the system is sho2n belo2 in !igure '.

;ig. I. %onsumer demand is less than s4ec!ied limit ;ig. >. %onsumer demand more than s4eci!ied limit

<ere, the interval test gives the result 2ith com4aring real time 2ith 4reset value. According, to the given out4ut !or a given interval microcontroller com4ares the 4reset value and o4erate the circuit brea9er and load 4o2er is controlled. $he 2ave!orm !or the above o4eration is given belo2 in !igure '6

<ere, the interval test gives the result 2ith com4aring real time 2ith 4reset value. According, to the given out4ut !or a given out4ut !or a given interval microcontroller com4ares the 4reset value and it detects that the load limit is less than that o! s4eci!ied one so there is no 4o2er shut do2n. $he 2ave!orm !or the above o4eration o! the circuit is sho2n belo26

;ig. '. @ave!orm sho2s there is no 4o2er above 4reset limit

;ig. A. @ave!orm sho2s there is su44ly 2hen it is belo2 4reset limit

$he above 2ave!orm de4icts that 2hen the load demand is greater than the s4eci!ied condition the circuit 2ill turn o!! and the voltage and current is 5ero as sho2n above.

$he above !orm sho2s that i! the lod consum4tion is less than the s4eci!ied limit then there is no 4o2er shutdo2n.

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$he distribution system, 2hich traditionally has received lo2er 4riority !or de4loying ne2 technologies than transmission and generation systems, is arguably the area a!!ected the most by the smart grid conce4t. During the last decade, there has been an un4recedented surge in the de4loyment o! ne2 and revam4ed technologies on the distribution system 7*I8. $his is 4artly the result o! incentives 4rovided by governments around the develo4ed 2orld to boost their res4ective economies. Advances in telecommunications, 4o2er electronics, and control in!ormation technologies have also 4layed a signi!icant role in the level o! gro2th. $his, in turn, has revitali5ed the distribution sector and encouraged the research and develo4ment o! ne2 technologies and services. Such trend shave reduced the cost o! im4lementing the ne2 technologies, ma9ing them more accessible to mainstream mar9ets 7.(8. A smarter distribution grid 2ill satis!y multi4le objectives, including im4roved reliability, e!!iciency, and system security, and 2ill em4o2er energy consumers by 4roviding timely in!ormation and control o4tions. As e34ected, this evolution is leading to changes in other areas, such as distribution o4erations and 4lanning. ;rom the o4erations stand4oint, !or instance, the additional real"time monitoring and control ca4abilities and advanced 4rotection and automation schemes 4rovided by the smart grid may lead to ne2 4aradigms li9e the o4eration o! distribution !eeders as Dclosed loo4s.E ;rom the 4lanning 4ers4ective, the criteria, guidelines, methodologies, and tools used to 4lan the transition !rom the e3isting FconventionalG distribution system to the smart distribution system ma9e u4 an im4ortant area in 2hich solutions are needed. L.
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resolution, not only the amount o! load gro2th, but also 2hen and 2here ne2 load 2ill occur. S4atial load !orecasting usually 4redicts small area, !eeder, and system annual 4ea9 loads !or a !orecasting hori5on o! u4 to *( years 7.+8. $his in!ormation is then used to determine the best locations !or distribution !acilities and to 4lan system gro2th Fe.g., ne2 substations, distribution !eeders, trans!ormers, and so onG. S4atial load !orecasting is 4er!ormed on the basis o! small areas, historical load and 2eather data, land use, and geogra4hic in!ormation.

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$omorro2Hs distribution system 2ill use high"band2idth communications to all substations, a 4roli!eration o! intelligent electronic devices F#EDsG that 4rovide ada4table control and 4rotection systems, com4lete distribution system monitoring that is integrated 2ith larger asset management systems, and !ully integrated intelligence to mitigate 4o2er :uality events and im4rove reliability and system 4er!ormance 7)'8. $hese ne2 technologies include the !ollo2ing6

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Distribution engineers must have access to methodologies, Algorithms and com4utational tools that can bridge the ga4 bet2een the e3isting and the smart distribution system. $his re:uires an integrated distribution system 4lanning a44roach that 2ill enable distribution engineers to design a robust, reliable, and resilient distribution system. $he resulting smart distribution system 2ill satis!y a series o! objectives, such as im4roving reliability and 4o2er :uality, reducing labor costs, and lo2ering electrical losses. $his smart distribution system, !or instance, 2ill allo2 the im4lementation o! ADA a44roaches such as !ault location, isolation, and service restoration F;N#SRG and voltQvar o4timi5ation FVV1G. Attaining these goals im4lies 4lanning !or a more !le3ible, robust, and meshed distribution system to su44ort and 4rovide more alternatives !or load trans!erring during automatic !eeder restoration and recon!iguration 7)+8. L#. S
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advanced distribution automation FDAG distribution !eeder circuit automation, including intelligent re closers and relays at the head end o! !eeders and at strategic locations out on the !eeders themselvesB 4o2er electronics, including distribution short"circuit current limitersB voltage and var control on !eedersB and 2ides4read use o! advanced sensors. intelligent universal trans!ormers multi!unction solid"state s2itchgear distribution !ault antici4ation and location advanced metering in!rastructure FAM#G local controllers in buildings, on micro grids, and on distribution systems !or local area net2or9s Distributed energy resources, including distributed generators, rene2ables, and energy storage !acilities that are e:ui44ed 2ith smart inverters and other advanced controllers. L###. %1,%NUS#1,

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$he generation in $amil ,adu !or e3am4le is around )I,>.>M@. So, #ndian government is in the 4osition o! controlling load demand. ;or that the technology is to be used in a reliable manner !or 4o2er saving. $here!ore, 2e develo4ed an automated model as discussed 4reviously 2hich is very e!!icient is 4o2er saving system and reduction in 4o2er shortage. $he 4o2er the!t detection can also be embedded 2ith the system 2e develo4ed. As stated in the above develo4ments the researcher has to develo4 innovative methods !or e!!icient smart grid o4eration. A%K,1@NEDGEME,$ $he authors 2ish to than9 the !aculty and !riends o! De4artment o! EEE, Velammal #nstitute o! $echnology, anchetti, %hennai, $amil ,adu, #ndia, !or their coo4eration and assistance. ;urther, the authors convey their than9s to

Noad !orecasting is the !oundation !or distribution systems 4lanning because load gro2th is the main trigger !or grid e34ansion. %onventional load !orecasting !ocused on the amount o! load gro2th. $he goal o! s4atial load !orecasting is to estimate 2ith reasonable accuracy, and a high level o! geogra4hic

rinci4al Dr. $. %handrase9har !or 4roviding encouragement and su44ort.

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