Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Rajasthan Technical University, Kota) IN Electrical Engineering
SESSION (2013-2014)
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Manish Sahu E.E. 7th Sem 10EMEEE023
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is opportunity to express my heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training in numerous ways, people who gave me unending support right from beginning of the training.
I am grateful to Training In charge Mr. Hemant Kaushik for giving guidelines to make the project successful.
I want to give sincere thanks to the Principal, Dr. R.P.S. Jakhar for his valuable support.
I extend my thanks to Dr. Javed Khan Bhutto Head of the Department for his cooperation and guidance.
Yours Sincerely,
Manish Sahu
Contents
ABSTRACT Chpater-1 INTRODUCTION
2
1 2-3
1.1 Suratgarh Super Therml Power Station 2 1.2 Installed Capacity 3 Chapter-2 SELECTION OF SITE FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS 2.1 Supply of Water 4 2.2 Requirement of Land 4 2.3 Labour Supplies 4 2.4 Transportation Facility 5 2.5 Ash Disposal 5 2.6 Distance from the Populated area 5 2.7 Near of the Load Centre 5 Chapter-3 PLANT FAMILIARIZATION 3.1 Turbine 6 3.2 Boiler 8 3.3 Boiler Furnaces 9 3.4 Super-heater and Re-heater 10 3.5 Economiser 12 3.6 Airpreheater 12 3.7 Condenser 13 3.8 Evaporator 14 3.9 Feed Water Heater 15 3.10 Cooling Towers 16 3.11 Turbo Alternator 17 Chapter-4 FUEL HANDLING AND FEED WATER 4.1 Fuel Handling 19 4.2 Feed Water 20 Chapter-5 ASH HANDLING AND DROUGHT SYSTEM 5.1 Ash Handling 22 5.2 Dust Collection 22 5.3 Draught System 23 Chapter-6 STEAM POWER PLANT CONTROLS Chapter-7 THERMAL POWER PLANT AUXILIARIES 7.1 Boiler make-up water treatment plant and 25 storage 7.2 Fuel preparation system 26 7.3 Barring gear 26 7.4 Oil system 26 7.5 Generator cooling 27 7.6 Generator high-voltage system 27 7.7 Monitoring and alarm system 28 Chapter-8 MAJOR EQUIPMENT IN POWER PLANT 8.1 Power Transformers 29 8.2 Voltage Regulators 29 8.3 Bus-Bars 29 8.4 Reactors 30 8.5 Insulators 30 8.6 Switchgears 31 8.7 Switches 32 8.8 Protective Equipment 32
3
4-5
6-17
19-21
22-23
24 25-28
29-38
8.9 Protective Relays 34 8.10 Current Transformers 34 8.11 Potential Transformers 34 8.12 Lightning Arresters 35 8.13 Earthing of Power System 36 8.14 Control Room 38 Chapter-9 EFFICIENCY AND SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY 9.1 Efficiency of Thermal Power Plants 39 9.2 Advantages of Thermal Power Plants 39 9.3 Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plants 40 9.4 Super Critical Technology 40 Chapter-10 Reference
39-40
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Fig. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Table of Figures Title of Figure Thermal Power Plant Layout Boiler Internal Structure of Boiler Super Heater Condenser Internal Structure of Feed Water Heater Side View of Cooling Tower Internal Structure of Cooling Tower Types of Insulators Control Room of Thermal Power Plant Table of Tables Title of Table Installed Capacity of SSTPS Efficiency of Installed Plant Capacity
Page No. 6 8 9 11 14 16 17 17 31 38
Table No. 1 2
Page No. 3 39
ABSTRACT
The Suratgarh Super Critical Thermal Power Station is an electricity production project that is maintained by the Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Nigam Limited. It is Rajasthans foremost super thermal power station. This station has been successful in controlling pollution and maintaining balance of atmospheric emissions in the environment. The Union Ministry of Power has awarded this power station with the Golden Shield Award. The resinous project of Rajasthan, the Super Thermal Power Station, and Suratgarh is situated near village Thukrana about 27 km. from Suratgarh city in Sriganganagar district. The site was considered an ideal location for setting up a thermal power station due to availability of land, water, transmission line and cheap labour. Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station has reached such dizzying heights of success that its sixth unit. In this unit, maximum capacity on coal firing was attained in less than 10 hours and the phenomenal completion of the project in less than two years is a groundbreaking achievement for the nation. Besides the philanthropic organization also has a social conscience. The organization plants nearly 3.5 Lakhs saplings every year, digs up dykes and water bodies and monitors the effusion of effluent materials and ambient air quality in order to check the pollution level.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station
STPS is situated near village Thukrana about 27Km south east of Suratgarh town is Shri Ganaganager Distt. Suratgarh was considered an ideal location for setting up a thermal power station in the state having regards to the availability of land, water, transmission network proximity to broad gauge railway and being an important load centre for north-west Rajasthan. Water and coal required in a large amount. Coal is received here from coal-fields of MP areas through railways and water is received from INDIRA GANDHI CANAL. The supply of coal is from MP, Jharkhand by rail. About 18000 tonne coal required per day for whole unit and each unit consumes 150tonnes coal per day. About 2x3 km2 area covered by plant and approximately 1800 employees works in a plant including chief engineer to labour. The supply electricity to the northern Rajasthan, Ratangarh, Bikaner, Ganganagar.
The techno-economic clearance for the prefect was issued by CEA in June1991. The planning commission accorded investment sanction for the project in Nov. 1991 for a total estimated cost of Rs. 1253.31 Crores on prices prevailing in Sept.1990. The updated cost of the project is estimates at Rs. 2300 Crores of including IDC. Unit 1st of STPS was commissioned on coal firing on 4.10.1998 and commercial operation of the unit was declared from 1.2.1999. The unit was dedicated to the Nation by Honble Chief Minister of Rajasthan Shri Ashok Gehlot on 3.10.1999. The foundation stone for Unit 3rd and 4th STPS stage-II was laid by Honble Chief Minister of Rajasthan Shri Ashok Gehlot on 3.10.1999. 250MW Unit of STPS was commissioned on 28.3.2000 and was put on commercial operation from 16.7.2000. It saved Rs. 80 Crores due to early start of generation. The Unit was dedicated to the Nation by Honble Dy. Leader of Opposition, LokSabha Smt. Sonia Gandhi on 13.10.2000.
The foundation stone 250MW Unit 5th under STPS stage-III was laid by Honble Union Minister of Power Shri Suresh P.Prabhu on 12.2.2001. 250MW Unit 3rd of STPS was commissioned on oil 29.10.2001 and was put on commercial from 15.1.2002. The unit was dedicated to the Nation by Honble Dy. Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha Shri Shivraj V.Patil on 17.3.2002. 250MW Unit 4th of STPS was commissioned on oil 25.3.2002 and has been put on commercial operation from 31.7.2002. The unit was dedicated to the Nation by Honble Leader of Opposition, RajyaSabha Dr. Manmohan Singh on 10.8.2002. With the commissioning of Unit 4th of 250MW at STPS it became FRIST SUPER THERMAL POWER STATION OF RAJASTHAN. 650MW Unit 5th & Unit 6th of STPS was commissioned on oil 25.3.2002 and has been put on commercial operation from 31.7.2002. The unit was dedicated to the Nation by Honble Leader of Opposition, RajyaSabha Dr. Manmohan Singh on 10.8.2002. With the commissioning of Unit 4th of 250MW at STPS it became FRIST SUPER CRITICAL THERMAL POWER STATION OF RAJASTHAN.
Stage
Unit Number
Date of Commissioning
Status progress
The efficiency of direct cooled plant is about 0.5% higher than that of the plant in which cooling towers are used. This means a saving of about Rs. 7.5 Lakhs per year in fuel cost for a 2000 MW station. Huge amounts of coal is required for raising the steam (20,000 tonnes per day for a 2,000 MWs ). Since the Government policy is to use only low grade coal with 30 to 40% ash content for the power generation purpose, the steam power plant should be located near the coal mines to avoid the transport of coal and ash.
As the cost of the land adds up to the final cost of the plant, it should be available at a reasonable price. Land should be also available for future extension.
3.1 TURBINE
3.1.1 Introduction
The steam turbines and their auxiliaries installed have been manufactured by BHEL. The turbines are three cylinders, compound 3000 rpm, double flow exhaust type reheat units with initial parameters of 13 Kg/cm2. And five low pressure heaters are fed. The high pressure cylinder comprises of two curt is wheels as a regulation stage. Intermediate
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pressure cylinders comprise of twelve stages and each of the double flow section of the L.P. cylinder consists of four stages.
3.1.2 Operation
There are two live steam lines connecting the boiler to the turbine. The superheated steam enters the H.P. turbine and strikes its blades hence heat energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy. The steam from H.P. turbine is reheated in reheaters and reheated steam is sent to L.P. turbine through hot steam lines. Here second stage of energy conversion is takes place. Then steam is sent to L.P. turbine from where it is ejected by vacuum ejectors and condensed. Here are low cold reheaters and two hot reheat lines connecting the reheater and turbine. In each of the two steam lines one electrically operated isolating valve, one water separator and one quick closing stop valve are mounted. The direction of revolution of turbine is clockwise when looking at turbine from front bearing pedestal. For the oil lubrication of bearings and for governing, the main oil pump driven shaft is assembled into the front bearing pedestal of turbine itself.
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iii.
L.P Turbine Casing: The LP turbine is of double flow type. The casing is of triple shell, fabricated construction. The outer casing consists of the front an drear end walls, two longitudinal girders and a top cover. The inner shell of the inner casing acts as the guide blade carriers for the initial stages of the turbine. The guide blade carriers of the LP stage groups are so designed that, together with the inner casing, they form annular ducts which are used for extractions.
3.2 Boiler
The boiler is installed in STPS are made by BHEL. Each of the boilers are single drum, tangential fired water tube naturally circulated over hanged, balanced draft, dry bottom reheat type and is designed for pulverizing coal firing with a max. Continuous steam output of 375 Hour/hour at 138 Kg/cm2 pressure and 540 temperature. The thermal efficiency
of each boiler at MCR is 86.8%. Four number of bowl mills have been installed for each boiler. Oil burners are provided for initial start up and stabilization of low load. Two E.S.P. (One for each boiler) is arranged to handle flue gases from the respective boilers. The gases from E.S.P. are discharged through 180 meters high chimney. I.D. fan and a motor is provided near the chimney to induce the flue gases. The boiler is provided with a balanced draft consisting of tow forced draft fans and two induced draft fans. Flue gases are utilized to heat the secondary air for combustion tin the tubular type air heaters installed in the boilers. Since the boiler furnace is maintained at t negative pressure, to avoid atmospheric air entering the furnace a hydraulic pressure is maintained at the furnace bottom. The water filled in the stainless steel seal through the hydraulic seal between the furnace ash hoppers and the water wall ring heater. Adequate clearance is also provided for the downward expansion of the furnace. Ash is formed by the result of burning of coal inside furnace. A small quantity of ash is collected in the bottom ash hopper and considerable amount of ash is collected in the E.S.P. and magnetic separator hopper.
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Fig.2 Boiler
This collected ash is extract and disposed off in as slurry from in the ash disposal arc. For the central steam power plants o large capacity water tube are used. Water tube boilers essentially consist of drums and tubes. The tubes are always external to drum. In comparison to fire tube boilers, the drum in such boilers do not contain any tubular heating surface, so they can be built in smaller diameters and consequently they will withstand high pressure. The water tube boilers have got following advantages over the fire tube boilers.
The selection of the size and type of boiler depends upon i. The output required in terms of amount of steam per hour, operating temperature and pressure. ii. iii. iv. v. Availability of fuel and water. The probable load factor. Initial costs, maintenance costs, labour costs Space requirement and availability.
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for steam temperature of 1,200 ) with an outside diameter ranging from 25mm to 64mm. The super-heater tubes are heated by the heat of combustion gases during their passage from the furnace to the chimney. Super-heaters are classified into two parts.
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water-walls and absorbs heat from the burning fuel through radiation. It has two main disadvantages firstly, owing to high furnace temperature; it may get overhead and therefore, requires a careful design. Secondly it gives drooping characteristics i.e. the temperature of superheat falls with the increase in steam output, because with the increases in steam output and radiant heat transfer being a function of furnace temperature increases slowly with steam flow or the steam temperature falls.
3.4.2 Convection Super-Heater:- It is located well back in the boiler tube bank,
receives its heat entirely from fuel gases through convection. It gives rising characteristics i.e. the temperature of superheat increases with the increase in steam output because with the increase in steam output both gas flow over the super-heater tubes and steam flow within the tubes increase with causes increase in the rate of heat transfer and mean temperature difference. Convection super-heaters are more commonly used. The function of the re-heater is to re-superheat the partly expanded steam from the turbine. This is done so that the steam remains dry as far as possible through the last stage of the turbine. Modern plants have re-heaters as well as super-heaters in the same gas passage of the boiler. They can also be of combination type using both radiant and convective heating.
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3.5 Economiser
When the combustion gases leave the boiler after giving most of their heat to water tubes, super-heater tubes and reheater tubes, they still possess lot of heat which if not recovered y means of some devices, would go waste. Economiser and air pre-heater are such devices which recover the heat from the flue gases on their way to chimney and raise the temperature of feed water and air supplied for combustion respectively. Economiser raises boiler efficiency (by10-12%), causes saving in fuel consumption and reduces temperature stresses in boiler joints because of higher temperature of feed water, but involves extra cost of installation, maintenance and regular cleaning and additional requirement of space. Economiser tubes are made of steel either smooth or covered with fins to increase the heat transfer surface area. The tubes can be arranged in parallel continuous loops welded to and running between a pair of water headers or in return bend design with horizontal tubes connected at their ends by welded or gasketed return bends outside the gas path. The feed water flow through the tubes and the flue gases outside the tubes across them. The heat transfer from flue gases to feed water is by convection. The feed water should be sufficiently pure not to cause forming of scales and cause internal corrosion and under boiler pressure. The temperature of feed water entering the economiser should be high enough so that moisture from the flue gases does not condense on the economiser tubes, which may absorb S02 and CO2 from the flue gases and form acid to corrode the tubes. The temperature of the feed water entering the economiser is usually kept above 84 . In a modern economiser, the temperature of feed water is raised from about 247 to 276 .
3.6 Airpreheater
Airpreheaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser and heat the incoming air required for combustion. This raises the temperature of the furnace gases, improves combustions rates and efficiency, and lowers the stack temperature, thus improving the overall efficiency of the boiler. It has been found that a drop of 20-22c in the fuel gas temperature increases the boiler efficiency by about 1%. An air pre-heater should have high thermal efficiency, reliability of operation, less maintenance charges, should occupy small space, should be reasonable in initial cost and should be accessible. Airpreheater are two types
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3.7 Condenser
Steam, after expansion through the prime mover, goes through the condenser which condenses the exhaust steam and also removes air and other non-condensable gases from steam while passing through them. The recovery of exhaust steam in the condenser reduces the make-up feed water that must be added to the system, from 100% when exhausted to atmosphere, to about 1-5% and thereby reduces considerably the capacity of water treatment plant. The exhaust pressure may be lowered from the standard atmospheric pressure to about 25mm of Hg absolute and thereby permitting expansion of steam, in the prime mover, to a very low pressure and increasing plant efficiency operation. Any leakage of air into the condenser destroys the vacuum and causes i. An increase in the condenser pressure which limits the useful heat drop in the prime mover. ii. A lowering of the partial pressure of the steam and of the saturation temperature along with it. This means that the latent heat increases and therefore, more cooling water is required.
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Fig.5 Condenser
3.8 Evaporator
Evaporators ate employed for supplying pure water as make-up feed water in steam power plants. In an evaporator raw water is evaporated by using extracted steam and the vapours so produced may vex condensed to give a supply of distilled or pure feed water. These vapours can be condensed in feed water heaters by the fee water or in separate evaporator condensers using teed water as the cooling medium. There are two main types of evaporators-
tubes or coils through which the steam is passed. Raw water is sprayed by means of nozzles on the surface of these tubes and some of the raw water will be converted into vapours.
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These vapours ate collected from the evaporator and are condensed to give pure and distilled water for boilers.
through which the steam is passed are submerged in raw water. The vapours rising from the raw water are collected and condensed to provide a supply of pure make-up feed water. Because of continuous operation of raw water, concentration of impurities goes on increasing, so periodic blowing down of raw water is essential. Scales formed on the surface of the tubes will retard the heat transfer rate and so its removed is very necessary. This is removed by draining the raw water from the shell and then spraying the tubes with cold water while the tubes are kept hot by flow of steam through them. The scale is cracked off and is washed away by the spray.
3.9.1 Open or Contact Heaters :- These are usually constructed to remove noncondensable gases from water and steam along with raising the feed water temperature. Such heaters are also called the deaerator. The amount of gas dissolved in water depends upon its temperature. This decreases sharply with the increasing temperatures and falls to almost zero at the boiling point. Such feed water heaters are used in small power plants.
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3.9.2 Closed or Surface Heaters :- These heaters consist of closed shell in which
there are tubes or coils through which either steam or water is circulated. Usually, the water is circulated through the tubes and the steam and water may flow either in the same direction or in opposite directions. Such heaters may be the temperature of steam. For maintaining a high overall heat transfer for the heater, the water velocity should be high but pumping costs limit the velocity to about 1-2.5m/s.
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Hz systems. These machines have horizontal configurations and smooth cylindrical (or non salient pole) type field structure wound usually for 2 or 4 poles. To reduce the peripheral speed (maximum peripheral speed should not exceed 175 m/s) the diameter of the rotor is kept small and axial length is increased. The ratio of diameter to axial length ranges from 1/3 to . Due to high peripheral speed, the rotating part of the turbo-alternator is subjected to high mechanical stresses. As a result the rotor of large turbo-alternator is normally built from solid steel forging. Chromium-nickel-steel or special chrome-nickel-molybdenum steel is used for rotors of turbo-alternators. The coils are held in place by steel or bronze wedges and the coil ends are fastened by metal rings. Normally two-third of the rotor is slotted for the field winding and one-third is left without slots so as to form the pole faces. 500 MW units generally use hollow stator conductor. The short-circuit ratio is 0.4 to 0.6 The non-salient field structure used in turbo-alternators has the following special features: i. They are of smaller diameter (maximum 1m in 2-pole machine) and of very long axial length. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Robust construction and noiseless operation. Less windage (air-resistance) loss. Better in dynamic balancing. High operating speed (3,000 or 1,500). Nearly sinusoidal flux distribution around the periphery, and therefore, gives a better emf waveform than obtainable with salient pole field structure. vii. There is no need of providing damper windings (except in special cases to assist in synchronising) because the solid field poles themselves act as efficient dampers. .
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4.1.2.1Unloading Stage:- The coal is unloaded from the point of delivery by means of
i. ii. iii. coal shakers or coal accelerators rotary car dumpers or wagon tipplers and grab buckets
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The choice equipment will depended upon the method of transportation adopted. The main equipment employed for taking the coal from the unloading site to the dead storage are belt conveyors, screw conveyors, bucket elevators, skip hoist, grab bucket conveyors and flight conveyors.
4.1.2.2 Reclaimation is the process of taking coal from dead storage for preparation or
further feeding to hoppers or live storage.
4.1.2.3 Live storage consists of about one day requirement of coal of power plant and is
usually a covered storage in the power station near the boiler furnace. It can be provided with bunkers and coal bins.
4.1.2.4 Input handling refers to handling of coal between the live storage and firing
equipment. In case of simple stoker firing only chutes may be required to feed the coal from storage bunkers to the firing units.
4.1.2.5 Coal weighing enables one to have an idea of total quantity of coal delivered
at the site and also whether or not proper quantity has been burnt as per load on the plant. It can be accomplished by
i. ii. iii.
The wagon can be unloaded either manually or by using rotary wagon tipplers.
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iii.
causes precipitation of other impurities carried by steam and condensate outside the boiler
iv.
Avoids thermal stresses owing to entry of cold water into the boiler.
The water is treated for removal of suspended and soluble solids and removal of gases. The various methods used for water treatment are: i. ii. iii. Mechanical (sedimentation and filtration) Thermal (distillation and deaerative heating) Chemical (lime treatment, soda treatment, lime soda treatment, zeolite treatment and demineralisation). Lime treatment is suitable for the treatment of carbonate hardness, carbon-die-oxide in the water, either in a free state or in bicarbonate combination. In the process lime is taken up in hydrated form and relatively insoluble precipitate of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide and formed. The process is best carried on in large tanks from the treating plant.
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The ash can be disposed off in the following ways. i. ii. iii. Waste land sites may be reserved for the disposal of ash. Building contractors may utilise it to fill the low lying areas. Disused quarries within reasonable distance of the power plant may be employed for dumping the ash into the evacuated land. iv. Deep ponds may be and the ash can be dumped into these ponds to fill them completely. When such ponds are completely filled, they may be covered with soil and seeded with grass. v. When seaborne coal is used, barges may taken the ash to sea for disposal into a water grave.
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Gas cleaning devices make use of certain physical electrical properties of the particular matter of the gas stream. Basically gas cleaning devices called the dust collectors may be classified into mechanical and electrical ones (electrostatic precipitators). Mechanical dust collectors can be further classified as wet and dry dust collectors. In wet type units, dust is washed away from the flue gases by spraying water on it. This system is usually not used because it need large amount of water.
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At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.
up transformers for connecting to a high-voltage electrical substation (usually in the range of 115 kV to 765 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high-voltage leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. Smaller units may share a common generator step-up transformer with individual circuit breakers to connect the generators to a common bus.
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8.3 Bus-Bars
Bus-bar (or bus in short) term is used for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. Bus-bars are merely convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment into various arrangements. The usual arrangement of connections in most of the substations permits working on almost any piece of equipment without interruption to incoming or outgoing feeders.
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In some arrangements two buses are provided to which the incoming or outgoing feeders and the principal equipment may be connected. One bus is usually called the main bus and the other auxiliary or transfer bus. The main bus may have a more elaborate system of measuring instruments, relay etc. associated with it.
8.4 Reactors
A reactor is a coil having large inductive reactance in comparison to its ohmic resistance and is introduced in a circuit or system to limit the short-circuit currents to a self value in order to protect the electrical installation. As the resistance of the reactors in comparison with their reactance is very small, the efficiency of the system is not affected appreciably. The reactors localise the fault by limiting the current that can flow into it from other healthy parts of the system. The reactors are also employed to protect the circuit breakers of inadequate rating. The reactors are of two types namely i. ii. Open type Oil immersed type
Reactors in a power system can be located i. ii. iii. In series with generators In series with feeders or In bus-bars (in ring system or in tie-bar system).
8.5 Insulators
The porcelain insulators employed in substations are of the post and bushing type. They serve as supports and insulations of the bus-bars. A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that the bus-bars are either directly bolted to the cap or fixed by means of bus bar clamp. Post insulators are available with oval and square flanged bases for fixing respectively, with aid of one, two or four bolts. Each base in addition also has an earthing bolt. A bushing or through insulator consists of porcelain-shell body, upper and lower location washers used for fixing the position of bus bar or rod in shell, and mounting flange with holes drilled for fixing bolts and supplied with an earthing bolt. For current rating above
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2,000A, the bushings are designed to allow the main bus-bars to be passed directly through them.
8.6 Switchgears
During the operation of the power system the generating plants, transmission lines, distributors and other electrical equipments are required to be switched on or off under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. The apparatus including its associated auxiliaries employed for controlling, regulating or switching on or off the electrical circuits in the electrical power system is known as switchgear. Broadly speaking switchgear is of two types i. ii. Outdoor type Indoor type
For voltage above 66kV outdoor type is almost universally used because for such voltages building work will unnecessarily increase the installation cost owing to large spacing between conductors and large size insulators.
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8.7 Switches
A switch is used in an electric circuit as a device for making or breaking the electric circuit in a convenient way i.e. by the simple motion of a knob or handles to connect together or disconnect into i. ii. Air switches and Oil switches
As their names imply, air switches are those whose contacts are opened in air, while oil switches are those whose contacts are opened under oil. Oil switches are usually employed in very high voltage heavy current circuits. Air switches are further classified as air-break switches and isolators
equipped with arcing horns. Arcing horns are piece of metal between which the arc resulting from opening a circuit carrying current is allowed to form
8.7.2 Isolators:- Isolators are not equipped with arc quenching devices and, therefore,
not used to open circuits carrying. As the name implies isolators isolates one portion of the circuit from another and is not intended to ne opened while current is flowing.
The oil switch has both the blade and the contact mounted in a oil-
filled tank. The switch is usually operated from a handle on the outside of the case. As the switch opens, the arc formed between the blade and contact is quenched by the oil.
open high voltage circuits under normal working conditions. The arc extinguishing device of the load interrupter is made in the form of as split, moulded plastic chute fitted with organic glass insets. This chute surrounds the moving knife of the arc extinguishing system. The stationary acting contact is located in the lower part of the chute.
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8.8.1Fuses
Fuse is a wire of short length or thin strip of material having low melting point and is inserted in an electric circuit as protective device to the flow of an excessive current through the circuit. Under normal working conditions the such as short-circuit occurs or when load more than circuit capacity is connected to it, the current exceeds the limiting value, the fuse wire gets heated, melts and breaks the circuit. It thus protects a machine or apparatus or an installation from damage due to excessive current.
Advantages:
i. ii. iii. iv. It is cheapest type of protection. It needs no maintenance. It interrupts enormous short-circuits current without noise, flame, gas or smoke. The minimum type of operation can be made much smaller then that with circuit breakers. v. vi. It affords current limiting effect under short-circuit conditions. Its inverse time-current characteristic enables its use for over-load protections.
Disadvantages:
i. ii. Time is lost in re-wiring or replacing of fuse after operation. Discrimination between fuses in series cannot be obtained unless there is a considerable difference in the relative sizes of the fuses concerned.
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low voltage instruments suitable for measurement of high voltage and isolate them from high voltage. The potential transformers are rated for primary and secondary rated voltage, accuracy class, number of phases and system of cooling. When the rated high voltage is applied to the primary of a PT the voltage of 110 volts appears across the secondary winding. The ratio of the rated primary voltages to the rated secondary voltage is known as turn or transformation ratio.
8.12.1 Rod gap is very inferior type of surge diverter and is usually employed as a
second line of defence in view of its low cost.
8.12.2 Horn gap arrester was one of the earliest type of surge diverters to be
developed, and is still used to a certain extent on low voltage lines on account of its great simplicity.
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8.12.3 Electrolytic arrester operates on the fact the a thin film of aluminium
hydroxide deposited on the aluminium plates immersed in electrolyte acts as high resistance to low voltage but a low resistance to voltage above a critical value.
8.12.4 Valve type lightning arrester is very cheap, effective and robust and is,
therefore extensively used now-a-days for high voltage systems. This consists of a number of discs of a porous material stacked one above the other and separated by their mica rings.
8.13.1 Equipment Earthing: - It also helps in the earth fault protection. The earth
fault current from the equipment flows through the earthing system to the earth and is sensed protection system and circuit breakers are opened. The faulty equipments is then repaired and recommissioned. The earthed parts remain at approximately earth potential even during flow of fault current.
8.13.2 Neutral Earthing (Neutral grounding):- The neutral points of starconnected 3-phase winding of power transformers, generators, motors, earthing transformers are connected to low resistance ground. The chief advantages of neutral earthing are: i. Persistent arcing grounds can be eliminated by employing suitable protective gear. ii. Earth faults can be utilised to operate protective relays to isolate the fault.
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iii. iv. v.
The voltage of healthy phases remains nearly constant. Induced static charges are conducted to earth without disturbance. There is a possibility of installing discriminative protective gear on such systems.
vi.
This system gives reliable service and greater safety to personnels and equipment.
vii.
Maintenance and operating cost of such systems over isolated system is comparably less.
A number of methods exist for neutral earthing. At one extreme is the isolated solidly earthed neutral. In between there are various degrees of earthing through resistance, reactance or arc suppression coil.
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8.14 Control Rooms: - The control room is the nerve centre of a power station. The
various controls performed from here are voltages adjustment, load control, emergency tripping of turbines etc. and the equipment and instruments housed in a control room are synchronising equipment, voltages regulators, relays, ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, kWh meters, kVARh meters, temperature gauges, water level indicators and other appliances, as well as a mimic diagram and suitable indicating equipment to show the opened or closed position of circuit breakers, isolators etc.
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Installed Plant Capacity Up to 1MW 1MW to 10MW 10MW to 50MW 50MW to 100MW above 100MW
They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in different industries
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iii. iv. v.
Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload continuously Fuel used is cheaper Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power stations
condition), the overall efficiency of the system may be improved to around 50%.
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Chapter 10 REFERENCE
1. "Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station" Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd 2. A course in Electrical Power By J.B.Gupta 3. Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its Generation and Use (41st edition ed.) ISBN 0-9634570-0-4. 4. Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (co-authors) (1997). Standard Handbook of Power plant Engineering (2nd edition ed.). McGraw-Hill
Professional. ISBN 0-07-019435-1 5. Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009 ISBN 1-59691-677-X 6. J.C. Hensley (Editor) (2006). Cooling Tower Fundamentals (2nd Ed. ed.). SPX Cooling Technologies.
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