The Respiratory System

CP Anatomy- Chapter 18 Honors Anatomy Chapter 23 start date: 3/8

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 I General info A. Nose, pharynx , Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs B. brings in O2 & removes CO2; O2 reserve of @ 4-6 minutes II Two main zones: A. Conducting zone conducts air to lungs Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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 B. Respiratory zone main site of gas exchange Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Structures of the Respiratory System

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III Nose
A. External nose composed of cartilage & skin/lined w/mucous membrane
1. opening to exterior: external nares

B. Nasal cavity divided by nasal septum/ anterior portion of the cavity= vestibule
1. Nasal conchae subdivide cavity/ Increase surface area/prevents dehydration 2. Olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium

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 C. Nose is adapted for warming, moistening, & filtering air 1. -receives olfactory stimuli , provides large, hollow sinuses as resonating chambers for speech

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 A. Muscular tube lined with mucous membranes 1. serves as passageway for air & food/provides additional resonating chamber for sound 2. houses tonsils

IV Pharynx

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 B. -larynx (voice box) -passageway - connects the pharynx w/the trachea & contains several cartilages 1. epiglottis- -Epiglottis closes off glottis during swallowing 2. Thyroid cartilage or Adams apple 3. Cricoid cartilage hallmark for tracheotomy 4. Corniculate cartilage- support epiglottis

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C. Contains vocal folds which produce sound

1. tighter- higher pitch 2. looser- lower pitch

Larynx

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V Trachea windpipe
A. Extends from larynx to the primary bronchi 1. lined by cilia -helps trap dust/mucus (remove by expectoration)

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Location of Trachea

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VI Bronchi
1. Right and left primary bronchus goes to lungs a. Carina internal ridge divides into 2 - Most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex
2. Divide to form bronchial tree- transports air from trachea to alveoli of lungs

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 3. Structural changes with branchingdecrease of cartilage/increase of smooth muscle - airway can close due to muscle spasms 4. control of diameter a. Sympathetic ANS relaxation/ dilation b. Parasympathetic ANS contraction/ constriction

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VII Lungs
A. Paired organs in the thoracic cavity/enclosed by double-layered pleural membrane 1. Parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity 2. Visceral pleura covers lungs themselves 3. Pleural cavity is space between layerscontains pleural fluid reduces friction, produces surface tension (stick together)
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Relationship of the Pleural Membranes to Lungs

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B. Lobes 1. right lung- 3 lobes separated by fissures 2. left lung 2 lobes separated by fissures & cardiac notch 3. Each lobe contains its own secondary bronchi which terminate in the alveolar sacs

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 C. Alveoli- Cup-shaped out pouching

1. Very thin only 0.5 m thick to allow rapid diffusion of gases Ave # = 300 600 million alveoli @ 80 sq meters of surface area (@ size of a tennis court) 2. blood enters from pulmonary capillaries-lo O2 /hi CO2 3. blood leaves into pulmonary capillaries-hi O2 /lo CO2

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Microscopic Anatomy of Lobule of Lungs

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Components of Alveolus

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VIII Inhalation/Exhalation
A. Diaphragm most important muscle 1. Flattens, lowering dome when contracted- inhale 2. Responsible for 75% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing 3. Diaphragm relaxes /become dome shaped- exhale
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 B. External intercostals 1. Contraction elevates ribs- inhale 2. 25% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing 3. External intercostals relax /ribs drop down- exhale C. Accessory muscles aid in deep, forceful inhalation

IX Respiratory volumes & capacities

A. affected by: age, size, sex, physical condition B. measured by a spirometer
1. tidal volume- normal breathing (@ 500ml) 2. inspiratory reserve extra (@ 21003200ml)

 3. expiratory reserve- forced exhalation 8001200 m/ 4. Residual volume- what air is left 1,100 1,200 ml 5. vital capacity- total amount of exchangeable air 3200 4800 ml

6. total lung capacity- @ 4200- 6000 ml

X. Respiratory sounds
Bronchial sounds- air rushing through the trachea & bronchi
Vesicular breathing sounds- air filling alveoli

XI External/Internal respiration & gas transport

A. External- exchange of gases between blood & alveoli of the lungs- process by which dark red blood transformed into bright red blood O2 from cells into blood/Co2 out of blood into cells

 B. Internal exchange of gases between blood & cells of the body O2 unloaded from blood into cells; Co2 uploaded from cells into blood

 1. Gas transport O2 attaches to hemoglobin inside RBCs

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XII Disorders of the respiratory system

A. Lung cancer
1. bronchogenic carcinoma
Starts in walls of bronchi Enlarged goblet cells of bronchi secrete excess mucus If continued exposure to irritants- squamous cancer cells replace goblet cells- spreads thru lungs
20X in smokers

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 B. Asthma
1. wheezing, difficult breathing
Smooth muscles in bronchi spasm passageway partially closes One of 3 disorders termed COPD (chronic pulmonary obstructive disease)

asthma attack video

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 C. Bronchitis 1. inflammation of the bronchi-enlargement of glands & goblet cells lining the bronchial airways (a COPD)

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 D. Emphysema 1. alveolar walls lose their elasticity/remain filled w/air during exhaling a) as more alveoli are damaged; lungs become permanently inflated due to loss of elasticity b) a COPD

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 E. Pneumonia
1. acute infection/inflammation of the alveoli
Alveolar sacs fill w/fluid & dead WBCs- reduces amount of space in lungs

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 F. Tuberculosis (T.B.)
1. bacteria- Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria destroys parts of the lung/pleural tissue which is replaced by fibrous CT can involve other parts of the body

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 G. Cystic Fibrosis 1. autosomal recessive disease (inherited)

excess production of mucus leads to inflammation/replacement of normal tissue w/CT that further constricts airways. Clogging/infection difficulty breathing/destruction of lung tissue

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 H. Common Cold & Flu (Influenza)

1. 100s of viruses responsible for common cold group rhinovirus -@40% sneezing/nasal secretion/congestion; generally no fever 2. flu viral chills, fever, aches

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 I. Pulmonary Embolism
presence of blood clot or other foreign substance in a pulmonary arterial vesselobstructs circulation to lungs leading cause of hospital deaths/ passengers on long airline flights

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