1.

What shape has the computed setion of the slab

Rectangular shape
2. What are the minimum and maximum no. of bars in a slab section?
- at least 5 bars/meter for slabs with
mm 300 h
p

- at leats 4 bars/meter for slabs with
mm 400 h 300
p
<
- at least 3 bars/meter for
mm 400 h
p
>
- maximum 12 bars/meter
3. The slab can be with resistant reinforcement on one or both directions?
- Both direction
a) One way spanning slabs
) 0 , 2 l (
oy ox
>
he main reinforcement is place! parallel with the small span of the slab"
#erpen!icular is place! constructi$e reinforcement%
b) wo way spanning slabs
he reinforcement is place! respecting on e$ery !irection the pro$isions
4. What type of reinforcing can be used for slab?
Wired mesh
a) One way spanning slabs
) 0 , 2 l (
oy ox
>
&he main reinforcement is place! parallel with
the small span of the slab" #erpen!icular is place! constructi$e reinforcement" 'or ta(ing
o$er the local ben!ing moments on support from the big span% there are place! ri!ers%
that are
m / 6 5
)#* 52% #* +,) or
m / 8 5
)O- 3.)/ they are prolonge! outer the
support with
ox
25 , 0
"
b) woway spanning slabs&he reinforcement is place! respecting on e$ery !irection
the pro$isions"
!lab reinforcing with welded meshes
a)
One& way
spanning slab b) wo&way spanning slab
". What members of a structure are sub#ected to bending and shear force?
-eams gir!ers
$. What types of sections the beams ha%e ?
- sections
- Rectangular sections
&. When the rectangular section of a beam is singly reinforced?
0f
lim

sd
the section is singly reinforce!% on contrary being necessary the !ouble
reinforcing"
ck
u
sd
f bd
M
2


lim
is function of
lim
where
yd
d
x

+

0035 . 0
0035 . 0
lim
lim an! is
gi$en in able in 1ui!es for !esigning"
'. Where are placed the reinforcements in case of doubly reinforced section?
(. What represent ) ?
23 the compresse! 4one/
1*. +n which stage of wor,ing the design of steel is made ?
11. What types of stress-produced by what?. are ta,ing o%er the longitudinal
reinforcement in a beam ?
he ben!ing moment pro!uces tension of the beam an! the stress is ta(en by the long reinf"
12. +n case of T section when the neutral axis passes through the flange?
0f b/bw 55 the neutral axis passes through the flange%x6hf% or if the con!ition is satisfie!7

,
_

d
h
d
h
b
b
f d b
M
f f
w cd w
Eds
5 . 0 1
2

13. /ow is determined the width of the flange -beff. ?
8etrminarea l9:imii efecti$e a pl9cii ;n calculul la toate st9rile limit9 se face pe ba4a !istan:ei l,
!intre punctele !e efort nul !in !iagrama !e momente ;nco$oietoare"
<9:imea efecti$9 re4ult9 !in rela:ia7
b b b b b
w eff eff eff
+ +
2 , 1
=n!e7

'

+ +
+

b
b i eff
eff
b b b
b b
b
2 1
,
min
=n!e 7 0 0 2 , 1 2 , 1
2 , 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 l l b b
eff
< +
14. The T section can be doubly reinforced?
>es% when
lim 1

s
"
1". What type of reinforcement can be pro%ided for shear ?
'or shear we use stirrups for reinforcement an! ben! up bars"
1$. Types of shear failure?
shear bon! failure% !owel failure% shear compression failure% !iagonal tension failure% flexural
failure"

P P
45



dowel action

!hear bond failure 0owel failure

P P
cr!hin" concrete


P P

#hear compre!!ion $ailre %ia"onal ten!ion $ailre

P P

&lexral $ailre
17. Mechanism of shear transfer? For member without shear reinforcement? For
members with shear reinforcement(stirrups)?
'on!ider a typical mem(er inn (endin" and !hear, which i! rein$orced with lon"itdinal
!teel a"ain!t (endin". )nder it! applied load!, the mem(er will crac* in one o$ the characteri!tic
manner!, !ch a! that ill!trated in &i". 5.24
+he !hear $orce i! tran!mitted thro"h the crac*ed mem(er (y a com(ination o$ three
mechani!m!. +he $ir!t i! dowel action o$ the rein$orcement (ordinary rein$orcement!). +hi! re!lt
$rom the re!i!tance o$ the rein$orcement to local (endin" a! ill!trated in &i". 5.25a and the
re!i!tance o$ the concrete to locali,ed cr!hin" near the rein$orcement. +he !econd mechani!m
(y which crac*ed mem(er! re!i!t !hear i! *nown a! a""re"ate interloc* and re!lt! $rom the
$orce! tran!mitted acro!! the crac* (y interloc*in" piece! o$ a""re"ate &i". 5.25(. +he third
mechani!m (y which crac*ed mem(er! re!i!t !hear i! thro"h the re!i!tance o$ the concrete in
the ncrac*ed portion o$ the (eam where the axial !tre!! i! compre!!i-e. +he $ree (ody dia"ram
$or the portion o$ the mem(er (etween the le$t.hand !pport and the $ir!t inclined crac* i!
ill!trated in &i". 5.26 the total capacity to re!i!t !hear $orce, / i! the re!lt o$ the com(ined
e$$ect! o$ the three mechani!m! ill!trated inn that $i"re.
0t ha! (een $ond that dowel action i! "enerally $ir!t to reach it! capacity, $ollowed (y
$ailre o$ the a""re"ate interloc* mechani!m $ollowed (y !hear $ailre o$ the concrete in the
compre!!ion ,one. 1owe-er, the preci!e proportion o$ the total !hear $orce carried (y each
mechani!m i! di$$iclt to e!ta(li!h and, con!e2ently, the !hear !tren"th o$ the concrete i! mo!t
o$ten repre!ented (y a !in"le expre!!ion which accont! $or all three mechani!m! actin"
to"ether.
#hear rein$orcement, li*e $lexral rein$orcement, doe! not pre-ent crac*! $rom
$ormin" in a mem(er. 0t! prpo!e i! to en!re that the mem(er will not nder"o !hear $ailre
(e$ore the $ll (endin" capacity o$ the mem(er i! reached. 3hen inclined crac*! $orm in a
mem(er with !hear rein$orcement, the (ar! which cro!! the crac*! contri(te to the !hear
re!i!tance o$ the mem(er, a! ill!trated in &i".11.28. +he total !hear capacity pro-ided (y the
!ection can (e con!idered a! a com(ination o$ the capacity o$ the rein$orcement and that o$ the
concrete a! ill!trated in &i". 11.28.

Fig.11.28. #hear re!i!tance o$ mem(er with !tirrp!4
(a) ele-ation !howin"5 (() rein$orcement5 (c) tran!$er o$ !hear $orce thro"h mem(er
0$ the applied !hear $orce i! !$$iciently lar"e, the !hear rein$orcement will reach it! yield
!tren"th. 6eyond thi! point, the rein$orcement (eha-e! pla!tically and the crac*! open more
rapidly. 7! the crac*! widen, the proportion o$ the !hear re!i!ted (y a""re"ate interloc* i!
redced $orcin" an increa!e in dowel action and !hear !tre!! in the ncrac*ed portion o$ the
!ection. &ailre $inally occr! (y dowel !plittin" or (y cr!hin" o$ the concrete in the
compre!!ion ,one.
a)
()
c)
&i"....8echani!m o$ !hear tran!$er4(a)dowel action5(()a""re"ate interloc*5(c)!hear !tre!!e! in
ncrac*ed concrete
18. What method is used in order to quantif the beha!ior and strength of members
with shear reinforcement?
0n order to 2anti$y the (eha-ior and !tren"th o$ mem(er! with !hear rein$orcement, an
e2i-alent tr!! model i! $re2ently !ed to repre!ent the (eha-ior o$ mem(er! in !hear.
3hen !(9ected to com(ined moment and !hear, a mem(er with !hear rein$orcement,
!ch a! the ill!trated in &i".11.2:a, de-elop! inclined crac*! in the !ame way a! a mem(er
withot !hear rein$orcement. &or the crac*ed mem(er ill!trated, compre!!i-e !tre!! de-elop! in
the concrete at the top o$ the !ection and ten!ile !tre!! de-elop! in the lon"itdinal rein$orcement
at the (ottom o$ the !ection a! ill!trated in &i".11.2:( in addition, compre!!i-e $orce! are
de-eloped alon" inclined path! (etween the crac*! and ten!ile $orce! are de-eloped in each o$
the !tirrp! cro!!in" the crac*!. 7ll o$ the!e internal $orce! are ill!trated in &i".11.2:(, and
to"ether they are !imilar in pattern to the $orce! "enerated in a tr!! !ch a! that ill!trated in
&i".11.2:c.
Fig.11.2". +r!! model $or rein$orced (eam4
(a) crac*in" in rein$orced (eam5 (() ,one! o$ compre!!ion (etween crac*!5
(c) tr!! model.
1". #ow can be obtained the $engths of %ones on which the distance among stirrups is
computed?
2&. #ow man tpes of torsion do ou 'now?
12uilibrium torsion is that which is re?uire! to maintain e?uilibrium of the member" 0n such
situation% the external loa! has no other option but to be carrie! by torsion" @?uilibrium torsion is
of primary interest in !esign because failure of the member is ine$itable if it has insufficient
torsional strength"
3ompatibility torsion occurs in structures ha$ing rigi!ly connecte! members" 0t results from
the compatibility of !eformations of members meeting at a Aoint" Owing to the monolithic nature
of their construction% most members in concrete structures un!ergo a certain !egree of
compatibility torsion"he compatibility torsion can be ignore! if sufficient steel is pro$i!e! to
ensure !uctile beha$ior an! the spacing of stirrups is sufficiently small to control crac(ing at the
ser$iceability limit state"
21. /ow can be increased the torsion strength?
he torsional strength of a concrete member can be significantly increase! by pro$i!ing suitable
torsion reinforcement across the crac(s" his is usually pro$i!e! in the form of Bclose!C four&
si!e! stirrups%in combination with longitu!inal bars !istribute! aroun! the periphery of the
section" his reinforcement controls the propagation of crac(s an! ensures that when failure
occurs !ue to yiel!ing of the reinforcement% it is not su!!en"
22. +n which stage of wor,ing the limit state of crac,ing is %erified?
8esign to shear force
23. The crac,s widths are limited by norms?
24. 0epending on the force eccentricity the failure of columns is how ?
'or eccentrically compression% the !ominant loa!ing influences the beha$ior of the members"
'or instance the limit shortening of compresse! concrete for an axial force is ,%2D% but for
ben!ing it is ,%35D" 'or eccentrically compression% the !eformations will be smaller if the
ben!ing will be secon!ary loa! reporte! to the axial force% or will be near the maximum
!eformation ),%35D) if ben!ing is principal" he !eformation of the tension steel will be in plastic
!omain% if ben!ing moment is !ominant an! the steel percentage !oes not excee! the
maximum $alue or they can be un!er the yiel!ing le$el% if ben!ing moment is secon!ary"
0f the failure ta(es place with plastic !eformation in the tension reinforcement% followe!
by the crushing of compresse! concrete one consi!ers that is the 1
st
case of eccentrically
compression"
0f the reinforcement has only compression stresses or% being tensione! it is elastic
!omain% the failure ta(es place by the crushing of compresse! concrete that is the 00
n!
case"
2". The columns are sub#ected to ?
he columns are subAecte! to compression an! ben!ing"
2$. The columns are reinforced with what type of reinformcement?
)1) & longitu!inal ro!s an! spiral hooping/
)2) longitu!inal ro!s an! lateral ties/
)3) structural steel"
2." What is slenderness ratio?
0s function of the parameters which !etermine the lateral !eflection of the column" he
slen!erness ratio is !efine! by7
r
l
$
o

$
l & is the effecti$e length of the member
r is the ra!ius of gyration
2'.0epending on the slenderness ratio how the columns are classified?
- for 10 )short columns)% the secon!&or!er moments can be ignore!
- for 30 10 < )slen!er columns)% it is necessary to consi!er the secon!&or!er
moments
- for 30 > )$ery slen!er columns) the failure of columns% un!er an continuous
increasing of the axial force will ta(e place by loosing the stability )buc(ling)"
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEE
1". What ,ind of reinf can be pro%ided for sher&trans$ersal
1$.Types of steel failure
&shear bon! failure
8owel fracture
Fhera compression failure
8iagonal tension failure
'lexural failure
1&.4echanism of shear trasnsfer? 'or member without shear reinforcement cap3GeEGb% Gc&
total shear capacity% Ge&the contribution of the sher reinforcement% Gb&the contribution of the
!owel action"
1'. What method is used in order to 2uantify the beha%ior and strength of members with
shear reinforcement5 the e?ui$alent truss metho!% a member with shear
reinforcement)stirrups) !e$elops incline! crac(s in the same way as a member without shear
reinforcement"
1(. /ow can obtaine the strength of 6ones which the distance among stirrups is
computed. 23H@!%I
1/2
&H@!I
min
/#% #&the loa!% He!3the effecti$e shear force n the support%
He!
min
3the mnimum shear force in the stirrup
2*./ow many types of torsion do you ,now? @?uilibrium torsion% compatibility torsion"
21./ow can be increased the torsion strength? -y torsional reinforcement7 trusses" Ftirrups&
close!%a!!itional long reinforcement
22.+n which stage of wor,ing7 the limit state of crac,ing is %erified8F<F&ser$iceability limit
state
23.The crac,s width are limited by norms? >es by the crac( central in F<F J(&Frmax)K8m
K*L) where Frmax&the max crac( spacing% @!m&the strain in the reinforcement% @cm&the strain in
the concrete
24.The columns are sub#ected tocompression% compressionEben!ing
2".depending on the force excentricity the failure of the columns is how? 'ailure by
compression or by ben!ing"
2$.3olumns are reinforced with what type of reinforcements?1"longitu!inal ro!s M
spiral%2"longitu!inal ro!s M lateral ties% 3"structural steel
2&.What is the slenderness ratio? 0s a function of 2 parametes which !et the lateral !eflection
of the column N,3lf/r3 the eff length of the member/ra!ius of gyration
2'.0epending of N,% how columns are classified? N,O31, columns""secon! or!er mom are
ignore!% 1,O3 N,O33, slen!er columns% N,P3,&$ery slen!er columns&buc(ling
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEE
1" Qow shape has the compute! section of the slabR
he rectangular shape"
2" Jhat are the minimum an! maximum number of bars in a slab sectionR
he minimum no" of bars is " an! maximum is '"
3" he slab can be with resistant reinforcement on one or both !irectionsR
On both !irections"
4" Qow many type of reinforcing can be use! for slabR
Je can use the following types of reinforcements7
&#*52 &O-3.
&#*+, &wel!e! mesh
Ftraight or incline! bars on one or both !irections"
5" Jhat members of a structure are subAecte! to ben!ing an! shear forceR
-eams"
+" Jhat type of sections the beams ha$eR
b
hp
bp
b
h
." Jhen the rectangular section of a beam is singly reinforce!R
Jhen the following con!ition accomplishe!7 S 6 S lim
S3L/bT!
2
Ifc!
Jhere S&re!uce! ben!ing moment
M" Jhere are place! the reinforcements in the case of !oubly reinforce! sectionR
he reinforcements are place! in the compresse! area"
U" Jhat represent x R
x& represent the !epth of the compresse! are of the beam
&e?ual to the !istance between the neutral axis of the section an! the e!ge of the
compresse! are"
1," 0n which stage of wor(ing the !esign of the steel is ma!eR
0s ma!e in the preliminary si4ing of the element7
&loa! computation
&internal forces calculus
&effecti$e !imensions of the section
&steel !esign
11" Jhat types of stresses are ta(ing o$er the longitu!inal reinforcement in a beamR
Ftresses pro!uce! by ben!ing moment an! axial torsion forces"
12" 0n case of sections% when the neutral axis passes through the flangeR
Jhen the following con!ition is accomplishe! 7 b/bw 5 5 V x 6 hp
Jhere7 x compresse! area
x 6 hp& neutral axis position
13" Qow is !etermine the wi!th of the flange )beff)R
beff3beff1Ebeff2Ebbeam
beff3min W Xbeff1%2Ebbeam % b1Eb2Ebbeam Y
where & beef1%23,"2Tb1%2E ,"1Tlo 6 ,"2T lo
&lo&the !istance between ben!" moment
&b1%23 clear span/2
14" he section can be !oubly reinforce!R
>es% when the following con!ition7 S 5 S lim
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE8e la profaEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEE
1" ypes of shear failure7shear bon! failure% !owel failure% shear compression failure% !iagonal
tension failure% flexural failure

P P
45

#hear (ond $ailre


dowel action
%owel $ailre

P P
cr!hin" concrete
#hear compre!!ion $ailre

P P
%ia"onal ten!ion $ailre

P P
&lexral $ailre
Fig.11.2(. +ype! o$ !hear $ailre
2" mechanism of shear trensfer7
3" he e?ui$alent truss mo!el is use! to represent the beha$ior of members in shear"
When sub#ected to combined moment and shear7 a member with shear reinforcement7
such as the illustrated in 9ig. ".2'a7 de%elops inclined crac,s in the same way as a
member without shear reinforcement. 9or the crac,ed member illustrated7
compressi%e stress de%elops in the concrete at the top of the section and tensile
stress de%elops in the longitudinal reinforcement at the bottom of the section as
illustrated in 9ig. ".2'b in addition7 compressi%e forces are de%eloped along inclined
paths between the crac,s and tensile forces are de%eloped in each of the stirrups
crossing the crac,s. :ll of these internal forces are illustrated in 9ig. ".2'b7 and
together they are similar in pattern to the forces generated in a truss such as that
illustrated in 9ig. ".2'c.
4" 0t must !etermine the sections of crossing the shear force !iagram with the capable shear
force without shear reinforcement"
5" @?uilibrium torsion an! compatibility torsion
12uilibrium torsion is that which is re?uire! to maintain e?uilibrium of the member" 0n such
situation% the external loa! has no other option but to be carrie! by torsion" @xamples of
e?uilibrium torsion% illustrate! in 'ig" +"2a are an eccentrical loa!e! beam an! a beam in which
there is a change in the !irection of its longitu!inal axis 'ig" +"2b"
@?uilibrium torsion is of primary interest in !esign because failure of the member is ine$itable if
it has insufficient torsional strength"
3ompatibility torsion occurs in structures ha$ing rigi!ly connecte! members 'ig" +"3
0t results from the compatibility of !eformations of members meeting at a Aoint" Owing to the
monolithic nature of their construction% most members in concrete structures un!ergo a
certain !egree of compatibility torsion" 0n the example gi$en in 'ig" +"3% ben!ing !ue to
applie! loa!s causes rotation at the e!ges of the slab% which in turn causes rotation of the
e!ge beam" 0f the e!ge beam were free to rotate% no torsion woul! result" Qowe$er% if
)because it is attache! to columns at its en!s) it resists rotation% torsion !oes result
he compatibility torsion can be ignore! if sufficient steel is pro$i!e! to ensure !uctile beha$ior
an! the spacing of stirrups is sufficiently small to control crac(ing at the ser$iceability limit state"
+" he torsional strength of a concrete member can be significantly increase! by
pro$i!ing suitable torsion reinforcement across the crac(s" his is usually pro$i!e! in the form
of Bclose!C four&si!e! stirrups% as illustrate! in 'ig" +".% in combination with longitu!inal bars
!istribute! aroun! the periphery of the section" his reinforcement controls the propagation of
crac(s an! ensures that when failure occurs !ue to yiel!ing of the reinforcement% it is not
su!!en"
2."he slen!erness ratio is !efine! by7
r
l
$
o

2M" 'unction of slen!erness ratio we ha$e7
- for 10 )short columns)% the secon!&or!er moments can be ignore!
- for 30 10 < )slen!er columns)% it is necessary to consi!er the secon!&or!er
moments
- for 30 > )$ery slen!er columns) the failure of columns% un!er an continuous
increasing of the axial force will ta(e place by loosing the stability )buc(ling)"