Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SUBJECT
SUBMITTED TO:
MADHUMBRATA RAY SINGH
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ODISHA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4 The Concept .............................................................................................................................................. 5 MAIN BODY................................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Agricultural Development Programs ........................................................................................................ 6 Community Development Programs (C.D.P.) ...................................................................................... 6 Intensive Agricultural District Program (lADP)-.................................................................................. 6 High Yielding Varieties Programs (HYVP) ......................................................................................... 7 National Commission on Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 7 Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)....................................................................................... 8 Farmers' Service Societies .................................................................................................................... 8 Green Revolution in India ......................................................................................................................... 8 Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Environmental impact ............................................................................................................................... 9 2. Agriculture development in Five Year Plans .......................................................................................... 11 3. Factors for the Stagnation of the Indian Agriculture .............................................................................. 12 4. Rural Employment .................................................................................................................................. 13 Marginal Fanners and Agricultural Laborers (MFAL) ........................................................................... 13 Small Farmers Development Agencies (SFDA) ..................................................................................... 13 Integrated Dry land Agricultural Development (IDAD) ......................................................................... 13 Agro Service Centers (ASC) ................................................................................................................... 13 National Rural Employment Program (NREP) ....................................................................................... 14 Rural industrialization ............................................................................................................................. 14 5. Rural Credit Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 15 Co-operative societies ............................................................................................................................. 15 Land development banks ........................................................................................................................ 15 Regional rural banks (RRB).................................................................................................................... 15 National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD).................................................... 15
3|Page Commercial banks .................................................................................................................................. 15 6. Irrigation and Agricultural Inputs ........................................................................................................... 16 Irrigation ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Fertilizers ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Improved seeds ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Mechanization of agriculture .................................................................................................................. 17 7. Agricultural Laborers and Farm Women ................................................................................................ 17 8. Agricultural Marketing and Warehousing .............................................................................................. 18 Marketing ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Warehousing ........................................................................................................................................... 18 9. Role of Technology in Agricultural Development.................................................................................. 19 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 20 10. Bibliography..20
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INTRODUCTION
India is a land of villages. More than three-fourths of the rural population is dependent on agriculture which contributes about 40% of national product. Agricultural sector of rural areas still follows the straight methods of cultivation due to which rural India still remains in a state of back-wardens where people had been living just at survival economy. Hence there is a need to understand the nature and level of motivation of the farmers and also the reason which would be meaningful to them in order to encourage their productivity efforts. Agriculture is the largest economic sector in India and 75% of the population is depends on agriculture. Indians were facing so many problems to improve agriculture sector. Its development is of principal importance to the progress of the economy as a whole. This project intends to explain the people working in rural areas with some concepts and ideas about various agricultural development programs in the rural areas. And how they are increases the capacity of production. Agriculture is an important part of the rural life and agricultural development programs should be devised in order to meet the needs of the farmers. Efforts should be made to bring science and technology closer to the farmers in order to utilize the limited available resources efficiently to increase the productivity of the land. The other important aspects like supply of agricultural inputs, farm machinery, irrigation facilities, cropping pattern and general aspects like health, housing facilities, sanitation, welfare programs for people should be given due importance. Indian agriculture faces promising opportunities in the production and marketing of high-value livestock products, fruits and vegetables, and fishery. To exploit these opportunities, India must liberalize its marketing and trade policies to encourage vertical coordination between farms, firms, and forks (supermarkets); facilitate increased flow of rural credit, especially to small holders, through, say, nonbanking financial intermediaries; and withdraw any special concessions in support of food grain policies.
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The Concept
In the background of Indian conditions the concept of agricultural development in the rural areas may be defined to mean the measure taken to bring about economic and social changes in the rural areas, especially for the poorest of the poor. Growth with social justice is the basic aim of Indian planning particularly in field of agriculture. In order to increase speed of the rate of agricultural development in rural areas, three major changes have been introduced so far. These are institutional change, technological change and infra-structural change. Institutional change refers to those measures which are related to agrarian relations constructive to the tillers of the soil and the size of the unit of cultivation. Technological change implies the method of farming and introducing give up raising technology. It consists of several biological and mechanical technologies such as high soft variety of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, use of machinery etc. Infrastructural change includes facilities like irrigation, credit, marketing transport etc. Technological change further refers to the knowledge used in improving agricultural production
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Community Development Programs (C.D.P.) The community development program was launched in 1952. This program was implemented in units of blocks; each block covers an area of about 400 to 500 sq. kms, with about 100 villages and a population of about 1 lakh. The finances for the community development programs were shared by the people and the state and central governments. The community development programs awakened the awareness in the people and made them clear their needs which they had not felt before. With the network of a matched structure of various extension teams, it has helped the tradition bound village communities to shed-off dogmas and overcome resistance to change and this has made its own impact on people's attitude and motivations.
Intensive Agricultural District Program (lADP)The IADP is popularly known as Package program which was started in 1961 in seven selected districts. This program aims at increasing the agricultural productivity by using modem technology and motivating the farmers for the adoption of the same. A similar program, serious Agricultural Area Program (IAAP) was started during 1964- 65 with the same objective, but with a less intensive staffing pattern, supervision, establishment of laboratories and centers. Later it has been merged with IADP.
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High Yielding Varieties Programs (HYVP) The cultivation of high soft varieties since 1966-67 has resulted in a substantial increase in food grains production. Wheat production has been more than doubled. Rice production has also increased. Bajra production has registered some increase but the progress under maize and jowar is relatively slow. For optimizing the yields of the available high yielding varieties of rice, it has been found essential to advance their solving time. Efforts have been directed to educate the farmers to raise rice nurseries in advance of the main kharif season. A special program for timely supply of seedlings, by raising community nurseries at tube well points and on government farms, was undertaken in three command areas in Bihar.
National Commission on Agriculture This commission was set up in 1970 to examine the progress of agriculture in India and to make recommendations for its improvement and modernization. It has submitted 24 interim reports on different subjects including fertilizer distribution, seed multiplication, agricultural research, extension and training, credit services for farmers, reorientation of several developmental programs, modernizing irrigation systems, command area development, exporting and market facing of agriculture produce, land refers, rural employment, general necessities In rural areas etc. It has also prepared the state-wise recommendations based on climate and cropping pattern. During 5th five year plan on recommendation of NCA, Whole Village Development Program (WVDP) was established with an objective of promoting welfare of the people by equitable distribution of the benefit of the development. It has adopted a whole village approach for overall development of the land, efficient water management, and adopting cropping pattern according to irrigation facilities thus, improving the en- tire village situation.
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Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) This was initiated in the year 1980 in about 5000 blocks throughout the country. The IRDP involves the development of the rural areas and people belonging to the weaker sections such as the small and marginal farmers, tenants and share croppers, landless laborers, rural artisans, scheduled cases and tribal communities. The IRDP aims at integrating field program reflecting the economic activities of the rural families, whose employment and development were the basic objectives. District Rural Development Agencies have been set up in all the districts in the country to implement IRD program. This program concerns with the agriculture, animal husbandry, small scale industries, marketing, forestry, fisheries etc. Till 1990-91, 29lakhs of people were reported to have benefited from this IRD programmed. Farmers' Service Societies The objective of the societies is to help farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers and agricultural laborers by providing credit and services for increasing employment, production and income. These are financed by commercial and cooperative banks.
Green Revolution in India The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. Famine in India, once accepted as inevitable, has not returned since the introduction of Green Revolution crops. Of the high-yielding seeds, wheat produced the best results. All India Radio (AIR) played a vital role in creating awareness for these methods. Along with high yielding seeds and irrigation facilities, the enthusiasm of farmer mobilized the idea of agricultural revolution and is also credited to All India Radio.
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Results The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. Famine in India, once accepted as inevitable, has not returned since the introduction of Green Revolution crops. Of the high-yielding seeds, wheat produced the best results. All India Radio (AIR) played a vital role in creating awareness for these methods. Along with high yielding seeds and irrigation facilities, the enthusiasm of farmers mobilized the idea of agricultural revolution and is also credited to All India Radio. M.S.Swaminathan had contributed towards the success of green revolution. Environmental impact The environmental impact of excessive use to chemical fertilizers and pesticides was only revealed as years passerby. Punjab had been selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success. In 2009, under a Greenpeace Research Laboratories investigation, Dr Reyes Tirado, from the University of Exeter, UK, conducted a study in 50 villages in Muktsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts of Punjab that revealed chemical, radiation and biological toxicity there was rampant. About 20% of the sampled wells showed nitrate levels above the safety limit of 50 mg/l, established by WHO. The study connected this finding with high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. With increasing poisoning of the soil, the region once hailed as the home to the Green Revolution, now due to excessive use of chemical fertilizer, is being termed by one columnist as the "Other Bhopal". For example, Buddha Nullah, a rivulet which runs through Malwa region of Punjab, India, and after passing through highly populated Ludhiana district, before draining into Sutlej River, a tributary of the Indus River, is today an important case point in the recent studies, which suggest this as another Bhopal in making. A joint study by PGIMER and Punjab Pollution Control Board in 2008,revealed that in villages along the Nullah, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan and heptachlor pesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap waters. Plus the water had high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, and arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticide. The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium. In addition to large inputs of
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fertilizers and pesticides, the Green Revolution in India was made possible in large part by a dramatic increase in irrigation, particularly from deep groundwater sources. The exploitation of groundwater resources allowed farmers to double-crop (grow crops even during the dry season) and to grow water-intensive crops such as rice in areas that were traditionally unsuited for rice production. This growth in irrigation has led to an alarming drop in the water table in a number of key agricultural Indian states, such as Punjab, where the water table is reportedly falling by about 1 meter per year. In other states, the problem is worse; in Gujarat, the water table is falling by as much as 3-5 meters per year. What this means is that without a dramatic change in agricultural practice, groundwater resources could be depleted within a few years. In the case of Gujarat and other coastal areas, intrusion of seawater could render underground aquifers useless for human consumption or agriculture
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4. Rural Employment
In order to improve the living standards of the farmers various agencies were formed. The Government of India set up a committee with M. Bhagavathi as chairman to suggest schemes like rural electrification, minor irrigation works etc. It also suggested agriculture-based schemes which lead to agricultural development; the government took the following measures to create employment in the agricultural sector. Marginal Fanners and Agricultural Laborers (MFAL) Under this scheme, marginal farmers' families were to be assisted with subsidized credit support for agricultural and subsidiary occupation like dairy, poultry, fishery, horticultural operations etc. It was started in 1969. Small Farmers Development Agencies (SFDA) The objective of the scheme was to make available to small farmers the credit facilities to enable them to make use of the latest technology to practice intensive agriculture. In the year 1969, it was established. Integrated Dry land Agricultural Development (IDAD) Under this program, permanent works like soil conservation, land development, water harvesting Were undertaken. These programs were labor intensive and create employment. More importance was given to dry land agriculture. Agro Service Centers (ASC) This scheme provided assistance for self employment for agricultural graduates in organizing agricultural machinery, supply of inputs etc. thus contributing to technical development of agriculture in villages.
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National Rural Employment Program (NREP) The food for work program was started in 1977 to generate gainful employment in the rural areas. Due to some short comings, it was restructured and renamed as National Rural Employment Programmed from 1980. Besides employment, it works for strengthening of the rural infrastructure. Till 1988-89, 3950 lath man days of employment was generated under the scheme. All these schemes taken up by the government provided additional employment in the agricultural sector leading to agricultural development. Apart from this, rural industrialization also increases employment opportunities in the rural sector.
Rural industrialization Agricultural development is a pre-requisite for rural industrialization. Processing of agricultural produce used to suffer due to lack of processing units near the production areas. Bulk processing of products turned out by agriculture has been done in urban-based industries. This delay in the processing of the produce used to reduce the quality. So, a need was there to establish rural industries which also create employment. Types of rural agricultural industries that can be established are; for processing of rice, cotton ginning, oil extraction, jute manufacturing and extraction of sugars, and also for canning and preservation of fruits and vegetable, preparation of jams, pickles and other food products etc. A large number of persons can be absorbed and provided with full time as well as part time employment in these rural industries.
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Mechanization of agriculture Mechanization of agriculture has resulted increased agricultural production and reduction of costs replacing traditional tools and implements with up-to-date farm machinery. Use of tractor for sloughing seeds for sowing, and thresher for the harvested are some examples. Besides this machinery, electric motors and diesel engines can be very usefully adopted for cane crushing, oil seed crushing etc. Increase in statistics in the purchase of farm machinery shows progress of mechanization in agriculture. Thus mechanization leads to agricultural development.
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Conclusion
The agricultural development programmers that are implemented for the development in the community in terms of providing technical skills for better living can be achieved if the level of motivation of the people in terms of their present deprivations and future requirements are well understood. Though there are many schemes for the development of rural agriculture they have not reached the target groups up to a satisfactory level. Therefore, by using proper methods attempts should be made to motivate them through an emphasis on the deprived need areas. As India is by and large an agricultural country with a vast segment of her population engaged in agriculture and allied pursuits, it is the rate of growth of the Indian rural agricultural economy which determines the overall growth rate of the national economy.
Development of agricultural rural economy and the improvement of the village life are the core concern of economists and also of the agriculturists. This is the biggest challenge before the nation as majority of rural population is still living below the poverty line. The rural folks are mainly engaged in agriculture and allied sector which is still in a backward stage. The constraints in the agricultural development in rural areas need to be removed out and country should be made self-sufficient by concentrating on the achievement of the goals of the agricultural development programmers. 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/association-news/sica/newsdetails.aspx?news_id = 48601. http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/report-summaries/swaminathan-report-national commission-on-farmers--662. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd16/PF/presentations/farmers_relief.pdf. http://www.stwr.org/food-security-agriculture/one-farmers-suicide-every-30minutes.html. http://www.macroscan.org/anl/mar08/pdf/farmers_suicides.pdf
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