Tran 1 Kenny Tran ENGL 1102-010 March 12, 2014 Literature Review Ive always been a fan of a situation

that causes an intense feeling. When people arent sure about what will happen next or even have the slightest prediction of the next sequence of event, I think its fascinating how people can really have a lot of interest in a thriller situation. Even when they werent interested in an intense situation at first, they end up wanting to know more information about it in the end because they either hear about it all the time, and then actually find interest in it or they just took a shot at understanding what was going on and really liked it. Hostage situations are probably one of the most interesting forms of causing an intense reaction because people are worried and want to ensure hostages are safe, especially if they know the person. When a person is close with someone involved in a hostage situation, they freak out and have anxiety since all they want is peace and a positive outcome for the situation. I will be discussing some key terms and topics pertaining to hostage negotiations. Terms: Hostages: I define hostages as people/things used as a part of a negotiator for reasons of obtaining material things or primary/secondary resources. David Ansen (2000) states how hostage negotiations are used in films and what makes people really want to watch them. When theres a scene where someone is about to get murdered for a specific ransom, it is called K&R (kidnap and ransom). Hostage negotiations like those dont just happen in movies, but in reality too. Hostages are mainly those that are helpless and cant do anything to help the situation get better. They are just an object used to help someone or an organization receive a favor. Inner Perimeter: This would be the people who are neutral and are just trying to find common ground. They are the negotiators who try to meet the desired needs and wants of the person

Tran 2 holding the hostage. Dominick Misino (2002) states that it is the subject area that separates all of the unnecessary police personnel from the immediate danger area. Outer Perimeter: This is the people that dont really have an important role in the situation. They arent involved and should stay out of trouble regarding this hostage negotiation. Dominick Misino states that it is line that separates the civilian population from the dangers of the incident. Expressive Demands: These demands are those that involve feelings towards a specific person or event that causes a person to hold someone hostage to get an answer or response to a request. This happens often, especially in other countries where they want things to go their way, and hold hostages from other countries to prove how they really feel about a situation. Michael McMains and Wayman Mullins (2010), authors of the book Crisis Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections, describes this as demands that involve the need to express intense emotion. Substantive Demands: Michael McMains and Wayman Mullins states that these are demands that are tangible and can be traded. I believe this happens as much as expressive demands, but it isnt a bigger problem. Things, such as money and jewelry, are negotiable trades for a hostage. The only thing hostage holders really want is money and power. Ive seen this type of demand often in films. Ultimate bargaining game Many people are involved in a hostage situation, but only a significant few actually matter to help determine the outcome of the event. Robert Shuppa, Pamela Schmittb, and Kurtis Swope (2005) call this the ultimate bargaining game. The hostage, criminal, and negotiator are the only three characters and they are important throughout the negotiation process. The negotiator and the criminal mainly converse with each other to find common ground and meet each others need. The hostage is in danger at all times, so anything they do can get them killed. Everybody else, civilians and policemen, arent important in this ultimate game because they dont understand the situation. In Dominick Missinos article (2010), there is 2

Tran 3 a man name Hector thats holding his wife hostage, and the only person that could help save her is the negotiator. The negotiators intention isnt to put the hostage in any more danger than they already are or to make the criminal feel uneasy, so he bargained with the criminal until he found something that suits his wants, and that would be to spend more time with daughter. Foreign Disputation Anne Nivat (2010) is a French Journalist who was once kid-napped or taken hostage because she entered a country (Chechnya) that doesnt really like outsiders who dont have proper identification. Internationally, countries use hostages from other countries to get what they want. It doesnt surprise me that countries would actually hold people hostage to show their dominance and power. Iraq had people from other countries holding operations in their county without consent (Fisher 2004). As a result, they held two of their men hostage, stating that if they dont leave Iraq and move their operations elsewhere, they will murder both of the hostages. Holding people hostage is probably the best option a country could choose to get their point across. Im not saying that its a beneficial technique; it just seems like that is what it will come to if a country doesnt get what they demand. I dont believe it is right at all because a persons life has not hing to do with a foreign dispute. Innocent people shouldnt have to be involved with the countries problem no matter what the situation is. I think it is crazy how countries will actually hold a person hostage because another country didnt pay-off their complete debt (Blackwell Publishing 2009). As a result, I dont believe anyone is safe. Hostage Safety The main goal of a hostage situation at all times should be to keep the hostage safe. The negotiator has to ensure that no matter what is being offered, the hostage should be as far away from danger as possible (Yue-bing 2010). They have to make the criminal believe that the chances of them getting what they want are high. This will ensure that the hostage wont be harmed because the criminal is getting closer to what they desire. It is interesting how far a negotiator has to go just to make sure

Tran 4 someones life is protected. Criminals will do anything to get what they want, as if they dont have a heart.