Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
"Any sufficiently ad anced tec!nolo"y is indistin"uis!able from ma"ic." - 7rthur E# Elarke First issue bonus, non-original content (filler)
Modern man is strapped down y a network of rules and regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from him whose decisions he cannot influence# This is not accidental or a result of the ar itrariness of arrogant ureaucrats# 1t is necessary and inevita le in any technologically advanced society# The system >7+ T0 regulate human ehavior closely in order to function# 7t work people have to do what they are told to do, otherwise production would e thrown into chaos# Bureaucracies have to e run according to rigid rules# To allow any su stantial personal discretion to lower-level ureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness due to differences in the way individual ureaucrats e$ercised their discretion# 1t is true that some restrictions on our freedom could e eliminated, ut generally speaking the regulation of our lives y large organi!ations is necessary for the functioning of industrialtechnological society# The result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average person# 1t may e, however, that formal regulations will tend increasingly to e replaced y psychological tools that make us want to do what the system re9uires of us# The system has to force people to ehave in ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of human ehavior# For e$ample, the system needs scientists, mathematicians and engineers# 1t canCt function without them# +o heavy pressure is put on children to e$cel in these fields# 1t isnCt natural for an adolescent human eing to spend the ulk of his time sitting at a desk a sor ed in study# 7 normal adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world# 7mong primitive peoples the things that children are trained to do tend to e in reasona le harmony with natural human impulses# 7mong the 7merican 1ndians, for e$ample, oys were trained in active outdoor pursuits I just the sort of thing that oys like# But in our society children are pushed into studying technical su jects, which most do grudgingly# 1n any technologically advanced society the individualCs fate must depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any great e$tent# 7 technological society cannot e roken down into small, autonomous communities, ecause production depends on the cooperation of very large num ers of people# 5hen a decision affects, say, a million people, then each of the affected individuals has, on the average, only a one-millionth share in making the decision# 5hat usually happens in practice is that decisions are made y pu lic officials or corporation e$ecutives, or y technical specialists, ut even when the pu lic votes on a decision the num er of voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one individual to e significant# Thus most individuals are una le to influence measura ly the major decisions that affect their lives# There is no conceiva le way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society# The system tries to JsolveK this pro lem y using propaganda to make people want the decisions that have een made for them, ut even if this JsolutionK were completely successful in making people feel etter, it would e demeaning# Eonservatives and some others advocate more Jlocal autonomy#K Local communities once did have autonomy, ut such autonomy ecomes less and less possi le as local communities ecome more enmeshed with and dependent on large-scale systems like pu lic utilities, computer networks, highway systems, the mass communications media, the modern health care system# 7lso operating against autonomy is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects people at other locations far way# Thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contaminate the water supply hundreds of miles downstream, and the greenhouse effect affects the whole world# The system does not and cannot e$ist to satisfy human needs# 1nstead, it is human ehavior that has to e modified to fit the needs of the system# This has nothing to do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system# 1t is the fault of technology, ecause the system is guided not y ideology ut y technical necessity# 0f course the system does satisfy many human needs, ut generally speaking it does this only to the e$tent that it is to the advantage of the system to do it# 1t is the needs of the system that are paramount, not those of the human eing# For e$ample, the system provides people with food ecause the system couldnCt function if everyone starved4 it attends to peopleCs psychological needs whenever it can conveniently do so, ecause it couldnCt function if too many people ecame depressed or re ellious# But the system, for good, solid, practical reasons, must e$ert constant pressure on people to mold their ehavior to the needs of the system# To much waste accumulating= The government, the media, the educational system, environmentalists, everyone inundates us with a mass of propaganda a out recycling# 6eed more technical personnel= 7 chorus of voices e$horts kids to study science# 6o one stops to ask whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the ulk of their time studying su jects most of them hate# 5hen skilled workers are put out of a jo y technical advances and have to undergo Jretraining,K no one asks whether it is humiliating for them to e pushed around in this way# 1t is simply taken for granted that everyone must ow to technical necessity# 7nd for good reason% 1f human needs were put efore technical necessity there would e economic pro lems, unemployment, shortages or worse# The concept of Jmental healthK in our society is defined largely y the e$tent to which an individual ehaves in accord with the needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress# ;fforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the system are no etter than a joke# For e$ample, one company, instead of having each of its employees assem le only one section of a catalog, had each assem le a whole catalog, and this was supposed to give them a sense of purpose and achievement# +ome companies have tried to give their employees more autonomy in their work, ut for practical reasons this usually can e done only to a very limited e$tent, and in any case employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals I their JautonomousK efforts can never e directed toward goals that they select personally, ut only toward their employerCs goals, such as the survival and growth of the company# 7ny company would soon go out of usiness if it permitted its employees to act otherwise# +imilarly, in any enterprise within a socialist system, workers must direct their efforts toward the goals of the enterprise, otherwise the enterprise will not serve its purpose as part of the system# 0nce again, for purely technical reasons it is not possi le for most individuals or small groups to have much autonomy in industrial society# ;ven the small- usiness owner commonly has only limited autonomy# 7part from the necessity of government regulation, he is restricted y the fact that he must fit into the economic system and conform to its re9uirements# For instance, when someone develops a new technology, the small- usiness person often has to use that technology whether he wants to or not, in order to remain competitive#